## Geography

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Last Update: 12/13/02
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#$RegionType types of region **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$RegionType is a subcollection of #$SpatialThing-Localized each of whose instances is an identifiable subregion of some object, but not itself an independent object. Instances of #$RegionType include #$PalmOfHand, #$Doorway, #$Wall-GenericBarrier, #$WorkSurface, and #$Handle.
> guid: bd58e4d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct generalization of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType

#$GeographicalRegion geographical regions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$GeographicalThing. Each instance of #$GeographicalRegion is a spatial region that includes some piece of the surface of a planet (usually #$PlanetEarth). Each instance of #$GeographicalRegion is a #$PartiallyTangible entity that may be represented on a map of the planet. This includes purely topographical regions like mountains and underwater spaces, places defined by demographics (e.g., language areas) and territory otherwise demarcated (e.g. #$TimeZones). In dualist geopolitical contexts [see #$DualistGeopoliticalMt], instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity are also considered to be instances of #$GeographicalRegion. In all cases the region in question must contain some tangible component with which it is possible to make physical contact. The instances of #$GeographicalRegion contrast in this respect with the instances of #$GeographicalThing-Intangible, which are wholly intangible. Examples of #$GeographicalRegion include #$RockyMountainStates-USRegion, the #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$SinaiPeninsula, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts -- #$YaleUniversity and #$CityOfPittsburghPA. Some important types of regions are represented by the sub-collections #$LanguageArea, #$TimeZone, #$PostalCodeRegion, #$EcologicalRegion, #$ConstructionSite, and -- in dualist geopolitical contexts -- #$GeopoliticalEntity. No instances of #$GeographicalRegion are wholly indoor locations.
> guid: bd588009-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$Surface-Open #$Surface-Physical #$GeographicalThing #$Place
> direct generalization of: #$OutdoorLocation #$GeographicalAgent #$River #$IndependentCountry #$GeoculturalRegion #$InternationalWaters #$EcologicalRegion #$Continent #$TopographicalFeature

#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType region types whose instances are non-overlapping region types

> A collection of collections, and a specialization of #$RegionType. Each instance of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType is a collection of geographical regions, where each of the regions in the collection is spatially disjoint with the other regions in the collection. For example, the collection #$State-UnitedStates is an instance of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType, since the territories of U.S. states do not overlap. Other instances of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType include #$CanadianProvince, #$IndependentCountry, #$City, and #$Colony. A non-example is #$EcologicalRegion, since ecological regions can overlap.
> guid: bd58e513-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$RegionType

#$UrbanArea urban areas

> A subcollection of #$HumanResidenceArea. Each instance of #$UrbanArea is a geographical region the whole of which (more or less) is characterized by typically urban features (such as streets, buildings, businesses, houses, schools, sidewalks, sewer systems, power lines, automobiles, pedestrians, and so on). An urban area might be as small as an inner-city street corner or as large as the New York City Metropolitan Area. By default, urbanness is a stuff-like property of human residence areas: (nearly) every subregion of an #$UrbanArea is itself an #$UrbanArea. Examples include #$UTAustinCampus, #$WestlakeHills, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfToulouseFrance, #$CityOfMurmanskRussia, #$CityOfTaipeiTaiwan, and #$ResearchTrianglePark.
> guid: bd58caec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$HumanResidenceArea
> direct generalization of: #$USCity #$City #$Street-Generic

#$HumanResidenceArea residences

> A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. Each instance of #$HumanResidenceArea is a region in which a number of people live semi-permanently (that is, for a duration of at least a year or more). Examples include #$SanFranciscoBayArea, #$ResearchTrianglePark, research stations at the #$SouthPole, and radar posts in the Aleutians.
> guid: bd58caab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$OutdoorLocation #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject
> direct generalization of: #$UrbanArea

#$EcologicalRegion ecological regions **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of geographical regions. Each instance of #$EcologicalRegion is a region having one or more characteristic ecosystems. From knowledge of those ecosystems, we can posit whether certain organisms can forage, reproduce, and live successfully there. Information about ecological regions typically also includes what kinds of organisms are in fact found there. In theory, any arbitrary continuous region could be analyzed as an ecological region, but most regions identified in practice have some kind of sameness or systematic interconnection in their topology, climate, and biology. Examples: the #$WesternDesertOfEgypt, the #$GreatBarrierReef, the #$Amazon-Region.
> guid: bd58ca27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$GeographicalRegion
> direct generalization of: #$Stream

#$permanentlyNorthOf permanently north of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$permanentlyNorthOf NORTH SOUTH) means that the #$GeographicalThing NORTH is situated to the north of the #$GeographicalThing SOUTH, when viewed in a planetary frame of reference, typically the terrestrial frame of reference. To compare the position of two objects, at least one of which is mobile or is an instance of #$SpatialThing-Localized but not of #$GeographicalThing, use the more general, #$northOf. Note that SOUTH is therefore south of NORTH; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to represent `south of'. Example: (#$permanentlyNorthOf #$CityOfPhiladelphiaPA #$CityOfWashingtonDC); (#$permanentlyNorthOf #$35thParallel-North #$37thParallel-North). See also #$permanentlyEastOf and #$directionBetweenObjects. To say '(permanentlySouthOf x y)' all we need is to say (#$permanentlyNorthOf y x). See also #$fartherNorthThan.
> guid: bd58e4ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$northOf

#$permanentlyEastOf permanently east of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$permanentlyEastOf EASTREGION WESTREGION) means that the #$GeographicalRegion EASTREGION is to the east of the #$GeographicalRegion WESTREGION, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of reference. Note that WESTREGION is therefore west of EASTREGION; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to represent `west of'. Example: (#$permanentlyEastOf #$EasternUSATimeZone #$CentralUSATimeZone). See also #$permanentlyNorthOf and #$directionBetweenObjects. To express '(permanentlyWestOf x y)' all we need is to say (#$permanentlyEastOf y x). In order to relate two instances of #$SpatialThing-Localized that are mobile or do not fit the argument restrictions of #$permanentlyEastOf, use the more general predicate, #$eastOf.
> guid: bd58e48b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$eastOf

#$permanentlyNortheastOf permanently northeast of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$northeastOf REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-1 is to the north-east of the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-2, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of reference. Note that REGION-2 is therefore southwest of REGION-1; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to represent `southwest of'. Example: (#$northeastOf #$LakeOntario #$LakeErie). To refer to instances of #$SpatialThing-Localized that can move, use the more general #$northeastOf.
> guid: bd58e136-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate

#$permanentlyNorthwestOf permanently northwest of **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$permanentlyNorthwestOf REGION-1 REGION-2) means that the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-1 is to the northwest of the #$GeographicalRegion REGION-2, when viewed in the terrestrial frame of reference. Note that REGION-2 is therefore southeast of REGION-1; thus, no distinct predicate is needed to represent `southeast of'. Example: (#$northwestOf #$GreatBritain-TheIsland StraitOfDover).
> guid: bd58e0b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate

#$bordersOn borders on

> (#$bordersOn REGION1 REGION2) means that the #$GeographicalRegions REGION1 and REGION2 are physically adjacent to each other and do not overlap, i.e. there is a border between them. Examples: (#$bordersOn #$CentralUSATimeZone #$MountainUSATimeZone), (#$bordersOn (#$TerritoryFn #$Nepal) (#$TerritoryFn #$Tibet).
> guid: bd58e17a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$onSamePlanetSurfaceAs #$adjacentTo #$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic

#$Planet planets **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$HeavenlyBody. Each instance of #$Planet is a planet either in Earth's solar system or elsewhere in the universe. Instances of #$Planet include #$PlanetEarth, #$PlanetJupiter, and #$PlanetVenus.
> guid: bd58d12f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Spheroid

#$AstronomicalBody heavenly bodies

> A specialization of #$AstronomicalObject (q.v.). Each instance of #$AstronomicalBody is an astronomical object that is an individual body, as opposed to a group or system of such bodies. Specializations include #$Planet and #$Star. Note that this collection includes only natural bodies; artificially-made objects such as spaceships and communications satellites are excluded.
> guid: bd58a4b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$AstronomicalObject
> direct generalization of: #$Planet #$CelestialBody

#$AstronomicalObject astronomical objects

> A specialization of #$InanimateThing-Natural. The collection of all things of the types studied by astronomers. Each instance of #$AstronomicalObject is a (usually quite large) natural, inanimate object that is located in the physical universe and is not on the surface of the Earth. (But note that #$PlanetEarth itself _is_ an instance of this collection.) An #$AstronomicalObject might be either an individual heavenly body (see #$AstronomicalBody) or a group or system made up of such bodies (see e.g. #$Galaxy and #$PlanetarySystem). See also the specialization #$CelestialObject, instances of which are visible from the Earth.
> guid: bd58d178-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$InanimateObject-Natural
> direct generalization of: #$CelestialObject

#$LandBody landmasses

> A collection of geographical regions. Each instance of #$LandBody is a cohesive chunk of land surrounded by one or more bordering bodies of water. Types of #$LandBody include the specializations #$Island and #$TrueContinent. Instances include #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$Trinidad-Island, and #$Crete-Island-Greece. Areas of land defined by human occupation or political boundaries, for example, #$NorthernCalifornia or #$NorthernIreland, are instances of #$GeographicalRegion, but not of #$LandBody.
> guid: bd58e9d5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature
> direct generalization of: #$TrueContinent #$Island

#$TopographicalFeature topographical features

> A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. Each instance of #$TopographicalFeature is a three-dimensional feature of a planet's surface, typically with boundaries defined by formations of rock, dirt, water, etc., or by significant changes in elevation. Some important specializations of #$TopographicalFeature include #$Mountain, #$MountainRange, #$Peninsula, #$Harbor, #$Shoreline, and #$Arroyo. Note that collections of regions defined by the presence of human artifacts (e.g. #$CitySkyline) or ecological characteristics (e.g. #$Forest) are _not_ specializations of #$TopographicalFeature. Instances of #$TopographicalFeature include #$KyushuIsland-Japan, #$SaintThomas-Island, #$LakeErie, #$VictoriaFalls, and #$MalayPeninsula.
> guid: bd58ce45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Place-NonAgent #$OutdoorLocation
> direct generalization of: #$River #$LandTopographicalFeature #$BodyOfWater

#$LandTopographicalFeature land topographical features

> A collection of geographical regions and a specialization of #$TopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$LandTopographicalFeature is a region of land distinguishable from surrounding regions by salient physical differences in surface texture, three-dimensional shape, or elevation. The collection includes features that are covered by snow or bodies of water. Specializations of #$LandTopographicalFeature include #$Mountain, #$Crater, and #$Continent. Instances include the #$ArabianPeninsula, #$MountZion, the #$SanAndreasFault, the #$GreatSmokyMountains, and the #$JavaTrench.
> guid: bd58ce87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$TopographicalFeature
> direct generalization of: #$Mountain #$Plain-Topographical #$MountainRange #$LandBody #$IslandOrIslandGroup #$Continent

#$OutdoorLocation outdoor locations

> A specialization of #$GeographicalRegion. Each instance of #$OutdoorLocation is a region of outdoor space; i.e. a region that is directly subject to atmospheric weather. Thus, the collection #$OutdoorLocation does _not_ include as instances any instances of #$UnderwaterLocation (q.v.) or any places that are underground (see #$Underground). Specializations of #$OutdoorLocation include #$MountainRange, #$Stream, and #$Highway.
> guid: bd58b186-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
> direct specialization of: #$GeographicalRegion
> direct generalization of: #$FixedTerrainGeologicalRegion #$Sunny #$Gusty #$Foggy #$Cloudy #$CompletelyCloudCovered #$PartiallyCloudCovered #$Cloudless #$Dock #$OutdoorRecreationArea #$HumanResidenceArea #$GroundsOfOrganization #$TopographicalFeature

#$Mountain mountains **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$Mountain is a topographical region on the planet Earth of significantly higher elevation than its surrounding area. Mountains may occur individually or as part of a chain (see #$MountainRange). Instances of #$Mountain include #$MountWhitney, #$DiamondHead-Mountain, #$MountKosciusko, #$AyersRock, and #$MountOlympus.
> guid: bd58ce0d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature

#$MountainRange mountain ranges **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$MountainRange is a natural group of mountains. Instances of #$MountainRange include the #$RockyMountains, #$Andes-Mountains, and #$Alps-Mountains.
> guid: bd58e52f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature

#$Cliff cliffs **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Cliff is a very steep, vertical or overhanging face on a mass of rock, earth, or ice.
> guid: bd58d4e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature

#$Volcano volcanos **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Volcano is a mountain created by the outflow of lava. Elements of #$Volcano may or may not be active volcanoes. Examples: #$Vesuvius-Volcano, #$MountFuji-Volcano, #$Popocatepetl-Volcano, #$Krakatoa-Volcano, #$MaunaKea-Volcano, #$MountSaintHelens-Volcano.
> guid: bd590a50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Mountain

#$Archipelago archipelagos **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of topographical features. Each element of #$Archipelago is a group of islands that form a geographical cluster. Examples: #$Ionia, #$InnerHebrides-Archipelago, #$SocietyIslands-FrenchPolynesia, #$ChannelIslands.
> guid: bd58fbfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$IslandOrIslandGroup

#$IslandOrIslandGroup islands or island group

> A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature. Each instance of #$IslandOrIslandGroup is either an island, a group of islands (such as an #$Archipelago), or an area that includes part but not all of an island (see #$IslandSubregion). Instances of #$IslandOrIslandGroup include groups of scattered islands that do not form a natural geographical area; the chief reason for including such groups is that they are geopolitical areas and/or were historically significant. Instances include #$FrenchPolynesia, #$Cyclades, #$OuterHebrides-Archipelago, and #$Grenadines-Islands.
> guid: bd58bb7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature
> direct generalization of: #$Island

#$Island islands

> A specialization of both #$LandBody and #$IslandOrIslandGroup. Each instance of #$Island is a body of land surrounded by water. #$Islands are typically much smaller in area than (instances of the similarly-defined collection of) #$TrueContinents (q.v.), though it would be rather arbitrary to try to distinguish these types on the basis of size alone. (And note that #$ContinentOfAustralia, e.g., is both an #$IslandOrIslandGroup (q.v.) and a #$TrueContinent.) For groups of #$Islands that form a geographical cluster, see #$Archipelago.
> guid: bd58bb39-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ConventionalClassificationType #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LandBody #$IslandOrIslandGroup

#$Continent continents

> A specialization of #$LandTopographicalFeature. The instances of #$Continent on the #$PlanetEarth are the six traditional main land masses on the surface of the earth (plus the two #$geographicalSubRegions of Eurasia, Europe and Asia). The current instances are: #$ContinentOfAfrica, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, #$ContinentOfAsia, #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfEurasia, #$ContinentOfEurope, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica. Former instances of this collection include Pangaea and the two continents it broke up into, Gondwanaland and Laurasia (all of which are instances of #$TrueContinent (q.v.)).
> guid: bd590bbb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LandTopographicalFeature
> direct generalization of: #$TrueContinent

#$terrainAttributes-Coll terrain attributes - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$terrainAttributes is used to describe the type of terrain in a particular geographical region. (#$terrainAttributes REGION ATTRIB) means that #$GeographicalRegion REGION has the #$TerrainAttribute ATTRIB. For example, the #$Matterhorn-Mount has #$terrainAttributes, #$RuggedTerrain.
> guid: 0de063a6-7f01-11d6-8000-0001023560cc
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$isa

#$TerrainAttribute-Coll terrain attribute - coll **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each instance of #$TerrainAttribute is an attribute of the terrain in some geographic region or regions. Notable instances include #$Prairie, #$TropicalRainForest, and #$Tundra.
> guid: 94ce795a-74ae-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$CollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$Collection

#$riverEndTopography river end topography **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$riverEndTopography is used to indicate the type of topographical feature found at the end of a particular river. (#$riverEndTopography RIVER TOPO-TYPE) means that the instance RIVER of #$River has at its ending point a topographic feature of the type TOPO-TYPE. Examples: the #$riverEndTopography of both the #$SaintLawrenceRiver and #$SeineRiver is an instance of #$Estuary; the #$NigerRiver, #$MekongRiver, and #$GangesRiver all have instances of #$Delta as their #$riverEndTopography; the #$AlleghenyRiver ends in another instance of #$River (viz., the #$OhioRiver.
> guid: bd58c8b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

#$BodyOfWater bodies of water **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A collection of topographical features. Each instance of #$BodyOfWater is a natural or artificial body of water. Instances may belong to specializations as #$Lake, #$Stream, and #$Ocean. #$BodyOfWater includes #$Reservoirs, #$Canals, and navigation channels that are developed and/or enlarged by humans. However, it does not include smaller purely-artificial bodies of water such as #$SwimmingPools or tanks of water. #$Glaciers and snowpacks are not included, but lakes and ponds that are sometimes liquid are included, even if they have an ice crust or are solidly frozen. Examples of #$BodyOfWater include #$HudsonBay, #$PanamaCanal, #$AdriaticSea, #$BayOfBengal, and #$NiagaraFalls.
> guid: bd5884fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Water #$TopAndBottomSidedObject #$TopographicalFeature
> direct generalization of: #$River #$FreshWaterLake #$BodyOfWater-Large #$Lake #$Stream #$Canal #$InternationalWaters #$Harbor

#$River rivers (fresh water) (ecological regions) (bodies of water)

> A specialization of #$Stream. Each instance of #$River is a natural stream of water, normally of a large volume. Instances of #$River include the #$ColoradoRiverOfArizona, the #$AmazonRiver, the #$YangtzeRiver, and the #$ThamesRiver.
> guid: bd590733-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Stream

#$Stream streams (fresh water) (ecological regions) (bodies of water)

> A specialization of #$Water-Fresh, #$InanimateThing-Natural, and #$FlowPath. Each instance of #$Stream is a natural body of fresh water that flows when it is not frozen. A stream can either be a great river (see #$River) or a tiny creek (see #$Creek). Every non-frozen stream flows in (see #$in-ContOpen) some conduit (see #$FluidConduit) such as a streambed or riverbed. Notable instances of #$Stream incluide #$AmazonRiver, #$LittleMissouriRiver, #$WoundedKnee-Creek. Note that riverbanks are not streams nor are they parts of streams, but rather they mark the edges of streams.
> guid: bd590774-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Water-Fresh #$InanimateThing-Natural #$BodyOfWater #$FlowPath #$EcologicalRegion
> direct generalization of: #$River

#$Sea seas

> A specialization of both #$BodyOfWater-Large and #$SeaWater. Each instance of #$Sea is a body of salt water as large as (or larger than) a lake. Instances of #$Sea include #$PacificOcean, #$IonianSea, #$EastChinaSea, and #$BlackSea.
> guid: bd58cc7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$InanimateThing-Natural #$BodyOfWater-Large #$SeaWater
> direct generalization of: #$Ocean

#$Ocean oceans

> A specialization of #$Sea. Each instance of #$Ocean is one of the oceans of the world. This includes #$TheOceanSea, the interconnected expanse of salt water covering 71% of the Earth's surface, and of which the other oceans are subregions. Examples: #$AtlanticOcean, #$ArcticOcean, #$IndianOcean, #$PacificOcean.
> guid: bd58e4b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
> direct specialization of: #$Sea

#$Lake lakes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$BodyOfWater. Each instance of #$Lake is a land-locked body of water, typically but not necessarily of freshwater. Two important specializations are #$FreshWaterLake (instances of which are fresh-water lakes) and #$InlandSea (instances of which are salt-water lakes). Examples include #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, #$LakeTahoe, #$CaspianSea, and #$DeadSea.
> guid: bd58b822-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BodyOfWater
> direct generalization of: #$FreshWaterLake

#$FreshWaterLake fresh-water lakes

> A specialization of #$BodyOfWater. Each instance of #$FreshWaterLake is a freshwater land-locked body of water. Examples include #$LakeMaracaibo, #$LakeWinnipeg, #$LakeTanganyika, #$LochNess-Lake, #$LakeErie, and #$LakeTahoe. Note that inland saltwater lakes, commonly referred to as `seas', belong to the collection #$InlandSea (q.v.), rather than to #$FreshWaterLake.
> guid: c10e5cfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$Water-Fresh #$Lake

#$Gulf gulfs

> A specialization of #$BodyOfWater-Large. Each instance of #$Gulf is a part of a sea extending into a land mass. Instances of #$Gulf include the #$SaronicGulf, #$GulfOfMexico, #$GulfOfArkangelsk, #$GulfOfCalifornia, and #$PersianGulf.
> guid: bd590006-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$SeaWater #$BodyOfWater-Large

#$Canal canals **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The collection of all canals, artificial waterways created to be paths for boats, or for irrigation (e.g., the #$PanamaCanal).
> guid: bd58f371-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$BodyOfWater #$FlowPath

#$tributaries tributary (predicate relating existing things) (spatial relation) (asymmetric binary predicate)

> A #$SpatialPredicate that is used to indicate the tributaries of a given river. (#$tributaries RIVER TRIBUTARY) means that RIVER has TRIBUTARY as one of its tributaries. That is, TRIBUTARY is a #$Stream (q.v.) that flows into RIVER. For example, the #$MississippiRiver has the #$WisconsinRiver, #$OhioRiver, #$ArkansasRiver, #$RedRiverOfTexas, and others as tributaries. In cases where TRIBUTARY is itself a #$River, consider whether the more specialized predicate #$fedByConfluenceOfRivers (q.v.) is applicable.
> guid: bd588db4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatialPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated

### Geopolitical Entities

#$SystemOfGovernment-Coll forms of government (mathematical concepts) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$AttributeValue. Each instance of #$SystemOfGovernment is a type of government that a country might have. Instances of #$SystemOfGovernment include #$DemocraticGovernment, #$Monarchy, #$SocialistGovernment, and #$MilitaryGovernment. See also the predicate #$governmentType.
> guid: 5881c796-74b2-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
> direct instance of: #$CollectionType
> direct specialization of: #$Collection

#$GeopoliticalEntity political entities

> A specialization of #$Organization and of #$LegalAgent and of #$GeographicalAgent; instances of this collection control #$GeographicalRegions. Each instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity includes a governing body, but is more than just that governing body. Important subcollections include #$Country, #$IndependentCountry, #$State-Geopolitical, #$City, and #$Province. Instances include #$CityOfTokyoJapan, #$BronxNY-Borough, #$Alaska-State, #$Rwanda, #$Singapore, #$InnerMongolia, #$Somerset-CountyEngland, and #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina. A central feature of this collection is that geopolitical-entities (indeed, all #$GeographicalAgents) are viewed in two significantly different ways with respect to two different types of geography-related microtheories. In a physical geography microtheory (i.e. #$PhysicalGeographyMt and its submicrotheories), geopolitical-entities are clearly distinguished from the regions they control. (#$TerritoryFn GEO-POL) is used in these contexts to denote the land mass (a #$GeopoliticalRegion) of a given geopolitical-entity GEO-POL. In a dualist geography microtheory (i.e. #$DualistGeopoliticalMt and its submicrotheories), on the other hand, geopolitical-entities are viewed as being _both_ agents _and_ land masses (i.e. #$GeographicalRegions). Thus, there is little need for #$TerritoryFn in the latter sort of context. (Despite their somewhat paradoxical flavor, dualist microtheories arguably allow Cyc to mimic commonsense reasoning about geopolitical entities and regions more closely than do the stricter physicalist microtheories.) There are also some generic geography microtheories (e.g. #$WorldGeographyMt and #$UnitedStatesGeographyMt) which are neutral with respect to the physical and dualist views. Also see the shared-note for this constant.
> guid: bd58e5da-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$OrganizationByEntityType #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LegalAgent #$GeographicalAgent #$Organization
> direct generalization of: #$ControlledLand #$CountrySubsidiary #$City #$County #$Emirate-Geopolitical #$Country

#$State-Geopolitical states

> A specialization of #$CountrySubsidiary. Each instance of #$State-Geopolitical is a geopolitical entity whose government is at the very next administrative level down from the national level. In different countries, instances of #$State-Geopolitical may be called `regions', `states', `provinces', `prefectures', `departments', `parishes', or something else. In the U.S.A., instances are called `states'. See also #$Province.
> guid: bd58e7a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$GeographicalEntityByHierarchy
> direct specialization of: #$CountrySubsidiary
> direct generalization of: #$State-UnitedStates

#$Emirate-Geopolitical emirates (political entities) (geographical regions) (organizations) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> #$Emirate-Geopolitical is a specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Each instance of #$Emirate-Geopolitical is a geopolitical entity, or territories, each of which is ordinarily ruled by an #$Amir-HeadOfState or an Emir (Amir) who is not necessariy a #$HeadOfState of an #$IndependentCountry, but rules a subsidiary region. See especially the #$UnitedArabEmirates.
> guid: be5c29ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
> direct specialization of: #$GeopoliticalEntity

#$CountrySubsidiary country subsidiaries

> A specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Each instance of #$CountrySubsidiary is a political region that is a direct subsidiary of some country. This collection includes states, provinces, territories, and some special districts such as Washington, D.C.
> guid: c0c0184c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$GeopoliticalEntity
> direct generalization of: #$State-Geopolitical

#$Territory territories

> #$Territory is a specialization of #$ControlledLand. Each instance of #$Territory is a geopolitical region which is distinct from, but dependent on and controlled by, another geopolitical entity. Instances of #$Territory include #$PuertoRico, #$BritishAntarcticTerritory, and #$RyukyuIslandsTerritory.
> guid: bd58a1dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ControlledLand

#$IndependentCountry is the atomic form of (#$SubcollectionWithAttributeFn #$Country #$Independent)(#$SubcollectionWithAttributeFn #$Country #$Independent)

> A collection of geopolitical entities and a specialization of #$Country. Each instance of #$IndependentCountry is a distinct, independent geopolitical entity generally recognized by the international community. An independent country typically has a relatively stable government, enforced borders, its own currency, laws, and culture. Examples include #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, #$Germany, #$Liberia, #$Mongolia, #$India, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina, and #$Honduras.
> guid: bd58e4e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType #$GeographicalEntityByHierarchy
> direct specialization of: #$Country

#$ControlledLand controlled territories

> A specialization of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Each instance of #$ControlledLand is a geopolitical entity that is at least partially controlled by some other instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity. Furthermore, the instance of #$ControlledLand is not a geopolitical sub-division (see the predicate #$geopoliticalSubdivisions) of the power that controls it. Instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity include #$PuertoRico, #$Bermuda, #$Guadeloupe-TheDependency, #$Tibet.
> guid: bd58a21e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$GeopoliticalEntity
> direct generalization of: #$Territory

### Politics And Government

#$GovernmentFn government fn

> An instance of both #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$ReifiableFunction. Given an instance GEOPOL of #$GeopoliticalEntity as its single argument, #$GovernmentFn returns the instance of #$RegionalGovernment (q.v.) that governs GEOPOL. For instance, (#$GovernmentFn #$Belgium) is the government of Belgium.
> guid: c10aef3d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$MacroRelation #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual

#$capitalCity capital city (antitransitive binary predicate) (part predicate) (predicate relating existing things)

> The predicate #$capitalCity is used to relate a geopolitical entity to its capital. (#$capitalCity GEO CITY) means that CITY is the capital city of the #$GeopoliticalEntity GEO. Examples: the #$capitalCity of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica is the #$CityOfWashingtonDC; the #$capitalCity of #$AmericanSamoa is #$CityOfPagoPagoSamoa. Note: to relate an instance of #$State-Geopolitical to its capital, use the more specialized predicate #$capitalCityOfThisState.
> guid: bd590b5f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot #$PartPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$geopoliticalSubdivision

#$CapitalCityOfRegion capitals (cities) (political entities) (urban areas)

> A specialization of #$City. Each instance of #$CapitalCityOfRegion is a city that is the capital of its surrounding region. This includes capitals of countries as well as capitals of subregions of countries, such as states, provinces, and counties. Examples include #$CityOfRomeItaly, #$CityOfCardiffWales, #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfAbidjanIvoryCoast, #$CityOfLhasaTibet, and #$CityOfColumbusOH. See also #$capitalCity and #$capitalCityOfThisState.
> guid: bd58f295-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
> direct specialization of: #$City
> direct generalization of: #$StateCapital

#$HeadOfGovernment heads of government **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg, and a specialization of #$Politician. Each instance of #$HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds a political position as the head of the government of some instance of #$Country. See the #$sharedNotes #$GovernmentLeaderNote for an explanation of the distinction between #$HeadOfGovernment and #$HeadOfState (q.v.).
> guid: bd590143-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg #$PersonTypeByOccupation
> direct specialization of: #$Politician #$Leader
> direct generalization of: #$UnitedStatesPresident #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment

#$HeadOfState heads of state

> A collection of persons. Each instance of #$HeadOfState is a person who holds a political position as the titular leader of some instance of #$Country. Titles that such a person might hold include President, Premier, Chairman, Sultan, King or Queen, or Regent. Examples of #$HeadOfState: #$BillClinton, #$QueenElizabethII, Yasser Arafat, Hirohito, Jiang Zemin. See also the related constants #$titleOfPosition and #$HeadOfGovernment.
> guid: bd58e773-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg #$PersonTypeByOccupation
> direct specialization of: #$Politician #$Leader
> direct generalization of: #$UnitedStatesPresident #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState

#$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment prime ministers (heads of government) (public officials) (public sector employees) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$HeadOfGovernment. Each instance of #$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment is a person who holds the political office of Prime Minister in some instance of #$Country.
> guid: bd590186-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg #$PersonTypeByOccupation
> direct specialization of: #$Minister-Governmental #$HeadOfGovernment

#$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState national presidents

> A collection of persons. Each instance of #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState is a person who holds the title of president of some #$Country, whether that title belongs to a position which is #$HeadOfState or #$HeadOfGovernment (or both). Examples: Boris Yeltsin, #$BillClinton, Jiang Zemin, Lee Dung-Hui.
> guid: bd58e49e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg #$PersonTypeByOccupation
> direct specialization of: #$PresidentOfOrganization #$PersonWithOccupation #$HeadOfState
> direct generalization of: #$UnitedStatesPresident

#$GovernmentLeaderNote government leader note **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The distinction between #$HeadOfGovernment and #$HeadOfState is a subtle one. #$HeadOfGovernment is the collection of #$Leaders who actually run the government. #$HeadOfState is the collection of #$Leaders who are mainly ceremonial figures, fulfilling diplomatic roles such as hosting foreign dignitaries. For a given #$Country, these two roles may be filled by the same person, such as #$BillClinton for the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica in 1996, or by two separate individuals; for example, in 1996 the #$HeadOfState for #$GreatBritain-TheIsland would be #$QueenElizabethII, while the #$HeadOfGovernment would be John Major (#$PrimeMinister-HeadOfGovernment). Cyc constant names indicate which government role is associated with a particular title; e.g., #$Sultan-HeadOfGovernment vs. #$Sultan-HeadOfState.
> guid: bd59a14c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SharedNote #$Individual

#$Politician politicos **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> An instance of #$PersonTypeByActivity. Each instance of #$Politician is a person who is involved in politics. Specializations of #$Politician include #$HeadOfState, #$ElectoralCandidate, and #$HeadOfPoliticalParty.
> guid: bd58e7b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByActivity
> direct specialization of: #$HumanAdult
> direct generalization of: #$HeadOfGovernment #$HeadOfState

#$politicalPartyMembers political party members (cotemporal predicate) (extensional representation predicate) (binary predicate) **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$politicalPartyMembers PARTY PERSON) means that PERSON is a registered member of PARTY. For example, (#$politicalPartyMembers #$DemocraticParty #$BillClinton) holds.
> guid: bd58d50c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$hasMembers

#$PoliticalDispute political dispute **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The class of all political disputes, including serious political controversies and skirmishes between individuals, organizations or countries. Such a dispute involves some question of public policy, as opposed to purely personal or commercial issiues.
> guid: bd58e019-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$PoliticalEvent #$DisputeEvent

### Some Important Regions

#$AtlanticOcean the Atlantic Ocean

> The main body of salt water primarily in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region, bordering on five #$Continents (or three #$TrueContinents -- the Western coasts of Europe and Africa, Antarctica, and the Eastern coasts of North and South America).
> guid: bd5901d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Ocean #$Entity #$Individual

#$PacificOcean the Pacific Ocean

> An instance of #$Ocean. #$PacificOcean is the main body of salt water in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region, and it borders on five instances of #$Continent (the western coast of #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica and #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica, #$ContinentOfAustralia, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, and the eastern coast of #$ContinentOfAsia).
> guid: bd58e0bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Ocean #$Entity #$Individual

#$IndianOcean the Indian Ocean

> An instance of #$Ocean. The #$IndianOcean is an ocean in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region lying south of the #$ContinentOfAsia, east of the #$ContinentOfAfrica, and west of the #$ContinentOfAustralia.
> guid: bd5887df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Ocean #$Entity #$Individual

#$MediterraneanSea the Mediterranean Sea **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A strategically important small sea between southern Europe, western Asia (the Levant), and northern Africa.
> guid: bd58ecea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$InternationalWaters #$Sea #$Entity #$Individual

#$ContinentOfNorthAmerica North America

> An instance of #$Continent. The #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica lies in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region. It is bounded on the west by the #$PacificOcean, on the east by the #$AtlanticOcean, and on the south by the #$CaribbeanSea, and on the north by the #$ArcticOcean. North America includes #$CentralAmerica as well as the #$WestIndies-Archipelago as #$geographicalSubRegions.
> guid: bd58f882-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Continent #$Entity #$Individual

#$ContinentOfSouthAmerica South America

> An instance of #$Continent. #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica is a continent in the #$WesternHemisphere-Region. It is bounded on the west by the #$PacificOcean, on the east by the #$AtlanticOcean, and on the north by the #$CaribbeanSea. It borders on #$CentralAmerica to its northwest, and its southernmost point is #$TierraDelFuego-TerritoryArgentina.
> guid: bd59004b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Entity #$Continent #$Individual

#$ContinentOfAsia Asia

> An instance of #$Continent. Most of the #$ContinentOfAsia lies in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. #$ContinentOfAsia is bordered on the east by the #$PacificOcean (although some groups of islands in the Pacific -- for example, the chain of islands that make up #$Japan -- are also part of #$ContinentOfAsia), on the west by the #$ContinentOfEurope, and on the north by the #$ArcticOcean. The southern boundary of #$ContinentOfAsia includes the #$ArabianPeninsula.
> guid: bd58ea12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Continent #$Entity #$Individual

#$ContinentOfEurope Europe

> An instance of #$Continent. #$ContinentOfEurope is the sixth largest continent. It is separated from the #$ContinentOfAsia to the east by the #$UralMountains.
> guid: bd58dd74-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Continent #$Entity #$Individual

#$ContinentOfAfrica Africa

> An instance of #$Continent. The #$ContinentOfAfrica is the second largest continent, located north and south of the #$Equator in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. Africa is connected to Asia by the narrow Isthmus of Suez; it includes #$Madagascar and other offshore islands.
> guid: bd58ed27-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Entity #$Continent #$Individual

### Some Countries

#$Australia Australia **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Australia, the country that occupies the #$ContinentOfAustralia (and also #$TasmaniaIslandAustralia) dividing the eastern #$IndianOcean from the southwestern #$PacificOcean. In the #$DualistGeopoliticalMt, this constant includes both physical and political aspects of Australia.
> guid: bd5894b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

#$Brazil Brazil (country) (political entity) (geographical region)

> An instance of #$IndependentCountry. #$Brazil is the largest country in South America, and is bounded on the northwest by #$Colombia; on the north by #$Venezuela, #$Guyana, #$Suriname, and #$FrenchGuiana; on the east by the #$AtlanticOcean; on the south by #$Uruguay; on the southwest by #$Argentina and #$Paraguay; and on the west by #$Bolivia and #$Peru.
> guid: bd588f01-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

#$Egypt Egypt

> Egypt is an #$IndependentCountry in the northeast part of the #$ContinentOfAfrica; Egypt is east of #$Libya, north of the #$Sudan, south of the eastern #$MediterraneanSea, and west of the #$RedSea.
> guid: bd589383-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

#$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland the United Kingdom **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (the United Kingdom, or UK), an independent country off the northwest coast of Europe consisting of #$England, #$Scotland, #$Wales, and #$NorthernIreland, and possessing all British colonies and other possessions. It technically excludes the #$IsleOfMan-Island and the #$ChannelIslands, which are realms of the British monarch.
> guid: bd589184-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

#$Germany Germany **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Germany, a medium-sized #$IndependentCountry in the north of the #$ContinentOfEurope. Germany throughout time, both political and (in a dualist microtheory) physical aspects.
> guid: bd58f83c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

#$Switzerland Switzerland **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The nation of Switzerland as it has existed throughout time; includes both its physical and its political aspects.
> guid: bd58d09b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$IndustrializedCountry #$Individual

#$Belgium Belgium

> An instance of #$IndependentCountry. #$Belgium is a small country in northwestern Europe, bounded on the northwest by the #$NorthSea, on the north by the #$Netherlands, on the east by #$Germany, on the southeast by #$Luxembourg, and on the west by #$France.
> guid: bd58df47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

#$France France **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The nation of France as it has existed throughout time; both political and physical aspects. Unlike other nations, France directly includes some overseas possessions.
> guid: bd58fa10-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

#$Russia Russia **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Russia, the world's largest, sometimes independent #$Country, occupying most of the North, Center, and East of the #$ContinentOfAsia. This constant includes Russia throughout time, both political and (in dualist microtheories) physical aspects.
> guid: bd5893c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$Individual

#$Portugal Portugal

> An instance of #$IndependentCountry. #$Portugal is a small country located on the #$IberianPeninsula, bounded on the east and north by #$Spain and on the west by the #$AtlanticOcean.
> guid: bd590a03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

#$Indonesia-TheNation Indonesia **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The country of Indonesia, which occupies 13500 islands. Includes both political and, in a dualist microtheory, physical aspects.
> guid: bd58b2d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

#$India India (country) (political entity)

> An instance of #$IndependentCountry. #$India is a country in southern Asia whose territory constitutes most of the #$IndianSubcontinent (q.v.). #$India is bounded on the north by #$Bhutan, #$Tibet, and #$China-PeoplesRepublic, on the northwest by #$Pakistan, on the east by #$Burma, on the southeast by the #$BayOfBengal, and on the southwest by the #$ArabianSea.
> guid: bd58fb5c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Entity #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

#$Bangladesh Bangladesh **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Country near the eastern end of the Indian subcontinent, separated from #$Nepal by a narrow corridor of #$India, and sharing part of its border with #$Burma. Considered a part of India's territory during the period of British colonial rule.
> guid: bd590173-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

#$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina Taiwan (country) (political entity) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Taiwan, governed as The Republic of China, is a country which claims to be the government of all of China. #$China-PeoplesRepublic also makes this claim. The government of #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina #$controls Taiwan Province on the #$Island of #$Formosa (or 'Taiwan') off the southeast coast of China in the far western #$PacificOcean, #$QuemoyIsland and #$MatsuIsland of Fujian Province a few kilometers off the coast, and Pratas Island in the #$SouthChinaSea. It claims several disputed islands in the #$SouthChinaSea. The territory controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina is between the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea. De facto, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina and #$China-PeoplesRepublic are two separate independent countries each with its own territory, while de jure there is a single #$IndependentCountry of China, but two governments with separate regions of control.
> guid: bd58a0bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

#$China-PeoplesRepublic China (industrialized country) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> China, governed as the Peoples' Republic of China (PRC), is a country which claims to be the government of all of China. #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina (ROC) also makes this claim. #$China-PeoplesRepublic #$controls all of China except Taiwan Province on the #$Island of Formosa [#$Formosa-Island] (or 'Taiwan') and #$QuemoyIsland and #$MatsuIsland of Fujian Province a few kilometers off the coast. These territories are controlled by #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina. #$Tibet is an #$AutonomousRegion which is a #$geopoliticalSubdivision of the PRC against its will. China borders on the #$EastChinaSea and the #$SouthChinaSea. De facto, #$Taiwan-RepublicOfChina and #$China-PeoplesRepublic are two separate independent countries each with their own territory, while de jure there is a single #$IndependentCountry of China, but two governments with separate regions of control.
> guid: bd58a341-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$IndependentCountry #$Entity #$Individual

#$Japan Japan **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> Japan (the Empire of Japan), a medium-sized #$IndependentCountry consisting of four islands off the east coast of the #$ContinentOfAsia, with several island possessions. This includes Japan as it has been throughout history, geographically and politically.
> guid: bd5902a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$IndependentCountry #$Individual

### United States

#$UnitedStatesOfAmerica the United States **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The United States of America, a large independent country constisting of the territory, population, and infrastructure of the United States, considered as a whole, i.e., an instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity. The nation is mostly in the #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica south and west of #$Canada and north of #$Mexico. It was founded in 1776 by emigrants from Europe.
> guid: bd58a42a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IndependentCountry #$IndustrializedCountry #$Entity #$Individual

#$USFederalGovernmentOrganization US federal government organizations

> A collection of government organizations. An instance of #$USFederalGovernmentOrganization is an instance of #$LegalGovernmentOrganization which is part of the #$UnitedStatesFederalGovernment. This collection includes the US military, Federal courts, US Congress, US territorial governments, Federal departments and independent agencies, and the city of Washington DC. It does _not_ include US states, interstate compacts, and cities (other than Washington DC).
> guid: c1005ad7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$LegalGovernmentOrganization

#$State-UnitedStates U.S. states

> #$State-UnitedStates is a specialization of #$State-Geopolitical. Each instance of #$State-UnitedStates is one of the states of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica; i.e., #$Alabama-State, #$Alaska-State, #$Arizona-State, #$Arkansas-State, etc.
> guid: bd588a98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
> direct specialization of: #$State-Geopolitical

#$StateCapital state capitals

> A specialization of #$CapitalCityOfRegion. An instance of #$CapitalCityOfRegion is an instance of #$StateCapital just in case it is the capital city of some instance of #$State-Geopolitical (q.v.). Instances of #$StateCapital include the capital cities of instances of #$State-UnitedStates, as well as the capital cities of instances of other specializations of #$State-Geopolitical, such as #$Prefecture and #$Province.
> guid: bd58b7be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
> direct specialization of: #$CapitalCityOfRegion

#$USCity is the atomic form of (#$CityInCountryFn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica)(#$CityInCountryFn #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica)

> A specialization of #$City each instance of which is a city, town, or village in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. Instances of #$USCity include #$CityOfAustinTX, #$CityOfGainesvilleFL, and #$CityOfLongBeachCA.
> guid: bd5884c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
> direct specialization of: #$City

#$UnitedStatesPresident United States presidents

> A specialization of both #$UnitedStatesPerson and #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState. Each instance of #$UnitedStatesPresident is a person who holds the office of President of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica.
> guid: c10052d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$PersonTypeByOccupation #$PersonTypeByPositionInOrg
> direct specialization of: #$HeadOfGovernment #$President-HeadOfGovernmentOrHeadOfState #$PublicOfficial

#$UnitedStatesPerson American people

> An instance of #$Nationality. Each instance of #$UnitedStatesPerson is a person who either was born in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica or is currently among that country's citizens (see the predicate #$citizens).
> guid: bd58f5ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$Nationality
> direct specialization of: #$Individual

#$CityOfWashingtonDC Washington D.C. **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The capital city (#$CapitalCityOfRegion) of the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, seat of its Federal government, which is located in the #$DistrictOfColumbia, a specially created Federal district between the States of Maryland and Virginia. Currently, the #$CityOfWashingtonDC and the #$DistrictOfColumbia are coextensive.
> guid: bd590b3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$CountrySubsidiary #$USCity #$Entity #$CapitalCityOfRegion #$Individual

#$cityInState city in state

> (#$cityInState CITY STATE) means that the #$City CITY is located in the geopolitical sub-region STATE. Note that STATE may be an instance of #$State-Geopolitical, or it may be an instance of some other specialization of #$CountrySubsidiary, such as #$Territory. For example, the #$CityOfDurhamNC is a #$cityInState of #$NorthCarolina-State; Xiamen (Amoy) is a #$cityInState of Fujian. See also #$majorCityInState.
> guid: bd58b907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate

### Addresses

#$ContactLocationType types of contact location

> A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ContactLocationType is a collection of places at which a particular agent may be contacted. Instances of #$ContactLocationType may be characterized in several different ways, including the following: by method of contact (e.g., #$VoicePhoneLocation, #$FaxLocation); by purpose of contact (e.g., #$BillingLocation, #$ShippingLocation, #$EmergencyContact); by the agent's relationship to those places (e.g., #$HumanResidence, #$Workplace). Note that a particular place may be an instance of two or more instances of #$ContactLocationType, since, for example, one person's home might be another's vacation location.
> guid: bd58d0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ExistingObjectType

#$Address-LocationDesignator addresses

> A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each instance of #$Address-LocationDesignator is a string that describes the relatively permanent location of an individual or organization. For example: President Bill Clinton, White House, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC . Addresses that provide an address suitable for delivery of mail are instances of the specialization, #$MailingAddress.
> guid: bd590a18-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ContactInfoString
> direct generalization of: #$MailingAddress

#$addressText address text **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$addressText relates an instance of #$ContactLocation to an instance of #$Address-LocationDesignator. (#$addressText LOC ADDRESS) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC has the #$Address-LocationDesignator ADDRESS.
> guid: bd58be81-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalSlot

#$stateOfAddress state of address **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$stateOfAddress LOC STATE) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is found in the STATE, where STATE is either a #$State-UnitedStates or another #$CountrySubsidiary. For example, as #$CycorpHeadquarters is a #$ContactLocation for #$Cycorp, then (#$stateOfAddress #$CycorpHeadquarters #$Texas-State) means that the Cycorp Headquarters building is located in Texas. Note that the arg-constraint on the first argument should be an instance of #$ContactLocation which serves as a #$pointsOfContact for an agent and not the agent itself.
> guid: bd590075-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot
> direct specialization of: #$objectFoundInLocation

#$countryOfAddress country of address

> (#$countryOfAddress LOC COUNTRY) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is located in the #$Country COUNTRY. For example, the contact location for #$Cycorp is related by #$countryOfAddress to the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica. See also #$ContactLocation.
> guid: bd58e6ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot #$SpatialPredicate
> direct specialization of: #$inRegion

#$cityOfAddress city of address **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> (#$cityOfAddress LOC CITY) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is found in the #$City CITY. For example, as #$CycorpHeadquarters is a #$ContactLocation for #$Cycorp, then (#$cityOfAddress #$CycorpHeadquarters #$CityOfAustinTX) means that the Cycorp Headquarters building is located in Austin, Texas. Note that the arg-constraint on the first argument should be an instance of #$ContactLocation which serves as a #$pointsOfContact for an agent and not the agent itself.
> guid: bd59017b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot
> direct specialization of: #$notFarFrom #$onSamePlanetSurfaceAs #$objectFoundInLocation

#$postalCodeOfAddress zip codes **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$postalCodeOfAddress relates an instance of #$ContactLocation to an instance of #$PostalCode. (#$postalCodeOfAddress LOC PC) means that the location LOC has the #$PostalCode PC. For example, if LOC had the address: P.O. Box 1677-B, New York, NY, 10014, PC would be the string `10014'. See also #$ContactLocation.
> guid: bd58dbc1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalSlot

#$PostalCode postal codes

> A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each instance of #$PostalCode is a character string used by a postal service to designate a particular geographic area. For example, the code used by the #$USPostalService for central downtown Austin, TX, is `78701'. Important specializations of #$PostalCode include #$InternationalPostalCode and #$ZipCode.
> guid: c10ada49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IDStringType
> direct specialization of: #$ContactInfoString

#$streetAddressText address (predicate that is functional in its second argument) (functional predicate) (binary predicate) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$streetAddressText maps from a particular place to a string representing its street address. (#$streetAddressText LOC STREET) means that LOC is found at the number and street given in the string STREET. See also #$ContactLocation.
> guid: bd58acb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$FunctionalSlot

#$StreetAddress street addresses

> A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each instance of #$StreetAddress is a string (an instance of #$CharacterString (q.v.)) that includes a street number and street name. For example: `3721 Executive Center Drive', the street address of #$Cycorp. Each #$ShippingAddress (q.v.) includes a street address as a substring.
> guid: bd58acfd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType #$ObjectType
> direct specialization of: #$ContactInfoString

#$BillingLocation billing locations **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$MailingLocation. Each instance of #$BillingLocation is a location to which invoices are sent. For most private individuals, their billing location is their home address.
> guid: be0184e0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ContactLocationType
> direct specialization of: #$MailingLocation

#$MailingLocation mailing locations **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$ContactLocation. Each instance of #$MailingLocation is a location at which an agent can be contacted by mail.
> guid: be01f510-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ContactLocationType
> direct specialization of: #$ContactLocation
> direct generalization of: #$ShippingLocation #$BillingLocation

#$ShippingLocation shipping locations **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> A specialization of #$MailingLocation. Each instance of #$ShippingLocation is a location to which merchandise can be physically delivered, e.g., a house, an office, a corporate mailroom, a post office box.
> guid: c10af5cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ContactLocationType
> direct specialization of: #$MailingLocation #$HumanlyOccupiedSpatialObject

#$ContactLocation contact locations

> A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible. Each instance of #$ContactLocation is a location at which some particular agent (e.g. a person or a corporation) may be contacted by any of several means, for any of several purposes. #$ContactLocations include any place to which one may direct one or more of the following: letters, packages, phone calls or voice messages, bills, email, faxes, pages, subpoenas. Contact locations must be fairly specific -- e.g. my house or my office, but not simply my city of residence.
> guid: bd58d337-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ContactLocationType
> direct specialization of: #$PartiallyTangible
> direct generalization of: #$MailingLocation #$MilitaryBase-Grounds #$PhysicalContactLocation

#$PhysicalContactLocation physical contact locations

> A specialization of #$Place, #$ContactLocation, and #$HumanShelterConstruction. Each instance of #$PhysicalContactLocation is the principal place where an #$Agent can be physically found. A person's physical contact location would typically be a home or office. For an organization, it typically would be the location of its place of business or its headquarters. Note that a purely procedural method for getting in touch with someone, such as their Post Office Box number in a certain city, is not a #$PhysicalContactLocation.
> guid: c10ad9b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$ContactLocationType
> direct specialization of: #$Place #$HumanShelterConstruction #$ContactLocation
> direct generalization of: #$HumanResidence #$Workplace

#$pointsOfContact points of contact

> The predicate #$pointsOfContact indicates the places at which a particular agent can be reached. (#$pointsOfContact AGENT LOC) means that the #$Agent AGENT can be contacted at the #$ContactLocation LOC.
> guid: bd5d95b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
> direct specialization of: #$temporallyIntersects

#$phoneNumberText phone number (binary predicate) (CycL predicate) (relationship) **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$phoneNumberText is used to relate a telephone number to a contact location. (#$phoneNumberText LOC NUM) means NUM is a string denoting (one of) the phone number(s) of the #$ContactLocation LOC.
> guid: bd58db7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

#$PhoneNumber phone numbers (contact information) (structured information sources) (AIT)

> A specialization of #$ContactInfoString. Each instance of #$PhoneNumber is a character string that can be used to call a particular #$Telephone.
> guid: bd58ecee-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IDStringType
> direct specialization of: #$ContactInfoString
> direct generalization of: #$AccessNumber

#$faxNumberText fax number text **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$faxNumberText relates a particular location to the fax number at that location. (#$faxNumberText LOC NUM) means that NUM is a string denoting (one of) the fax number(s) of the #$ContactLocation LOC.
> guid: bd5900f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate

#$pointOfContactInfo point of contact information **COMMENT NOT REVIEWED** **GAFs NOT REVIEWED**

> The predicate #$pointOfContactInfo allows one to characterize a string of information as belonging to a certain kind of contact location for a particular agent. (#$pointOfContactInfo AGENT LOC-TYPE INFO-TYPE STRING) means that the #$Agent AGENT's contact locations of type LOC-TYPE (an instance of #$ContactLocationType (q.v.)) have STRING as one of their contact address of INFO-TYPE (where INFO-TYPE is a #$BinaryPredicate such as #$phoneNumberText, #$faxNumberText, or #$addressText).
> guid: bd58c4f1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate

#$IDString identification strings

> A specialization of #$CharacterString. Each instance of #$IDString is a character string which is used to denote a specific object in some identification mapping. Notable specializations of #$IDString include #$IPAddress, #$PhoneNumber, #$ProperNameString, and #$ContactInfoString.
> guid: bd5888ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$IDStringType
> direct specialization of: #$CharacterString #$IDObject
> direct generalization of: #$ProperNameString #$ContactInfoString #$IDNumber #$IPAddress #$MACAddress #$SerialNumber-String

#$IDStringType types of ID string

> A collection of collections and a specialization of #$ObjectType. Each instance of #$IDStringType is a collection of character strings which is a specialization of #$IDString (q.v.). A few notable instances of #$IDStringType are #$ProductName, #$ProductVersion, #$EMailAddress, #$PhoneNumber, #$PostalCode.
> guid: bd588b45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
> direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
> direct specialization of: #$ObjectType

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