FFT(3)

NAME
PDL::FFT - FFTs for PDL

DESCRIPTION
FFTs for PDL. These work for arrays of any dimension, although ones with small prime factors are likely to be the quickest.

For historical reasons, these routines work in-place and do not recognize the in-place flag. That should be fixed.

SYNOPSIS
        use PDL::FFT qw/:Func/;

        fft($real, $imag);
        ifft($real, $imag);
        realfft($real);
        realifft($real);

        fftnd($real,$imag);
        ifftnd($real,$imag);

        $kernel = kernctr($image,$smallk);
        fftconvolve($image,$kernel);

DATA TYPES
The underlying C library upon which this module is based performs FFTs on both single precision and double precision floating point piddles. Performing FFTs on integer data types is not reliable. Consider the following FFT on piddles of type 'double':

        $r = pdl(0,1,0,1);
        $i = zeroes($r);
        fft($r,$i);
        print $r,$i;
        [2 0 -2 0] [0 0 0 0]

But if $r and $i are unsigned short integers (ushorts):

        $r = pdl(ushort,0,1,0,1);
        $i = zeroes($r);
        fft($r,$i);
        print $r,$i;
        [2 0 65534 0] [0 0 0 0]

This used to occur because PDL::PP converts the ushort piddles to floats or doubles, performs the FFT on them, and then converts them back to ushort, causing the overflow where the amplitude of the frequency should be -2.

Therefore, if you pass in a piddle of integer datatype (byte, short, ushort, long) to any of the routines in PDL::FFT, your data will be promoted to a double-precision piddle. If you pass in a float, the single-precision FFT will be performed.

FREQUENCIES
For even-sized input arrays, the frequencies are packed like normal for FFTs (where N is the size of the array and D is the physical step size between elements):

0, 1/ND, 2/ND, ..., (N/2-1)/ND, 1/2D, -(N/2-1)/ND, ..., -1/ND.

which can easily be obtained (taking the Nyquist frequency to be positive) using

$kx = $real->xlinvals(-($N/2-1)/$N/$D,1/2/$D)->rotate(-($N/2 -1));

For odd-sized input arrays the Nyquist frequency is not directly acessible, and the frequencies are

0, 1/ND, 2/ND, ..., (N/2-0.5)/ND, -(N/2-0.5)/ND, ..., -1/ND.

which can easily be obtained using

$kx = $real->xlinvals(-($N/2-0.5)/$N/$D,($N/2-0.5)/$N/$D)->rotate(-($N-1)/2);

ALTERNATIVE FFT PACKAGES
Various other modules - such as PDL::FFTW and PDL::Slatec - contain FFT routines. However, unlike PDL::FFT, these modules are optional, and so may not be installed.

FUNCTIONS

  fft()
Complex FFT of the "real" and "imag" arrays [inplace].

fft($real,$imag);

  ifft()
Complex inverse FFT of the "real" and "imag" arrays [inplace].

ifft($real,$imag);

  realfft()
One-dimensional FFT of real function [inplace].

The real part of the transform ends up in the first half of the array and the imaginary part of the transform ends up in the second half of the array.

        realfft($real);

  realifft()
Inverse of one-dimensional realfft routine [inplace].

        realifft($real);

  fftnd()
N-dimensional FFT (inplace)

        fftnd($real,$imag);

  ifftnd()
N-dimensional inverse FFT

        ifftnd($real,$imag);

  fftconvolve()
N-dimensional convolution with periodic boundaries (FFT method)

        $kernel = kernctr($image,$smallk);
        fftconvolve($image,$kernel);

fftconvolve works inplace, and returns an error array in kernel as an accuracy check -- all the values in it should be negligible.

See also PDL::ImageND::convolveND, which performs speed-optimized convolution with a variety of boundary conditions.

The sizes of the image and the kernel must be the same. kernctr centres a small kernel to emulate the behaviour of the direct convolution routines.

The speed cross-over between using straight convolution (PDL::Image2D::conv2d()) and these fft routines is for kernel sizes roughly 7x7.

  convmath
  Signature: ([o,nc]a(m); [o,nc]b(m))

Internal routine doing maths for convolution

convmath does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output piddles if the flag is set for any of the input piddles.

  cmul
  Signature: (ar(); ai(); br(); bi(); [o]cr(); [o]ci())

Complex multiplication

cmul does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output piddles if the flag is set for any of the input piddles.

  cdiv
  Signature: (ar(); ai(); br(); bi(); [o]cr(); [o]ci())

Complex division

cdiv does not process bad values. It will set the bad-value flag of all output piddles if the flag is set for any of the input piddles.

BUGS
Where the source is marked `FIX', could re-implement using phase-shift factors on the transforms and some real-space bookkeeping, to save some temporary space and redundant transforms.

AUTHOR
This file copyright (C) 1997, 1998 R.J.R. Williams (rjrw@ast.leeds.ac.uk), Karl Glazebrook (kgb@aaoepp.aao.gov.au), Tuomas J. Lukka, (lukka@husc.harvard.edu). All rights reserved. There is no warranty. You are allowed to redistribute this software / documentation under certain conditions. For details, see the file COPYING in the PDL distribution. If this file is separated from the PDL distribution, the copyright notice should be included in the file.