

                    EXIM'S INTERFACES TO MAIL FILTERING
This document describes the user interfaces to Exim's in-built mail
filtering facilities, and is copyright (c) University of Cambridge 2005. It
corresponds to Exim version 4.50.
___________________________________________________________________________


1. Forwarding and filtering in Exim
  1.1 Introduction
  1.2 Filter operation
  1.3 Testing a new filter file
  1.4 Installing a filter file
  1.5 Testing an installed filter file
  1.6 Details of filtering commands
2. Sieve filter files
  2.1 Recognition of Sieve filters
  2.2 Saving to specified folders
  2.3 Strings containing header names
  2.4 Exists test with empty list of headers
  2.5 Header test with invalid MIME encoding in header
  2.6 Address test for multiple addresses per header
  2.7 Semantics of keep
  2.8 Semantics of fileinto
  2.9 Semantics of redirect
  2.10 String arguments
  2.11 Number units
  2.12 RFC compliance
3. Exim filter files
  3.1 Format of Exim filter files
  3.2 Data values in filter commands
  3.3 String expansion
  3.4 Some useful general variables
  3.5 Header variables
  3.6 User variables
  3.7 Current directory
  3.8 Significant deliveries
  3.9 Filter commands
  3.10 The add command
  3.11 The deliver command
  3.12 The save command
  3.13 The pipe command
  3.14 Mail commands
  3.15 Logging commands
  3.16 The finish command
  3.17 The testprint command
  3.18 The fail command
  3.19 The freeze command
  3.20 The headers command
  3.21 Obeying commands conditionally
  3.22 String testing conditions
  3.23 Numeric testing conditions
  3.24 Testing for significant deliveries
  3.25 Testing for error messages
  3.26 Testing a list of addresses
  3.27 Testing for personal mail
  3.28 Alias addresses for the personal condition
  3.29 Details of the personal condition
  3.30 Testing delivery status
  3.31 Multiple personal mailboxes
  3.32 Ignoring delivery errors
  3.33 Examples of Exim filter commands



                    1. FORWARDING AND FILTERING IN EXIM


1.1 Introduction

Most Unix mail transfer agents (programs that deliver mail) permit individ-
ual users to specify automatic forwarding of their mail, usually by placing
a list of forwarding addresses in a file called .forward in their home
directories. Exim extends this facility by allowing the forwarding instruc-
tions to be a set of rules rather than just a list of addresses, in effect
providing '.forward with conditions'. Operating the set of rules is called
filtering, and the file that contains them is called a filter file.

Exim supports two different kinds of filter file. An "Exim filter" contains
instructions in a format that is unique to Exim. A "Sieve filter" contains
instructions in the Sieve format that is defined by RFC 3028. As this is a
standard format, Sieve filter files may already be familiar to some users.
Sieve files should also be portable between different environments.
However, the Exim filtering facility contains more features (such as
variable expansion), and better integration with the host environment (such
as the use of external processes and pipes).

The choice of which kind of filter to use can be left to the end-user,
provided that the system administrator has configured Exim appropriately
for both kinds of filter. However, if interoperability is important, Sieve
is the only choice.

The ability to use filtering or traditional forwarding has to be enabled by
the system administrator, and some of the individual facilities can be
separately enabled or disabled. A local document should be provided to
describe exactly what has been enabled. In the absence of this, consult
your system administrator.

This document describes how to use a filter file and the format of its
contents. It is intended for use by end-users. Both Sieve filters and Exim
filters are covered. However, for Sieve filters, only issues that relate to
the Exim implementation are discussed, since Sieve itself is described
elsewhere.

The contents of traditional .forward files are not described here. They
normally contain just a list of addresses, file names, or pipe commands,
separated by commas or newlines, but other types of item are also
available. The full details can be found in the chapter on the redirect
router in the Exim specification, which also describes how the system
administrator can set up and control the use of filtering.

                                                                             |
1.2 Filter operation                                                         |
                                                                             |
It is important to realize that, in Exim, no deliveries are actually made    |
while a filter or traditional .forward file is being processed. Running a    |
filter or processing a traditional .forward file sets up future delivery     |
operations, but does not carry them out.                                     |
                                                                             |
The result of filter or .forward file processing is a list of destinations   |
to which a message should be delivered. The deliveries themselves take       |
place later, along with all other deliveries for the message. This means     |
that it is not possible to test for successful deliveries while filtering.   |
It also means that any duplicate addresses that are generated are dropped,   |
because Exim never delivers the same message to the same address more than   |
once.                                                                        |


1.3 Testing a new filter file

Filter files, especially the more complicated ones, should always be
tested, as it is easy to make mistakes. Exim provides a facility for
preliminary testing of a filter file before installing it. This tests the
syntax of the file and its basic operation, and can also be used with
traditional .forward files.

Because a filter can do tests on the content of messages, a test message is
required. Suppose you have a new filter file called myfilter and a test
message called test-message. Assuming that Exim is installed with the
conventional path name /usr/sbin/sendmail (some operating systems use
/usr/lib/sendmail), the following command can be used:

  /usr/sbin/sendmail -bf myfilter <test-message

The -bf option tells Exim that the following item on the command line is
the name of a filter file that is to be tested. There is also a -bF option,
which is similar, but which is used for testing system filter files, as
opposed to user filter files, and which is therefore of use only to the
system administrator.

The test message is supplied on the standard input. If there are no
message-dependent tests in the filter, an empty file (/dev/null) can be
used. A supplied message must start with header lines or the 'From' message
separator line which is found in many multi-message folder files. Note that
blank lines at the start terminate the header lines. A warning is given if
no header lines are read.

The result of running this command, provided no errors are detected in the
filter file, is a list of the actions that Exim would try to take if
presented with the message for real. For example, for an Exim filter, the
output

  Deliver message to: gulliver@lilliput.fict.example
  Save message to: /home/lemuel/mail/archive

means that one copy of the message would be sent to
"gulliver@lilliput.fict.example", and another would be added to the file
/home/lemuel/mail/archive, if all went well.

The actions themselves are not attempted while testing a filter file in
this way; there is no check, for example, that any forwarding addresses are
valid. For an Exim filter, if you want to know why a particular action is
being taken, add the -v option to the command. This causes Exim to output
the results of any conditional tests and to indent its output according to
the depth of nesting of "if" commands. Further additional output from a
filter test can be generated by the "testprint" command, which is described
below.

When Exim is outputting a list of the actions it would take, if any text
strings are included in the output, non-printing characters therein are
converted to escape sequences. In particular, if any text string contains a
newline character, this is shown as '\n' in the testing output.

When testing a filter in this way, Exim makes up an 'envelope' for the
message. The recipient is by default the user running the command, and so
is the sender, but the command can be run with the -f option to supply a
different sender. For example,

/usr/sbin/sendmail -bf myfilter -f islington@never.where <test-message

Alternatively, if the -f option is not used, but the first line of the
supplied message is a 'From' separator from a message folder file (not the
same thing as a "From:" header line), the sender is taken from there. If -f
is present, the contents of any 'From' line are ignored.

The 'return path' is the same as the envelope sender, unless the message
contains a "Return-path:" header, in which case it is taken from there. You
need not worry about any of this unless you want to test out features of a
filter file that rely on the sender address or the return path.

It is possible to change the envelope recipient by specifying further
options. The -bfd option changes the domain of the recipient address, while
the -bfl option changes the 'local part', that is, the part before the @
sign. An adviser could make use of these to test someone else's filter
file.

The -bfp and -bfs options specify the prefix or suffix for the local part.
These are relevant only when support for multiple personal mailboxes is
implemented; see the description in section 3.31 below.


1.4 Installing a filter file

A filter file is normally installed under the name .forward in your home
directory - it is distinguished from a conventional .forward file by its
first line (described below). However, the file name is configurable, and
some system administrators may choose to use some different name or
location for filter files.


1.5 Testing an installed filter file

Testing a filter file before installation cannot find every potential
problem; for example, it does not actually run commands to which messages
are piped. Some 'live' tests should therefore also be done once a filter is
installed.

If at all possible, test your filter file by sending messages from some
other account. If you send a message to yourself from the filtered account,
and delivery fails, the error message will be sent back to the same
account, which may cause another delivery failure. It won't cause an
infinite sequence of such messages, because delivery failure messages do
not themselves generate further messages. However, it does mean that the
failure won't be returned to you, and also that the postmaster will have to
investigate the stuck message.

If you have to test an Exim filter from the same account, a sensible
precaution is to include the line

  if error_message then finish endif

as the first filter command, at least while testing. This causes filtering
to be abandoned for a delivery failure message, and since no destinations
are generated, the message goes on to be delivered to the original address.
Unless there is a good reason for not doing so, it is recommended that the
above test be left in all Exim filter files. (This does not apply to Sieve
files.)


1.6 Details of filtering commands

The filtering commands for Sieve and Exim filters are completely different
in syntax and semantics. The Sieve mechanism is defined in RFC 3028; in the
next chapter we describe how it is integrated into Exim. The subsequent
chapter covers Exim filtering commands in detail.



                           2. SIEVE FILTER FILES


The code for Sieve filtering in Exim was contributed by Michael Haardt, and
most of the content of this chapter is taken from the notes he provided.
Since Sieve is a extensible language, it is important to understand 'Sieve'
in this context as 'the specific implementation of Sieve for Exim'.

This chapter does not contain a description of Sieve, since that can be
found in RFC 3028, which should be read in conjunction with these notes.

The Exim Sieve implementation offers the core as defined by RFC 3028,        |
comparison tests, the copy, envelope, fileinto, and vacation extensions,     |
but not the reject extension. Exim does not support message delivery
notifications (MDNs), so adding it just to the Sieve filter (as required
for reject) makes little sense.

In order for Sieve to work properly in Exim, the system administrator needs
to make some adjustments to the Exim configuration. These are described in
the chapter on the redirect router in the full Exim specification.


2.1 Recognition of Sieve filters

A filter file is interpreted as a Sieve filter if its first line is

  # Sieve filter

This is what distinguishes it from a conventional .forward file or an Exim
filter file.


2.2 Saving to specified folders

If the system administrator has set things up as suggested in the Exim
specification, and you use keep or fileinto to save a mail into a folder,
absolute files are stored where specified, relative files are stored
relative to $home, and inbox goes to the standard mailbox location.


2.3 Strings containing header names

RFC 3028 does not specify what happens if a string denoting a header field
does not contain a valid header name, for example, it contains a colon.
This implementation generates an error instead of ignoring the header field
in order to ease script debugging, which fits in the common picture of
Sieve.


2.4 Exists test with empty list of headers

The exists test succeeds only if all specified headers exist. RFC 3028 does
not explicitly specify what happens on an empty list of headers. This
implementation evaluates that condition as true, interpreting the RFC in a
strict sense.


2.5 Header test with invalid MIME encoding in header

Some MUAs process invalid base64 encoded data, generating junk. Others
ignore junk after seeing an equal sign in base64 encoded data. RFC 2047
does not specify how to react in this case, other than stating that a
client must not forbid to process a message for that reason. RFC 2045
specifies that invalid data should be ignored (apparently looking at end of
line characters). It also specifies that invalid data may lead to rejecting
messages containing them (and there it appears to talk about true encoding
violations), which is a clear contradiction to ignoring them.

RFC 3028 does not specify how to process incorrect MIME words. This
implementation treats them literally, as it does if the word is correct but
its character set cannot be converted to UTF-8.


2.6 Address test for multiple addresses per header

A header may contain multiple addresses. RFC 3028 does not explicitly
specify how to deal with them, but since the address test checks if
anything matches anything else, matching one address suffices to satisfy
the condition. That makes it impossible to test if a header contains a
certain set of addresses and no more, but it is more logical than letting
the test fail if the header contains an additional address besides the one
the test checks for.


2.7 Semantics of keep

The keep command is equivalent to

  fileinto "inbox";

It saves the message and resets the implicit keep flag. It does not set the
implicit keep flag; there is no command to set it once it has been reset.


2.8 Semantics of fileinto

RFC 3028 does not specify whether "fileinto" should try to create a mail
folder if it does not exist. This implementation allows the sysadmin to
configure that aspect using the appendfile transport options
"create_directory", "create_file", and "file_must_exist". See the
appendfile transport in the Exim specification for details.


2.9 Semantics of redirect

Sieve scripts are supposed to be interoperable between servers, so this
implementation does not allow mail to be redirected to unqualified
addresses, because the domain would depend on the system being used. On
systems with virtual mail domains, the default domain is probably not what
the user expects it to be.


2.10 String arguments

There has been confusion if the string arguments to require are to be
matched case-sensitively or not. This implementation matches them with the
match type ":is" (default, see section 2.7.1) and the comparator "i;ascii-
casemap" (default, see section 2.7.3). The RFC defines the command defaults
clearly, so any different implementations violate RFC 3028. The same is
valid for comparator names, also specified as strings.


2.11 Number units

There is a mistake in RFC 3028: the suffix G denotes gibi-, not tebibyte.
The mistake is obvious, because RFC 3028 specifies G to denote 2^30 (which
is gibi, not tebi), and that is what this implementation uses as scaling
factor for the suffix G.


2.12 RFC compliance

Exim requires the first line of a Sieve filter to be

  # Sieve filter

Of course the RFC does not specify that line. Do not expect examples to
work without adding it, though.

RFC 3028 requires the use of CRLF to terminate a line. The rationale was
that CRLF is universally used in network protocols to mark the end of the
line. This implementation does not embed Sieve in a network protocol, but
uses Sieve scripts as part of the Exim MTA. Since all parts of Exim use LF
as newline character, this implementation does, too, by default, though the
system administrator may choose (at Exim compile time) to use CRLF instead.

Exim violates RFC 2822, section 3.6.8, by accepting 8-bit header names, so
this implementation repeats this violation to stay consistent with Exim.
This is in preparation to UTF-8 data.

Sieve scripts cannot contain NUL characters in strings, but mail headers
could contain MIME encoded NUL characters, which could never be matched by
Sieve scripts using exact comparisons. For that reason, this implementation
extends the Sieve quoted string syntax with \0 to describe a NUL character,
violating \0 being the same as 0 in RFC 3028. Even without using \0, the
following tests are all true in this implementation. Implementations that
use C-style strings will only evaluate the first test as true.

  Subject: =?iso-8859-1?q?abc=00def

  header :contains "Subject" ["abc"]
  header :contains "Subject" ["def"]
  header :matches "Subject" ["abc?def"]

Note that by considering Sieve to be a MUA, RFC 2047 can be interpreted in
a way that NUL characters truncating strings is allowed for Sieve implemen-
tations, although not recommended. It is further allowed to use encoded NUL
characters in headers, but that's not recommended either. The above example
shows why.

RFC 3028 states that if an implementation fails to convert a character set
to UTF-8, two strings cannot be equal if one contains octets greater than
127. Assuming that all unknown character sets are one-byte character sets
with the lower 128 octets being US-ASCII is not sound, so this implemen-
tation violates RFC 3028 and treats such MIME words literally. That way at
least something could be matched.

The folder specified by fileinto must not contain the character sequence
".." to avoid security problems. RFC 3028 does not specify the syntax of
folders apart from keep being equivalent to

  fileinto "INBOX";

This implementation uses "inbox" instead.

Sieve script errors currently cause messages to be silently filed into
"inbox". RFC 3028 requires that the user is notified of that condition.
This may be implemented in future by adding a header line to mails that are
filed into "inbox" due to an error in the filter.



                            3. EXIM FILTER FILES


This chapter contains a full description of the contents of Exim filter
files.


3.1 Format of Exim filter files

Apart from leading white space, the first text in a filter file must be

  # Exim filter

This is what distinguishes it from a conventional .forward file or a Sieve
filter file. If the file does not have this initial line (or the equivalent
for a Sieve filter), it is treated as a conventional .forward file, both
when delivering mail and when using the -bf testing mechanism. The white
space in the line is optional, and any capitalization may be used. Further
text on the same line is treated as a comment. For example, you could have

  #   Exim filter   <<== do not edit or remove this line!

The remainder of the file is a sequence of filtering commands, which
consist of keywords and data values. For example, in the command

  deliver gulliver@lilliput.fict.example

the keyword is "deliver" and the data value is
"gulliver@lilliput.fict.example". White space or line breaks separate the
components of a command, except in the case of conditions for the "if"
command, where round brackets (parentheses) also act as separators.
Complete commands are separated from each other by white space or line
breaks; there are no special terminators. Thus, several commands may appear
on one line, or one command may be spread over a number of lines.

If the character # follows a separator anywhere in a command, everything
from # up to the next newline is ignored. This provides a way of including
comments in a filter file.


3.2 Data values in filter commands

There are two ways in which a data value can be input:

 .   If the text contains no white space then it can be typed verbatim.
     However, if it is part of a condition, it must also be free of round
     brackets (parentheses), as these are used for grouping in conditions.

 .   Otherwise, it must be enclosed in double quotation marks. In this
     case, the character \ (backslash) is treated as an 'escape character'
     within the string, causing the following character or characters to be
     treated specially:

       \n is replaced by a newline
       \r is replaced by a carriage return
       \t is replaced by a tab

     Backslash followed by up to three octal digits is replaced by the
     character specified by those digits, and \x followed by up to two
     hexadecimal digits is treated similarly. Backslash followed by any
     other character is replaced by the second character, so that in
     particular, \" becomes " and \\ becomes \. A data item enclosed in
     double quotes can be continued onto the next line by ending the first
     line with a backslash. Any leading white space at the start of the
     continuation line is ignored.

In addition to the escape character processing that occurs when strings are
enclosed in quotes, most data values are also subject to string expansion
(as described in the next section), in which case the characters "$" and
"\" are also significant. This means that if a single backslash is actually
required in such a string, and the string is also quoted, \\\\ has to be
entered.

The maximum permitted length of a data string, before expansion, is 1024
characters.


3.3 String expansion

Most data values are expanded before use. Expansion consists of replacing
substrings beginning with "$" with other text. The full expansion facili-
ties available in Exim are extensive. If you want to know everything that
Exim can do with strings, you should consult the chapter on string
expansion in the Exim documentation.

In filter files, by far the most common use of string expansion is the
substitution of the contents of a variable. For example, the substring

  $reply_address

is replaced by the address to which replies to the message should be sent.
If such a variable name is followed by a letter or digit or underscore, it
must be enclosed in curly brackets (braces), for example,

  ${reply_address}

If a "$" character is actually required in an expanded string, it must be
escaped with a backslash, and because backslash is also an escape character
in quoted input strings, it must be doubled in that case. The following two
examples illustrate two different ways of testing for a "$" character in a
message:

  if $message_body contains \$ then ...
  if $message_body contains "\\$" then ...

You can prevent part of a string from being expanded by enclosing it
between two occurrences of "\N". For example,

  if $message_body contains \N$$$$\N then ...

tests for a run of four dollar characters.


3.4 Some useful general variables

A complete list of the available variables is given in the Exim documen-
tation. This shortened list contains the ones that are most likely to be
useful in personal filter files:

$body_linecount: The number of lines in the body of the message.

$body_zerocount: The number of binary zero characters in the body of the     |
message.                                                                     |

$home: In conventional configurations, this variable normally contains the
user's home directory. The system administrator can, however, change this.

$local_part: The part of the email address that precedes the @ sign -
normally the user's login name. If support for multiple personal mailboxes
is enabled (see section 3.31 below) and a prefix or suffix for the local
part was recognized, it is removed from the string in this variable.

$local_part_prefix: If support for multiple personal mailboxes is enabled
(see section 3.31 below), and a local part prefix was recognized, this
variable contains the prefix. Otherwise it contains an empty string.

$local_part_suffix: If support for multiple personal mailboxes is enabled
(see section 3.31 below), and a local part suffix was recognized, this
variable contains the suffix. Otherwise it contains an empty string.

$message_body: The initial portion of the body of the message. By default,
up to 500 characters are read into this variable, but the system adminis-
trator can configure this to some other value. Newlines in the body are
converted into single spaces.

$message_body_end: The final portion of the body of the message, formatted
and limited in the same way as $message_body.

$message_body_size: The size of the body of the message, in bytes.

$message_headers: The header lines of the message, concatenated into a
single string, with newline characters between them.

$message_id: The message's local identification string, which is unique for
each message handled by a single host.

$message_size: The size of the entire message, in bytes.

$original_local_part: When an address that arrived with the message is
being processed, this contains the same value as the variable $local_part.
However, if an address generated by an alias, forward, or filter file is
being processed, this variable contains the local part of the original
address.

$reply_address: The contents of the "Reply-to:" header, if the message has
one; otherwise the contents of the "From:" header. It is the address to
which normal replies to the message should be sent.

$return_path: The return path - that is, the sender field that will be
transmitted as part of the message's envelope if the message is sent to
another host. This is the address to which delivery errors are sent. In
many cases, this variable has the same value as $sender_address, but if,
for example, an incoming message to a mailing list has been expanded,
$return_path may have been changed to contain the address of the list
maintainer.

$sender_address: The sender address that was received in the envelope of
the message. This is not necessarily the same as the contents of the
"From:" or "Sender:" header lines. For delivery error messages ('bounce
messages') there is no sender address, and this variable is empty.

$tod_full: A full version of the time and date, for example: Wed, 18 Oct
1995 09:51:40 +0100. The timezone is always given as a numerical offset
from GMT.

$tod_log: The time and date in the format used for writing Exim's log
files, without the timezone, for example: 1995-10-12 15:32:29.

$tod_zone: The local timezone offset, for example: +0100.


3.5 Header variables

There is a special set of expansion variables containing the header lines
of the message being processed. These variables have names beginning with
"$header_" followed by the name of the header line, terminated by a colon.
For example,

  $header_from:
  $header_subject:

The whole item, including the terminating colon, is replaced by the
contents of the message header line. If there is more than one header line
with the same name, their contents are concatenated. For header lines whose
data consists of a list of addresses (for example, From: and To:), a comma
and newline is inserted between each set of data. For all other header
lines, just a newline is used.

Leading and trailing white space is removed from header line data, and if
there are any MIME 'words' that are encoded as defined by RFC 2047 (because
they contain non-ASCII characters), they are decoded and translated, if
possible, to a local character set. Translation is attempted only on
operating systems that have the "iconv()" function. This makes the header
line look the same as it would when displayed by an MUA. The default
character set is ISO-8859-1, but this can be changed by means of the
"headers" command (see below).

If you want to see the actual characters that make up a header line, you
can specify "$rheader_" instead of "$header_". This inserts the 'raw'
header line, unmodified.

There is also an intermediate form, requested by "$bheader_", which removes
leading and trailing space and decodes MIME 'words', but does not do any
character translation. If an attempt to decode what looks superficially
like a MIME 'word' fails, the raw string is returned. If decoding produces
a binary zero character, it is replaced by a question mark.

The capitalization of the name following "$header_" is not significant.
Because any printing character except colon may appear in the name of a
message's header (this is a requirement of RFC 2822, the document that
describes the format of a mail message) curly brackets must not be used in
this case, as they will be taken as part of the header name. Two shortcuts
are allowed in naming header variables:

 .   The initiating "$header_", "$rheader_", or "$bheader_" can be abbrevi-
     ated to "$h_", "$rh_", or "$bh_", respectively.

 .   The terminating colon can be omitted if the next character is white
     space. The white space character is retained in the expanded string.
     However, this is not recommended, because it makes it easy to forget
     the colon when it really is needed.

If the message does not contain a header of the given name, an empty string
is substituted. Thus it is important to spell the names of headers
correctly. Do not use "$header_Reply_to" when you really mean
"$header_Reply-to".


3.6 User variables

There are ten user variables with names $n0 - $n9 that can be incremented
by the "add" command (see section 3.10). These can be used for 'scoring'
messages in various ways. If Exim is configured to run a 'system filter' on
every message, the values left in these variables are copied into the
variables $sn0 - $sn9 at the end of the system filter, thus making them
available to users' filter files. How these values are used is entirely up
to the individual installation.


3.7 Current directory

The contents of your filter file should not make any assumptions about the
current directory. It is best to use absolute paths for file names; you can
normally make use of the $home variable to refer to your home directory.
The "save" command automatically inserts $home at the start of non-absolute
paths.


3.8 Significant deliveries

When in the course of delivery a message is processed by a filter file,
what happens next, that is, after the filter file has been processed,
depends on whether or not the filter sets up any significant deliveries. If
at least one significant delivery is set up, the filter is considered to
have handled the entire delivery arrangements for the current address, and
no further processing of the address takes place. If, however, no signifi-
cant deliveries are set up, Exim continues processing the current address
as if there were no filter file, and typically sets up a delivery of a copy
of the message into a local mailbox. In particular, this happens in the
special case of a filter file containing only comments.

The delivery commands "deliver", "save", and "pipe" are by default signifi-
cant. However, if such a command is preceded by the word "unseen", its
delivery is not considered to be significant. In contrast, other commands
such as "mail" and "vacation" do not set up significant deliveries unless
preceded by the word "seen".

The following example commands set up significant deliveries:                |
                                                                             |
  deliver jack@beanstalk.example                                             |
  pipe $home/bin/mymailscript                                                |
  seen mail subject "message discarded"                                      |
  seen finish                                                                |
                                                                             |
The following example commands do not set up significant deliveries:         |
                                                                             |
  unseen deliver jack@beanstalk.example                                      |
  unseen pipe $home/bin/mymailscript                                         |
  mail subject "message discarded"                                           |
  finish                                                                     |
                                                                             |

3.9 Filter commands

The filter commands that are described in subsequent sections are listed
below, with the section in which they are described in brackets:

  "add"            increment a user variable (section 3.10)
  "deliver"        deliver to an email address (section 3.11)
  "fail"           force delivery failure (sysadmin use) (section 3.18)
  "finish"         end processing (section 3.16)
  "freeze"         freeze message (sysadmin use) (section 3.19)
  "headers"        set the header character set (section 3.20)
  "if"             test condition(s) (section 3.21)
  "logfile"        define log file (section 3.15)
  "logwrite"       write to log file (section 3.15)
  "mail"           send a reply message (section 3.14)
  "pipe"           pipe to a command (section 3.13)
  "save"           save to a file (section 3.12)
  "testprint"      print while testing (section 3.17)
  "vacation"       tailored form of "mail" (section 3.14)

The "headers" command has additional parameters that can be used only in a   |
system filter. The "fail" and "freeze" commands are available only when      |
Exim's filtering facilities are being used as a system filter, and are       |
therefore usable only by the system administrator and not by ordinary        |
users. They are mentioned only briefly in this document; for more infor-     |
mation, see the main Exim specification.                                     |


3.10 The add command

       add <number> to <user variable>
  e.g. add 2 to n3

There are 10 user variables of this type, with names "n0" - "n9". Their
values can be obtained by the normal expansion syntax (for example $n3) in
other commands. At the start of filtering, these variables all contain
zero. Both arguments of the "add" command are expanded before use, making
it possible to add variables to each other. Subtraction can be obtained by
adding negative numbers.


3.11 The deliver command

       deliver <mail address>
  e.g. deliver "Dr Livingstone <David@somewhere.africa.example>"

This command provides a forwarding operation. The delivery that it sets up   |
is significant unless the command is preceded by "unseen" (see section       |
3.8). The message is sent on to the given address, exactly as happens if     |
the address had appeared in a traditional .forward file. If you want to
deliver the message to a number of different addresses, you can use more
than one "deliver" command (each one may have only one address). However,
duplicate addresses are discarded.

To deliver a copy of the message to your normal mailbox, your login name
can be given as the address. Once an address has been processed by the
filtering mechanism, an identical generated address will not be so pro-
cessed again, so doing this does not cause a loop.

However, if you have a mail alias, you should not refer to it here. For
example, if the mail address "L.Gulliver" is aliased to "lg303" then all
references in Gulliver's .forward file should be to "lg303". A reference to
the alias will not work for messages that are addressed to that alias,
since, like .forward file processing, aliasing is performed only once on an
address, in order to avoid looping.

Following the new address, an optional second address, preceded by
"errors_to" may appear. This changes the address to which delivery errors
on the forwarded message will be sent. Instead of going to the message's
original sender, they go to this new address. For ordinary users, the only
value that is permitted for this address is the user whose filter file is
being processed. For example, the user "lg303" whose mailbox is in the
domain "lilliput.example" could have a filter file that contains

       deliver jon@elsewhere.example errors_to lg303@lilliput.example

Clearly, using this feature makes sense only in situations where not all
messages are being forwarded. In particular, bounce messages must not be
forwarded in this way, as this is likely to create a mail loop if something
goes wrong.


3.12 The save command

       save <file name>
  e.g. save $home/mail/bookfolder

This command specifies that a copy of the message is to be appended to the   |
given file (that is, the file is to be used as a mail folder). The delivery  |
that "save" sets up is significant unless the command is preceded by         |
"unseen" (see section 3.8). More than one "save" command may be obeyed;      |
each one causes a copy of the message to be written to its argument file,
provided they are different (duplicate "save" commands are ignored).

If the file name does not start with a / character, the contents of the
$home variable are prepended, unless it is empty. In conventional configur-
ations, this variable is normally set in a user filter to the user's home
directory, but the system administrator may set it to some other path. In
some configurations, $home may be unset, in which case a non-absolute path
name may be generated. Such configurations convert this to an absolute path
when the delivery takes place. In a system filter, $home is never set.

The user must of course have permission to write to the file, and the
writing of the file takes place in a process that is running as the user,
under the user's primary group. Any secondary groups to which the user may
belong are not normally taken into account, though the system administrator
can configure Exim to set them up. In addition, the ability to use this
command at all is controlled by the system administrator - it may be
forbidden on some systems.

An optional mode value may be given after the file name. The value for the
mode is interpreted as an octal number, even if it does not begin with a
zero. For example:

       save /some/folder 640

This makes it possible for users to override the system-wide mode setting
for file deliveries, which is normally 600. If an existing file does not
have the correct mode, it is changed.

An alternative form of delivery may be enabled on your system, in which
each message is delivered into a new file in a given directory. If this is
the case, this functionality can be requested by giving the directory name
terminated by a slash after the "save" command, for example

      save separated/messages/

There are several different formats for such deliveries; check with your
system administrator or local documentation to find out which (if any) are
available on your system. If this functionality is not enabled, the use of
a path name ending in a slash causes an error.


3.13 The pipe command

       pipe <command>
  e.g. pipe "$home/bin/countmail $sender_address"

This command specifies that the message is to be delivered to the specified  |
command using a pipe. The delivery that it sets up is significant unless     |
the command is preceded by "unseen" (see section 3.8). Remember, however,    |
that no deliveries are done while the filter is being processed. All
deliveries happen later on. Therefore, the result of running the pipe is
not available to the filter.

When the deliveries are done, a separate process is run, and a copy of the
message is passed on its standard input. The process runs as the user,
under the user's primary group. Any secondary groups to which the user may
belong are not normally taken into account, though the system administrator
can configure Exim to set them up. More than one "pipe" command may appear;
each one causes a copy of the message to be written to its argument pipe,
provided they are different (duplicate "pipe" commands are ignored).

When the time comes to transport the message, the command supplied to
"pipe" is split up by Exim into a command name and a number of arguments.
These are delimited by white space except for arguments enclosed in double
quotes, in which case backslash is interpreted as an escape, or in single
quotes, in which case no escaping is recognized. Note that as the whole
command is normally supplied in double quotes, a second level of quoting is
required for internal double quotes. For example:

       pipe "$home/myscript \"size is $message_size\""

String expansion is performed on the separate components after the line has
been split up, and the command is then run directly by Exim; it is not run
under a shell. Therefore, substitution cannot change the number of argu-
ments, nor can quotes, backslashes or other shell metacharacters in
variables cause confusion.

Documentation for some programs that are normally run via this kind of pipe
often suggest that the command should start with

  IFS=" "

This is a shell command, and should not be present in Exim filter files,
since it does not normally run the command under a shell.

However, there is an option that the administrator can set to cause a shell
to be used. In this case, the entire command is expanded as a single string
and passed to the shell for interpretation. It is recommended that this be
avoided if at all possible, since it can lead to problems when inserted
variables contain shell metacharacters.

The default PATH set up for the command is determined by the system
administrator, usually containing at least "/usr/bin" so that common
commands are available without having to specify an absolute file name.
However, it is possible for the system administrator to restrict the pipe
facility so that the command name must not contain any / characters, and
must be found in one of the directories in the configured PATH. It is also
possible for the system administrator to lock out the use of the "pipe"
command altogether.

When the command is run, a number of environment variables are set up. The
complete list for pipe deliveries may be found in the Exim reference
manual. Those that may be useful for pipe deliveries from user filter files
are:

  DOMAIN                 the domain of the address
  HOME                   your home directory
  LOCAL_PART             see below
  LOCAL_PART_PREFIX      see below
  LOCAL_PART_SUFFIX      see below
  LOGNAME                your login name
  MESSAGE_ID             the message's unique id
  PATH                   the command search path
  RECIPIENT              the complete recipient address
  SENDER                 the sender of the message
  SHELL                  /bin/sh
  USER                   see below

LOCAL_PART, LOGNAME, and USER are all set to the same value, namely, your
login id. LOCAL_PART_PREFIX and LOCAL_PART_SUFFIX may be set if Exim is
configured to recognize prefixes or suffixes in the local parts of
addresses. For example, a message addressed to "pat-suf2@domain.example"
may cause user "pat"'s filter file to be run. If this sets up a pipe
delivery, LOCAL_PART_SUFFIX is "-suf2" when the pipe command runs. The
system administrator has to configure Exim specially for this feature to be
available.

If you run a command that is a shell script, be very careful in your use of
data from the incoming message in the commands in your script. RFC 2822 is
very generous in the characters that are legally permitted to appear in
mail addresses, and in particular, an address may begin with a vertical bar
or a slash. For this reason you should always use quotes round any
arguments that involve data from the message, like this:

  /some/command '$SENDER'

so that inserted shell meta-characters do not cause unwanted effects.

Remember that, as was explained earlier, the pipe command is not run at the
time the filter file is interpreted. The filter just defines what deliver-
ies are required for one particular addressee of a message. The deliveries
themselves happen later, once Exim has decided everything that needs to be
done for the message.

A consequence of this is that you cannot inspect the return code from the
pipe command from within the filter. Nevertheless, the code returned by the
command is important, because Exim uses it to decide whether the delivery
has succeeded or failed.

The command should return a zero completion code if all has gone well. Most
non-zero codes are treated by Exim as indicating a failure of the pipe.
This is treated as a delivery failure, causing the message to be returned
to its sender. However, there are some completion codes that are treated as
temporary errors. The message remains on Exim's spool disk, and the
delivery is tried again later, though it will ultimately time out if the
delivery failures go on too long. The completion codes to which this
applies can be specified by the system administrator; the default values
are 73 and 75.

The pipe command should not normally write anything to its standard output
or standard error file descriptors. If it does, whatever is written is
normally returned to the sender of the message as a delivery error, though
this action can be varied by the system administrator.


3.14 Mail commands

There are two commands that cause the creation of a new mail message,
neither of which count as a significant delivery unless the command is
preceded by the word "seen" (see section 3.8). This is a powerful facility,
but it should be used with care, because of the danger of creating infinite
sequences of messages. The system administrator can forbid the use of these
commands altogether.

To help prevent runaway message sequences, these commands have no effect
when the incoming message is a bounce (delivery error) message, and
messages sent by this means are treated as if they were reporting delivery
errors. Thus, they should never themselves cause a bounce message to be
returned. The basic mail-sending command is

       mail [to <address-list>]
            [cc <address-list>]
            [bcc <address-list>]
            [from <address>]
            [reply_to <address>]
            [subject <text>]
            [extra_headers <text>]
            [text <text>]
            [[expand] file <filename>]
            [return message]
            [log <log file name>]
            [once <note file name>]
            [once_repeat <time interval>]

  e.g. mail text "Your message about $h_subject: has been received"

Each <address-list> can contain a number of addresses, separated by commas,
in the format of a To: or Cc: header line. In fact, the text you supply
here is copied exactly into the appropriate header line. It may contain
additional information as well as email addresses. For example:

  mail to "Julius Caesar <jc@rome.example>, \
           <ma@rome.example> (Mark A.)"

Similarly, the texts supplied for "from" and "reply_to" are copied into
their respective header lines.

As a convenience for use in one common case, there is also a command called
"vacation". It behaves in the same way as "mail", except that the defaults
for the "subject", "file", "log", "once", and "once_repeat" options are

  subject "On vacation"
  expand file .vacation.msg
  log  .vacation.log
  once .vacation
  once_repeat 7d

respectively. These are the same file names and repeat period used by the
traditional Unix "vacation" command. The defaults can be overridden by
explicit settings, but if a file name is given its contents are expanded
only if explicitly requested.

Warning: The "vacation" command should always be used conditionally,
subject to at least the "personal" condition (see section 3.27 below) so as
not to send automatic replies to non-personal messages from mailing lists
or elsewhere. Sending an automatic response to a mailing list or a mailing
list manager is an Internet Sin.

For both commands, the key/value argument pairs can appear in any order. At
least one of "text" or "file" must appear (except with "vacation", where
there is a default for "file"); if both are present, the text string
appears first in the message. If "expand" precedes "file", each line of the
file is subject to string expansion before it is included in the message.

Several lines of text can be supplied to "text" by including the escape
sequence '\n' in the string wherever a newline is required. If the command
is output during filter file testing, newlines in the text are shown as
'\n'.

Note that the keyword for creating a "Reply-To:" header is "reply_to",
because Exim keywords may contain underscores, but not hyphens. If the
"from" keyword is present and the given address does not match the user who
owns the forward file, Exim normally adds a "Sender:" header to the
message, though it can be configured not to do this.

The "extra_headers" keyword allows you to add custom header lines to the
message. The text supplied must be one or more syntactically valid RFC 2882
header lines. You can use '\n' within quoted text to specify newlines
between headers, and also to define continued header lines. For example:

  extra_headers "h1: first\nh2: second\n continued\nh3: third"

No newline should appear at the end of the final header line.

If no "to" argument appears, the message is sent to the address in the
"$reply_address" variable (see section 3.3 above). An "In-Reply-To:" header
is automatically included in the created message, giving a reference to the
message identification of the incoming message.

If "return message" is specified, the incoming message that caused the
filter file to be run is added to the end of the message, subject to a
maximum size limitation.

If a log file is specified, a line is added to it for each message sent.

If a "once" file is specified, it is used to hold a database for
remembering who has received a message, and no more than one message is
ever sent to any particular address, unless "once_repeat" is set. This
specifies a time interval after which another copy of the message is sent.
The interval is specified as a sequence of numbers, each followed by the
initial letter of one of 'seconds', 'minutes', 'hours', 'days', or 'weeks'.
For example,

  once_repeat 5d4h

causes a new message to be sent if 5 days and 4 hours have elapsed since
the last one was sent. There must be no white space in a time interval.

Commonly, the file name specified for "once" is used as the base name for
direct-access (DBM) file operations. There are a number of different DBM
libraries in existence. Some operating systems provide one as a default,
but even in this case a different one may have been used when building
Exim. With some DBM libraries, specifying "once" results in two files being
created, with the suffixes ".dir" and ".pag" being added to the given name.
With some others a single file with the suffix ".db" is used, or the name
is used unchanged.

Using a DBM file for implementing the "once" feature means that the file
grows as large as necessary. This is not usually a problem, but some system
administrators want to put a limit on it. The facility can be configured
not to use a DBM file, but instead, to use a regular file with a maximum
size. The data in such a file is searched sequentially, and if the file
fills up, the oldest entry is deleted to make way for a new one. This means
that some correspondents may receive a second copy of the message after an
unpredictable interval. Consult your local information to see if your
system is configured this way.

More than one "mail" or "vacation" command may be obeyed in a single filter
run; they are all honoured, even when they are to the same recipient.


3.15 Logging commands

A log can be kept of actions taken by a filter file. This facility is
normally available in conventional configurations, but there are some
situations where it might not be. Also, the system administrator may choose
to disable it. Check your local information if in doubt.

Logging takes place while the filter file is being interpreted. It does not
queue up for later like the delivery commands. The reason for this is so
that a log file need be opened only once for several write operations.
There are two commands, neither of which constitutes a significant
delivery. The first defines a file to which logging output is subsequently
written:

       logfile <file name>
  e.g. logfile $home/filter.log

The file name must be fully qualified. You can use $home, as in this
example, to refer to your home directory. The file name may optionally be
followed by a mode for the file, which is used if the file has to be
created. For example,

       logfile $home/filter.log 0644

The number is interpreted as octal, even if it does not begin with a zero.
The default for the mode is 600. It is suggested that the "logfile" command
normally appear as the first command in a filter file. Once "logfile" has
been obeyed, the "logwrite" command can be used to write to the log file:

       logwrite "<some text string>"
  e.g. logwrite "$tod_log $message_id processed"

It is possible to have more than one "logfile" command, to specify writing
to different log files in different circumstances. Writing takes place at
the end of the file, and a newline character is added to the end of each
string if there isn't one already there. Newlines can be put in the middle
of the string by using the '\n' escape sequence. Lines from simultaneous
deliveries may get interleaved in the file, as there is no interlocking, so
you should plan your logging with this in mind. However, data should not
get lost.


3.16 The finish command

The command "finish", which has no arguments, causes Exim to stop
interpreting the filter file. This is not a significant action unless
preceded by "seen". A filter file containing only "seen finish" is a black
hole.


3.17 The testprint command

It is sometimes helpful to be able to print out the values of variables
when testing filter files. The command

       testprint <text>
  e.g. testprint "home=$home reply_address=$reply_address"

does nothing when mail is being delivered. However, when the filtering code
is being tested by means of the -bf option (see section 1.3 above), the
value of the string is written to the standard output.


3.18 The fail command

When Exim's filtering facilities are being used as a system filter, the
"fail" command is available, to force delivery failure. Because this
command is normally usable only by the system administrator, and not
enabled for use by ordinary users, it is described in more detail in the
main Exim specification rather than in this document.


3.19 The freeze command

When Exim's filtering facilities are being used as a system filter, the
"freeze" command is available, to freeze a message on the queue. Because
this command is normally usable only by the system administrator, and not
enabled for use by ordinary users, it is described in more detail in the
main Exim specification rather than in this document.


3.20 The headers command

The "headers" command can be used to change the target character set that
is used when translating the contents of encoded header lines for insertion
by the "$header_" mechanism (see section 3.5 above). The default can be set
in the Exim configuration; if not specified, ISO-8859-1 is used. The only
currently supported format for the "headers" command in user filters is as   |
in this example:

  headers charset "UTF-8"

That is, "headers" is followed by the word "charset" and then the name of a
character set. This particular example would be useful if you wanted to
compare the contents of a header to a UTF-8 string.

In system filter files, the "headers" command can be used to add or remove   |
header lines from the message. These features are described in the main      |
Exim specification.                                                          |


3.21 Obeying commands conditionally

Most of the power of filtering comes from the ability to test conditions
and obey different commands depending on the outcome. The "if" command is
used to specify conditional execution, and its general form is

  if    <condition>
  then  <commands>
  elif  <condition>
  then  <commands>
  else  <commands>
  endif

There may be any number of "elif" and "then" sections (including none) and
the "else" section is also optional. Any number of commands, including
nested "if" commands, may appear in any of the <commands> sections.

Conditions can be combined by using the words "and" and "or", and round
brackets (parentheses) can be used to specify how several conditions are to
combine. Without brackets, "and" is more binding than "or". For example,

  if
    $h_subject: contains "Make money" or
    $h_precedence: is "junk" or
    ($h_sender: matches ^\\d{8}@ and not personal) or
    $message_body contains "this is spam"
  then
    seen finish
  endif

A condition can be preceded by "not" to negate it, and there are also some
negative forms of condition that are more English-like.


3.22 String testing conditions

There are a number of conditions that operate on text strings, using the
words 'begins', 'ends', 'is', 'contains' and 'matches'. If you want to
apply the same test to more than one header line, you can easily
concatenate them into a single string for testing, as in this example:

  if "$h_to:, $h_cc:" contains me@domain.example then ...

If a string-testing condition name is written in lower case, the testing of
letters is done without regard to case; if it is written in upper case (for
example, 'CONTAINS'), the case of letters is taken into account.

       <text1> begins <text2>
       <text1> does not begin <text2>
  e.g. $header_from: begins "Friend@"

A 'begins' test checks for the presence of the second string at the start
of the first, both strings having been expanded.

       <text1> ends <text2>
       <text1> does not end <text2>
  e.g. $header_from: ends "public.com.example"

An 'ends' test checks for the presence of the second string at the end of
the first, both strings having been expanded.

       <text1> is <text2>
       <text1> is not <text2>
  e.g. $local_part_suffix is "-foo"

An 'is' test does an exact match between the strings, having first expanded
both strings.

       <text1> contains <text2>
       <text1> does not contain <text2>
  e.g. $header_subject: contains "evolution"

A 'contains' test does a partial string match, having expanded both
strings.

       <text1> matches <text2>
       <text1> does not match <text2>
  e.g. $sender_address matches "(bill|john)@"

For a 'matches' test, after expansion of both strings, the second one is
interpreted as a regular expression. Exim uses the PCRE regular expression
library, which provides regular expressions that are compatible with Perl.

The match succeeds if the regular expression matches any part of the first
string. If you want a regular expression to match only at the start or end
of the subject string, you must encode that requirement explicitly, using
the ^ or $ metacharacters. The above example, which is not so constrained,
matches all these addresses:

  bill@test.example
  john@some.example
  spoonbill@example.com
  littlejohn@example.com

To match only the first two, you could use this:

  if $sender_address matches "^(bill|john)@" then ...

Care must be taken if you need a backslash in a regular expression, because
backslashes are interpreted as escape characters both by the string
expansion code and by Exim's normal processing of strings in quotes. For
example, if you want to test the sender address for a domain ending in
".com" the regular expression is

  \.com$

The backslash and dollar sign in that expression have to be escaped when
used in a filter command, as otherwise they would be interpreted by the
expansion code. Thus what you actually write is

  if $sender_address matches \\.com\$

An alternative way of handling this is to make use of the "\N" expansion
flag for suppressing expansion:

  if $sender_address matches \N\.com$\N

Everything between the two occurrences of "\N" is copied without change by
the string expander (and in fact you do not need the final one, because it
is at the end of the string).

If the regular expression is given in quotes (mandatory only if it contains
white space) you have to write either

  if $sender_address matches "\\\\.com\\$"

or

  if $sender_address matches "\\N\\.com$\\N"

If the regular expression contains bracketed sub-expressions, numeric
variable substitutions such as $1 can be used in the subsequent actions
after a successful match. If the match fails, the values of the numeric
variables remain unchanged. Previous values are not restored after "endif".
In other words, only one set of values is ever available. If the condition
contains several sub-conditions connected by "and" or "or", it is the
strings extracted from the last successful match that are available in
subsequent actions. Numeric variables from any one sub-condition are also
available for use in subsequent sub-conditions, because string expansion of
a condition occurs just before it is tested.


3.23 Numeric testing conditions

The following conditions are available for performing numerical tests:

       <number1> is above <number2>
       <number1> is not above <number2>
       <number1> is below <number2>
       <number1> is not below <number2>
  e.g. $message_size is not above 10k

The <number> arguments must expand to strings of digits, optionally
followed by one of the letters K or M (upper case or lower case) which
cause multiplication by 1024 and 1024x1024 respectively.


3.24 Testing for significant deliveries

You can use the "delivered" condition to test whether or not any previously
obeyed filter commands have set up a significant delivery. For example:

  if not delivered then save mail/anomalous endif


3.25 Testing for error messages

The condition "error_message" is true if the incoming message is a bounce
(mail delivery error) message. Putting the command

  if error_message then finish endif

at the head of your filter file is a useful insurance against things going
wrong in such a way that you cannot receive delivery error reports. Note:
"error_message" is a condition, not an expansion variable, and therefore is
not preceded by "$".


3.26 Testing a list of addresses

There is a facility for looping through a list of addresses and applying a
condition to each of them. It takes the form

  foranyaddress <string> (<condition>)

where <string> is interpreted as a list of RFC 2822 addresses, as in a
typical header line, and <condition> is any valid filter condition or
combination of conditions. The 'group' syntax that is defined for certain
header lines that contain addresses is supported.

The parentheses surrounding the condition are mandatory, to delimit it from
possible further sub-conditions of the enclosing "if" command. Within the
condition, the expansion variable $thisaddress is set to the non-comment
portion of each of the addresses in the string in turn. For example, if the
string is

  B.Simpson <bart@sfld.example>, lisa@sfld.example (his sister)

then $thisaddress would take on the values "bart@sfld.example" and
"lisa@sfld.example" in turn.

If there are no valid addresses in the list, the whole condition is false.
If the internal condition is true for any one address, the overall
condition is true and the loop ends. If the internal condition is false for
all addresses in the list, the overall condition is false. This example
tests for the presence of an eight-digit local part in any address in a
"To:" header:

  if foranyaddress $h_to: ( $thisaddress matches ^\\d{8}@ ) then ...

When the overall condition is true, the value of $thisaddress in the
commands that follow "then" is the last value it took on inside the loop.
At the end of the "if" command, the value of $thisaddress is reset to what
it was before. It is best to avoid the use of multiple occurrences of
"foranyaddress", nested or otherwise, in a single "if" command, if the
value of $thisaddress is to be used afterwards, because it isn't always
clear what the value will be. Nested "if" commands should be used instead.

Header lines can be joined together if a check is to be applied to more
than one of them. For example:

  if foranyaddress $h_to:,$h_cc: ....

scans through the addresses in both the "To:" and the "Cc:" headers.


3.27 Testing for personal mail

A common requirement is to distinguish between incoming personal mail and
mail from a mailing list, or from a robot or other automatic process (for
example, a bounce message). In particular, this test is normally required
for 'vacation messages'.

The "personal" condition checks that the message is not a bounce message     |
and that the current user's email address appears in the "To:" header. It    |
also checks that the sender is not the current user or one of a number of    |
common daemons, and that there are no header lines starting "List-" in the   |
message. Finally, it checks the content of the "Precedence:" header line,    |
if there is one.                                                             |
                                                                             |
You should always use the "personal" condition when generating automatic     |
responses. This example shows the use of "personal" in a filter file that    |
is sending out vacation messages:

  if personal then
    mail
     to $reply_address
     subject "I am on holiday"                                               |
     file $home/vacation/message
     once $home/vacation/once
     once_repeat 10d
  endif

It is tempting, when writing commands like the above, to quote the original  |
subject in the reply. For example:                                           |
                                                                             |
  subject "Re: $h_subject:"                                                  |
                                                                             |
There is a danger in doing this, however. It may allow a third party to      |
subscribe you to an opt-in mailing list, provided that the list accepts      |
bounce messages as subscription confirmations. (Messages sent from filters   |
are always sent as bounce messages.) Well-managed lists require a non-       |
bounce message to confirm a subscription, so the danger is relatively        |
small.                                                                       |
                                                                             |
If prefixes or suffixes are in use for local parts - something which         |
depends on the configuration of Exim (see section 3.31 below) - the tests    |
for the current user are done with the full address (including the prefix    |
and suffix, if any) as well as with the prefix and suffix removed. If the    |
system is configured to rewrite local parts of mail addresses, for example,  |
to rewrite 'dag46' as 'Dirk.Gently', the rewritten form of the address is    |
also used in the tests.                                                      |

                                                                             |
3.28 Alias addresses for the personal condition                              |
                                                                             |
It is quite common for people who have mail accounts on a number of          |
different systems to forward all their mail to one system, and in this case  |
a check for personal mail should test all their various mail addresses. To   |
allow for this, the "personal" condition keyword can be followed by          |
                                                                             |
  alias <address>                                                            |
                                                                             |
any number of times, for example                                             |
                                                                             |
  if personal alias smith@else.where.example                                 |
              alias jones@other.place.example                                |
  then ...                                                                   |
                                                                             |
The alias addresses are treated as alternatives to the current user's email  |
address when testing the contents of header lines.                           |

                                                                             |
3.29 Details of the personal condition                                       |
                                                                             |
The basic "personal" test is roughly equivalent to the following:            |
                                                                             |
  not error_message and                                                      |
  $message_headers does not contain "\nList-" and                            |
  $header_auto-submitted: does not contain "auto-" and                       |
  $header_precedence: does not contain "bulk" and                            |
  $header_precedence: does not contain "list" and                            |
  $header_precedence: does not contain "junk" and                            |
  foranyaddress $header_to:                                                  |
    ( $thisaddress contains "$local_part@$domain" ) and                      |
  not foranyaddress $header_from:                                            |
    (                                                                        |
    $thisaddress contains "$local_part@domain" or                            |
    $thisaddress contains "server@" or                                       |
    $thisaddress contains "daemon@" or                                       |
    $thisaddress contains "root@" or                                         |
    $thisaddress contains "listserv@" or                                     |
    $thisaddress contains "majordomo@" or                                    |
    $thisaddress contains "-request@" or                                     |
    $thisaddress matches  "^owner-[^@]+@"                                    |
    )                                                                        |
                                                                             |
The variable $local_part contains the local part of the mail address of the  |
user whose filter file is being run - it is normally your login id. The      |
$domain variable contains the mail domain. As explained above, if aliases    |
or rewriting are defined, or if prefixes or suffixes are in use, the tests   |
for the current user are also done with alternative addresses.               |


3.30 Testing delivery status

There are two conditions that are intended mainly for use in system filter
files, but which are available in users' filter files as well. The
condition "first_delivery" is true if this is the first process that is
attempting to deliver the message, and false otherwise. This indicator is
not reset until the first delivery process successfully terminates; if
there is a crash or a power failure (for example), the next delivery
attempt is also a 'first delivery'.

In a user filter file "first_delivery" will be false only if there was
previously an error in the filter, or if a delivery for the user failed
owing to, for example, a quota error, or if forwarding to a remote address
was deferred for some reason.

The condition "manually_thawed" is true only if the message was 'frozen'
for some reason, and was subsequently released by the system administrator.
It is unlikely to be of use in users' filter files.


3.31 Multiple personal mailboxes

The system administrator can configure Exim so that users can set up
variants on their email addresses and handle them separately. Consult your
system administrator or local documentation to see if this facility is
enabled on your system, and if so, what the details are.

The facility involves the use of a prefix or a suffix on an email address.
For example, all mail addressed to "lg303-<something>" would be the
property of user "lg303", who could determine how it was to be handled,
depending on the value of <something>.

There are two possible ways in which this can be set up. The first
possibility is the use of multiple .forward files. In this case, mail to
"lg303-foo", for example, is handled by looking for a file called ".for-
ward-foo" in "lg303's" home directory. If such a file does not exist,
delivery fails and the message is returned to its sender.

The alternative approach is to pass all messages through a single .forward
file, which must be a filter file so that it can distinguish between
the different cases by referencing the variables $local_part_prefix or
$local_part_suffix, as in the final example in section 3.33 below.

It is possible to configure Exim to support both schemes at once. In this
case, a specific ".forward-foo" file is first sought; if it is not found,
the basic .forward file is used.

The "personal" test (see section 3.27) includes prefixes and suffixes in
its checking.


3.32 Ignoring delivery errors

As was explained above, filtering just sets up addresses for delivery - no
deliveries are actually done while a filter file is active. If any of the
generated addresses subsequently suffers a delivery failure, an error
message is generated in the normal way. However, if a filter command that
sets up a delivery is preceded by the word "noerror", errors for that
delivery, and any deliveries consequent on it (that is, from alias,
forwarding, or filter files it invokes) are ignored.


3.33 Examples of Exim filter commands

Simple forwarding:

  # Exim filter
  deliver baggins@rivendell.middle-earth.example

Vacation handling using traditional means, assuming that the
".vacation.msg" and other files have been set up in your home directory:

  # Exim filter
  unseen pipe "/usr/ucb/vacation \"$local_part\""

Vacation handling inside Exim, having first created a file called
".vacation.msg" in your home directory:

  # Exim filter
  if personal then vacation endif

File some messages by subject:

  # Exim filter
  if $header_subject: contains "empire" or
     $header_subject: contains "foundation"
  then
     save $home/mail/f+e
  endif

Save all non-urgent messages by weekday:

  # Exim filter
  if $header_subject: does not contain "urgent" and
     $tod_full matches "^(...),"
  then
    save $home/mail/$1
  endif

Throw away all mail from one site, except from postmaster:

  # Exim filter
  if $reply_address contains "@spam.site.example" and
     $reply_address does not contain "postmaster@"
  then
     seen finish
  endif

Handle multiple personal mailboxes

  # Exim filter
  if $local_part_suffix is "-foo"
  then
    save $home/mail/foo
  elif $local_part_suffix is "-bar"
  then
    save $home/mail/bar
  endif

