# Dive Into Python

Python for experienced programmers

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## 3.9. Private functions

Like most languages, Python has the concept of private functions, which can not be called from outside their module; private class methods, which can not be called from outside their class; and private attributes, which can not be accessed from outside their class. Unlike most languages, whether a Python function, method, or attribute is private or public is determined entirely by its name.

In `MP3FileInfo`, there are two methods: `__parse` and `__setitem__`. As we have already discussed, `__setitem__` is a special method; normally, you would call it indirectly by using the dictionary syntax on a class instance, but it is public, and you could call it directly (even from outside the `fileinfo` module) if you had a really good reason. However, `__parse` is private, because it has two underscores at the beginning of its name.

If the name of a Python function, class method, or attribute starts with (but doesn’t end with) two underscores, it’s private; everything else is public.

In Python, all special methods (like `__setitem__`) and built-in attributes (like `__doc__`) follow a standard naming convention: they both start with and end with two underscores. Don’t name your own methods and attributes this way; it will only confuse you (and others) later.

Python has no concept of protected class methods (accessible only in their own class and descendant classes). Class methods are either private (accessible only in their own class) or public (accessible from anywhere).

### Example 3.20. Trying to call a private method

    >>> import fileinfo
    >>> m = fileinfo.MP3FileInfo()
    >>> m.__parse("/music/_singles/kairo.mp3")
    Traceback (innermost last):
      File "<interactive input>", line 1, in ?
    AttributeError: 'MP3FileInfo' instance has no attribute '__parse'

| If you try to call a private method, Python will raise a slightly misleading exception, saying that the method does not exist. Of course it does exist, but it’s private, so it’s not accessible outside the class.[5]

### Further reading

- Python Tutorial discusses the inner workings of private variables.

### Footnotes

[5] Strictly speaking, private methods are accessible outside their class, just not easily accessible. Nothing in Python is truly private; internally, the names of private methods and attributes are mangled and unmangled on the fly to make them seem inaccessible by their given names. You can access the `__parse` method of the `MP3FileInfo` class by the name `_MP3FileInfo__parse`. Acknowledge that this is interesting, then promise to never, ever do it in real code. Private methods are private for a reason, but like many other things in Python, their privateness is ultimately a matter of convention, not force.