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## 4.2.3 Type Specifiers

Type specifiers can be symbols, classes, or lists. Figure 4-2 lists symbols that are standardized atomic type specifiers, and Figure 4-3 lists standardized compound type specifier names. For syntax information, see the dictionary entry for the corresponding type specifier. It is possible to define new type specifiers using defclass, define-condition, defstruct, or deftype.

    arithmetic-error                  function            simple-condition
    array                             generic-function    simple-error
    atom                              hash-table          simple-string
    base-char                         integer             simple-type-error
    base-string                       keyword             simple-vector
    bignum                            list                simple-warning
    bit                               logical-pathname    single-float
    bit-vector                        long-float          standard-char
    broadcast-stream                  method              standard-class
    built-in-class                    method-combination  standard-generic-function
    cell-error                        nil                 standard-method
    character                         null                standard-object
    class                             number              storage-condition
    compiled-function                 package             stream
    complex                           package-error       stream-error
    concatenated-stream               parse-error         string
    condition                         pathname            string-stream
    cons                              print-not-readable  structure-class
    control-error                     program-error       structure-object
    division-by-zero                  random-state        style-warning
    double-float                      ratio               symbol
    echo-stream                       rational            synonym-stream
    end-of-file                       reader-error        t
    error                             readtable           two-way-stream
    extended-char                     real                type-error
    file-error                        restart             unbound-slot
    file-stream                       sequence            unbound-variable
    fixnum                            serious-condition   undefined-function
    float                             short-float         unsigned-byte
    floating-point-inexact            signed-byte         vector
    floating-point-invalid-operation  simple-array        warning
    floating-point-overflow           simple-base-string
    floating-point-underflow          simple-bit-vector

Figure 4-2. Standardized Atomic Type Specifiers

If a type specifier is a list, the car of the list is a symbol, and the rest of the list is subsidiary type information. Such a type specifier is called a compound type specifier. Except as explicitly stated otherwise, the subsidiary items can be unspecified. The unspecified subsidiary items are indicated by writing `*`. For example, to completely specify a vector, the type of the elements and the length of the vector must be present.

     (vector double-float 100)

The following leaves the length unspecified:

     (vector double-float *)

The following leaves the element type unspecified:

     (vector * 100)

Suppose that two type specifiers are the same except that the first has a `*` where the second has a more explicit specification. Then the second denotes a subtype of the type denoted by the first.

If a list has one or more unspecified items at the end, those items can be dropped. If dropping all occurrences of `*` results in a singleton list, then the parentheses can be dropped as well (the list can be replaced by the symbol in its car). For example, `(vector double-float *)` can be abbreviated to `(vector double-float)`, and `(vector * *)` can be abbreviated to `(vector)` and then to `vector`.

    and           long-float    simple-base-string
    array         member        simple-bit-vector
    base-string   mod           simple-string
    bit-vector    not           simple-vector
    complex       or            single-float
    cons          rational      string
    double-float  real          unsigned-byte
    eql           satisfies     values
    float         short-float   vector
    function      signed-byte
    integer       simple-array

Figure 4-3. Standardized Compound Type Specifier Names

The next figure show the defined names that can be used as compound type specifier names but that cannot be used as atomic type specifiers.

    and     mod  satisfies
    eql     not  values
    member  or

Figure 4-4. Standardized Compound-Only Type Specifier Names

New type specifiers can come into existence in two ways.

* Defining a structure by using defstruct without using the `:type` specifier or defining a class by using defclass or define-condition automatically causes the name of the structure or class to be a new type specifier symbol.
* deftype can be used to define derived type specifiers, which act as `abbreviations' for other type specifiers.

A class object can be used as a type specifier. When used this way, it denotes the set of all members of that class.

The next figure shows some defined names relating to types and declarations.

    coerce            defstruct  subtypep
    declaim           deftype    the
    declare           ftype      type
    defclass          locally    type-of
    define-condition  proclaim   typep

Figure 4-5. Defined names relating to types and declarations.

The next figure shows all defined names that are type specifier names, whether for atomic type specifiers or compound type specifiers; this list is the union of the lists in Figure 4-2 and Figure 4-3.

    and                               function            simple-array
    arithmetic-error                  generic-function    simple-base-string
    array                             hash-table          simple-bit-vector
    atom                              integer             simple-condition
    base-char                         keyword             simple-error
    base-string                       list                simple-string
    bignum                            logical-pathname    simple-type-error
    bit                               long-float          simple-vector
    bit-vector                        member              simple-warning
    broadcast-stream                  method              single-float
    built-in-class                    method-combination  standard-char
    cell-error                        mod                 standard-class
    character                         nil                 standard-generic-function
    class                             not                 standard-method
    compiled-function                 null                standard-object
    complex                           number              storage-condition
    concatenated-stream               or                  stream
    condition                         package             stream-error
    cons                              package-error       string
    control-error                     parse-error         string-stream
    division-by-zero                  pathname            structure-class
    double-float                      print-not-readable  structure-object
    echo-stream                       program-error       style-warning
    end-of-file                       random-state        symbol
    eql                               ratio               synonym-stream
    error                             rational            t
    extended-char                     reader-error        two-way-stream
    file-error                        readtable           type-error
    file-stream                       real                unbound-slot
    fixnum                            restart             unbound-variable
    float                             satisfies           undefined-function
    floating-point-inexact            sequence            unsigned-byte
    floating-point-invalid-operation  serious-condition   values
    floating-point-overflow           short-float         vector
    floating-point-underflow          signed-byte         warning

Figure 4-6. Standardized Type Specifier Names

The following X3J13 cleanup issues, not part of the specification, apply to this section:

- REAL-NUMBER-TYPE:X3J13-MAR-89
- STREAM-ACCESS:ADD-TYPES-ACCESSORS
- CHARACTER-VS-CHAR:LESS-INCONSISTENT-SHORT
- ARRAY-TYPE-ELEMENT-TYPE-SEMANTICS:UNIFY-UPGRADING

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