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Data.Set

Portability | portable
Stability | provisional
Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org

Contents

Set type
Operators
Query
Construction
Combine
Filter
Map
Fold
Min/Max
Conversion
  List
  Ordered list
Debugging

Description

An efficient implementation of sets.

Since many function names (but not the type name) clash with Prelude names, this module is usually imported `qualified`, e.g.

      import Data.Set (Set)
      import qualified Data.Set as Set

The implementation of `Set` is based on size balanced binary trees (or trees of bounded balance) as described by:

- Stephen Adams, "Efficient sets: a balancing act", Journal of Functional Programming 3(4):553-562, October 1993, http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/~adams/BB.
- J. Nievergelt and E.M. Reingold, "Binary search trees of bounded balance", SIAM journal of computing 2(1), March 1973.

Note that the implementation is left-biased -- the elements of a first argument are always preferred to the second, for example in `union` or `insert`. Of course, left-biasing can only be observed when equality is an equivalence relation instead of structural equality.

Synopsis

data Set a
(\\) :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Set a
null :: Set a -> Bool
size :: Set a -> Int
member :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> Bool
notMember :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> Bool
isSubsetOf :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Bool
isProperSubsetOf :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Bool
empty :: Set a
singleton :: a -> Set a
insert :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> Set a
delete :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> Set a
union :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Set a
unions :: Ord a => [Set a] -> Set a
difference :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Set a
intersection :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Set a
filter :: Ord a => (a -> Bool) -> Set a -> Set a
partition :: Ord a => (a -> Bool) -> Set a -> (Set a, Set a)
split :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> (Set a, Set a)
splitMember :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> (Set a, Bool, Set a)
map :: (Ord a, Ord b) => (a -> b) -> Set a -> Set b
mapMonotonic :: (a -> b) -> Set a -> Set b
fold :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Set a -> b
findMin :: Set a -> a
findMax :: Set a -> a
deleteMin :: Set a -> Set a
deleteMax :: Set a -> Set a
deleteFindMin :: Set a -> (a, Set a)
deleteFindMax :: Set a -> (a, Set a)
maxView :: Monad m => Set a -> m (Set a, a)
minView :: Monad m => Set a -> m (Set a, a)
elems :: Set a -> [a]
toList :: Set a -> [a]
fromList :: Ord a => [a] -> Set a
toAscList :: Set a -> [a]
fromAscList :: Eq a => [a] -> Set a
fromDistinctAscList :: [a] -> Set a
showTree :: Show a => Set a -> String
showTreeWith :: Show a => Bool -> Bool -> Set a -> String
valid :: Ord a => Set a -> Bool

Set type
data Set a

A set of values `a`.
Instances

Foldable Set
Typeable1 Set
(Data a, Ord a) => Data (Set a)
Eq a => Eq (Set a)
Ord a => Monoid (Set a)
Ord a => Ord (Set a)
(Read a, Ord a) => Read (Set a)
Show a => Show (Set a)

Operators
(\\) :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Set a
O(n+m). See `difference`.
Query
null :: Set a -> Bool
O(1). Is this the empty set?
size :: Set a -> Int
O(1). The number of elements in the set.
member :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> Bool
O(log n). Is the element in the set?
notMember :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> Bool
O(log n). Is the element not in the set?
isSubsetOf :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Bool
O(n+m). Is this a subset? `(s1 `isSubsetOf` s2)` tells whether `s1` is a subset of `s2`.
isProperSubsetOf :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Bool
O(n+m). Is this a proper subset? (ie. a subset but not equal).
Construction
empty :: Set a
O(1). The empty set.
singleton :: a -> Set a
O(1). Create a singleton set.
insert :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> Set a
O(log n). Insert an element in a set. If the set already contains an element equal to the given value, it is replaced with the new value.
delete :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> Set a
O(log n). Delete an element from a set.
Combine
union :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Set a
O(n+m). The union of two sets, preferring the first set when equal elements are encountered. The implementation uses the efficient hedge-union algorithm. Hedge-union is more efficient on (bigset `union` smallset).
unions :: Ord a => [Set a] -> Set a
The union of a list of sets: (``unions` == `foldl` `union` `empty``).
difference :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Set a
O(n+m). Difference of two sets. The implementation uses an efficient hedge algorithm comparable with hedge-union.
intersection :: Ord a => Set a -> Set a -> Set a
O(n+m). The intersection of two sets. Elements of the result come from the first set.
Filter
filter :: Ord a => (a -> Bool) -> Set a -> Set a
O(n). Filter all elements that satisfy the predicate.
partition :: Ord a => (a -> Bool) -> Set a -> (Set a, Set a)
O(n). Partition the set into two sets, one with all elements that satisfy the predicate and one with all elements that don't satisfy the predicate. See also `split`.
split :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> (Set a, Set a)
O(log n). The expression (``split` x set`) is a pair `(set1,set2)` where all elements in `set1` are lower than `x` and all elements in `set2` larger than `x`. `x` is not found in neither `set1` nor `set2`.
splitMember :: Ord a => a -> Set a -> (Set a, Bool, Set a)
O(log n). Performs a `split` but also returns whether the pivot element was found in the original set.
Map
map :: (Ord a, Ord b) => (a -> b) -> Set a -> Set b
O(n*log n). ``map` f s` is the set obtained by applying `f` to each element of `s`. It's worth noting that the size of the result may be smaller if, for some `(x,y)`, `x /= y && f x == f y`
mapMonotonic :: (a -> b) -> Set a -> Set b

O(n). The

``mapMonotonic` f s == `map` f s`, but works only when `f` is monotonic. The precondition is not checked. Semi-formally, we have:

     and [x < y ==> f x < f y | x <- ls, y <- ls]
                         ==> mapMonotonic f s == map f s
         where ls = toList s

Fold
fold :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Set a -> b
O(n). Fold over the elements of a set in an unspecified order.
Min/Max
findMin :: Set a -> a
O(log n). The minimal element of a set.
findMax :: Set a -> a
O(log n). The maximal element of a set.
deleteMin :: Set a -> Set a
O(log n). Delete the minimal element.
deleteMax :: Set a -> Set a
O(log n). Delete the maximal element.
deleteFindMin :: Set a -> (a, Set a)

O(log n). Delete and find the minimal element.

     deleteFindMin set = (findMin set, deleteMin set)

deleteFindMax :: Set a -> (a, Set a)

O(log n). Delete and find the maximal element.

     deleteFindMax set = (findMax set, deleteMax set)

maxView :: Monad m => Set a -> m (Set a, a)
O(log n). Retrieves the maximal key of the set, and the set stripped from that element `fail`s (in the monad) when passed an empty set.
minView :: Monad m => Set a -> m (Set a, a)
O(log n). Retrieves the minimal key of the set, and the set stripped from that element `fail`s (in the monad) when passed an empty set.
Conversion
List
elems :: Set a -> [a]
O(n). The elements of a set.
toList :: Set a -> [a]
O(n). Convert the set to a list of elements.
fromList :: Ord a => [a] -> Set a
O(n*log n). Create a set from a list of elements.
Ordered list
toAscList :: Set a -> [a]
O(n). Convert the set to an ascending list of elements.
fromAscList :: Eq a => [a] -> Set a
O(n). Build a set from an ascending list in linear time. The precondition (input list is ascending) is not checked.
fromDistinctAscList :: [a] -> Set a
O(n). Build a set from an ascending list of distinct elements in linear time. The precondition (input list is strictly ascending) is not checked.
Debugging
showTree :: Show a => Set a -> String
O(n). Show the tree that implements the set. The tree is shown in a compressed, hanging format.
showTreeWith :: Show a => Bool -> Bool -> Set a -> String

O(n). The expression (`showTreeWith hang wide map`) shows the tree that implements the set. If `hang` is `True`, a hanging tree is shown otherwise a rotated tree is shown. If `wide` is `True`, an extra wide version is shown.

     Set> putStrLn $ showTreeWith True False $ fromDistinctAscList [1..5]
     4
     +--2
     |  +--1
     |  +--3
     +--5

     Set> putStrLn $ showTreeWith True True $ fromDistinctAscList [1..5]
     4
     |
     +--2
     |  |
     |  +--1
     |  |
     |  +--3
     |
     +--5

     Set> putStrLn $ showTreeWith False True $ fromDistinctAscList [1..5]
     +--5
     |
     4
     |
     |  +--3
     |  |
     +--2
        |
        +--1

valid :: Ord a => Set a -> Bool
O(n). Test if the internal set structure is valid.
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