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## Name

glut — an introduction to the OpenGL Utility Toolkit

## Synopsis

    #include <GL/glut.h>

## Description

The OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) is a programming interface with ANSI C and FORTRAN bindings for writing window system independent OpenGL programs. The toolkit supports the following functionality:

- Multiple windows for OpenGL rendering.
- Callback driven event processing.
- Various input devices including keyboard, mouse, tablet, dial and button box, joystick, and Spaceball.
- An "idle" routine and timers.
- A simple, cascading pop-up menu facility.
- Utility routines to generate various solid and wire frame objects.
- Support for bitmap and stroke fonts.
- Miscellaneous window management functions, including managing overlays, dynamic video resizing, and game-oriented full screen support.

An ANSI C implementation of GLUT for both the X Window System (X11) and Windows 95, 98, and NT (Win32) has been implemented by the author. Language bindings for FORTRAN and Ada are available. C++ programs can call GLUT directly through the C interface. MacOS and OS/2 implementations of GLUT are also available.

## Background

One of the major accomplishments in the specification of OpenGL was the isolation of window system dependencies from OpenGL's rendering model. The result is that OpenGL is window system independent.

Window system operations such as the creation of a rendering window and the handling of window system events are left to the native window system to define. Necessary interactions between OpenGL and the window system such as creating and binding an OpenGL context to a window are described separately from the OpenGL specification in a window system dependent specification. For example, the GLX specification describes the standard by which OpenGL interacts with the X Window System. Likewise, the WGL interface defines how OpenGL interacts with Microsoft's Windows operating system.

The predecessor to OpenGL is IRIS GL. Unlike OpenGL, IRIS GL does specify how rendering windows are created and manipulated. IRIS GL's windowing interface is reasonably popular largely because it is simple to use. IRIS GL programmers can worry about graphics programming without needing to be an expert in programming the native window system. Experience also demonstrated that IRIS GL's windowing interface was high-level enough that it could be retargeted to different window systems. Silicon Graphics migrated from NeWS to the X Window System without any major changes to IRIS GL's basic windowing interface.

Removing window system operations from OpenGL is a sound decision because it allows the OpenGL graphics system to be retargeted to various systems including powerful but expensive graphics workstations as well as mass-production graphics systems like video games, set-top boxes for interactive television, and PCs.

Unfortunately, the lack of a window system interface for OpenGL is a gap in OpenGL's utility. Learning native window system APIs such as the X Window System's Xlib or Motif can be daunting. Even those familiar with native window system APIs need to understand the interface that binds OpenGL to the native window system. And when an OpenGL program is written using the native window system interface, despite the portability of the program's OpenGL rendering code, the program itself will be window system dependent.

Testing and documenting OpenGL's functionality lead to the development of the tk and aux toolkits. The aux toolkit is used in the examples found in the OpenGL Programming Guide. Unfortunately, aux has numerous limitations and its utility is largely limited to toy programs. The tk library has more functionality than aux but was developed in an ad hoc fashion and still lacks much important functionality that IRIS GL programmers expect, like pop-up menus and overlays.

GLUT is designed to fill the need for a window system independent programming interface for OpenGL programs. The interface is designed to be simple yet still meet the needs of useful OpenGL programs. Features from the IRIS GL, aux, and tk interfaces are included to make it easy for programmers used to these interfaces to develop programs for GLUT.

## Philosphy

GLUT simplifies the implementation of programs using OpenGL rendering. The GLUT application programming interface (API) requires very few routines to display a graphics scene rendered using OpenGL. The GLUT API (like the OpenGL API) is stateful. Most initial GLUT state is defined and the initial state is reasonable for simple programs.

The GLUT routines also take relatively few parameters. No pointers are returned. The only pointers passed into GLUT are pointers to character strings (all strings passed to GLUT are copied, not referenced) and opaque font handles.

The GLUT API is (as much as reasonable) window system independent. For this reason, GLUT does not return any native window system handles, pointers, or other data structures. More subtle window system dependencies such as reliance on window system dependent fonts are avoided by GLUT; instead, GLUT supplies its own (limited) set of fonts.

For programming ease, GLUT provides a simple menu sub-API. While the menuing support is designed to be implemented as pop-up menus, GLUT gives window system leeway to support the menu functionality in another manner (pull-down menus for example).

Two of the most important pieces of GLUT state are the current window and current menu. Most window and menu routines affect the current window or menu respectively. Most callbacks implicitly set the current window and menu to the appropriate window or menu responsible for the callback. GLUT is designed so that a program with only a single window and/or menu will not need to keep track of any window or menu identifiers. This greatly simplifies very simple GLUT programs.

GLUT is designed for simple to moderately complex programs focused on OpenGL rendering. GLUT implements its own event loop. For this reason, mixing GLUT with other APIs that demand their own event handling structure may be difficult. The advantage of a builtin event dispatch loop is simplicity.

GLUT contains routines for rendering fonts and geometric objects, however GLUT makes no claims on the OpenGL display list name space. For this reason, none of the GLUT rendering routines use OpenGL display lists. It is up to the GLUT programmer to compile the output from GLUT rendering routines into display lists if this is desired.

GLUT routines are logically organized into several sub-APIs according to their functionality. The sub-APIs are:

Initialization.
  Command line processing, window system initialization, and initial window creation state are controlled by these routines.
Beginning Event Processing.
  This routine enters GLUT's event processing loop. This routine never returns, and it continuously calls GLUT callbacks as necessary.
Window Management.
  These routines create and control windows.
Overlay Management.
  These routines establish and manage overlays for windows.
Menu Management.
  These routines create and control pop-up menus.
Callback Registration.
  These routines register callbacks to be called by the GLUT event processing loop.
Color Index Colormap Management.
  These routines allow the manipulation of color index colormaps for windows.
Game-oriented Full Screen Mode.
  These routines allow OpenGL to be used in a full screen mode at various display resolutions and depths.
State Retrieval.
  These routines allows programs to retrieve state from GLUT.
Font Rendering.
  These routines allow rendering of stroke and bitmap fonts.
Geometric Shape Rendering.
  These routines allow the rendering of 3D geometric objects including spheres, cones, icosahedrons, and teapots.

## Conventions

GLUT window and screen coordinates are expressed in pixels. The upper left hand corner of the screen or a window is (0,0). X coordinates increase in a rightward direction; Y coordinates increase in a downward direction. Note: This is inconsistent with OpenGL's coordinate scheme that generally considers the lower left hand coordinate of a window to be at (0,0) but is consistent with most popular window systems.

Integer identifiers in GLUT begin with one, not zero. So window identifiers, menu identifiers, and menu item indexes are based from one, not zero.

In GLUT's ANSI C binding, for most routines, basic types (int, char*) are used as parameters. In routines where the parameters are directly passed to OpenGL routines, OpenGL types (GLfloat) are used.

The header files for GLUT should be included in GLUT programs with the following include directive:

    #include <GL/glut.h>

Because a very large window system software vendor (who will remain nameless) has an apparent inability to appreciate that OpenGL's API is independent of their window system API, portable ANSI C GLUT programs should not directly include <GL/gl.h> or <GL/glu.h>. Instead, ANSI C GLUT programs should rely on <GL/glut.h> to include the necessary OpenGL and GLU related header files.

The ANSI C GLUT library archive is typically named libglut.a on Unix systems. GLUT programs need to link with the system's OpenGL and GLUT libraries (and any libraries these libraries potentially depend on). A set of window system dependent libraries may also be necessary for linking GLUT programs. For example, programs using the X11 GLUT implementation typically need to link with Xlib, the X extension library, possibly the X Input extension library, the X miscellaneous utilities library, and the math library. An example X11/Unix compile line would look like:

    cc -o foo foo.c -lglut -lGLU -lGL -lXmu -lXi -lXext -lX11 -lm

## See Also

glutAddMenuEntry, glutAddSubMenu, glutAttachMenu, glutBitmapCharacter, glutBitmapLength, glutBitmapWidth, glutButtonBoxFunc, glutChangeToMenuEntry, glutChangeToSubMenu, glutCopyColormap, glutCreateMenu, glutCreateSubWindow, glutCreateWindow, glutDestroyMenu, glutDestroyWindow, glutDeviceGet, glutDialsFunc, glutDisplayFunc, glutEnterGameMode, glutEntryFunc, glutEstablishOverlay, glutExtensionSupported, glutForceJoystickFunc, glutFullScreen, glutGameModeGet, glutGameModeString, glutGet, glutGetColor, glutGetModifiers, glutIdleFunc, glutIgnoreKeyRepeat, glutInit, glutInitDisplayMode, glutInitDisplayString, glutInitWindowPosition, glutJoystickFunc, glutKeyboardFunc, glutKeyboardUpFunc, glutLayerGet, glutLeaveGameMode, glutMainLoop, glutMenuStatusFunc, glutMotionFunc, glutMouseFunc, glutOverlayDisplayFunc, glutPopWindow, glutPositionWindow, glutPostOverlayRedisplay, glutPostRedisplay, glutRemoveMenuItem, glutRemoveOverlay, glutReportErrors, glutReshapeFunc, glutReshapeWindow, glutSetColor, glutSetCursor, glutSetMenu, glutSetupVideoResizing, glutSetWindow, glutSetWindowTitle, glutShowOverlay, glutShowWindow, glutSolidCone, glutSolidCube, glutSolidDodecahedron, glutSolidIcosahedron, glutSolidOctahedron, glutSolidSphere, glutSolidTeapot, glutSolidTetrahedron, glutSolidTorus, glutSpaceballButtonFunc, glutSpaceballMotionFunc, glutSpaceballRotateFunc, glutSpecialFunc, glutSpecialUpFunc, glutStopVideoResizing, glutStrokeCharacter, glutStrokeLength, glutStrokeLengthf, glutStrokeWidth, glutStrokeWidthf, glutSwapBuffers, glutTabletButtonFunc, glutTabletMotionFunc, glutTimerFunc, glutUseLayer, glutVideoPan, glutVideoResizeGet, glutVideoResize, glutVisibilityFunc, glutWarpPointer, glutWindowStatusFunc

## References

Mark Kilgard, `Programming OpenGL for the X Window System`, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-48359-9, 1996. Chapters 4 is a comprehensive tutorial about using GLUT. Chapter 5 explores OpenGL with seven different GLUT examples. Appendix B is a complete functional description of the GLUT API. Appendix C documents GLUT's programmer-visible state.

Mark Kilgard, `The OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) Programming Interface API Version 3` (the official GLUT specification).

Mason Woo, Jackie Neider, Tom Davis, Dave Shriner, `OpenGL 1.2 Programming Guide, Third Edition: The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL, Version 1.2`, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-60458-2, 1999. The best all-around introduction to OpenGL uses GLUT for its examples.

Ed Angel, `Interactive Computer Graphics: A Top-Down Approach with OpenGL`, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-13859-7X, 1999. An undergraduate computer graphics textbook that uses GLUT for its programming examples.

## Web References

Main GLUT page
GLUT Frequently Asked Question list
The OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) Programming Interface API Version 3 (PostScript)
OpenGL and X: An OpenGL Toolkit article (PostScript)

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