# Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet

Hjälpmedelsguiden för GNOME är till för användare, systemadministratörer och alla som är intresserade i hur GNOME-skrivbordet ger stöd till personer med handikapp. Denna guide inkluderar även kraven för paragraf 508 av U.S. Rehabilitation Act.

2006
Don Scorgie
2006
Brent Smith
2005
2004
2003
2002
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
Daniel Nylander (po@danielnylander.se)
Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Tillstånd att kopiera, distribuera och/eller modifiera detta dokument ges under villkoren i GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), version 1.1 eller senare, utgivet av Free Software Foundation utan standardavsnitt och omslagstexter. En kopia av GFDL finns att hämta här eller i filen COPYING-DOCS som medföljer denna handbok.

Denna handbok utgör en av flera GNOME-handböcker som distribueras under villkoren i GFDL. Om du vill distribuera denna handbok separat från övriga handböcker kan du göra detta genom att lägga till en kopia av licensavtalet i handboken enligt instruktionerna i paragraf 6 i licensavtalet.

Flera namn på produkter och tjänster är registrerade varumärken. I de fall dessa namn förekommer i GNOME-dokumentation - och medlemmarna i GNOME-dokumentationsprojektet är medvetna om dessa varumärken - är de skrivna med versaler eller med inledande versal.

DOKUMENTET OCH MODIFIERADE VERSIONER AV DOKUMENTET TILLHANDAHÅLLS UNDER VILLKOREN I GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE ENDAST UNDER FÖLJANDE FÖRUTSÄTTNINGAR:

1. DOKUMENTET TILLHANDAHÅLLS I "BEFINTLIGT SKICK" UTAN NÅGRA SOM HELST GARANTIER, VARE SIG UTTRYCKLIGA ELLER UNDERFÖRSTÅDDA, INKLUSIVE, MEN INTE BEGRÄNSAT TILL, GARANTIER ATT DOKUMENTET ELLER EN MODIFIERAD VERSION AV DOKUMENTET INTE INNEHÅLLER NÅGRA FELAKTIGHETER, ÄR LÄMPLIGT FÖR ETT VISST ÄNDAMÅL ELLER INTE STRIDER MOT LAG. HELA RISKEN VAD GÄLLER KVALITET, EXAKTHET OCH UTFÖRANDE AV DOKUMENTET OCH MODIFIERADE VERSIONER AV DOKUMENTET LIGGER HELT OCH HÅLLET PÅ ANVÄNDAREN. OM ETT DOKUMENT ELLER EN MODIFIERAD VERSION AV ETT DOKUMENT SKULLE VISA SIG INNEHÅLLA FELAKTIGHETER I NÅGOT HÄNSEENDE ÄR DET DU (INTE DEN URSPRUNGLIGA SKRIBENTEN, FÖRFATTAREN ELLER NÅGON ANNAN MEDARBETARE) SOM FÅR STÅ FÖR ALLA EVENTUELLA KOSTNADER FÖR SERVICE, REPARATIONER ELLER KORRIGERINGAR. DENNA GARANTIFRISKRIVNING UTGÖR EN VÄSENTLIG DEL AV DETTA LICENSAVTAL. DETTA INNEBÄR ATT ALL ANVÄNDNING AV ETT DOKUMENT ELLER EN MODIFIERAD VERSION AV ETT DOKUMENT BEVILJAS ENDAST UNDER DENNA ANSVARSFRISKRIVNING;

2. UNDER INGA OMSTÄNDIGHETER ELLER INOM RAMEN FÖR NÅGON LAGSTIFTNING, OAVSETT OM DET GÄLLER KRÄNKNING (INKLUSIVE VÅRDSLÖSHET), KONTRAKT ELLER DYLIKT, SKA FÖRFATTAREN, DEN URSPRUNGLIGA SKRIBENTEN ELLER ANNAN MEDARBETARE ELLER ÅTERFÖRSÄLJARE AV DOKUMENTET ELLER AV EN MODIFIERAD VERSION AV DOKUMENTET ELLER NÅGON LEVERANTÖR TILL NÅGON AV NÄMNDA PARTER STÄLLAS ANSVARIG GENTEMOT NÅGON FÖR NÅGRA DIREKTA, INDIREKTA, SÄRSKILDA ELLER OFÖRUTSEDDA SKADOR ELLER FÖLJDSKADOR AV NÅGOT SLAG, INKLUSIVE, MEN INTE BEGRÄNSAT TILL, SKADOR BETRÄFFANDE FÖRLORAD GOODWILL, HINDER I ARBETET, DATORHAVERI ELLER NÅGRA ANDRA TÄNKBARA SKADOR ELLER FÖRLUSTER SOM KAN UPPKOMMA PÅ GRUND AV ELLER RELATERAT TILL ANVÄNDNINGEN AV DOKUMENTET ELLER MODIFIERADE VERSIONER AV DOKUMENTET, ÄVEN OM PART SKA HA BLIVIT INFORMERAD OM MÖJLIGHETEN TILL SÅDANA SKADOR.

Vincent
Alexander
Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME
Don
Scorgie
Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME
Brent
Smith
Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME
Sun
Java Desktop System Documentation Team
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet 2.24 v2.24.0
September 2008

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet 2.24 v2.24.0
September 2008

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet 2.10 v2.10.1
Juli 2005

Sun Java Desktop System Documentation Team

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet 2.10 v2.10.0
Mars 2005

Sun Java Desktop System Documentation Team

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet 2.8 v2.8.0
September 2004

Sun Java Desktop System Documentation Team

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet 2.6 v2.6.0
Mars 2004

Sun Microsystems

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet 2.4 v2.4.0
Oktober 2003

Sun Microsystems

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet 2.2 v2.2.0
Februari 2003

Sun Microsystems

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet för operativsystemsmiljön Solaris v2.1
Januari 2003

Sun Microsystems

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Hjälpmedelsguide för GNOME-skrivbordet för operativsystemsmiljön Solaris v2.0
December 2002

Sun Microsystems

Dokumentationsprojekt för GNOME

Denna handbok beskriver version 2.24 av GNOME-skrivbordet.

## Återkoppling

För att rapportera ett fel eller komma med ett förslag angående GNOME-skrivbordet eller denna handbok, följ instruktionerna på GNOME:s återkopplingssida.

## Introduktion till hjälpmedel

Det här kapitlet introducerar dig till hjälpmedelsfunktionerna i GNOME-skrivbordet.

All programvara ska innefatta hjälpmedelsfunktioner för att låta personer med handikapp använda programvaran på ett enkelt och effektivt sätt. Tidigare lagstiftning såsom Sektion 508 av U.S. Rehabilitation Act ökar medvetenheten om behovet av att tillhandahålla programvara med hjälpmedelsfunktionalitet.

GNOME-skrivbordet är enkelt att använda och innehåller många hjälpmedelsfunktioner. Varje program och verktyg som stöds i GNOME-skrivbordet är designat med tanke på hjälpmedel och användbarhet. Användare med funktionshinder såsom nedsatt syn eller nedsatt motorik kan använda all funktionalitet i GNOME-skrivbordet tack vare anpassningsverktygen som finns tillgängliga. Dessa anpassningsverktyg låter dig finjustera utseendet och beteendet för skrivbordet.

Möjligheten att enkelt anpassa GNOME-skrivbordet bidrar stort till hjälpmedelsfunktionerna för skrivbordet. Den här guiden beskriver de olika anpassningsalternativen som du kan använda för att anpassa det till dina specifika behov.

### Snabbreferens

Följ dessa snabbreferenslänkar för att hoppa till ett specifikt ämne:

Se avsnittet Orca för att få skärmelement upplästa för dig.

Läs om Välj teman och Anpassa typsnitt om du behöver större text.

Se avsnittet Förstorare för information om hur man får delar av eller hela skärmen förstorad.

If you prefer a pointing device over the keyboard, you can configure an on-screen keyboard for point-and-click typing; see the GNOME Onscreen Keyboard (gok) section.

Se delen om Klistriga tangenter i avsnittet Konfigurera ett hjälpmedelstangentbord om du endast kan trycka ner en tangent åt gången.

Se delen om Tröga tangenter i avsnittet Konfigurera ett hjälpmedelstangentbord om du planerar att trycka ner tangenter under en längre tid (vilket normalt sett ger flera inmatade tecken).

Se delen om Studsande tangenter i avsnittet Konfigurera ett hjälpmedelstangentbord om du planerar att trycka ner tangenter flera gånger (vilket normalt sett ger flera inmatade tecken).

Se avsnitten Musjusteringar och Konfigurera ett hjälpmedelstangentbord för ytterligare stöd för mus- eller pekdonsbaserade hjälpmedelsfunktioner. Dessa verktyg ger ett flertal hjälpmedelsfunktioner för pekdon och tangentbord.

## Allmänna hjälpmedelstips

Ett antal tekniker kan vara behjälpliga för personer med olika typer av funktionshinder. Dessa täcks in i detta avsnitt. Speciellt dessa:

- Väsentliga tangentbordskommandon - täcker in grundläggande tangentbordskommandon.

- Tangentbordsnavigering - låter användare navigera på skrivbordet utan en mus eller pekdon.

- Hjälpmedelsinloggning - användare kan konfigurera inloggningskärmen till att vara mer tillgänglig.

### Väsentliga tangentbordskommandon

Innan du fortsätter bör du känna till följande väsentliga GNOME-kommandon:

AltF1 [Debian] - display and activate the GNOME Desktop menu bar. This grants access to the Applications, Places and System menu bar items.

För Solaris och Windows-system är denna tangent CtrlEsc.

AltF2 or MetaR - summons the Run dialog, where you can issue terminal commands with or without parameters. If a file needs to be passed as one of these parameters, use the Run With File button to easily locate the file needed. This dialog also presents an alternate list of known applications which may be easier to navigate than the Debian system desktop menu (AltF1) approach.

För Solaris-system är denna tangent MetaR (som med Microsoft Windows). En meta- eller super-tangent är en skifttangent med en operativsystemslogotyp på.

Tab and ShiftTab - move focus within an application between controls; use Tab to cycle forward through controls and ShiftTab to cycle backwards. Controls are any user-interactive element that you can manipulate, such as buttons, drop-down lists, text fields, etc. CtrlTab and ShiftCtrlTab are used instead where Tab and ShiftTab are reserved for use by the focused control.

AltTab and ShiftAltTab - switches between currently running applications. If you have multiple programs running, use AltTab to cycle forward through the applications and ShiftAltTab to cycle backwards. AltEsc and ShiftAltEsc also cycle between applications, but without an application preview window.

### Hjälpmedelsinloggning

GNOME-skrivbordet inkluderar funktionen Hjälpmedelsinloggning vilken låter användare att:

- Logga in till skrivbordet även om användaren inte helt enkelt kan använda skärm, mus eller tangentbord på det vanliga sättet.

- Starta hjälpmedelstekniker vid tid för inloggningen genom att associera en användaråtgärd med ett hjälpmedelsprogram. Användaren kan genomföra användaråtgärden från standardtangentbordet eller från ett tangentbord, pekdon eller brytare som är ansluten till en USB eller PS/2-musport. Dessa användaråtgärder kallas för gester.

- Change the visual appearance of the login dialog before the user logs in; for example, using a high-contrast theme for better visibility.

Funktioner för hjälpmedelsinloggning fungerar för närvarande endast 100% på Solaris.

#### Aktivera hjälpmedelsinloggning

In order to use the accessibility support for GNOME, the accessibility infrastructure must be enabled. To enable GNOME accessibility features from the command line, type the following command and then log out:

`gconftool-2 --set "/desktop/gnome/interface/accessibility" --type boolean "True"`

To enable GNOME accessibility features from a GUI, run the System Preferences Assistive Technology command from the top level menu. Select the "Enable assistive technologies" checkbox and then press the "Close and Log Out" button.

The next time you log in, assistive technology support will be enabled for the desktop.

Genomför följande steg för att konfigurera GDM via det grafiska gränssnittet (den föredragna metoden):

1. Logga in som användaren `root`.

2. Run gdmsetup from a terminal; you may be advised to reboot after exiting the application.

To configure GDM if you cannot access the GUI environment, you will need to navigate the file system and modify files:

1. Logga in som användaren `root`.

2. Öppna filen `/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf`

3. Sök i filen efter följande rad:

   `#AddGtkModules=false`

   och ersätt raden med följande:

   `AddGtkModules=true`

   Dessa steg aktiverar GtkModules.

4. Sök i filen efter följande rad:

   `#GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener`

   och ta bort `#` från början av raden så att raden ser ut så här:

   `GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener`

   The above lines must be displayed as single lines in the `custom.conf` file without line breaks. The formatting of this guide may display the lines as being longer than two lines.

   Detta steg läser in alla GtkModules för att aktivera hjälpmedelstekniker såsom Skärmtangentbord och Skärmläsare och -förstorare. Du kan fortsätta att redigera raden ovan för att endast läsa in den GtkModules som du behöver för att ge stöd till användarna. Till exempel:

   - Om du behöver använda Skärmläsare och -förstorare, inkludera `gail` och `atk-bridge`.

   - Om du behöver använda ett pekdon utan knappar eller brytare, inkludera `gail`, `atk-bridge` och `dwellmouselistener`.

   - Om du använder pekdon med brytare, alternativa fysiska tangentbord eller enheter med brytare och knappar, inkludera `keymouselistener`.

   - Skärmtangentbord kan fungera utan `gail` och `atk-bridge` men med en reducerad uppsättning funktioner.

   För optimala hjälpmedel, inkludera `gail` och `atk-bridge`.

5. Spara filen `/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf`.

   Om du gör några ändringar i filen `/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf` efter att du aktiverat GDM, kan du köra följande kommando för att starta om GDM och aktivera ändringarna:

   `gdm-restart`

6. Redigera filen `/etc/group` och lägg till följande på raden med `audio`:

   `,gdm`

   Det här steget försäkrar att uppläsning fungerar med GDM.

7. Starta om ditt system.

Xserver is required for all distributions; for Linux and OpenSolaris, it should be Xorg. You can find them in both `/etc/X11` and `/usr/bin`. Generally for Linux there will be a symbol link in `/etc/X11/X` and it is always linked to the binary `Xorg` in `/usr/bin/Xorg`. For OpenSolaris, you can find this process with the command `ps -ef | grep X`.

To enable or disable Xorg extensions, you can edit the file `/etc/X11/xorg.conf` and add the following parameters to enable different extensions:

    Section "Extensions"
      Option "Composite"         "Enable"
      Option "other extensions"  "Enable/Disable"
    EndSection

#### Starta hjälpmedelstekniker vid inloggning

Om du läser in GtkModules `keymouselistener` och `dwellmouselistener` i GDM:s konfigurationsfil, kan du tilldela användaråtgärder för att starta specifika hjälpmedelstekniker vid tid för inloggning. Dessa användaråtgärder kallas för gester. Gesterna som associeras finns i följande konfigurationsfiler för GDM:

- `/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessKeyMouseEvents`

- `/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessDwellMouseEvents`

Om du ändrar dessa filer måste du starta om ditt system innan ändringarna blir aktiverade.

Följande avsnitt innehåller exempel för gesterna som du kan lägga till i GDM:s konfigurationsfiler.

Gesterna måste finnas på en ensam rad i filen `AccessKeyMouseEvents` utan radbrytningar. Formateringen av denna guiden kan dock visa exemplen i följande avsnitt över flera rader.

##### Starta skärmläsaren med en tangentbordsgenväg

Redigera filen `AccessKeyMouseEvents` för att associera tangentbordsgenvägar med hjälpmedelsteknik. Till exempel låter följande rad dig att trycka och hålla ned CtrlS eller CtrlM i en sekund för att starta antingen uppläsning eller förstoring:

`<Control>s 1 1000 10000 /usr/bin/orca -n -d main-window`

`<Control>m 1 1000 10000 /usr/bin/orca -n -d main-window -e magnifier`

##### Starta skärmtangentbord med en brytare eller knappgest

Redigera filen `AccessKeyMouseEvents` för att associera en brytare, tangent eller knappgest med hjälpmedelsteknik. Eftersom den primära inmatningsenheten för många användare med Skärmtangentbord är en brytare eller knapp, så är det ett bra sätt att låta användare starta Skärmtangentbord vid tid för inloggning.

If there is a tendency for a user to start an application unintentionally, you can associate the gestures with multiple switch presses or minimum durations. For example, the following line starts On-Screen Keyboard in inverse scanning mode when the user presses the switch that is defined as Switch 2 three times within two seconds, for a minimum of 100 milliseconds for each press:

`<Switch2>3 100 2000 gok --login --accessmethod=inversescanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch2`

Users who use single switches may prefer to start On-Screen Keyboard in automatic scanning mode. The following line starts On-Screen Keyboard in automatic scanning mode when the user presses the switch on an alternative access device for more than four seconds:

`<Switch>1 4000 5000 gok --login --accessmethod=automaticscanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch1`

For information about the On-Screen Keyboard operating modes, see the online help for On-Screen Keyboard.

##### Starta skärmtangentbord med endast en rörelsegest

You can define gestures that involve only the motion of a pointing device such as a mouse, or an alternative pointing device, such as a head pointer or trackball. The syntax of the gesture does not change depending on whether you are using a mouse or an alternative pointing device. Edit the `AccessKeyMouseEvents` file to associate motion gestures with assistive technologies.

If the `dwellmouselistener` GtkModule is loaded, alternative pointing devices are temporarily latched to the core pointer. This means that if the user moves the alternative pointing device, the on-screen pointer moves.

For example, the following line starts On-Screen Keyboard in dwell mode when the user moves the on-screen pointer from inside the login dialog through the top edge, back into the dialog through the top edge, out of the dialog through the left edge, back into the dialog through the left edge, and similarly through the bottom and right edges of the dialog in a cross pattern:

`TTLLBBRR O 10000 gok --login --access-method=dwellselection --input-device=MOUSE[3]`

Note that the `--input-device` parameter specified in the gesture must match the name of the extended user input device, such as a head pointer or trackball, as specified in `/etc/X11/XF86Config`.

#### Ytterligare krav för hjälpmedelsinloggning

To enable the Accessible Login feature to use alternative pointing devices and switch devices such as sip-and-puff switches, wheelchair-mounted switches or trackballs, you might need to modify your X server system configuration to recognize these devices. You can use most devices that emulate mouse buttons with the Accessible Login feature and On-Screen Keyboard, including USB single switches and mouse-like pointing devices.

You should not configure an alternative input device to control the primary on-screen pointer. This might result in undesirable behavior or cause situations from which the user of the alternate input device cannot recover without using the primary keyboard or mouse. To prevent this problem, remove any occurrences of the attributes `SendCore` or `AlwaysCore` from any of the `InputDevice` lines in the X Server configuration file.

### Tangentbordsnavigering

This section describes how to navigate the GNOME Desktop from the keyboard only. Users who have difficulty using a mouse or other pointing device can navigate and use the desktop from the keyboard.

#### Introduktion till tangentbordsnavigering

Det här avsnittet beskriver de väsentliga tangentbordsgenvägarna för att låta dig navigera på skrivbordet med tangentbordet.

You can customize some of the keyboard shortcuts that are described in this chapter. The text indicates the shortcuts that you can customize. See for information about how to customize keyboard shortcuts.

##### Väsentliga tangentbordsgenvägar

The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the desktop. The keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate specific elements and controls are described in the appropriate sections of this chapter.

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
Tabb | Ge fokus till nästa element eller kontroll.
SkiftTabb | Reverse the navigation direction and give focus to the previous element or control. In general, the Shift key reverses the navigation direction.
CtrlTabb | Give focus to the next element or control if the Tab key has a specific purpose in a control. For example, if you press Tab in a text box, the system inserts a tab space. To give focus to the previous element or control, press ShiftCtrlTab.
piltangenter | Navigera inom ett element eller kontroll.
blanksteg | Activate the element or control that has focus. For example, if the current control is a button, this action is the equivalent of clicking on the button with a mouse.
Esc | Stäng ett fönster, meny eller låda.
F7 | Switch to caret navigation mode. Caret navigation mode enables you to use the keyboard to select text. For more information about caret navigation mode, see .

##### Globala tangentbordsgenvägar

Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda från alla delar av GNOME-skrivbordet.

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
AltF1 | Open the Main Applications Menu. Du kan anpassa den här tangentbordsgenvägen. För Solaris-system är denna tangent Ctrl-Esc (som med Microsoft Windows).
AltF2 | Öppna dialogrutan Kör program. Du kan anpassa den här tangentbordsgenvägen. For Solaris systems, this key is Meta-R (as with Microsoft Windows). A meta- or super-key is an OS-logo shift key.
Print Screen | Start the screenshot application and take a screenshot of the entire screen. Du kan anpassa den här tangentbordsgenvägen.
Alt Print Screen | Start the screenshot application and take a screenshot of the window that currently has focus. Du kan anpassa den här tangentbordsgenvägen.
F1 | If the focused element is an application window or dialog, this keyboard shortcut opens the Help for the application.
CtrlF1 | If the focused element is a panel or application window, this keyboard shortcut switches the display of tooltips for the window or panel objects on and off.
SkiftF10 | Open a popup menu for the element that has focus (if a popup menu exists for that element).

#### Navigera i skrivbordsbakgrunden

The desktop background is the part of the GNOME Desktop where there are no interface items or applications, such as panels and windows. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the desktop background and the desktop background objects. A desktop background object is an icon on the desktop background that you can use to open files, folders, or applications.

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
CtrlAltD | Temporarily hide all windows and give focus to the desktop background. To restore the windows, press CtrlAltD again. Du kan anpassa den här tangentbordsgenvägen. For Solaris systems, this key is Meta-D (as with Microsoft Windows). A meta- or super-key is an OS-logo shift key.
CtrlAltTabb | Display a popup window with icons that represent the desktop background and the panels. Press and hold CtrlAlt and continue to press Tab to switch the focus between the desktop background and the panels. Du kan anpassa den här tangentbordsgenvägen.
piltangenter | Ge fokus till ett närliggande skrivbordsbakgrundsobjekt (om skrivbordet har fokus).
A sequence of characters that matches the first n characters of a desktop background object name. | If the desktop background has focus, give focus to the desktop background object whose name starts with the specified sequence of characters.
F2 | Byt namn på skrivbordsbakgrundsobjektet som har fokus.
SkiftF10 | Open the popup menu for the desktop background object that has focus.
Ctrl F10 | Öppna menyn Skrivbordsbakgrund.

#### Navigera i paneler

A panel is an area from which you can run special programs, applications, and panel applications. The most common panel is the panel that stretches the full width of the bottom edge of the desktop. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate panels and panel objects.

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
Ctrl AltTabb | Give focus to a panel. This keyboard shortcut displays a popup window with icons that represent the desktop background, panels, and drawers. Press and hold CtrlAlt and continue to press Tab to switch the focus between the desktop background, panels, and drawers. If you're especially dexterous, you can add Shift to go in reverse. Du kan anpassa den här tangentbordsgenvägen.
Tabb | Ge fokus till nästa objekt på panelen.
F10 | Open the Applications menu when the Menu Panel has focus. Continue to press F10 to switch focus between the Applications menu and the window list. This key behavior may alter slightly depending on context and specific user setup.
blanksteg | Aktivera ett panelobjekt; till exempel, öppna en meny eller starta en programstartare (ikongenväg).
SkiftF10 | Öppna panelobjektets popupmeny.
CtrlF10 | Öppna panelens popupmeny.

##### Flytta panelobjekt

Du kan flytta ett panelobjekt med fokus till en annan plats i en panel eller låda eller flytta objektet till nästa panel. Genomför följande steg för att flytta ett panelobjekt:

1. Tryck på Tabb för att ge fokus till objektet.

2. Tryck på SkiftF10 för att öppna panelobjektets popupmeny.

3. Använd piltangenterna för att välja menyobjektet Flytta.

4. Använd tangentbordsgenvägarna som listas i följande tabell för att genomför flyttningsåtgärden:

   Tangenter | Funktion
   --- | ---
   piltangenter | Flytta objektet åt vänster/höger på en horisontell panel eller upp/ned på en vertikal panel.
   Skift + piltangenter | Flytta objektet med fokus, byt positioner med andra objekt som påträffas.
   Ctrl + piltangenter | Flytta objektet, byt positioner med andra objekt som du påträffar vid flyttningen.
   Tabb | Flytta objektet till nästa panel.
   blanksteg | Färdigställ flyttningsåtgärden.

The following examples demonstrate the effect of different move operations on the objects in a panel:

Illustration | Beskrivning
--- | ---
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Geyes icon, Volymkontroll icon, and Hjälp icon. | Show a panel with three panel objects before a move operation takes place.
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Geyes icon, Volymkontroll icon, and Hjälp icon. | Shows the effect of using the arrow keys to move the Geyes panel application on the panel. You can use the arrow keys to move the panel application left or right until you meet the next panel object.
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Geyes icon, Volymkontroll icon, and Hjälp icon. | Shows the effect of using Shift + arrow keys to move the Geyes panel application on the panel. You can use the Shift + arrow keys to push the Volume Control and Help panel objects ahead of the object that you are moving.
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Volymkontroll icon, Hjälp icon, and Geyes icon. | Shows the effect of using Ctrl + arrow keys to move the Geyes panel application on the panel. You can use the Ctrl + arrow keys to swap positions with the Volume Control and Help panel objects as you meet the objects.

Panel applications that are Locked cannot be moved. To unlock a panel application, use the panel object menu and deselect the Lock to Panel option.

##### Navigera i lådor

A drawer is a collapsible extension of a panel. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate into and out of drawers. When you open a drawer, you can navigate the contents of the drawer in the same way as you navigate a panel. See for information about how to navigate a panel.

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
blanksteg | Öppna eller stäng lådan som har fokus.
piltangenter | Navigera in i lådan som har fokus.
Esc | Close the drawer and give focus to the drawer object on the panel.

##### Navigera i panelmenyer

Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera i menyer på paneler:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
blanksteg | Öppna menyn som har fokus.
piltangenter | Navigera i menyn.
blanksteg | Välj en menypost.
SkiftF10 | Open the popup menu associated with a menu item (if one exists).
Esc | Stäng en meny.

##### Navigera i panelprogram

A panel application is a small application that resides on a panel. You can navigate to all panel applications and open the panel application popup menu from the keyboard. However, if the panel application does not contain controls that you can give focus to, you cannot navigate the controls in the panel application. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate panel applications.

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
blanksteg | Activate the panel application control that has focus, if applicable. Not all panel applications contain controls that you can activate. If the panel application does not contain a control that you can activate, the spacebar does nothing.
piltangenter | Navigate the controls on the panel application.
Skift F10 | Open the panel application popup menu. To navigate the menu, use the standard keyboard shortcuts for navigating menus. See for information about how to navigate menus.

#### Navigera i arbetsytor

A workspace is a discrete area in which you can work. You can have many workspaces on your desktop and you can switch from one workspace to another. Each workspace can contain different windows and processes. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate workspaces:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
CtrlAlt + piltangenter | Give focus to the next or previous workspace. This keyboard shortcut displays a popup window with icons that represent the workspaces. Press and hold CtrlAlt and continue to press the arrow keys to switch the focus between the workspaces. Du kan anpassa den här tangentbordsgenvägen.
Ctrl ShiftAlt + arrow keys | Move the window that has focus to the next or previous workspace. Du kan anpassa den här tangentbordsgenvägen.

#### Navigera i fönster

The following sections describe the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate windows. A window is a rectangular frame on your screen that displays an application.

You can customize all of the keyboard shortcuts that are associated with navigating windows. See for more information.

##### Ge fokus till fönster

Innan du kan använda eller ändra ett fönster så måste du ge fokus till fönstret. Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att ge fokus till ett fönster:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
Alt Tabb | Display a popup window with icons that represent each window. Press and hold Alt and continue to press Tab to move through the windows until you reach the window you want to have focus.
AltEsc | Raise each window in turn until you reach the window you want.
AltF6 | Cycle between windows belonging to the current application (eg, a multiple document interface application like Text Editor).

##### Kontrollera fönster

När ett fönster har fokus så kan du genomföra olika åtgärder på fönstret. Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att kontrollera fönstret som har fokus.

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
Altblanksteg | Öppna menyn Fönster.
AltF4 | Stäng fönstret.
Solaris: Open Linux:AltF9 | Minimera fönstret.
AltF10 | Maximera fönstret.
AltF5 | Återställ ett maximerat fönster till dess ursprungliga storlek.

##### Flytta fönster

När ett fönster har fokus så kan du flytta fönstret runt på skärmen. Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att flytta ett fönster:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
AltF7 | Start the move operation. The mouse pointer changes to a cross.
piltangenter | Move the window 10 pixels at a time in the direction of the arrow key.
Ctrl + piltangenter | Move the window one pixel at a time in the direction of the arrow key.
Skift + piltangenter | Move the window in the direction of the arrow key and align it with the edge of the nearest window, panel or screen edge.
blanksteg | Complete the move operation, leaving the window in the current position.
Esc | Cancel the move operation, restoring the window to its original position.

##### Ändra storlek på fönster

När ett fönster har fokus så kan du öka eller minska storleken på fönstret. Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att ändra storleken på fönstret som har fokus:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
Alt F8 | Start the resize operation.
piltangenter | Resize the window in the direction of the arrow key.
blanksteg | Complete the resize operation, leaving the window at the current size.
Esc | Cancel the resize operation, restoring the window to its original size.

##### Navigera i fönsterpaneler

A paned window is a window that is split into two or more panes. Help Browser is an example of an application that uses paned windows.

Följande tabell beskriver tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera i delade fönster (paneler).

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
F6 | Give focus to the next pane. The system gives focus to the control that last had focus in the pane.
F8 | Give focus to the first resize handle in the window. The resize handle is displayed between the panes and enables you to resize the panes. Press F8 again to give focus to the next resize handle.

When the resize handle has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to modify the paned window:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
piltangenter | Move the resize handle by a small amount.
Ctrl + piltangenter | Move the resize handle by a large amount.
Home | Contract the pane to the minimum size allowed. For vertical panes, reduces the size of the pane to the left of the resize handle to the minimum size allowed. For horizontal panes, reduces the size of the pane above the resize handle to the minimum size allowed.
End | Expand the pane to the maximum size allowed. For vertical panes, increases the size of the pane to the left of the resize handle to the maximum size allowed. For horizontal panes, increases the size of the pane above the resize handle to the maximum size allowed.
blanksteg | Set the position of the resize handle and return focus to the last control that had focus.
Esc | Reset the position of the resize handle to the original position and return focus to the last control that had focus.

#### Navigera i program

An application is any program, utility, or other software package that you run on your desktop. Applications contain standard user interface components:

Fönster

  A window is a rectangular frame on your screen that displays an application. See for information about how to navigate windows.

Dialoger

  A dialog is a popup window which displays information or accepts input from the user. See for information about how to navigate dialogs.

Kontroller

  A control is any user-interactive screen element. Examples of controls include buttons, check boxes, menus, and text boxes. See for detailed information about how to navigate the different types of controls that are available.

Detta avsnitt av handboken beskriver de väsentliga tangentbordsgenvägar som du kan använda i program och dialogrutor.

##### Väsentliga tangentbordsgenvägar för navigering i program

Since there are so many applications that you can use in the GNOME Desktop, this manual does not describe all the custom keyboard shortcuts that you can use with each individual application. However, the basic keyboard shortcuts are common to many applications.

Access keys are another way to quickly navigate applications with the keyboard. An access key is identified by an underlined letter on a menu or control. In some cases, you must press Alt in combination with the access key to perform an action.

Följande tabell listar de väsentliga tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera i program:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
F10 | Open the first menu on the application menubar.
Alt + access key | Open the menu that is associated with the access key.
access keys | Select the menu item that is associated with the access key.
vänsterpil och högerpil | Växla fokus mellan menyerna på menyraden.
uppåtpil och nedåtpil | Flytta fokus till en meny.
Esc | Close the open menu and give focus to the control that had focus before the menubar.
CtrlO | Öppna filväljardialogrutan.
Ctrl S | Öppna Spara-dialogrutan.
Ctrl L | Open a Location dialog, enabling you to type the name of a file that you want to open or save.
Ctrl P | Öppna en Skriv ut-dialog, om tillgänglig.
Ctrl C | Copy highlighted text to the global, application-spanning clipboard.
Ctrl X | Cut highlighted text to the global, application-spanning clipboard.
Ctrl V | Paste text from the global, application-spanning clipboard to the current cursor position.

##### Väsentliga tangentbordsgenvägar för navigiering i dialogrutor

Följande tabell listar de väsentliga tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera i dialogrutor.

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
Alt access key | Activate or select a control.
Tabb | Give focus to the next control.
Ctrl Page Up | Move to the next page/tabbed section of the dialog.
Ctrl Page Down | Move to the previous page/tabbed section of the dialog.
Esc | Cancel/dismiss the dialog. Some application-specific dialogs may retain dialog settings, but this practice is discouraged. These dialogs usually have a single Close button, with no Ok/Accept buttons.
Return | Perform the default action for the dialog. The default action will usually apply any changes and close the dialog. A default button will have a bold outline and a selected button will have a slightly bolder outline than the default button.

#### Navigera i filhanteraren

By default, the file manager operates in Spatial mode. This mode uses separate windows for each folder. Conversely, Browser mode will reuse the same window for each folder.

Se användarguiden för mer information om filhanterarens olika lägen.

##### Navigera i mappar

Följande tabell beskriver tangentbordsgenvägarna som låter dig navigera i mappar i filhanteraren:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
piltangenter | Select the next or previous file or folder in the direction of the arrow key.
Ctrl + piltangenter | Give focus to the next or previous file or folder but do not select the item. This allows multiple, non-contiguous blocks of files to be selected.
blanksteg | Open the focused file or folder.
Ctrl + blanksteg | Select the item that currently has focus.
A sequence of characters that matches the first n characters of a filename. | Select the first file or folder that starts with the specified sequence of characters.
Home | Select the first file or folder within the current folder.
End | Select the last file or folder within the current folder.
backsteg | Open the current folder's parent folder.
Skift-F10 | Öppna en fil eller mappens popupmeny.
Ctrl-F10 | Open the enclosing folder's popup menu (equivalent to right-clicking on the view pane background).

##### Navigating Browser Window Components

When operating in Browser mode, the file manager window contains several components, with keyboard shortcuts defined to navigate each component:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
F6 | Switch focus between the side pane and the view pane.
Skift F10 | Open the side pane popup menu.

#### Markörnavigeringsläge

The following table describes how to use caret navigation mode (eg, in supporting applications like Yelp, Evolution, Epiphany, or Firefox). Caret navigation is a mode of operation in an application which enables you to use the keyboard to navigate and select text.

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
F7 | Växla till markörnavigeringsläget [endast Yelp].
vänsterpil | Flytta ett tecken till vänster.
högerpil | Flytta ett tecken till höger.
pil upp | Flytta en rad uppåt.
pil ned | Flytta en rad nedåt.
Ctrl + vänsterpil | Flytta till början av det föregående ordet.
Ctrl + högerpil | Flytta till slutet av nästa ord.
Page Up | Rulla uppåt en sida i innehållet.
Page Down | Rulla nedåt en sida i innehållet.
Home | Flytta till början av den aktuella raden.
End | Flytta till slutet av den aktuella raden.
Skift + piltangenter | Move from the current position to the destination position, selecting all text between the two positions.
Tabb | Move focus to the next focusable control.
Skift Tabb | Move focus to the previous focusable control.
Enter | Aktivera en knapp, länk eller annan kontroll.

#### Navigera i standardelement och kontroller

The following sections describe how to navigate and use standard user interface elements and controls from the keyboard.

##### Navigera i menyer

Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera i menyer:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
uppåtpil och nedåtpil | Ge fokus till nästa eller föregående menyobjekt i en meny.
högerpil | If the menu item that has focus is a submenu, open the submenu and give focus to the first menu item on the submenu. If the menu item that has focus is not a submenu, open the next menu on the menubar.
vänsterpil | If the menu item that has focus is a submenu item, switch the focus back to the submenu. If the menu item that has focus is not a submenu item, open the previous menu on the menubar.
Return | Select the focused menu item and close the open menus.
access key | Select the menu item that is associated with the access key and close the menu.
blanksteg | Select the focused menu item and close the menu except when the menu item is a check box or radio button.
Esc | Stäng menyn.

##### Navigera bland knappar

A button is a control that you use to start an action. Most buttons are rectangular and contain a text label.

###### Exempelknapp

Close button.

Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera mellan knappar:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
blanksteg | Activate the button that has focus. This is the equivalent of clicking on the button.
Return | Activate the button that has focus or, if no button has focus, perform the default action for the dialog.

##### Navigera i radioknappar

A radio button is a control that you use to select one of several mutually-exclusive options.

###### Exempel på radioknapp

Two sample radio buttons.

Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera mellan radioknappar:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
piltangenter | Select the next or previous radio button and deselect the other radio buttons in the group.

##### Navigera i kryssrutor

A check box is a control that you use to select or deselect an option.

###### Exempel på kryssruta

Sample check box.

Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera en kryssruta:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
blanksteg | Select or deselect the check box.

##### Navigera i textrutor

Text boxes are controls in which you type text.

###### Sample Single Line Text Box

Sample text box with one input line.

Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera i enradiga textrutor:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
vänsterpil | Placera markören ett tecken till vänster.
högerpil | Placera markören ett tecken till höger.
Ctrlvänsterpil | Position the cursor at the start of the current word. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press left arrow to position the cursor at the start of the previous word.
Ctrl högerpil | Position the cursor at the end of the current word. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press right arrow to position the cursor at the end of the next word.
Home | Placera markören i början av raden.
End | Placera markören på slutet av raden.
Skiftvänsterpil eller högerpil | Markera ett tecken åt gången åt vänster eller höger om markören.
SkiftCtrlvänsterpil eller högerpil | Markera ett ord åt gången till vänster eller höger om markören.
Skift Home | Markera all text till vänster om markören.
Skift End | Markera all text till höger om markören.
Ctrl A | Välj all text i textrutan.

In addition to the keyboard shortcuts listed in the previous table, use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate multi-line text boxes:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
Page Up | Position the cursor at the top of the current view. Press Page Up again to position the cursor at the top of the previous view.
Page Down | Position the cursor at the end of the current view. Press Page Down again to position the cursor at the end of the previous view.
Ctrl pil upp | Position the cursor at the start of the current paragraph. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press the up arrow key to position the cursor at the start of the previous paragraph.
Ctrl pil ned | Position the cursor at the end of the current paragraph. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press the down arrow key to position the cursor at the end of the next paragraph.
Ctrl Page Up | Position the cursor one view width to the left.
Ctrl Page Down | Position the cursor one view width to the right.
Ctrl Home | Position the cursor at the start of the text box.
Ctrl End | Position the cursor at the end of the text box.
Ctrl Tabb | Give focus to the next control on the dialog.
Skift Page Up | Select the text to the start of the current view. Press and hold Shift and continue to press Page Up to extend the selection to the start of the previous view.
Skift Page Down | Select the text to the end of the current view. Press and hold Shift and continue to press Page Down to extend the selection to the end of the next view.
Skift Home | Markera texten till början av raden.
Skift End | Markera texten till slutet av raden.
Skift Ctrlpil upp | Select the text to the start of the paragraph, then to the start of the previous paragraph.
Skift Ctrlpil ned | Select the text to the end of the paragraph, then to the end of the next paragraph.
Skift CtrlHome | Select the text to the start of the text box.
Skift CtrlEnd | Select the text to the end of the text box.

##### Navigating Spin Boxes

A spin box is a control that allows you to type a numeric value or select a value from a list of all possible values.

###### Sample Spin Box

Sample spin box. Contains a text box and up and down arrows.

The keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the text box area of a spin box are listed in . The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the up and down arrows in the spin box:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
uppåtpil eller nedåtpil | Increase or decrease the value of the spin box by a small amount.
Page Up or Page Down | Increase or decrease the value of the spin box by a large amount.

##### Navigera i rullgardinslistor

A drop-down list is a control that you use to select one of several available items. The drop-down list contains a button that you use to display the available items.

###### Sample Drop-Down List

Sample drop-down list.

Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera en rullgardinslista:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---

blanksteg

This key performs one of the following functions:

- If the drop-down list is not open, this key opens the drop-down list.

- If the drop-down list is open, this key accepts the current selection and closes the list.

pil upp | Välj föregående listobjekt.
pil ned | Välj nästa listobjekt.
Esc | Stäng listan utan att ändra valet.

##### Navigera rullgardinskombinationsrutor

A drop-down combination box is a text box with a drop-down list attached.

###### Sample Drop-Down Combination Box

Sample drop-down combination box. Contains a text box and an arrow button that you click to display the drop-down list.

When the text box has focus, use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in to navigate the text box area. When the text box has focus, you can also use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate the drop-down list area:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
pil upp | Select the previous item from the drop-down list without displaying the list.
pil ned | Select the next item from the drop-down list without displaying the list.
Ctrl pil ned | Öppna rullgardinslistan.

When the drop-down list has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to navigate the drop-down list:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
pil upp | Välj föregående listobjekt.
pil ned | Välj nästa listobjekt.
Home | Välj det första objektet i listan.
End | Select the last item in the list.
Page Up | Select the item at the top of the current list view.
Page Down | Select the item at the bottom of the current list view.
blanksteg | Accept the current selection and close the drop-down list.
Ctrl Page Up | Rulla till vänster i listan, om det behövs.
Ctrl Page Down | Rulla till höger i listan, om det behövs.

##### Navigera i draglister

A slider is a control that you use to set a value in a continuous range of values.

###### Exempel på draglist

Sample slider. Displays a slider control that you can move left or right.

Följande tabell beskriver tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera en draglist:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
left arrow or up arrow | Flytta draglisten lite åt vänster eller uppåt.
högerpil eller nedåtpil | Flytta draglisten lite åt höger eller nedåt.
Page Up | Move the slider left or up by a large amount.
Page Down | Move the slider right or down by a large amount.
Home | Flytta draglisten till maximala värdet.
End | Flytta draglisten till minimala värdet.

##### Navigera i flikade sektioner

###### Exempeldialogruta med flikade sektioner

Editing profile dialog from the GNOME Terminal application; contains six tabbed sections.

Windows and dialogs are sometimes divided into logical sections that are displayed one section at a time on the window or dialog. The overall control is referred to as a notebook or tabbed panel. The divisions are called panels, pages, or tabs, and are sometimes collectively referred to as a tabstrip or notebook header. Each individual tab is identified by a text label.

Följande tabell listar tangentbordsgenvägarna som du kan använda för att navigera i flikade sektioner av ett fönster eller dialogruta när ett fliknamn har fokus:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
vänsterpil | Ge fokus till föregående fliksektion.
högerpil | Ge fokus till nästa fliksektion.
Tabb ellerCtrlpil nedåt | Give focus to the first control in the active section.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a window or dialog when a control within a section has focus:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
Ctrl AltPage Up | Ge fokus till föregående sektion.
CtrlAltPage Down | Ge fokus till nästa sektion.
Ctrl Tabb | Give focus to the next control outside the sections.

##### Navigera i listor

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate multi-column lists when a column header has focus:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
vänsterpil eller högerpil | Ge fokus till föregående eller nästa kolumnhuvud.
blanksteg | Aktivera huvudet. Den här åtgärder sorterar oftast listan efter kolumnhuvudet.
Tabb | Ge fokus till listans innehåll.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate lists when the list area has focus:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
piltangenter | Välj nästa eller föregående rad eller kolumn.
Page Up | Select the top row of the list contents that are currently in view. Press Page Up again to select the top row of the previous view.
Page Down | Select the bottom row of the list contents that are currently in view. Press Page Down again to select the bottom row of the next view.
Home | Välj första raden i listan.
End | Välj sista raden i listan.
Skift + piltangenter | For lists that support multi-line selections, add the next or previous row or column to the current selection. For lists that only allow single line selections, select the next or previous row or column.
Skift Page Up | Select all the rows between the current selection and the top row of the view.
Skift Page Down | Select all the rows between the current selection and the bottom row of the view.
Skift Home | Select all the rows between the current selection and the first row in the list.
Skift End | Select all the rows between the current selection and the last row in the list.
Ctrl + piltangenter | Give focus to the next row or column without extending the selection. Further items can be selected by pressing spacebar.
Ctrl Page Up | Give focus to the top row in the view without extending the selection.
Ctrl Page Down | Give focus to the bottom row in the view without extending the selection.
Ctrl Home | Give focus to the first row in the list without extending the selection.
Ctrl End | Give focus to the last row in the list without extending the selection.
Return | Aktivera objekt(en).
Ctrl A | Select all rows (for lists that support multi-line selections).
Skift Tabb | Give focus to the column header, if applicable.

##### Navigera i träd

A tree is a user interface control that contains sections that you can expand and collapse. A tree usually represents a hierarchical structure.

###### Exempel på trädstruktur

Categories tree from the gedit preferences dialog; contains three subcategories.

To navigate trees, you can use the same keyboard shortcuts that are listed in . In addition, the following table lists the keyboard shortcuts you can use for the tree items:

Tangenter | Funktion
--- | ---
+ (plus) eller skifthöger | Expand the focused item.
- (minus) eller skiftvänster | Collapse the focused item.
backsteg | Select the parent item.
CtrlF | Display a search dialog, allowing you to type the name of the tree item that you want to find. Not all trees support searching.

#### Anpassning av dina tangentbordsgenvägar

Use the Keyboard Shortcuts preference tool to display the default keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the GNOME Desktop. You can customize the default keyboard shortcuts to meet your requirements. You can also create hot keys (keyboard shortcuts which start applications).

To start the Keyboard Shortcuts preference tool, choose System Preferences Keyboard Shortcuts . The Desktop shortcuts table lists the keyboard shortcuts that are associated with each action.

##### Tilldela och ta bort tangentbordsgenvägar

To assign a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:

1. Click on the action for which you want to customize the keyboard shortcut. The row is highlighted and the text Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear is displayed in the Shortcut column.

2. Press the keys that you want to associate with the action. The new keyboard shortcut is displayed in the Shortcut column.

To disable a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:

1. Click on the action for which you want to disable the keyboard shortcut. The row is highlighted and the text Type a new accelerator, or press Backspace to clear is displayed in the Shortcut column.

2. Press the backspace. The keyboard shortcut is disabled.

## Nedsatt syn eller blindhet

From low vision to blindness, the range of visual limitations is broad. Symptoms of low vision include dimness, haziness, extreme far-/near-sightedness, color blindness, and tunnel vision, among others. People with these disabilities are concerned with being able to see text or images on a computer screen and being able to perform tasks that require eye-hand coordination, such as moving a computer mouse. Text size and color can make a big difference in legibility for people with low vision.

The technologies that can assist those with low vision or blindness are:

- Desktop Appearance Enhancement - users can configure the desktop to be easy to read; for example, by increasing text size and using high-contrast themes.

- Screen Magnifier - this is like a magnifying glass. People using them are able to control what area of the computer screen they want enlarged, and can move the magnifier to view different areas of the screen. They are also known as screen enlargers or large print programs.

- Screen Reader - this makes on-screen information available as synthesized speech and/or a refreshable braille display. They generally only translate text-based information. Graphics and other non-textual objects can be translated if there is alternative text describing the item. They are also known as blind access utilities or screen reviewers.

### Förbättring av skrivbordsutseendet

This chapter describes the methods you can use to change the appearance of the GNOME Desktop in order to enhance the accessibility of the desktop for users with visual impairments.

#### Anpassningsalternativ

There are several ways to customize the appearance of the GNOME Desktop to suit your specific needs:

Teman

  Themes are the most effective way to change the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. See for more information about themes and how to use them to achieve the type of desktop environment that you require.

Desktop and Application-Specific Configuration Settings

  You can customize different components of the desktop to achieve the display settings that you require. You can configure the desktop and applications in addition to using themes or as an alternative to themes. See for more information.

The following table summarizes the changes that you can make to the GNOME Desktop and where you can make the changes. This guide does not provide detailed instructions about how to customize the desktop. For detailed instructions about how to use the customization tools that the desktop provides, refer to the Help for each tool or to the User Guide.

##### Snabbreferens för att anpassa utseendet för skrivbordet

För att ändra... | Använd...
--- | ---
Overall appearance of the desktop using high-contrast colors, low-contrast colors, or large print. | The Theme section of the Appearance preference tool.
Appearance of the desktop background only. | The Desktop Background section of the Appearance preference tool; also the file manager Backgrounds and Emblems menu item.
Utseende för muspekaren. | The Theme section of the Appearance preference tool; use the Pointers tab of the Customize option.
Font displayed on the desktop background and in all desktop applications. | The Font section of the Appearance preference tool.
Default font settings of the Text Editor, Terminal or Help application. | Normally these applications use the default application font that is specified in the Font section of the Appearance preference tool, but these font settings can also be overridden in the Preferences dialog for the application.

#### Användning av teman för att anpassa skrivbordet

Det här avsnittet beskriver hur man använder teman för att anpassa utseendet för GNOME-skrivbordet.

##### Introduktion till teman

A theme is a group of coordinated settings that specifies how a desktop component or a group of desktop components appears. You can use themes to modify and control the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. When you apply a theme, the system modifies many desktop components simultaneously to achieve the desired effect. For example, if you apply a theme that increases the font size across the desktop, the theme also modifies the size of panels and icons on the desktop for optimum compatibility with the font size. Some themes have suggested font settings that may optionally be auto-set; in addition, most colors within a theme can be customized.

A theme contains settings that affect different parts of the desktop:

Kontroller

  The controls setting for a theme determines the visual appearance of all windows, applications, panels, and panel applications. The controls setting also determines the visual appearance of the GNOME-compliant interface items that appear on windows, applications, panels, and panel applications such as menus, icons, and buttons. Some of the control options that are available in the desktop are designed for special accessibility needs.

Fönsterram

  The window frame setting determines the appearance of the border around windows only.

Ikon

  The icon setting determines the appearance of icons on panels and on the desktop background.

##### Välj teman

To choose a theme, perform the following steps:

1. Välj System Inställningar Utseende . Teman listas under fliken Tema.

2. Click on a theme in the list box to choose a new theme. The system automatically applies the theme to the desktop, and may also prompt whether to apply a suggested font for the theme.

   There are several themes available that suit different accessibility needs, as described in the following table:

   ###### Themes Designed for Accessibility Requirements

   Temanamn | Beskrivning
   --- | ---
   Hög kontrast | Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors.
   High Contrast Inverse | Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors.
   Large Print | This theme suggests an increased font size of 18pt. The background and foreground colors are the same as those specified by the Default desktop theme. To apply the suggested font, click on the Apply Font button.
   High Contrast Large Print | This theme suggests an increased font size of 18pt using dark text on a light background. To apply the suggested font, click on the Apply Font button.
   High Contrast Large Print Inverse | This theme suggests an increased font size of 18pt using light text on a dark background. To apply the suggested font, click on the Apply Font button.

In some GNOME distributions there are also prebuilt low-contrast/low-contrast-large-print themes to complement the high-contrast theme set.

To view the controls, window frame, and icon settings that are associated with a theme, select a theme in the Appearance preference tool, then click on the Theme tab. The Customize option contains a tabbed section for each setting category. Each tabbed section lists the options that are available and the current setting for the theme is highlighted.

##### Modifying the Controls Setting for a Theme

To modify the controls setting that is associated with a theme, perform the following steps:

1. Within the Theme tab, select the theme that you want to modify.

2. Klicka på knappen Anpassa. Dialogrutan Anpassa tema kommer att visas.

3. Click on the Controls tab to display the controls options that are available.

4. Select the controls option that you want to associate with the current theme from the list box, then click Close. The following table lists the controls options that are suitable for accessibility needs:

###### Controls Options Designed for Accessibility Requirements

Control Option | Beskrivning
--- | ---
HighContrast | Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors.
HighContrastInverse | Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors.
LargePrint | Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the Font preference tool. The background and foreground colors are the same as those specified by the Default desktop theme.
HighContrastLargePrint | Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the Font preference tool.
HighContrastLargePrintInverse | Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the Font preference tool.

##### Modifying the Window Border Setting for a Theme

To modify the window border setting that is associated with a theme, perform the following steps:

1. In the Appearance preference tool, choose the Theme tab and the theme you want to modify.

2. Klicka på knappen Anpassa. Dialogrutan Anpassa tema kommer att visas.

3. Click on the Window Border tab to display the window frame options that are available.

4. Select the window frame option that you want to associate with the current theme from the list box, then click Close. The Atlanta option is designed for accessibility.

##### Modifying the Icon Setting for a Theme

To modify the icon setting that is associated with a theme, perform the following steps:

1. In the Appearance preference tool, choose the Theme tab and select the theme that you want to modify.

2. Klicka på knappen Anpassa. Dialogrutan Anpassa tema kommer att visas.

3. Click on the Icons tab to display the icon options that are available.

4. Select the icon option that you want to associate with the theme from the list box, then click Close. The following table lists the icon options that are suitable for accessibility needs:

###### Icon Options Designed for Accessibility Requirements

Icon Option | Beskrivning
--- | ---
HighContrast | Provides dark-on-light icons using high-contrast colors.
HighContrastInverse | Provides light-on-dark icons using high-contrast colors.

##### Skapa dina egna teman

For information about how to create your own themes, see the System Administration Guide.

#### Anpassning av specifika komponenter på skrivbordet

Det här avsnittet beskriver hur man individuellt anpassar specifika komponenter för GNOME-skrivbordet.

##### Anpassa skrivbordsbakgrunden

The themes do not affect the desktop background. To set the desktop background, choose System Preferences Appearance and select a background from the Background tab. If no background is chosen, the first entry listed here may be used.

##### Anpassa skrivbordsbakgrundsobjekt

The size of the icons that are displayed on the desktop background is controlled by the File Management preference tool. To change the size of the icons, perform the following steps:

1. From the File Manager window, choose the Edit Preferences menu item.

2. Select the Views tabbed section.

3. In the Icon View Defaults group, select the zoom level that you require in the Default Zoom Level drop-down list.

##### Anpassa typsnitt

This section describes how to customize the font settings for the desktop and frequently-used applications.

If you have difficulty with the default font type and font size that is used on the desktop and desktop background, you can customize the font settings to suit your needs.

You can specify individual font settings for the following desktop components and applications:

- Hela skrivbordet (undantaget skrivbordsbakgrunden)

- Desktop background only

- Terminal

- Textredigerare

- Hjälp

- Webbläsare

###### Anpassa skrivbordstypsnitten

The Appearance preference tool allows you to specify the default fonts for the desktop.

För att starta inställningsverktyget Utseende, välj System Inställningar Utseende. Fliken Typsnitt innehåller följande alternativ:

Programtypsnitt

  Click on this button to select a default font to use for the text that is displayed on the desktop, including the text displayed on the windows and dialogs associated with GNOME-compliant applications and panel applications.

  If you use a predefined theme and you click on the Apply Font button, the font that is associated with the theme overrides the font from the Appearance preference tool.

Dokumenttypsnitt

  Click on this button to select a font to use for displaying documents.

Skrivbordstypsnitt

  Click on this button to select a font to use for the text that is displayed on the desktop background only.

Window Title Font

  Click on this button to select a font to use for the text that is displayed in the titlebar area of windows.

Fixed Width Font

  Click on this button to select a font to use for editing documents.

Font Rendering

  To specify how to render fonts on the desktop, select one of the following options:

  - Monokrom

  - Best Shapes

  - Bäst kontrast

  - Subpixel Smoothing

If you use large fonts, you may need to change the size of panes in some applications, such as the file manager and Help browser.

For more information about the Appearance preference tool and fonts, see the User Guide.

###### Anpassa programtypsnitt

By default, GNOME applications use the default font specified in the Appearance preference tool. Some applications allow this default font to be customized. These applications are:

- Hjälpbläddrare

- Textredigerare

- Terminal

- Webbläsare

#### Möta specifika hjälpmedelsbehov

The following sections summarize the steps you need to take to improve the accessibility of the desktop in a particular area.

##### Achieving a High- or Low-Contrast Desktop

To achieve a high- or low-contrast desktop, perform the following steps:

1. Use the Appearance preference tool to select the high-contrast or low-contrast desktop theme that you require from the Theme tab.

2. Use the Background tab to customize your desktop background as follows:

   - Set the Desktop Wallpaper to No Wallpaper.

   - Set the Desktop Colors to Solid Color.

   - Select a background color that suits your needs.

3. In the Terminal application, ensure that the Use colors from system theme option is selected in the Colors tabbed section of the Editing Profile dialog.

4. In the gedit (Text Editor) application, ensure that the Use default theme colors option is selected in the Fonts & Colors tabbed section of the Preferences dialog.

##### Achieving a Large Print Desktop

To achieve a large-print desktop, perform the following steps:

1. Use the Appearance preference tool to select the Large Print theme.

2. Click on the Apply Font button to increase the size of the font that is used on the desktop and on window frames.

3. Use the Desktop Font option in the Font tab to increase the font that is displayed on desktop background objects.

4. Increase the font size that is used to display the contents of the Terminal application window.

5. If the Use default theme font option is selected in the gedit (Text Editor) Preferences dialog, gedit uses the font size that is specified in the large-print theme that you selected. However, if the Use default theme font option is not selected, increase the font size that is used to display the contents of the gedit text editor window. See the gedit manual for more information.

6. If you use applications that use panes, such as the file manager and help browser, you may need to change the size of panes to accommodate the large print. See the online help for the appropriate application for more information.

### Orca: Skärmläsare och -förstorare

The Orca Screen Reader and Magnifier application enables users with limited or no vision to use the GNOME Desktop and associated applications. Orca provides the following functionality:

- Skärmläsare

  Skärmläsaren tillåter icke-visuell åtkomst till standardprogram i GNOME-skrivbordet med hjälp av uppläsning och punktskriftsutmatning.

- Förstorare

  Förstoraren tillhandahåller automatisk fokusspårning och helskärmsförstoring för att hjälpa användare med nedsatt syn.

Följande avsnitt tillhandahåller information om Orca och hur man använder det.

#### Introduktion till Orca

##### Vad är Orca?

Orca är en flexibel, utökningsbar och kraftfull hjälpmedelsteknik för personer med nedsatt syn. Med hjälp av olika kombinationer av talsyntes, punktskrift (braille) och förstoring, hjälper Orca till att tillhandahålla åtkomst till program och verktyg som har stöd för AT-SPI (t.ex., GNOME-skrivbordet). Orca är även en fri programvara med öppen källkod.

##### Varför namnet Orca?

En av de första skärmläsarna för DOS var Flipper från företaget Omnichron Corporation i Berkeley, Kalifornien. Det kallades för Flipper delvis för att den blinda frun till programmeraren föreställde sig att datorer programmerades genom att slå på strömbrytare (en korrekt bild av en svunnen tid). Sedan kom en annan skärmläsare för DOS från Henter-Joyce i Florida - "Jobs access With Speech" (eller JAWS). Och så vidare ...

Även om det inte finns någon självklar koppling mellan blindhet och djur från havet så har det blivit en namntradition för skärmläsarprogram. Därav Orca, som är ett mycket tyngre namn än Nemo, Ariel, Willy eller Mr. Limpet.

##### Hur ser schemat ut?

Orca är en del av GNOME-plattformen och Orca ges ut i samband med utgåvorna för GNOME-plattformen.

##### Hur begär jag en ny funktion?

Fel och begäran om funktioner/förbättringar (så kallad RFE) ska rapporteras till GNOME:s felhanteringssystem . Programfixar välkomnas alltid och instruktioner för att skapa programfixar kan hittas i GNOME:s introduktion till Subversion (SVN) .

##### Var finns diskussionslistan?

You can get in touch with developers and other users by sending an e-mail to the Orca mailing list (Archives).

##### Stöds punktskrift?

Yes! Braille is supported via BrlTTY and it is tightly integrated with Orca. BrlTTY offers support for nearly every refreshable braille display known to man.

##### Is contracted braille supported?

Ja, Orca har fullständigt stöd för utmatning av litterär punktskrift.

##### Vilka röster finns tillgängliga?

Orca tillhandahåller gränssnitt till uppläsningstjänsterna `gnome-speech` och `emacspeak`. De tillgängliga rösterna för Orca är endast begränsade av uppläsningsmotorerna som stöds av de tillgängliga uppläsningstjänsterna. För de fria uppläsningsmotorerna står oftast valet mellan eSpeak, Festival och FreeTTS. För kommersiella motorer har du valet mellan ytterligare motorer såsom Fonix DECtalk, Loquendo, Eloquence, Cepstral och IBMTTS, med flera kommande motorer. Ta en titt med jämna mellanrum på paketet `gnome-speech` för mer information om kommande funktionalitet på detta område.

##### Vilka språk stöds?

GNOME:s översättningsgrupper är sammansatta av passionerade frivilliga från hela världen. Dessa grupper gör ett stort arbete och följer uppdaterade statusrapporter. Se statussidan för Orca-översättningar för ett stort antal språk till vilka Orca har översatts.

Observera: stöd för ett språk är även beroende av att den valda uppläsningsmotorn finns på samma språk.

##### Hur bra fungerar förstoringsfunktionen?

Orca använder för närvarande förstoringstjänsten `gnome-mag`. `gnome-mag` har inbyggt stöd för jämnare helskärmsförstoring, vilken förlitar sig på nyare utökningar i X Window System-servern. Dessa utökningar fungerar inte alltid bra på alla plattformar så därför fungerar kanske inte funktionen för jämn helskärmsförstoring alltid.

#### Aktivera Orca

Öppna en Kör-dialog med AltF2 eller MetaR och använd kommandot `orca --text-setup` Enter för en guidad och textbaserad konfiguration.

Första gången som Orca startas så kommer du att få ett antal frågor:

First you will be presented with a list of languages to choose from; there are currently about 45 languages supported. Most of this list will scroll off the screen, so you may have to use the terminal's scrollbar to view earlier parts of the list. Type in the number of your language choice (e.g., 7 for American English) and press Enter. You do not need to wait for the entire list to be spoken, and Orca attempts to make your default language the first choice (choice 1).

Du kommer härnäst att bli tillfrågad om att ställa in Eko efter ord. Detta alternativ instruerar Orca att läsa upp ord när du har skrivit in dem. Ange j eller n och tryck på Enter.

Nästa funktion är Tangenteko. Detta alternativ kommer att läsa upp alla tangenter när de trycks ned. Ange j eller n och tryck på Enter.

Now select your desired keyboard layout; generally, you will want to choose the layout that matches your keyboard type - 1 for Desktop or 2 for Laptop. This choice will determine what key will act as the Orca modifier key. The Desktop layout uses Insert while the Laptop layout uses Caps Lock. A system, host, shift or modifier key is one which is used in conjunction with other keys, enabling keyboard access to most program functions.

Next, specify if you require braille output. This functionality assumes a BrlTTY-compatible device is available. Type y or n and press Enter. Note that you can usually just enter y here; Orca will recover gracefully and function even if it cannot find BrlTTY.

Lastly, indicate whether you want an on-screen braille output monitor. This is mostly for developers who need to verify BrlTTY output, but may also be useful in other situations, such as visually diagnosing or verifying braille output. Type y or n and press Enter.

That's it! Orca is now ready for use. If accessibility was not yet enabled, Orca does so now and asks you to logout and back in for the services to start. Type y and press Enter to restart your login session.

After completing the first-time Orca settings, use AltF2 or MetaR to bring up the Run dialog, type in `orca` and press Enter. Accessibility functions should now be active. Orca's Configuration GUI () also has an option to let you indicate that Orca should be started automatically when you log in.

If you plan to use the Magnifier portion of Orca in full screen mode, nonfirm the Xserver "Composite" extension is enabled: use AltF2 or MetaR to bring up the Run dialog, type in `xdpyinfo` and press Enter. Look for the string "Composite" in the output.

#### Använda Orca

##### Initial konfiguration

When you run Orca for the first time, it will automatically enter setup mode. If you want to run setup at some later point, you can pass the `--setup` option to Orca the next time you run it. Furthermore, while Orca is running, you can press InsertSpace to bring up Orca's Configuration GUI (). Finally, Orca provides a text setup utility that you can start by passing the `--text-setup` option to Orca. All of these options will create a `~/.orca/user-settings.py` file that holds your preferences and will also enable the accessibility infrastructure. You need to log out and log back in for the new settings to take effect.

##### Hur kör jag Orca?

Run Orca by typing `orca` in a terminal session window. You can do so from a virtual console window if you do not yet have access to the GUI. With the GUI installed you can also press Alt F2 or Meta R to bring up the Run dialog and then type `orca` as the command (followed by any optional parameters). Then, press Enter. Orca will automatically enter text setup mode if you run it from a virtual console window or your GUI environment is not yet set up for accessibility.

##### Avsluta Orca

To quit Orca, press Insert Q (or CapsLock Q in laptop layout mode). A confirmation dialog will appear. Select Yes to quit. If the system seems unresponsive, you can try a few things:

- Run `orca --quit` from a terminal window, such as a virtual console; press Ctrl AltF1 (on most Linux platforms) to get to a virtual console, enter your commands, and then use Alt F7 to get back to the desktop. This will kill the Orca process and reclaim system resources. You can then rerun Orca using the previously outlined methods.

- Press CtrlAltBackspace för att sluta din inloggningssession och gå tillbaka till den grafiska inloggningsprompten (inte implementerad i alla Linux-distributioner).

#### Konfigurationsgränssnittet för Orca

The Orca Configuration GUI allows you to customize the behavior and features of Orca, such as speech, braille, and magnification. For example, you can select which speech synthesis engine you want to use, whether braille is enabled or not, and which magnification preferences you want. You can select which general keyboard layout you want (desktop or laptop) and you can also examine and modify the existing keyboard layout with fine-grained control. To bring up the Orca Configuration GUI, press Orca_ModifierSpace, where Orca_Modifier is Insert when you use the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and CapsLock when you use the Laptop Keyboard Layout (). If you want to change settings for a single application, press CtrlOrca_ModifierSpace while the application has focus.

The Orca Configuration GUI is a dialog containing several tabbed pages, each of which is described in the following sections.

##### Allmänt

Orca GUI Configuration - General Page

The General page allows you to customize general aspects of Orca. These include the following:

###### Tangentbordslayout

The keyboard layout section allows you to specify if you will be working on a laptop (small) or desktop (large, with a numeric keypad) keyboard. You select which layout you want by selecting one of the following options:

Desktop - if selected, the Desktop Keyboard Layout () will be used.

Laptop - if selected, the Laptop Keyboard Layout () will be used.

###### Visa Orcas huvudfönster

Orca GUI Configuration - Main window

The Orca main window provides you with a graphical way to display the Orca Configuration GUI (also accessible with Orca_ModifierSpace, where Orca_Modifier is Insert when you use the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and Caps_Lock when you use the Laptop Keyboard Layout ()). The main window also provides a Quit option, also available with Orca_ModifierQ). Many users do not like the Orca main window because it shows up in the window manager's tab order when you press AltTab to switch windows. By deselecting the "Show Orca main window" button, you can tell Orca to not show the Orca main window.

###### Avsluta Orca utan bekräftelse

Normally, when you press Orca_ModifierQ to quit Orca or press the Quit button in the Orca main window, Orca will pop up a confirmation dialog asking you if you want to quit. Unchecking this option prevents the confirmation window from appearing.

###### Inaktivera gksu:s fånst av tangentbordet

When running commands from the launch menu, many distributions use an application known as gksu to authorize the user to run these commands; gksu is the GUI that asks you for your password. When it runs, gksu enables what is known as a "keyboard grab," which is a feature to prevent keyboard actions from going to any other application on the desktop, including Orca. The result of a keyboard grab is that Orca will not receive any keyboard events, preventing Orca from functioning normally.

By selecting the "Disable gksu keyboard grab" button, you will turn off the keyboard grab behavior, allowing Orca to function normally with system administration applications.

The keyboard grab is a security attempt by gksu to prevent nefarious applications from "sniffing" the keyboard and grabbing secret information. Please be advised that disabling the gksu keyboard grab feature can expose you to such nefarious behavior. If you do not feel comfortable with this, you can always use the root account for system administration purposes. To do so, you need to enable the root account for login, and then logout and log back in as root whenever you want to perform a system administration command.

###### Visa verktygstips

When checked, this option will tell Orca to present information about tooltips when they appear as the result of mouse hovering. Specific actions to force tooltips to appear, such as pressing CtrlF1 when an object has focus, will always result in tooltips being presented, regardless of this setting.

###### Läs upp objekt under muspekare

When checked, this option will tell Orca to present information about the object under the mouse when you move it around the screen. Note that this can cause Firefox and Thunderbird versions 2.x and earlier to crash; this is not a problem with Firefox and Thunderbird versions 3.x and later.

###### Starta Orca när du loggar in

When checked, this option will tell the system to automatically launch Orca when you log in.

##### Uppläsning

Orca GUI Configuration - Speech Page

The speech page allows you to customize how Orca uses speech synthesis.

###### Aktivera uppläsning

The first control of note on the speech page is the "enable speech" check box. This check box toggles whether or not Orca will make use of a speech synthesizer. This option, along with the ability to enable braille and enable magnifier support, allow Orca to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users.

###### Uppläsningssystem och talsyntes

The next two controls deal with selecting the speech system and synthesizer. Orca provides support for a growing number of speech systems. At the time of this writing, these include GNOME-speech, Emacspeak, and an experimental backend for Speech Dispatcher. Depending upon how your machine is configured, you may have all or none of these options. Typically, you will have just GNOME-speech.

First, determine which speech system you would like to use - GNOME-speech works best at this time. After making your selection, tab to the speech synthesizer combo box and choose from the list of available synthesizers.

###### Röstinställningar

If your synthesizer supports it, Orca can utilize multiple voices in order to identify special cases within an application, such as hyperlinks or upper case text. The voice settings and person combo boxes can be adjusted to customize these settings to your liking. For example, assume you were using Fonix DECtalk and wanted the Betty voice to denote upper case. To accomplish this, you could do the following:

1. Tab to the voice settings combo box, and down arrow until the upper case voice is selected.

2. Tab to the person combo box, and down arrow to choose the Betty voice.

The next three sliders in the tab order allow adjustment of the synthesizer's rate, pitch and volume, respectively.

###### Skiljeteckensnivå

The punctuation level radio button group is used to adjust the amount of punctuation spoken by the synthesizer. The available levels are None, Some, Most and All.

###### Informationsnivå

The verbosity setting determines the amount of information that will be spoken in certain situations. For example, if it is set to verbose, the synthesizer will speak shortcut keys for items in pull down menus. When it is set to brief, these shortcut keys are not announced.

###### Tabellradsuppläsning

The table row speech option determines the way in which Orca will read items within tables. The available settings are "speak current row" or "speak current cell". The ability to adjust this behavior can be useful in many situations. For example, consider the process of browsing email messages in Evolution. In this instance it may be preferable to set table speech to "speak current row" so that while arrowing through the list of messages all relevant info, such as the sender, subject, and whether the message has attachments, is read automatically. While the current row setting is active, it is still possible to read individual cells by using the left and right arrows.

You can quickly toggle this behavior by pressing Orca_ModifierF11.

###### Läs upp ändrnigar i förloppsmätare

If this setting is enabled, Orca will periodically announce the status of progress bars. How often the announcement is made is determined by the value chosen in the Update Interval spin button. Note that this spin button is only available if the "Speak progress bar updates" checkbox has been checked.

###### Speak Indentation and Justification

When working with code or editing other documents it is often desirable to be aware of justification and indentation. Selecting the "Speak indentation and justification" check box will cause Orca to provide this information.

###### Läs upp blanka rader

Some users desire to hear "blank" when navigating to a blank line in a document. Other users do not. If the "speak blank lines" check box is selected, Orca will speak blank lines.

###### Läs upp handledningsmeddelanden

When moving from component to component in an interface, this option will provide spoken tutorial messages for how to work with the component.

###### Läs upp alla efter

This combo box allows you to specify whether the "say all" functionality of Orca speaks by sentence or line. See the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and Laptop Keyboard Layout () for how to invoke the "say all" functionality).

##### Punktskrift

Orca GUI Configuration - Braille Page

The braille page allows you to customize various aspects about the use of braille.

Orca does not automatically start BrlTTY for you; typically you need to do this yourself, usually at boot time.

###### Aktivera punktskriftsstöd

The first control on the braille page is the "Enable braille support" check box. This check box toggles whether or not Orca will make use of a braille display. This option, along with the ability to enable braille and enable magnifier support, allow Orca to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users. By default, this check box is enabled. If BrlTTY is not running, Orca will recover gracefully and will not communicate with the braille display. If you configure BrlTTY later on, you need to restart Orca in order for it to use braille.

###### Aktivera punktskriftsövervakare

Orca's braille monitor provides an on-screen representation of what takes place on the braille display. This feature is mostly for demonstration purposes, but is also useful for Orca developers who do not have access to a braille display.

###### Förkortade rollnamn

The "Abbreviated role names" check box determines the manner in which role names are displayed and can be used to help conserve real estate on the braille display. The "Abbreviated role names" option can be better understood if we consider the following example. Let us assume that a slider had focus, and that the abbreviated role names box was not checked. In this case, the word "slider" would be shown on the display, to reflect the fact that the current control was indeed a slider. If the abbreviated role names box were checked, the word "slider" would be abbreviated to "sldr".

###### Inaktivera radslutssymbol

When checked, this feature tells Orca to not present the "$l" string at the end of a line.

###### Litterär punktskrift

Orca supports contracted braille via the liblouis project. Refer to the Orca WIKI, where you can find additional information about setting up liblouis with Orca.

###### Informationsnivå

The verbosity radio button group determines the amount of information that will be brailled in certain situations. For example, if it is set to verbose, keyboard shortcut and role name information is displayed. This information is not displayed in brief mode.

###### Markeringsindikator

When you select text, Orca will "underline" that text on your braille display with Dots 7 and 8. If you would prefer, you can change the indicator to only be Dot 7, only be Dot 8, or not be present at all.

###### Hyperlänksindikator

When you encounter a hyperlink, Orca will "underline" that text on your braille display with Dots 7 and 8. If you would prefer, you can change the indicator to only be Dot 7, only be Dot 8, or not be present at all.

##### Tangenteko

Orca GUI Configuration - Key Echo Page

The key echo page allows you to specify the behavior of Orca when pressing keys on the page and whether words are spoken as you complete them.

###### Aktivera tangenteko

The first control on the key echo page is the "Enable key echo" check box. When this box is selected, six additional check boxes become available. These are: "Enable alphanumeric and punctuation keys", "Enable modifier keys", "Enable locking keys", "Enable function keys", "Enable action keys", and "Enable navigation keys".

The alphanumeric and function key groups are relatively self explanatory.

Modifier keys are those such as Shift, Ctrl, and Alt.

Locking keys include Caps Lock, Scroll Lock and Num Lock.

The action keys group consists of keys that perform some logical action, such as Backspace, Return and Tab.

The navigation keys group include the four arrow keys as well as any key combination in which the Orca Modifier key is being held down. The latter is designed to prevent Orca from echoing flat review commands.

###### Aktivera eko efter ord

The next toggle on the key echo page is the "Enable echo by word" check box, used to echo the word you just typed. The "Echo by word" control is always available, regardless of whether any of the key echo options are checked.

###### Aktivera eko efter mening

The last toggle on the key echo page is the "Enable echo by sentence" check box, used to echo the sentence you just typed. The echo by sentence control is always available, regardless of whether any of the key echo options are checked.

In summary, the key echo scheme can offer a great deal of flexibility. For example, one user might choose to enable all key echo options, while another might prefer to use word echo, but only have locking keys announced.

##### Förstorare

Orca GUI Configuration - Magnifier Page

The magnifier page allows you to enable/disable magnification and specify how magnification is performed.

###### Aktivera förstorare

The first control on the magnifier page is the "Enable magnifier" check box. This check box toggles whether or not Orca will provide magnification. This option, along with the ability to enable speech and enable braille support, allow Orca to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users.

###### Zoominställningar

Two zoomer GUI controls determine magnification characteristics:

- "Scale factor", which sets magnification power from 1.0x to 16.0x (fractional values are supported).

- "Position", which sets the location and size of the magnifier window: "Full Screen", "Left Half", "Right Half", "Top Half", "Bottom Half", and "Custom". The default position is "Full Screen". Choosing "Custom" causes four spin buttons to become available: "Top", "Left", "Right", and "Bottom". These spin buttons allow you to define the location of each edge of the zoom window. Units are in pixels.

###### Raminställningar

These options are not available in "Full Screen" mode.

###### Aktivera ram

This option determines if a window border is visible for the magnifier.

###### Ramstorlek

This value determines the size of the border in pixels.

###### Markörinställningar

These controls can be used to customize the size and color of the magnifier's cursor.

###### Aktivera markör

If this check box is enabled then a cursor is visible and the size and color options become available.

###### Anpassad storlek

Enable this check box if you would like to make the mouse pointer larger than it normally is. The cursor size can be changed from the default value of 32 pixels.

###### Custom color

If the cursor is enabled, a custom color can also be applied.

###### Inställningar för sikte

This set of controls can be used to customize the magnifier's optional area-targeting cursor.

###### Aktivera sikte

If checked, you can additionally configure the clipping behavior, size and color of the cross-hair.

###### Enable cross-hair clip

If enabled, the cross-hair will be "clipped" (removed) in the area immediately surrounding the mouse pointer.

###### Storlek på sikte

This control sets the thickness of the cross-hair in pixels.

###### Cross-hair color

This control allows a custom color to be used for the cross-hair.

###### Färginställningar

This allows you to do some rough color adjustments of the magnified region.

###### Invertera färger

Creates a reverse or negative-image effect.

###### Brightness

Ranges from -1 to 1 (-1 is black/no brightness; 1 is white/total brightness; 0 is "normal"/unchanged).

###### Kontrast

Ranges from -1 to 1 (-1 is grey/no contrast; 1 is maximum contrast; 0 is "normal"/unchanged).

###### Inställningar för spårning och justering

Dessa alternativ kontrollerar spårningen av muspekaren.

###### Muspekare

Välj från följande alternativ:

###### Centrerad

Keeps the mouse pointer at the center of the screen whenever possible. This is the default.

###### Proportional

Positions the mouse pointer in the zoom window relative to its actual, unmagnified position. For instance, if the mouse pointer is 25% away from the left edge of the desktop, Orca positions the magnified mouse pointer 25% from the left edge of the zoom window.

###### Push

Moves the zoomer window the least amount necessary to keep the mouse pointer on the screen.

###### None

Moving the mouse pointer has no impact on what the zoomer window displays.

###### Pointer follows zoomer

This option is enabled by default. If the mouse pointer is not on the screen when you initially move the mouse, it will be moved into the zoomer so that you can continue to see what you were working on. If your preferred mouse tracking mode is centered, the pointer will be moved to the center; otherwise it will be moved to the item with focus.

###### Kontroll- och menyobjekt

These options control additional behavior of the magnifier.

###### Centrerad

When navigating via keyboard, keep the focused dialog box control or menu item at the center of the screen whenever possible.

###### Push

When navigating via keyboard, move the zoomer window the least amount necessary to display the focused dialog box control or menu item. This is the default.

###### None

Using the keyboard to navigate among dialog box controls and menu items will have no impact on what the zoomer window displays.

###### Pointer follows focus

If this option is enabled, the mouse pointer will follow you as you arrow through menu items and move among controls in dialog boxes. This option is disabled by default.

###### Textmarkör

These options control how the text cursor behaves.

###### Centrerad

As the text cursor moves, keep it at the center of the screen whenever possible.

###### Push

As the text cursor moves, move the zoomer window the least amount necessary to display it. This is the default.

###### None

Moving the text cursor will have no impact on what the zoomer window displays.

###### Edge margin

The edge margin is how close the caret should be allowed to get to the edge of the screen before it's time to "push" the zoomer window. The margin can range from 0 to 50%, with 50% being the equivalent of choosing centering. The default value is 0.

This option is only available if "Push" is your text cursor tracking mode.

###### Avancerade inställningar

If you press the Advanced Settings button located near the bottom of the Magnifier page, the following dialog will appear:

Orca GUI Configuration - Magnifier - Advanced Settings

###### Smoothing

Bilinear or none.

###### Brightness

Red, Green, Blue: Individual controls for choosing customized brightness levels. Choosing different brightness levels for each color allows you to create the color scheme that works best for you.

###### Kontrast

Red, Green, Blue: Individual controls for choosing customized contrast levels. While not as significant as changes to brightness, choosing different contrast levels for each color helps you to create the color scheme that works best for you.

###### Color Filtering

Allows you to pick one of the colorblind filters available through libcolorblind.

In order to take advantage of this feature you will need to install libcolorblind and then rebuild gnome-mag.

###### Multi-Monitor Settings - Source Display

X Window System DISPLAY of what should be magnified. Written in the form ":0.x" where x is the number of the screen whose contents should be magnified.

###### Multi-Monitor Settings - Target Display

X Window System DISPLAY of where to put the zoomer window. Written in the form ":0.y" where y is the number of the screen where the zoomer window should appear.

##### Tangentbindningar

Orca GUI Configuration - Key Bindings Page

The key bindings page allows you to examine and modify the key bindings for Orca.

###### Orcas modifierartangent(er)

The first control on the key bindings page allows you to examine which key (or keys) acts as the "Orca modifier." The Orca modifier is the key that you press and hold in conjunction with other keys to give commands to Orca. For desktop keyboards, the Orca modifier defaults to Insert. For laptop keyboards, the Orca modifier defaults to the Caps Lock key. See the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and Laptop Keyboard Layout () sections for the default values.

You cannot modify the Orca modifier key(s) using the Configuration GUI at this time.

###### Tabell över tangentbindningar

The key bindings table provides a list of Orca operations and the keys that are bound to them.

The "Function" column header is a description of the Orca operation to be performed.

The "Key Binding" header is the primary way to invoke the function from the keyboard. Note that the function description may include the word "Orca". This indicates that the Orca modifier key should be held down along with the other keys.

The "Alternate" header provides an alternate mechanism for invoking the function from the keyboard.

To modify either the "Key Binding" or the "Alternate" bindings, arrow to the cell and press Return. Then, press a key combination and press Return to confirm the new combination. When you do so, the new keystroke will be saved and the check box in the last column (the "Modified" column) will indicate that the key binding has been modified.

To undo a modified keybinding, merely arrow to the modified column, uncheck the checkbox, and press the "Apply" button AltA.

Beneath the list of Orca keybindings, you will find a group of "unbound" commands:

Orca GUI Configuration - Key Bindings Page showing the 'unbound' group of commands

These are commands which we feel will be very useful for some users, but not needed by most users. Rather than "use up" a keystroke for such commands, we have left them unassigned. You can assign a keystroke to any of these unbound commands by following the procedure outlined above. In addition, you can unbind any bound command in a similar fashion: press Return to edit the keybinding, and when prompted for the new keybinding, press Delete or Backspace. You will be told that the key binding has been removed. Press Return to confirm.

##### Uttal

Orca GUI Configuration - Pronunciation Page

Sometimes your speech synthesizer just doesn't say the right thing for a given string. You might prefer to hear "laughing out loud" rather than "LOL." Or there may be a name or a technical term which the synthesizer mispronounces. The pronunciation page is where you can add, edit, and delete Orca's pronunciation dictionary entries. Because the pronunciation page is also part of the application-specific settings dialog that's started when you give a particular application focus and type Orca_ModifierCtrlSpace, you can customize your entries on an as-needed basis for each application you use.

###### Add a new dictionary entry

1. Press the New Entry button (AltN).

2. Type the text of the new entry and press Return to finish editing the actual string.

3. Move to the Replacement String column and press Return to begin editing.

4. Type the text that you would like to have spoken instead and press Return to finish editing the replacement string.

###### Edit an existing dictionary entry

1. Move to the cell you wish to edit and press Return to begin editing.

2. Make your changes and then press Return to finish editing.

###### Delete an existing dictionary entry

1. Move to the entry you wish to delete.

2. Press the Delete button or AltD.

##### Textattribut

Orca GUI Configuration - Text Attributes Page

Orca will speak known text attribute information about an object when you press InsertF (desktop layout) or Caps_LockF (laptop layout). Because the number of text attributes is large, and not everyone cares about every attribute, the "Text Attributes" tab of the configuration GUI allows you to customize which text attributes Orca will present.

On this tab is a text attribute list, where each row consists of four columns:

- Namnet på textattributet.

- A checkbox which the user can set to indicate whether this text attribute should be spoken or not.

- A checkbox which the user can set to indicate whether this text attribute should be "underlined" on the braille display.

- An editable "Present unless" string value. By default, not all text attributes will have this set. If present, what it means (assuming the user wants this text attribute presented) is that the value of the attribute will only be presented if it is not this value.

  For example, by default the "underline" text attribute has a value of "none." If the user has this attribute checked and the user types Orca_ModifierF and the text in question is not underlined, then this attribute is not spoken. If you always want this attribute to be spoken irrespective of whether the text is underlined, then the attribute should be checked and the "Present unless" value cleared.

- There is also a Reset button (AltR) which will set the list values back to their initial state when the dialog was first displayed.

When you initially display the text attribute pane, all your checked attributes are put at the top of the list. They are given in the order that they will be spoken and brailled.

If you decide to check others or adjust the order, there are four buttons to help you do this:

- Move to top (AltT) - moves the selected attribute to the top of the list.

- Move up one (AltU) - moves the selected attribute up one row.

- Move down one (AltD) - moves the selected attribute down one row.

- Move to bottom (AltB) - moves the selected attribute to the bottom of the list.

Beneath these push buttons is the Braille Indicator group of radio buttons. Here you can select the cell or cells to be used to indicate text which has at least one of the specified attributes. Your choices are:

- Ingen (standardvärdet)

- Punkt 7

- Punkt 8

- Punkt 7 och 8

Text attributes can also be set on an individual application basis. The text attribute pane is also part of the application-specific settings dialog that's started when you give a particular application focus and type Orca_ModifierCtrlSpace.

#### Tangentbordskommandon för Orca

You can get a complete list of available keyboard commands by visiting the Key Bindings page of the Orca Configuration GUI (). To bring up the Orca Configuration GUI, press Orca_ModifierSpace, where `Orca_Modifier` is the Insert key for the desktop layout and the Caps_Lock key for the laptop layout. Note that you can also enter Orca's "learn mode" while running Orca by pressing Orca_ModifierH. When in learn mode, Orca will intercept all keyboard and braille input events and tell you what the effect would be. To exit learn mode, press the Escape key.

Orca provides additional commands for some applications, such as Firefox. To get the list of additional commands for an application, press CtrlOrca_ModifierSpace when that application has focus. This will bring up the Orca Configuration GUI in the "application-specific" state, and the additional commands will appear in the Key Bindings page.

The GNOME Desktop itself also has built in keyboard commands to control the desktop and its applications.

WARNING: the MouseKeys functionality of AccessX can interfere with the Orca modifier key (see bug 548169), resulting in odd behavior. In particular, MouseKeys uses the KP_Insert key to emulate a mouse button press. When enabled, MouseKeys can conflict with KP_Insert as the Orca modifier, resulting in what appears to be a stuck Orca modifier key. As an alternative, you can use the laptop key bindings, which avoids the keypad for Orca commands. If you accidentally enabled MouseKeys, you can disable it via the gnome-keyboard-properties application.

##### Layout för stationär dator

Following is a list of common Orca keyboard commands for desktop keyboards arranged by category:

###### Flat review commands

- Numpad-7 - move the flat review cursor to the previous line and read it.

- Numpad-8 - read the current line.

- Numpad-9 - move the flat review cursor to the next line and read it.

- Numpad-4 - move the flat review cursor to the previous word and read it.

- Numpad-5 - read the current word.

- Numpad-6 - move the flat review cursor to the next word and read it.

- Numpad-1 - move the flat review cursor to the previous character and read it.

- Numpad-2 - read the current character.

- Numpad-3 - move the flat review cursor to the next character and read it.

- Numpad-slash - perform a left mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Numpad-star - perform a right mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Numpad-minus - toggle between flat review and focus tracking mode.

The above commands apply when working with objects as well as when working with text. For example, if the flat review cursor were positioned on a menu bar, pressing the "read current line" command would speak the names of all visible menus. Similarly, pressing the "read next word" command would speak the object to the right of the flat review cursor on the same line, or move flat review to the next line if no more objects were found.

###### Bokmärkeskommandon

- AltInsert[1-6] - assign a bookmark to a numbered slot. If a bookmark already exists in the slot it will be replaced with the new one.

- Insert[1-6] - go to the position pointed to by the bookmark bound to this numbered slot.

- AltShift[1-6] - "Where am I" information for this bookmark relative to the current pointer location.

- InsertB and InsertShiftB - move between the given bookmarks for the given application or page.

- AltInsertB - save the defined bookmarks for the current application or page.

###### Diverse funktioner

- NumpadPlus - "say all" command; reads from the current position of the caret to the end of the document.

- NumpadEnter - "Where am I" command; speaks information such as the title of the current application window, as well as the name of the control that currently has focus.

- InsertH - enter into Orca's "learn mode"; press Escape to exit.

- InsertF - speak font and attribute information for the current character.

- InsertSpace - Launch the Orca Configuration dialog.

- InsertCtrlSpace - reload user settings and reinitialize services as necessary. Also launches the Orca Configuration dialog for the current application.

- InsertS - toggle speech on and off.

- InsertF11 - toggle the reading of tables, either by single cell or whole row.

- InsertQ - quit Orca.

###### Kommandon för felsökning

- CtrlAltInsertHome - report information on the currently active script.

In order for the next three commands to be of use, Orca needs to be started from a virtual console or via gnome-terminal. Output is sent to the console only (i.e., it is not sent to speech or braille).

- CtrlAltInsertEnd - print a debug listing of all known applications to the console where Orca is running.

- CtrlAltInsertPage_Up - print debug information about the ancestry of the object with focus.

- CtrlAltInsertPage_Down - print debug information about the hierarchy of the application with focus.

##### Layout för bärbar dator

Following is a list of common Orca keyboard commands for laptop keyboards arranged by category:

###### Flat review commands

- Caps_LockU - move the flat review cursor to the previous line and read it. Double-click to move flat review to the top of the current window.

- Caps_LockI - läs den aktuella raden. Dubbelklicka för att läsa den aktuella raden tillsammans med formatering och skiftlägesdetaljer.

- Caps_LockO - move the flat review cursor to the next line and read it. Double- click to move flat review to the bottom of the current window.

- Caps_LockJ - move the flat review cursor to the previous word and read it. Double-click to move flat review to the word above the current word.

- Caps_LockK - läser det aktuella ordet. Dubbelklicka för att stava ordet. Trippelklicka för att höra ordet fonetiskt uttalat.

- Caps_LockL - flytta markör för platts granskning till nästa ord och läs det. Dubbelklicka för att flytta platt granskning till ordet under det aktuella ordet.

- Caps_LockM - flytta markören för platt granskning till föregående tecken ord läs det. Dubbelklicka för att flytta platt granskning till slutet av den aktuella raden.

- Caps_LockKomma - läs det aktuella tecknet. Dubbelklicka för att uttala tecknet fonetiskt, om det är en bokstav.

- Caps_LockPunkt - flytta markören för platt granskning till nästa tecken och läs det.

- Caps_Lock7 - genomför ett vänstermusklick på platsen för markören för platt granskning.

- Caps_Lock8 - genomför ett högermusklick på platsen för markören för platt granskning.

- Caps_Lock8 - genomför ett högermusklick på platsen för markören för platt granskning.

- Caps_Lockp - toggle between flat review and focus tracking mode.

The above commands apply when working with objects as well as when working with text. For example, if the flat review cursor were positioned on a menu bar, pressing the "read current line" command would speak the names of all visible menus. Similarly, pressing the "read next word" command would speak the object to the right of the flat review cursor on the same line, or move flat review to the next line if no more objects were found.

###### Bokmärkeskommandon

- AltCaps_Lock[1-6] - add a bookmark to the numbered slot. If a bookmark already exists for the slot it will be replaced with the new one.

- Caps_Lock[1-6] - go to the position pointed to by the bookmark bound to this numbered slot.

- AltShift[1-6] - "Where am I" information for this bookmark relative to the current pointer location.

- Caps_LockBand Caps_LockShiftB - move between the given bookmarks for the given application or page.

- AltCaps_LockB - save the defined bookmarks for the current application or page.

###### Diverse funktioner

- Caps_LockSemicolon - "Say all" command; reads from the current position of the caret to the end of the document.

- Caps_LockEnter - "Where am I" command; speaks information such as the title of the current application window, as well as the name of the control that currently has focus.

- Caps_LockH - enter learn mode (press Escape to exit).

- Caps_LockF - läs upp information om typsnitt och attribut för aktuellt tecken.

- Caps_LockBlanksteg - starta konfigurationsdialogen för Orca.

- Caps_LockCtrlSpace - reload user settings and reinitialize services as necessary; also launches the Orca Configuration dialog for the current application.

- Caps_LockS - växla uppläsning på och av.

- Caps_LockF11 - växla uppläsning av tabeller, antingen efter enstaka cell eller hel rad.

- Caps_LockQ - avsluta Orca.

###### Kommandon för felsökning

- Caps_LockAltCtrlHome - rapportera information om för närvarande aktivt skript.

In order for the next three commands to be of use, Orca needs to be started from a virtual console or via gnome-terminal. Output is sent to the console only (i.e., it is not sent to speech or braille).

- Caps_LockAltCtrlEnd - skriver ut en felsökningslistning över alla kända program till konsollen där Orca körs.

- Caps_LockAltCtrlPage_Up - skriver ut felsökningsinformation om ursprunget till objektet med fokus.

- Caps_LockAltCtrlPage_Down - skriver ut felsökningsinformation om objekthierarkin för programmet med fokus.

#### Programspecifik information

##### Hjälpmedelsprogram

Orca is designed to work with applications and toolkits that support the Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface (AT-SPI). This includes the GNOME Desktop and its bundled applications: OpenOffice, Firefox, and the Java platform. Some applications work better than others, however, and the Orca community continually works to provide superior access to more and more applications.

##### Making Application-Specific Settings

To customize the settings for a particular application, you will first need to run that application. Make sure the application has focus, then press Orca_Modifier CtrlSpace (by default, this will be InsertCtrl Space for the Desktop keyboard layout).

This brings up a tabbed dialog window very similar to the Orca configuration dialog, but with the following differences:

1. There is no initial General pane.

2. The Speech System and Speech Synthesizer combo boxes on the Speech pane will be grayed out (made inactive).

3. Any existing application-specific key bindings will appear at the top of the list on the Key Bindings pane.

4. There may be a new application-specific settings pane at the end of the set of tabbed panes. Note that pressing the End key from the tab list will get you directly to the right-most tab.

Adjust your application-specific settings in the same way you set your general Orca preferences. For example, you may have Key Echo disabled generally in Orca but would like to specifically have it enabled for the gcalctool (GNOME Calculator) application. Here's where you could easily set that.

When you have your application settings customized the way you want, press the OK button. These settings will be written to your `~/.orca/app-settings` directory in a file called `<APPNAME>.py`, where `<APPNAME>` is the name of the application.

These files are automatically written by Orca. The contents of the file will be overwritten each time you change your application settings for that application.

If you want to have some extra application-specific settings or code that you don't want to lose, then you should put it in a file called `~/.orca/app-settings/<APPNAME>-customizations.py`. This file will be automatically read when the settings for the `<APPNAME>` application are loaded.

Note that this is an advanced feature that we don't expect many people to use. It's just there if you really want it.

There is currently one known bug (some people would call it a feature) that we are trying to track down and fix:

If you adjust one or more application-specific key bindings, the new values will not take effect until you've pressed the OK button. The work-around is to either restart Orca, or Alt-Tab away to some other application and then Alt-Tab back to the one that you've just changed the key bindings for.

#### Punktskrift

Orca använder BrlTTY för punktskriftsstöd. På Linux-system används BrlTTY för att komma åt innehåll i textlägeskonsollen. På en vanlig punktskriftsaktiverad installation av Linux körs redan BrlTTY och tillhandahåller åtkomst till textkonsoller. När Orca startar så ansluter den till BrlTTY. Om du växlar från en textkonsoll till din X Windows-session kommer din punktskriftsdisplay att automatiskt följa med och visa innehållet som Orca visar för dig.

Orca försöker att arbeta med olika utgåvor av BrlTTY. Det fungerar mycket bra med BrlTTY v3.7.2 och vi har även arbetat med BrlTTY-teamet för att få det att fungera med BrlTTY v3.8. Resten av detta dokument tillhandahåller information relaterad till användningen av Orca med BrlTTY 3.8.

Nedan är beskrivningar av de nödvändiga uppgifterna för att installera/konfigurera BrlTTY i Ubuntu och Solaris. För båda så behöver du först hämta ner brltty-3.8.tar.gz från webbplatsen för BrlTTY.

##### BrlTTY 3.8 på Ubuntu

Konfigurera först din byggmiljö för att bygga BrlTTY. Mycket av denna konfiguration görs automatiskt åt dig i Ubuntu-distributionen med redan installerade produkter såsom G++. I tillägg måste du även installera tcl, Pyrex samt utvecklingsmiljön Python. Kör följande kommandon som `root` för att installera dessa:

    apt-get build-dep brltty
    apt-get install tcl8.4 python-pyrex python-dev

När du sedan bygger BrlTTY så bör du undvika att konfigurera paketet med --prefix=/usr. Använd standardproceduren istället och kör följande kommandon som `root`:

    gunzip -c brltty-3.8.tar.gz | tar xvf -
    cd brltty-3.8
    ./autogen
    ./configure
    make
    make install

Kör BrlTTY som `root`:

    /bin/brltty -bauto -d/dev/ttyUSB0

Om du vill så kan du ta bort den befintliga `/sbin/brltty` och ersätta den med `/bin/brltty`, antingen genom att kopiera `/bin/brltty` till `/sbin/brltty` eller helt enkelt genom att skapa en symbolisk länk. Gör så på din egen risk.

#### Problemlösning

##### Mitt skrivbord har slutat att svara. Vad kan jag göra?

Press AltF2 or MetaR to open the Run dialog and restart Orca by running a new instance: type `orca` and press Enter. This will force any existing Orca processes to exit and will then restart Orca. This sometimes has the effect of unhanging the desktop (which is usually due to an ill-behaved application).

If you cannot get to a terminal window, try pressing Ctrl AltBackspace : shut down the X Window System server. This should return you to the login screen.

## Rörelsehinder

Mobility impairments can be caused by arthritis, stroke, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and loss of limbs or digits, among others. Poor muscle control or weakness can make using standard keyboards and mouse devices difficult. For instance, some people are unable to type two keys simultaneously, while others tend to hit multiple keys or to bounce keys when pressing or releasing them. People who are able to use only one hand likewise have difficulties with some keyboard and mouse tasks.

The technologies which can assist those with mobility impairments are:

- On-Screen Keyboard - lets users select keys using a pointing method such as pointing devices, switches, or Morse-code input systems.

- Mouse and Keyboard Enhancements - helpful for users who have trouble typing and controlling a mouse or a keyboard.

### GNOME-skärmtangentbord (gok)

The On-Screen Keyboard application displays virtual keyboards on your desktop. You can use the standard mouse pointer or alternative pointing device to operate the virtual keyboards. On-Screen Keyboard displays the following types of keyboards:

- Composer Keyboards enable you to compose text. To type alphanumeric characters, you select the characters on the composer keyboard.

- Dynamic Keyboards reflect the applications that are currently running on the desktop. For example, On-Screen Keyboard generates dynamic keyboards that contain keys to represent the applications that are running on your desktop or the menus that are contained in an application.

Du måste aktivera tjänster för hjälpmedelstekniker innan du kan använda många av de hjälpmedelsverktygen som finns tillgängliga.

1. Välj SystemInställningarHjälpmedelsteknik.

2. Välj Aktivera hjälpmedelsfunktioner och tryck sedan på Stäng och logga ut.

3. Logga sedan in igen. Tjänster för hjälpmedelstekniker kommer automatiskt att startas.

### Maximera programfönster för användare med skärmtangentbord

Om du använder Skärmtangentbord så kan du inte använda några program i helskärmsläget därför att programfönstret täcker fönstret för Skärmtangentbord.

Genomför följande steg för att ändra storlek på fönstret för att använda det med programmet Skärmtangentbord:

1. Aktivera inte helskärmsläget i programmet.

2. Ge fokus till programfönstret.

3. Tryck på F10 för att maximera programmet.

### Mus- och tangentbordsförbättringar

Det här avsnittet beskriver hur man konfigurerar mus och tangentbord för att göra dessa enheter tillgängliga för fler användare.

#### Konfigurera musen

Använd inställningsverktyget Mus för att konfigurera musen till att passa dina behov. För att öppna inställningsverktyget Mus, välj System Inställningar Mus. Dialogrutan Musinställningar kommer att visas.

##### Konfigurera musbeteendet

Följande avsnitt beskriver hur man ändrar beteendet för musen för att passa dina behov.

###### Konfigurera musen för vänsterhänt användning

To configure the mouse for left-handed use, click on the Buttons tab in the Mouse Preferences dialog, then select the Left-handed mouse option. When you select this option, the system swaps the functions of the left mouse button and the right mouse button immediately.

###### Konfigurera dubbelklicksbeteendet

If you have difficulty double-clicking, you can increase the period of time that the system allows to elapse between the first click and the second click of a double-click. For example, if the double-click timeout setting is 0.4 seconds, you must perform the second click of a double-click within 0.4 seconds of the first click. If the second click occurs more than 0.4 seconds after the first click, the system interprets the two clicks as two single clicks.

To configure the double-click timeout setting, perform the following steps:

1. Click on the Buttons tab in the Mouse Preferences dialog.

2. Use the Timeout slider to specify the timeout in seconds that the system allows between the two clicks of a double-click. Moving the slider to the right will increase the timeout interval in 0.1 second intervals. In the same manner, moving the slider to the left will decrease the timeout in 0.1 second intervals.

3. Double-click on the light bulb to the right of the slider to test the setting. If you perform the two clicks of the double-click within the timeout specified, the light bulb lights up fully to display a yellow glow around the bulb. If you do not double-click within the timeout specified, the light bulb does not light fully. You should increase the timeout setting and try again. When the light bulb lights, the timeout setting is suitable for your needs.

###### Ändra storleken för muspekaren

To change the size of the mouse pointer that is displayed on the desktop, perform the following steps:

1. Klicka på fliken Pekare i dialogrutan Musinställningar.

2. This will display a list of pointer themes and sizes available.

3. By default, GNOME does not include mouse pointer themes. Information about installing and using pointer themes can be found in the User Guide.

On some platforms you must log out and log in again for this setting to take effect.

###### Lokalisera muspekaren

If you have difficulty locating the mouse pointer on the screen, you can enable an option to highlight the pointer when you press the Control key. To enable this option, click on the Pointers tab in the Mouse Preferences dialog, then select the Highlight the pointer when you press Ctrl option. When you press Control, the system displays an animation around the pointer to highlight the pointer.

On some platforms, you must log out and log in again before this setting takes effect.

###### Konfigurera hastighet och känslighet för musen

Genomför följande steg för att konfigurera hastighet och känslighet för musen:

1. Click on the Motion tab in the Mouse Preferences dialog.

2. Konfigurera följande alternativ:

   Accelerering

     Use the slider to specify the speed at which the mouse pointer moves around the screen when you move the mouse.

     If you select a low setting, the mouse pointer moves at a speed similar to the speed at which you are physically moving the mouse. This means that you need to physically move the mouse larger distances to cover the screen area. If you select a high setting, the mouse pointer moves at a faster speed than the speed at which you physically move the mouse. This means that you need to physically move the mouse small distances to cover the screen area.

   Känslighet

     Use the slider to specify how responsive the mouse pointer is to movements of the mouse. Moving the slider to the right will increase the sensitivity and moving it to the left will decrease the sensitivity.

   Tröskelvärde

     Use the slider to specify the distance that you must move an item before the system interprets the move action as a drag-and-drop action.

##### Konfigurera markören

The following section describes how to modify the display characteristics of the cursor.

###### Stoppa markörblinkningen

Genomför följande steg för att stoppa markören från att blinka i textrutor och andra områden:

1. Välj System Inställningar Tangentbord för att starta inställningsverktyget Tangentbord.

2. In the Keyboard tabbed section, deselect the Cursor blinks in text boxes and fields option.

##### Mus-emulering med tangentbord

If you have difficulty using a mouse, you can use the keyboard to emulate the mouse functions. See of this guide for more information.

#### Konfigurera ett hjälpmedelstangentbord

Använd inställningsverktyget Tangentbord för att konfigurera alternativ för tangentbordshjälpmedel. För att öppna inställningsverktyget Tangentbord, välj System Inställningar Tangentbord. Alternativ för hjälpmedel kan aktiveras genom att välja fliken Hjälpmedel.

The Accessibility tabbed section allows the following options:

"Allow to turn accessibility features on and off from the keyboard" (Alt-A) - this determines if keyboard accessibility functions can be turned on or off with a key command.

Simulate simultaneous keypresses (Alt-S) - allows multiple shift (or other) keys to be entered individually but processed as a single combination keystroke. This keyboard accessibility technique is known as "sticky keys."

Disable sticky keys if two keys are pressed together (Alt-B) - automatically exit the sticky keys mode if any key combination is entered normally (eq, at the same time instead of entered individually).

Only accept long keypresses (Alt-O) - in this mode, keys must be pressed for a given length of time before they are accepted as input. This accessibility technique is also known as "slow keys." This portion of the Accessibility tabbed section also supplies a Delay slider (Alt-D) to indicate the press-down delay before the key is accepted as input.

Ignore fast duplicate keypresses (Alt-I) - in this mode, successive entry of the same key will only have a single instance of that key accepted as input. This accessibility technique is also known as "bounce keys." This portion of the Accessibility tabbed section also supplies a Delay slider (Alt-E) to indicate the press-down delay before successive keys are ignored.

#### Konfigurera en tangentbordsbaserad mus

Använd inställningsverktyget Tangentbord för att konfigurera tangentbordet till att simulera en mus. För att öppna inställningsverktyget Tangentbord, välj System Inställningar Tangentbord. Alternativet Mustangenter kan aktiveras genom att välja fliken Mustangenter.

"Tillåt styrning av muspekaren med tangentbordet" (Alt-M) - denna bestämmer om tangentbordet kan användas för att styra muspekaren.

Acceleration (Alt-C) - bestämmer hur snabbt musrörelsen ska accelerera när tangentbordets riktningstangenter trycks ned.

Hastighet (Alt-H) - bestämmer hur snabbt muspekaren ska röra sig när tangentbordets riktningstangenter trycks ned.

Fördröjning (Alt-F) - bestämmer hur mycket (eller om) tangenttryckningar kan dämpas eller ignoreras när tangentbordets riktningstangenter trycks ned.

#### Musjusteringar

Musjusteringar är en samling hjälpmedelsförbättringar för pekdon. Paketet `mousetweaks` tillhandahåller funktionerna som erbjuds av fliken Hjälpmedel i inställningsverktyget Mus. Det innehåller även två panelprogram som är relaterade till mushjälpmedel. Mer specifikt:

- Det låter användare genomföra ett sekundärklick genom att klicka och hålla ner den primära musknappen.

- It offers a way to perform the various clicks without using any hardware button. In this context, the Dwell Click panel applet can be used to choose what click type to perform.

- It provides the Pointer Capture panel applet. This applet creates an area on the panel into which the pointer can be captured until the user releases it with a predefined button and modifier combination.

Most mouse-related accessibility options can be found by using SystemPreferencesMouse and selecting the Accessibility tab. Two additional panel applets can optionally be added to the GNOME menu bar / system panel as well; see the sections below. The full manual can be viewed by selecting the Help item from the contextual menu of the Dwell Click applet.

##### Simulerat sekundärklick

Ett sekundär- eller högerklick kan genomföras genom att använda primärknappen och hålla ner den för en angiven tidsperiod.

##### Uppehållsklick

A click can be issued by having the mouse pointer dwell in a given spot for a specified delay. In this mode, the click-type is determined by the ClickType window, Dwell Click applet, or by the direction in which the user moves the mouse after the dwell time has elapsed. The click-type can be single, double, drag or right.

The Dwell Click panel applet can be installed by right-clicking the GNOME Desktop menu bar / system panel, selecting Add to Panel, choosing Dwell Click and clicking the Add button.

##### Pekarfångst

The mouse pointer can be locked into an area of the screen so the pointing device is free for other tasks. For example, this capability allows a powerchair user to control both the powerchair and the mouse pointer with a single powerchair joystick.

The Pointer Capture panel applet creates such an area on the panel, into which the user can lock the pointer until released in a determined way.

The Pointer Capture panel applet can be installed by right-clicking the GNOME Desktop menu bar / system panel, selecting Add to Panel, choosing Pointer Capture and clicking the Add button.

Preferences may be set by choosing Preferences in the context menu of the Pointer Capture applet:

In the Capture Pointer section, the user can specify under what circumstances the pointer gets captured when it moves into the capture area. For example, if the Ctrl modifier key is checked, the pointer gets captured when it is over the capture area and the user presses the Ctrl modifier key. If no modifier is checked and the mouse button is set to 0, the pointer only has to move into the capture area to get locked. It is also possible to specify a combination of modifiers and mouse button.

In the Release Pointer section, the user can specify what modifier or mouse button releases the pointer. It is also possible to specify a combination of modifiers and mouse button.

In the Size of Capture Area section, the user can specify the width of the capture area on the GNOME panel.

#### Dasher

Dasher är ett informationseffektivt textinmatningsgränssnitt som styrs av naturliga, kontinuerliga pekgester. Dasher är ett konkurrenskraftigt textinmatningssystem där ett tangentbord med full storlek inte kan användas - till exempel på en handdator eller en mindre dator, eller när en dator används med en hand (med styrspak, pekskärm eller mus) eller inga händer alls (t.ex. med huvudstyrd mus eller ögonspårare).

1. Välj ProgramTillbehörTerminal.

2. Ange: `sudo apt-get install dasher`

3. Ange: `dasher`

Dasher kan även installeras från dialogrutan ProgramLägg till/Ta bort. Oavsett kan den senare startas på följande sätt:

- Tryck på AltF2 eller MetaR för dialogrutan Kör, ange `dasher` och tryck på Enter.

- Välj ProgramTillbehörTerminal och kör `dasher`.

- Tryck på Alt-F1 och välj ProgramAllmän åtkomstDasher.