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# Chapter 11. Operators

# Operator Precedence

The precedence of an operator specifies how "tightly" it binds two expressions together. For example, in the expression `1 + 5 * 3`, the answer is `16` and not `18` because the multiplication ("*") operator has a higher precedence than the addition ("+") operator. Parentheses may be used to force precedence, if necessary. For instance: `(1 + 5) * 3` evaluates to `18`.

The following table lists the precedence of operators with the lowest-precedence operators listed first.

Table 11-1. Operator Precedence

Associativity | Operators
--- | ---
left | ,
left | or
left | xor
left | and
right | print
left | = += -= *= /= .= %= &= |= ^= ~= <<= >>=
left | ? :
left | ||
left | &&
left | |
left | ^
left | &
non-associative | == != === !==
non-associative | < <= > >=
left | << >>
left | + - .
left | * / %
right | ! ~ ++ -- (int) (float) (string) (array) (object) @
right | [
non-associative | new

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