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6.9 The `raise` statement

  `raise_stmt` | ::= | `"raise" [expression ["," expression ["," expression]]]`

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If no expressions are present, `raise` re-raises the last expression that was raised in the current scope.

Otherwise, `raise` evaluates its first expression, which must yield a string, class, or instance object. If there is a second expression, this is evaluated, else `None` is substituted. If the first expression is a class object, then the second expression may be an instance of that class or one of its derivatives, and then that instance is raised. If the second expression is not such an instance, the given class is instantiated. The argument list for the instantiation is determined as follows: if the second expression is a tuple, it is used as the argument list; if it is `None`, the argument list is empty; otherwise, the argument list consists of a single argument which is the second expression. If the first expression is an instance object, the second expression must be `None`.

If the first object is a string, it then raises the exception identified by the first object, with the second one (or `None`) as its parameter. If the first object is a class or instance, it raises the exception identified by the class of the instance determined in the previous step, with the instance as its parameter.

If a third object is present, and it is not `None`, it should be a traceback object (see section 3.2), and it is substituted instead of the current location as the place where the exception occurred. This is useful to re-raise an exception transparently in an except clause.