##
3.14.6 Security

Most of the security issues surrounding the `pickle` and `cPickle` module involve unpickling. There are no known security vulnerabilities related to pickling because you (the programmer) control the objects that `pickle` will interact with, and all it produces is a string.

However, for unpickling, it is never a good idea to unpickle an untrusted string whose origins are dubious, for example, strings read from a socket. This is because unpickling can create unexpected objects and even potentially run methods of those objects, such as their class constructor or destructor3.11.

You can defend against this by customizing your unpickler so that you can control exactly what gets unpickled and what gets called. Unfortunately, exactly how you do this is different depending on whether you're using `pickle` or `cPickle`.

One common feature that both modules implement is the `__safe_for_unpickling__` attribute. Before calling a callable which is not a class, the unpickler will check to make sure that the callable has either been registered as a safe callable via the `copy_reg` module, or that it has an attribute `__safe_for_unpickling__` with a true value. This prevents the unpickling environment from being tricked into doing evil things like call `os.unlink()` with an arbitrary file name. See section 3.14.5 for more details.

For safely unpickling class instances, you need to control exactly which classes will get created. Be aware that a class's constructor could be called (if the pickler found a `__getinitargs__()` method) and the the class's destructor (i.e. its `__del__()` method) might get called when the object is garbage collected. Depending on the class, it isn't very heard to trick either method into doing bad things, such as removing a file. The way to control the classes that are safe to instantiate differs in `pickle` and `cPickle` 3.12.

In the `pickle` module, you need to derive a subclass from `Unpickler`, overriding the `load_global()` method. `load_global()` should read two lines from the pickle data stream where the first line will the the name of the module containing the class and the second line will be the name of the instance's class. It then look up the class, possibly importing the module and digging out the attribute, then it appends what it finds to the unpickler's stack. Later on, this class will be assigned to the `__class__` attribute of an empty class, as a way of magically creating an instance without calling its class's `__init__()`. You job (should you choose to accept it), would be to have `load_global()` push onto the unpickler's stack, a known safe version of any class you deem safe to unpickle. It is up to you to produce such a class. Or you could raise an error if you want to disallow all unpickling of instances. If this sounds like a hack, you're right. UTSL.

Things are a little cleaner with `cPickle`, but not by much. To control what gets unpickled, you can set the unpickler's `find_global` attribute to a function or `None`. If it is `None` then any attempts to unpickle instances will raise an `UnpicklingError`. If it is a function, then it should accept a module name and a class name, and return the corresponding class object. It is responsible for looking up the class, again performing any necessary imports, and it may raise an error to prevent instances of the class from being unpickled.

The moral of the story is that you should be really careful about the source of the strings your application unpickles.

#### Footnotes

... destructor 3.11
  A special note of caution is worth raising about the `Cookie` module. By default, the `Cookie.Cookie` class is an alias for the `Cookie.SmartCookie` class, which ``helpfully'' attempts to unpickle any cookie data string it is passed. This is a huge security hole because cookie data typically comes from an untrusted source. You should either explicitly use the `Cookie.SimpleCookie` class -- which doesn't attempt to unpickle its string -- or you should implement the defensive programming steps described later on in this section.
...cPickle 3.12
  A word of caution: the mechanisms described here use internal attributes and methods, which are subject to change in future versions of Python. We intend to someday provide a common interface for controlling this behavior, which will work in either `pickle` or `cPickle`.