##
7.3.1 String Objects

These functions raise `TypeError` when expecting a string parameter and are called with a non-string parameter.

`PyStringObject`
  This subtype of `PyObject` represents a Python string object.

PyTypeObject `PyString_Type`
  This instance of `PyTypeObject` represents the Python string type; it is the same object as `types.TypeType` in the Python layer. .

int `PyString_Check`(PyObject *o)
  Returns true if the object o is a string object or an instance of a subtype of the string type. Changed in version 2.2: Allowed subtypes to be accepted.

int `PyString_CheckExact`(PyObject *o)
  Returns true if the object o is a string object, but not an instance of a subtype of the string type. New in version 2.2.

PyObject* `PyString_FromString`(const char *v)
  Return value: New reference.
  Returns a new string object with the value v on success, and `NULL` on failure. The parameter v must not be `NULL`; it will not be checked.

PyObject* `PyString_FromStringAndSize`(const char *v, int len)
  Return value: New reference.
  Returns a new string object with the value v and length len on success, and `NULL` on failure. If v is `NULL`, the contents of the string are uninitialized.

PyObject* `PyString_FromFormat`(const char *format, ...)
  Return value: New reference.
  Takes a C `printf()`-style format string and a variable number of arguments, calculates the size of the resulting Python string and returns a string with the values formatted into it. The variable arguments must be C types and must correspond exactly to the format characters in the format string. The following format characters are allowed:

  Format Characters | Type | Comment
  --- | --- | ---
  `%%` | n/a | The literal % character.
  `%c` | int | A single character, represented as an C int.
  `%d` | int | Exactly equivalent to `printf("%d")`.
  `%ld` | long | Exactly equivalent to `printf("%ld")`.
  `%i` | int | Exactly equivalent to `printf("%i")`.
  `%x` | int | Exactly equivalent to `printf("%x")`.
  `%s` | char* | A null-terminated C character array.
  `%p` | void* | The hex representation of a C pointer. Mostly equivalent to `printf("%p")` except that it is guaranteed to start with the literal `0x` regardless of what the platform's `printf` yields.

PyObject* `PyString_FromFormatV`(const char *format, va_list vargs)
  Return value: New reference.
  Identical to `PyString_FromFormat()` except that it takes exactly two arguments.

int `PyString_Size`(PyObject *string)
  Returns the length of the string in string object string.

int `PyString_GET_SIZE`(PyObject *string)
  Macro form of `PyString_Size()` but without error checking.

char* `PyString_AsString`(PyObject *string)
  Returns a null-terminated representation of the contents of string. The pointer refers to the internal buffer of string, not a copy. The data must not be modified in any way, unless the string was just created using `PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size)`. It must not be deallocated.

char* `PyString_AS_STRING`(PyObject *string)
  Macro form of `PyString_AsString()` but without error checking.

int `PyString_AsStringAndSize`(PyObject *obj, char **buffer, int *length)
  Returns a null-terminated representation of the contents of the object obj through the output variables buffer and length.

  The function accepts both string and Unicode objects as input. For Unicode objects it returns the default encoded version of the object. If length is set to `NULL`, the resulting buffer may not contain null characters; if it does, the function returns -1 and a `TypeError` is raised.

  The buffer refers to an internal string buffer of obj, not a copy. The data must not be modified in any way, unless the string was just created using `PyString_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size)`. It must not be deallocated.

void `PyString_Concat`(PyObject **string, PyObject *newpart)
  Creates a new string object in *string containing the contents of newpart appended to string; the caller will own the new reference. The reference to the old value of string will be stolen. If the new string cannot be created, the old reference to string will still be discarded and the value of *string will be set to `NULL`; the appropriate exception will be set.

void `PyString_ConcatAndDel`(PyObject **string, PyObject *newpart)
  Creates a new string object in *string containing the contents of newpart appended to string. This version decrements the reference count of newpart.

int `_PyString_Resize`(PyObject **string, int newsize)
  A way to resize a string object even though it is ``immutable''. Only use this to build up a brand new string object; don't use this if the string may already be known in other parts of the code.

PyObject* `PyString_Format`(PyObject *format, PyObject *args)
  Return value: New reference.
  Returns a new string object from format and args. Analogous to `format % args`. The args argument must be a tuple.

void `PyString_InternInPlace`(PyObject **string)
  Intern the argument *string in place. The argument must be the address of a pointer variable pointing to a Python string object. If there is an existing interned string that is the same as *string, it sets *string to it (decrementing the reference count of the old string object and incrementing the reference count of the interned string object), otherwise it leaves *string alone and interns it (incrementing its reference count). (Clarification: even though there is a lot of talk about reference counts, think of this function as reference-count-neutral; you own the object after the call if and only if you owned it before the call.)

PyObject* `PyString_InternFromString`(const char *v)
  Return value: New reference.
  A combination of `PyString_FromString()` and `PyString_InternInPlace()`, returning either a new string object that has been interned, or a new (``owned'') reference to an earlier interned string object with the same value.

PyObject* `PyString_Decode`(const char *s, int size, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
  Return value: New reference.
  Creates an object by decoding size bytes of the encoded buffer s using the codec registered for encoding. encoding and errors have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name in the `unicode()` built-in function. The codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Returns `NULL` if an exception was raised by the codec.

PyObject* `PyString_AsDecodedObject`(PyObject *str, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
  Return value: New reference.
  Decodes a string object by passing it to the codec registered for encoding and returns the result as Python object. encoding and errors have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name in the string `encode()` method. The codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Returns `NULL` if an exception was raised by the codec.

PyObject* `PyString_Encode`(const char *s, int size, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
  Return value: New reference.
  Encodes the `char` buffer of the given size by passing it to the codec registered for encoding and returns a Python object. encoding and errors have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name in the string `encode()` method. The codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Returns `NULL` if an exception was raised by the codec.

PyObject* `PyString_AsEncodedObject`(PyObject *str, const char *encoding, const char *errors)
  Return value: New reference.
  Encodes a string object using the codec registered for encoding and returns the result as Python object. encoding and errors have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name in the string `encode()` method. The codec to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry. Returns `NULL` if an exception was raised by the codec.