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<title>mod_cache - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p>
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<div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Module mod_cache</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/mod/mod_cache.html" title="English">&nbsp;en&nbsp;</a> |
<a href="../ko/mod/mod_cache.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean">&nbsp;ko&nbsp;</a></p>
</div>
<table class="module"><tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Content cache keyed to URIs.</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Experimental</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#ModuleIdentifier">Module Identifier:</a></th><td>cache_module</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="module-dict.html#SourceFile">Source File:</a></th><td>mod_cache.c</td></tr></table>
<h3>Summary</h3>

    <div class="warning">
      This module is experimental. Documentation is still under development...
    </div>

    <p><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cache.html">mod_cache</a></code> implements an <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a> compliant HTTP
    content cache that can be used to cache either local or proxied content.
    <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cache.html">mod_cache</a></code> requires the services of one or more storage
    management modules. Two storage management modules are included in
    the base Apache distribution:</p>
    <dl>
    <dt><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html">mod_disk_cache</a></code></dt>
    <dd>implements a disk based storage manager.</dd>

    <dt><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html">mod_mem_cache</a></code></dt>
    <dd>implements a memory based storage manager. 
    <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html">mod_mem_cache</a></code> can be configured to operate in two
    modes: caching open file descriptors or caching objects in heap storage.
    <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html">mod_mem_cache</a></code> can be used to cache locally generated content
    or to cache backend server content for <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code> when
    configured using <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code>
    (aka <dfn>reverse proxy</dfn>)</dd>
    </dl>

    <p>Content is stored in and retrieved from the cache using URI based keys. Content with
    access protection is not cached.</p>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><h3 class="directives">Directives</h3>
<ul id="toc">
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cachedefaultexpire">CacheDefaultExpire</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cachedisable">CacheDisable</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cacheenable">CacheEnable</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cacheforcecompletion">CacheForceCompletion</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cacheignorecachecontrol">CacheIgnoreCacheControl</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cacheignoreheaders">CacheIgnoreHeaders</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cacheignorenolastmod">CacheIgnoreNoLastMod</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cachelastmodifiedfactor">CacheLastModifiedFactor</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cachemaxexpire">CacheMaxExpire</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Topics</h3>
<ul id="topics">
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#related">Related Modules and Directives</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#sampleconf">Sample Configuration</a></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="related" id="related">Related Modules and Directives</a></h2>
    <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html">mod_disk_cache</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html">mod_mem_cache</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cacheroot">CacheRoot</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cachesize">CacheSize</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cachegcinterval">CacheGcInterval</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cachedirlevels">CacheDirLevels</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cachedirlength">CacheDirLength</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cacheexpirycheck">CacheExpiryCheck</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cacheminfilesize">CacheMinFileSize</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cachemaxfilesize">CacheMaxFileSize</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cachetimemargin">CacheTimeMargin</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cachegcdaily">CacheGcDaily</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cachegcunused">CacheGcUnused</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cachegcclean">CacheGcClean</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html#cachegcmemusage">CacheGcMemUsage</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html#mcachesize">MCacheSize</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html#mcachemaxobjectcount">MCacheMaxObjectCount</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html#mcacheminobjectsize">MCacheMinObjectSize</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html#mcachemaxobjectsize">MCacheMaxObjectSize</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html#mcacheremovalalgorithm">MCacheRemovalAlgorithm</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html#mcachemaxstreamingbuffer">MCacheMaxStreamingBuffer</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="sampleconf" id="sampleconf">Sample Configuration</a></h2>
    <div class="example"><h3>Sample httpd.conf</h3><p><code>
      #<br />
      # Sample Cache Configuration<br />
      #<br />
      LoadModule cache_module modules/mod_cache.so<br />
      <br />
      &lt;IfModule mod_cache.c&gt;<br />
      <span class="indent">
        #LoadModule disk_cache_module modules/mod_disk_cache.so<br />
        &lt;IfModule mod_disk_cache.c&gt;<br />
        <span class="indent">
          CacheRoot c:/cacheroot<br />
          CacheSize 256<br />
          CacheEnable disk  /<br />
          CacheDirLevels 5<br />
          CacheDirLength 3<br />
        </span>
        &lt;/IfModule&gt; <br />
        <br />
        LoadModule mem_cache_module modules/mod_mem_cache.so<br />
        &lt;IfModule mod_mem_cache.c&gt;<br />
        <span class="indent">
          CacheEnable mem  /<br />
          MCacheSize 4096<br />
          MCacheMaxObjectCount 100<br />
          MCacheMinObjectSize 1<br />
          MCacheMaxObjectSize 2048<br />
        </span>
        &lt;/IfModule&gt;<br />
      </span>
      &lt;/IfModule&gt;
    </code></p></div>
</div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="CacheDefaultExpire" id="CacheDefaultExpire">CacheDefaultExpire</a> <a name="cachedefaultexpire" id="cachedefaultexpire">Directive</a></h2>
<table class="directive">
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>The default duration to cache a document when no expiry date is specified.</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>CacheDefaultExpire <var>seconds</var></code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>CacheDefaultExpire 3600 (one hour)</code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Experimental</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_cache</td></tr>
</table>
    <p>The <code class="directive">CacheDefaultExpire</code> directive specifies a default time,
    in seconds, to cache a document if neither an expiry date nor last-modified date are provided
    with the document. The value specified with the <code class="directive">CacheMaxExpire</code>
    directive does <em>not</em> override this setting.</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      CacheDefaultExpire 86400
    </code></p></div>

</div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="CacheDisable" id="CacheDisable">CacheDisable</a> <a name="cachedisable" id="cachedisable">Directive</a></h2>
<table class="directive">
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Disable caching of specified URLs</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>CacheDisable <var> url-string</var></code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Experimental</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_cache</td></tr>
</table>
    <p>The <code class="directive">CacheDisable</code> directive instructs
    <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cache.html">mod_cache</a></code> to <em>not</em> cache urls at or below
    <var>url-string</var>.</p>

    <div class="example"><h3>Example</h3><p><code>
      CacheDisable /local_files
    </code></p></div>

</div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="CacheEnable" id="CacheEnable">CacheEnable</a> <a name="cacheenable" id="cacheenable">Directive</a></h2>
<table class="directive">
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Enable caching of specified URLs using a specified storage
manager</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>CacheEnable <var>cache_type</var> <var>url-string</var></code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Experimental</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_cache</td></tr>
</table>
    <p>The <code class="directive">CacheEnable</code> directive instructs
    <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cache.html">mod_cache</a></code> to cache urls at or below
    <var>url-string</var>. The cache storage manager is specified with the
    <var>cache_type</var> argument. <var>cache_type</var> <code> mem</code>
    instructs <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cache.html">mod_cache</a></code> to use the memory based storage
    manager implemented by <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html">mod_mem_cache</a></code>. 
    <var>cache_type</var> <code>disk</code> instructs
    <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cache.html">mod_cache</a></code> to use the disk based storage manager
    implemented by <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_disk_cache.html">mod_disk_cache</a></code>.
    <var>cache_type</var> <code>fd</code> instructs
    <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cache.html">mod_cache</a></code> to use the file descriptor cache implemented
    by <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mem_cache.html">mod_mem_cache</a></code>.</p>
    <p>In the event that the URL space overlaps between different
    <code class="directive">CacheEnable</code> directives (as in the example below),
    each possible storage manager will be run until the first one that
    actually processes the request. The order in which the storage managers are
    run is determined by the order of the <code class="directive">CacheEnable</code>
    directives in the configuration file.</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      CacheEnable  mem   /manual<br />
      CacheEnable  fd    /images<br />
      CacheEnable  disk  /<br />
    </code></p></div>

</div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="CacheForceCompletion" id="CacheForceCompletion">CacheForceCompletion</a> <a name="cacheforcecompletion" id="cacheforcecompletion">Directive</a></h2>
<table class="directive">
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Percentage of document served, after which the server
will complete caching the file even if the request is cancelled.</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>CacheForceCompletion <var>Percentage</var></code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>CacheForceCompletion 60</code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Experimental</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_cache</td></tr>
</table>
    <p>Ordinarily, if a request is cancelled while the response is being
    cached and delivered to the client the processing of the response will
    stop and the cache entry will be removed. The
    <code class="directive">CacheForceCompletion</code> directive specifies a
    threshold beyond which the document will continue to be cached to
    completion, even if the request is cancelled.</p>

    <p>The threshold is a percentage specified as a value between
    <code>1</code> and <code>100</code>. A value of <code>0</code>
    specifies that the default be used. A value of <code>100</code>
    will only cache documents that are served in their entirety. A value
    between 60 and 90 is recommended.</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      CacheForceCompletion 80
    </code></p></div>

    <div class="warning"><h3>Note:</h3>
      This feature is currently <em>not</em> implemented.
    </div>

</div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="CacheIgnoreCacheControl" id="CacheIgnoreCacheControl">CacheIgnoreCacheControl</a> <a name="cacheignorecachecontrol" id="cacheignorecachecontrol">Directive</a></h2>
<table class="directive">
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Ignore the fact that the client requested the content not be
cached.</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>CacheIgnoreCacheControl On|Off</code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>CacheIgnoreCacheControl Off</code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Experimental</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_cache</td></tr>
</table>
    <p>Ordinarily, documents with no-cache or no-store header values will not be stored in the cache.
    The <code class="directive">CacheIgnoreCacheControl</code> directive allows this behavior to be overridden.
    <code class="directive">CacheIgnoreCacheControl</code> On tells the server to attempt to cache the document
    even if it contains no-cache or no-store header values. Documents requiring authorization will
    <em>never</em> be cached.</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      CacheIgnoreCacheControl On
    </code></p></div>

</div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="CacheIgnoreHeaders" id="CacheIgnoreHeaders">CacheIgnoreHeaders</a> <a name="cacheignoreheaders" id="cacheignoreheaders">Directive</a></h2>
<table class="directive">
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Do not store the given HTTP header(s) in the cache.
</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>CacheIgnoreHeaders <var>header-string</var> [<var>header-string</var>] ...</code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>CacheIgnoreHeaders None</code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Experimental</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_cache</td></tr>
</table>
    <p>According to RFC 2616, hop-by-hop HTTP headers are not stored in
    the cache.  The following HTTP headers are hop-by-hop headers and thus
    do not get stored in the cache in <em>any</em> case regardless of the
    setting of <code class="directive">CacheIgnoreHeaders</code>:</p>

    <ul>
      <li><code>Connection</code></li>
      <li><code>Keep-Alive</code></li>
      <li><code>Proxy-Authenticate</code></li>
      <li><code>Proxy-Authorization</code></li>
      <li><code>TE</code></li>
      <li><code>Trailers</code></li>
      <li><code>Transfer-Encoding</code></li>
      <li><code>Upgrade</code></li>
    </ul>

    <p><code class="directive">CacheIgnoreHeaders</code> specifies additional HTTP
    headers that should not to be stored in the cache.  For example, it makes
    sense in some cases to prevent cookies from being stored in the cache.</p>

    <p><code class="directive">CacheIgnoreHeaders</code> takes a space separated list
    of HTTP headers that should not be stored in the cache. If only hop-by-hop
    headers not should be stored in the cache (the RFC 2616 compliant
    behaviour), <code class="directive">CacheIgnoreHeaders</code> can be set to
    <code>None</code>.</p>

    <div class="example"><h3>Example 1</h3><p><code>
      CacheIgnoreHeaders Set-Cookie
    </code></p></div>

    <div class="example"><h3>Example 2</h3><p><code>
      CacheIgnoreHeaders None
    </code></p></div>

    <div class="warning"><h3>Warning:</h3>
      If headers like <code>Expires</code> which are needed for proper cache
      management are not stored due to a
      <code class="directive">CacheIgnoreHeaders</code> setting, the behaviour of
      mod_cache is undefined.
    </div>

</div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="CacheIgnoreNoLastMod" id="CacheIgnoreNoLastMod">CacheIgnoreNoLastMod</a> <a name="cacheignorenolastmod" id="cacheignorenolastmod">Directive</a></h2>
<table class="directive">
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>Ignore the fact that a response has no Last Modified
header.</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>CacheIgnoreNoLastMod On|Off</code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>CacheIgnoreNoLastMod Off</code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Experimental</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_cache</td></tr>
</table>
    <p>Ordinarily, documents without a last-modified date are not cached.
    Under some circumstances the last-modified date is removed (during
    <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code> processing for example) or not provided
    at all. The <code class="directive">CacheIgnoreNoLastMod</code> directive
    provides a way to specify that documents without last-modified dates
    should be considered for caching, even without a last-modified date.
    If neither a last-modified date nor an expiry date are provided with
    the document then the value specified by the
    <code class="directive">CacheDefaultExpire</code> directive will be used to
    generate an expiration date.</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      CacheIgnoreNoLastMod On
    </code></p></div>

</div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="CacheLastModifiedFactor" id="CacheLastModifiedFactor">CacheLastModifiedFactor</a> <a name="cachelastmodifiedfactor" id="cachelastmodifiedfactor">Directive</a></h2>
<table class="directive">
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>The factor used to compute an expiry date based on the
LastModified date.</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>CacheLastModifiedFactor <var>float</var></code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>CacheLastModifiedFactor 0.1</code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Experimental</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_cache</td></tr>
</table>
    <p>In the event that a document does not provide an expiry date but does
    provide a last-modified date, an expiry date can be calculated based on
    the time since the document was last modified. The
    <code class="directive">CacheLastModifiedFactor</code> directive specifies a
    <var>factor</var> to be used in the generation of this expiry date
    according to the following formula:

    <code>expiry-period = time-since-last-modified-date * <var>factor</var>
    expiry-date = current-date + expiry-period</code>

    For example, if the document was last modified 10 hours ago, and
    <var>factor</var> is 0.1 then the expiry-period will be set to
    10*0.1 = 1 hour. If the current time was 3:00pm then the computed
    expiry-date would be 3:00pm + 1hour = 4:00pm.

    If the expiry-period would be longer than that set by
    <code class="directive">CacheMaxExpire</code>, then the latter takes
    precedence.</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      CacheLastModifiedFactor 0.5
    </code></p></div>

</div>
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<div class="directive-section"><h2><a name="CacheMaxExpire" id="CacheMaxExpire">CacheMaxExpire</a> <a name="cachemaxexpire" id="cachemaxexpire">Directive</a></h2>
<table class="directive">
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Description">Description:</a></th><td>The maximum time in seconds to cache a document</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Syntax">Syntax:</a></th><td><code>CacheMaxExpire <var>seconds</var></code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Default">Default:</a></th><td><code>CacheMaxExpire 86400 (one day)</code></td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Context">Context:</a></th><td>server config, virtual host</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Status">Status:</a></th><td>Experimental</td></tr>
<tr><th><a href="directive-dict.html#Module">Module:</a></th><td>mod_cache</td></tr>
</table>
    <p>The <code class="directive">CacheMaxExpire</code> directive specifies the maximum number of
    seconds for which cachable HTTP documents will be retained without checking the origin
    server. Thus, documents will be out of date at most this number of seconds. This maximum
    value is enforced even if an expiry date was supplied with the document.</p>

    <div class="example"><p><code>
      CacheMaxExpire 604800
    </code></p></div>

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