# GNOME 桌面辅助功能指南

The GNOME Accessibility Guide is for users, system administrators, and anyone else who is interested in how the GNOME Desktop supports people with disabilities. This guide also addresses the requirements of Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act.

2006
Don Scorgie
2006
Brent Smith
2005
2004
2003
2002
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
2008.Launchpad Contributions:
Aron Xu (aronmalache@163.com)
GNOME文档项目

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. You can find a copy of the GFDL here or in the file COPYING-DOCS distributed with this manual.

This manual is part of a collection of GNOME manuals distributed under the GFDL. If you want to distribute this manual separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the license to the manual, as described in Section 6 of the license.

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2. 无论在任何情况以及在任何法律理论下，本文档或文档修改版本的作者、最初的编写者、任何撰写人或任何分发者，或者任意这些方的任何提供者都不对任何人由于使用本文档或文档修改版本引起或带来的任何直接的、间接的、特殊的、偶然的或继发的损失承担任何民事（包括疏忽）、合同或其它方面的责任，这些损失包括但不限于信誉损失、工作停止、计算机失败或故障，或任何以及所有其它损失或由此引发的或与之相关的损失，即使这些方已被告知存在出现此类损失的可能性时也是如此。

Vincent
Alexander
GNOME文档项目
Don
Scorgie
GNOME文档项目
Brent
Smith
GNOME文档项目
Sun
Java桌面系统文档团队
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
GNOME 2.24 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.24.0
September 2008

GNOME文档项目

GNOME文档项目

GNOME 2.24 Desktop Accessibility Guide V2.24.0
September 2008

GNOME文档项目

GNOME文档项目

GNOME 2.10 桌面辅助功能指南 V2.10.1
2005年7月

Sun Java桌面系统文档团队

GNOME文档项目

GNOME 2.10 桌面辅助功能指南 V2.10.0
2005年3月

Sun Java桌面系统文档团队

GNOME文档项目

GNOME 2.8 桌面辅助功能指南 V2.8.0
2004年9月

Sun Java桌面系统文档团队

GNOME文档项目

GNOME 2.6 桌面辅助功能指南 V2.6.0
2004年3月

Sun Microsystems

GNOME文档项目

GNOME 2.4 桌面辅助功能指南 V2.4.0
2003年10月

Sun Microsystems

GNOME文档项目

GNOME 2.2 桌面辅助功能指南 V2.2.0
2003年2月

Sun Microsystems

GNOME文档项目

GNOME 2.0 Solaris 操作环境辅助功能指南 V2.1
2003年1月

Sun Microsystems

GNOME文档项目

GNOME 2.0 Solaris 操作环境辅助功能指南 V2.0
2002年12月

Sun Microsystems

GNOME文档项目

This manual describes version 2.24 of the GNOME Desktop.

## 反馈

To report a bug or make a suggestion regarding the GNOME Desktop or this manual, follow the directions in the GNOME Feedback Page.

## 辅助功能简介

本章向您介绍关于GNOME桌面辅助技术的使用。

软件产品应该具备让残疾人也能方便使用的特性。最近的一些立法像美国政府康复法案（Rehabilitation Act）508 条款，提高了软件可操作性的意识。

The GNOME Desktop is easy to use and incorporates many accessibility features. Every supported application and utility in the GNOME Desktop is designed with accessibility and usability in mind. Users with physical disabilities such as low vision or impaired motor skills can use all of the functionality of the GNOME Desktop thanks to the customization tools that are available. These customization tools enable you to fine-tune the appearance and behavior of the desktop.

The ability to easily customize the GNOME Desktop contributes greatly to the accessibility of the desktop. This guide describes the various options available to meet your particular needs.

### Quick Reference

To jump to a specific topic, follow these quick reference links:

To hear screen elements spoken to you, see the Orca section.

If you need large print, read about Choosing Themes and Customizing Fonts.

To have some or all of the screen magnified, see the Magnifier section.

If you prefer a pointing device over the keyboard, you can configure an on-screen keyboard for point-and-click typing; see the GNOME Onscreen Keyboard (gok) section.

If you can only press one key at a time, see the Sticky Keys portion of the Configuring an Accessible Keyboard section.

If you tend to press keys for too long a time (normally causing inadvertant extra keys), see the Slow Keys portion of the Configuring an Accessible Keyboard section.

If you tend to press keys multiple times (normally causing inadvertant extra keys), see the Bounce Keys portion of the Configuring an Accessible Keyboard section.

For further mouse- or pointer-based accessibility support, see the MouseTweaks and Configuring an Accessible Keyboard sections. These tools supply several accessibility aids for pointer devices and keyboards.

## 常规辅助功能提示

一些技术可以帮助不同残疾的人们。这些包含在下面的章节。特别是：

- Essential Keyboard Commands - covers some basic keyboard commands.

- Keyboard Desktop Navigation - allows users to navigate the desktop without using a mouse or pointer device.

- Accessible Login - users can configure the login screen to be more accessible.

### Essential Keyboard Commands

Before moving forward, be sure you are familiar with these essential GNOME commands:

AltF1 [Debian] - display and activate the GNOME Desktop menu bar. This grants access to the Applications, Places and System menu bar items.

For Solaris and Windows systems, this key is CtrlEsc.

AltF2 or MetaR - summons the Run dialog, where you can issue terminal commands with or without parameters. If a file needs to be passed as one of these parameters, use the Run With File button to easily locate the file needed. This dialog also presents an alternate list of known applications which may be easier to navigate than the Debian system desktop menu (AltF1) approach.

For Solaris systems, this key is MetaR (as with Microsoft Windows). A meta- or super-key is an OS-logo shift key.

Tab and ShiftTab - move focus within an application between controls; use Tab to cycle forward through controls and ShiftTab to cycle backwards. Controls are any user-interactive element that you can manipulate, such as buttons, drop-down lists, text fields, etc. CtrlTab and ShiftCtrlTab are used instead where Tab and ShiftTab are reserved for use by the focused control.

AltTab and ShiftAltTab - switches between currently running applications. If you have multiple programs running, use AltTab to cycle forward through the applications and ShiftAltTab to cycle backwards. AltEsc and ShiftAltEsc also cycle between applications, but without an application preview window.

### 辅助技术登录

The GNOME Desktop includes an Accessible Login feature, enabling users to:

- 即使用户不能像通常那样很方便地使用屏幕，鼠标，或键盘，也可以登录桌面。

- Launch assistive technologies at login time by associating a user action with an assistive technology application. The user can perform the user action from the standard keyboard, or from a keyboard, pointing device, or switch device that is attached to the USB or PS/2 mouse port. These user actions are called gestures.

- Change the visual appearance of the login dialog before the user logs in; for example, using a high-contrast theme for better visibility.

Accessible login features are presently 100% functioning for Solaris only.

#### Enabling Accessible Login

In order to use the accessibility support for GNOME, the accessibility infrastructure must be enabled. To enable GNOME accessibility features from the command line, type the following command and then log out:

`gconftool-2 --set "/desktop/gnome/interface/accessibility" --type boolean "True"`

To enable GNOME accessibility features from a GUI, run the System Preferences Assistive Technology command from the top level menu. Select the "Enable assistive technologies" checkbox and then press the "Close and Log Out" button.

The next time you log in, assistive technology support will be enabled for the desktop.

To configure GDM by using the GUI (the preferred method), perform the following steps:

1. 以`root`用户登录。

2. Run gdmsetup from a terminal; you may be advised to reboot after exiting the application.

To configure GDM if you cannot access the GUI environment, you will need to navigate the file system and modify files:

1. 以`root`用户登录。

2. Open the file `/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf`

3. 搜索下面这一行：

   `#AddGtkModules=false`

   用下面这一行替换：

   `AddGtkModules=true`

   这一步是启用GtkModules。

4. 搜索下面这一行：

   `#GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener`

   然后删除此行开头的`#`使这一行如下：

   `GtkModulesList=gail:atk-bridge:dwellmouselistener:keymouselistener`

   The above lines must be displayed as single lines in the `custom.conf` file without line breaks. The formatting of this guide may display the lines as being longer than two lines.

   This step loads all of the GtkModules to enable assistive technologies such as On-Screen Keyboard and Screen Reader and Magnifier . You can edit the line above further to load only the GtkModules that you require to support the user base. For example:

   - If you need to use the Screen Reader and Magnifier, include `gail` and `atk-bridge`.

   - If you need to use a pointing device without buttons or switches, include `gail`, `atk-bridge` and `dwellmouselistener`.

   - 如果你使用有开关的指针设备，可供选择的自然键盘，或开关按钮设备，包括 `keymouselistener`.

   - On-Screen Keyboard can operate without `gail` and `atk-bridge`, but with a reduced feature set.

   对最优化的可操作性，包括 `gail` 和 `atk-bridge`.

5. Save the `/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf` file.

   If you make any changes to the `/etc/X11/gdm/custom.conf` file after you enable GDM, you can execute the following command to restart GDM and activate the changes:

   `gdm-restart`

6. 编辑文件`/etc/group`，在`audio`一行下附加下面内同：

   `，gdm`

   这一步确保用 GDM 说话工作。

7. 重启你的系统

Xserver is required for all distributions; for Linux and OpenSolaris, it should be Xorg. You can find them in both `/etc/X11` and `/usr/bin`. Generally for Linux there will be a symbol link in `/etc/X11/X` and it is always linked to the binary `Xorg` in `/usr/bin/Xorg`. For OpenSolaris, you can find this process with the command `ps -ef | grep X`.

To enable or disable Xorg extensions, you can edit the file `/etc/X11/xorg.conf` and add the following parameters to enable different extensions:

    Section "Extensions"
      Option "Composite"         "Enable"
      Option "other extensions"  "Enable/Disable"
    EndSection

#### Starting Assistive Technologies at Login

如果你在 GDM 配置文件里，装载了 `keymouselistener` `dwellmouselistener` GtkModules，你可以在登录时，联接用户动作到一个指定的辅助技术。这些用户动作称为手势。各个手势包含在下面的 GDM 配置文件里：

- `/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessKeyMouseEvents`

- `/etc/X11/gdm/modules/AccessDwellMouseEvents`

如果你更改了这些文件，为使改动生效你必须重启系统。

下面章节包含了你可以添加到 GDM 配置文件里的手势例子。

The gestures must be contained in a single line in the `AccessKeyMouseEvents` file without line breaks. The formatting of this guide might display the examples in the following sections across multiple lines.

##### Starting the Screen Reader Using a Keyboard Shortcut

Edit the `AccessKeyMouseEvents` file to associate keyboard shortcuts with assistive technologies. For example, the following lines enable you to press and hold CtrlS or CtrlM for one second to either start speech or magnification:

`<Control>s 1 1000 10000 /usr/bin/orca -n -d main-window`

`<Control>m 1 1000 10000 /usr/bin/orca -n -d main-window -e magnifier`

##### Starting On-Screen Keyboard Using a Switch or Button Gesture

编辑 `AccessKeyMouseEvents` 文件；联接开关，按键或鼠标手势与辅助技术。由于主要的输入设备对许多 屏幕键盘 用户是一个开关或按钮，这就是一个很好的方法，可以让用户在登录时启动 屏幕键盘。

如果这有可能让用户无意中启动一个程序，你可以联接手势与多个开关按键或持续一定时间。例如，下面这一行启动 application>屏幕键盘

`<Switch2>3 100 2000 gok --login --accessmethod=inversescanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch2`

使用单个开关的用户可能更喜欢自动扫描模式启动 屏幕键盘，下面的命令行以自动扫描模式启动 屏幕键盘，当用户在一个可选择设备上按下开关四秒钟后。

`<Switch>1 4000 5000 gok --login --accessmethod=automaticscanning --scan-action=switch1 --select-action=switch1`

For information about the On-Screen Keyboard operating modes, see the online help for On-Screen Keyboard.

##### Starting On-Screen Keyboard Using a Motion-Only Gesture

你可以定义手势只需一个动作在指针设备比如鼠标，或者其他指针设备，比如 head pointer 或轨迹球。手势的格式并不随设备的改变而改变，比如使用鼠标或其他指针设备。编辑 `AccessKeyMouseEvents` 文件来联接动作手势跟辅助技术。

If the `dwellmouselistener` GtkModule is loaded, alternative pointing devices are temporarily latched to the core pointer. This means that if the user moves the alternative pointing device, the on-screen pointer moves.

For example, the following line starts On-Screen Keyboard in dwell mode when the user moves the on-screen pointer from inside the login dialog through the top edge, back into the dialog through the top edge, out of the dialog through the left edge, back into the dialog through the left edge, and similarly through the bottom and right edges of the dialog in a cross pattern:

`TTLLBBRR O 10000 gok --login --access-method=dwellselection --input-device=MOUSE[3]`

注意：`--input-device` 参数指定手势必须匹配用户的输入设备名称，例如一个head pointer 或轨迹球，在 `/etc/X11/XF86Config` 里指定。

#### 辅助登录的附加需求

To enable the Accessible Login feature to use alternative pointing devices and switch devices such as sip-and-puff switches, wheelchair-mounted switches or trackballs, you might need to modify your X server system configuration to recognize these devices. You can use most devices that emulate mouse buttons with the Accessible Login feature and On-Screen Keyboard, including USB single switches and mouse-like pointing devices.

You should not configure an alternative input device to control the primary on-screen pointer. This might result in undesirable behavior or cause situations from which the user of the alternate input device cannot recover without using the primary keyboard or mouse. To prevent this problem, remove any occurrences of the attributes `SendCore` or `AlwaysCore` from any of the `InputDevice` lines in the X Server configuration file.

### 键盘桌面导航

这一章节讲述如何仅使用键盘来操作 GNOME 桌面。使用鼠标或其他指针设备有困难的用户，可以使用键盘来浏览和使用桌面。

#### 键盘导航功能介绍

这一章节讲述键盘快捷键要点，允许你使用键盘来浏览桌面。

在这一章里描述了你能定制的一些键盘快捷键。文本显示你可以定制的快捷键。更多如何定制快捷键的信息，请参阅 .

##### 基本键盘快捷键

下表列出了你可以用来访问桌面的基本快捷键。访问特殊元件和控件的键盘快捷键将在这章的适当段落里讲述。

键 | 功能
--- | ---
Tab 键 | 把焦点移到下一个元素或控件。
ShiftTab 键 | 反向移动把焦点给上一个元件或控件。通常情况，Shift 键反方向移动。
CtrlTab 键 | Give focus to the next element or control if the Tab key has a specific purpose in a control. For example, if you press Tab in a text box, the system inserts a tab space. 要把焦点给前一个元素或控件，按组合键 ShiftCtrlTab.
方向键 | 在一个元素或控件内移动
空格键。 | 激活有焦点的元素或控件。例如，如果当前控件是一个按钮，这个动作等同于用鼠标在按钮上点击。
Esc | 关闭一个窗口，菜单，或抽屉。
F7 | 切换到插字(caret)浏览模式。插字(caret)浏览模式，允许你使用键盘来选择文本。更多相关信息，请参阅 .

##### 通用键盘快捷键

下表列出了你可以在 GNOME 桌面任何地方使用的键盘快捷键。

键 | 功能
--- | ---
AltF1 | 打开 主应用程序菜单. 你可以定制这个快捷键。 For Solaris systems, this key is Ctrl-Esc (as with Microsoft Windows).
AltF2 | Open the Run Application dialog. 你可以定制这个快捷键。 For Solaris systems, this key is Meta-R (as with Microsoft Windows). A meta- or super-key is an OS-logo shift key.
捕捉屏幕 | 启动屏幕捕捉程序，捕捉一个全屏幕的快照。 你可以定制这个快捷键。
Alt捕捉屏幕 | 启动屏幕捕捉程序，捕捉一个当前窗口的快照。 你可以定制这个快捷键。
F1 | 如果焦点元素是一个应用程序窗口或对话框，这个快捷键将打开程序的帮助。
CtrlF1 | 如果焦点元素是一个面板或应用程序窗口，这个快捷键将切换窗口或面板对象浮动提示信息的显示或关闭。
ShiftF10 | Open a popup menu for the element that has focus (if a popup menu exists for that element).

#### 访问桌面背景

桌面背景是 GNOME 桌面的一部分，它里面没有项目界面或应用程序，比如面板，窗口等。下表列出了你可以操作桌面背景和桌面对象的快捷键。桌面背景对象是在桌面上的图标，你可以用它来打开文件，文件夹，或应用程序。

键 | 功能
--- | ---
CtrlAltD | 暂时隐藏所有窗口，把焦点给桌面背景。 要想恢复窗口，再次按组合键 CtrlAltD. 你可以定制这个快捷键。 For Solaris systems, this key is Meta-D (as with Microsoft Windows). A meta- or super-key is an OS-logo shift key.
CtrlAltTab 键 | Display a popup window with icons that represent the desktop background and the panels. Press and hold CtrlAlt and continue to press Tab to switch the focus between the desktop background and the panels. 你可以定制这个快捷键。
方向键 | Give focus to a neighboring desktop background object (if the desktop has focus).
A sequence of characters that matches the first n characters of a desktop background object name. | If the desktop background has focus, give focus to the desktop background object whose name starts with the specified sequence of characters.
F2 | 重命名当前获得焦点的桌面对象。
ShiftF10 | 打开获得焦点的桌面对象的弹出菜单。
Ctrl F10 | 打开 桌面背景 菜单。

#### 访问面板

面板是一个区域，你可以从这儿运行指定的程序，应用程序，面板小程序。最常见的面板是在桌面底部的跟桌面一样宽的长条。下表列出了你可以访问面板和面板对象的键盘快捷键。

键 | 功能
--- | ---
Ctrl AltTab 键 | Give focus to a panel. This keyboard shortcut displays a popup window with icons that represent the desktop background, panels, and drawers. Press and hold CtrlAlt and continue to press Tab to switch the focus between the desktop background, panels, and drawers. If you're especially dexterous, you can add Shift to go in reverse. 你可以定制这个快捷键。
Tab 键 | 把焦点给面板上的下一个对象。
F10 | Open the Applications menu when the Menu Panel has focus. Continue to press F10 to switch focus between the Applications menu and the window list. This key behavior may alter slightly depending on context and specific user setup.
空格键。 | Activate a panel object; for example, open a menu or start a launcher (icon shortcut).
ShiftF10 | 打开面板对象的弹出菜单。
CtrlF10 | 打开面板弹出菜单。

##### Moving Panel Objects

你可以在一个面板或抽屉里，移动一个获得焦点的面板对象到另一个位置，或者你可以把它移动到另一个面板上。要移动一个面板对象，请按下面的步骤操作：

1. 按 Tab 把焦点移到这个对象上。

2. 按组合键 ShiftF10 打开对象的弹出菜单。

3. Use the arrow keys to select the Move menu item.

4. Use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to perform the move operation:

   键 | 功能
   --- | ---
   方向键 | Move the object left/right on a horizontal panel, or up/down on a vertical panel.
   Shift + 方向键 | Move the object with focus, swapping positions with any other objects encountered.
   Ctrl + 方向键 | Move the object, swapping positions with any other objects that you encounter in the move.
   Tab 键 | 移动对象到下一个面板。
   空格键。 | 完整的移动操作

The following examples demonstrate the effect of different move operations on the objects in a panel:

实例 | 描述
--- | ---
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and 帮助 icon. | Show a panel with three panel objects before a move operation takes place.
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and 帮助 icon. | 显示在面板上，使用方向键移动 大眼睛Geyes 小程序的效果。你可以使用方向键从左到右来移动面板小程序，直到遇到下一个面板对象。
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Geyes icon, Volume Control icon, and 帮助 icon. | Shows the effect of using Shift + arrow keys to move the Geyes panel application on the panel. You can use the Shift + arrow keys to push the Volume Control and Help panel objects ahead of the object that you are moving.
Portion of a panel with three objects displayed in the following order from left to right: Volume Control icon, 帮助 icon, and Geyes icon. | Shows the effect of using Ctrl + arrow keys to move the Geyes panel application on the panel. You can use the Ctrl + arrow keys to swap positions with the Volume Control and Help panel objects as you meet the objects.

Panel applications that are Locked cannot be moved. To unlock a panel application, use the panel object menu and deselect the Lock to Panel option.

##### Navigating Drawers

抽屉是面板上一个可折叠的菜单条。下表列出了你访问以及打开和退出抽屉的快捷键。当你打开一个抽屉，你可以用访问面板的方法来访问抽屉里的内容。更多使用面板的相关信息，请参阅 .

键 | 功能
--- | ---
空格键。 | 打开或关闭一个获得焦点的抽屉。
方向键 | 在获得焦点的抽屉中操作。
Esc | 关闭抽屉，把焦点给面板上的抽屉对象。

##### Navigating Panel Menus

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate menus on panels:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
空格键。 | 打开获得焦点的菜单。
方向键 | 使用菜单。
空格键。 | 选择一个菜单项。
ShiftF10 | Open the popup menu associated with a menu item (if one exists).
Esc | 关闭菜单。

##### Navigating Panel Applications

面板小程序是一个小的位于面板上的应用程序。你可以从键盘访问所有的面板小程序，和打开它们的弹出菜单。然而，如果面板小程序不包含可以获得焦点的控件，那么你就不能访问这个面板小程序的控件。下表列出了你可以用来访问面板小程序的键盘快捷键。

键 | 功能
--- | ---
空格键。 | 激活这个面板小程序中，获得焦点的控件，如果它可用的话。不是所有的面板小程序都包含你可用激活的控件。如果它不包含可激活的控件，那么按下 空格键 什么都不会发生。
方向键 | 访问面板小程序里的控件。
Shift F10 | 打开面板小程序弹出菜单。要访问菜单，使用标准的键盘快捷键来访问菜单。更多访问菜单的相关信息，请参阅 .

#### Navigating Workspaces

A workspace is a discrete area in which you can work. You can have many workspaces on your desktop and you can switch from one workspace to another. Each workspace can contain different windows and processes. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate workspaces:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
CtrlAlt + 方向键 | 把焦点给下一个或前一个工作区。这个快捷键显示一个弹出菜单，里面用图标表示各个工作区。按住组合键 CtrlAlt，然后按方向键在各个工作区之间切换焦点。 你可以定制这个快捷键。
CtrlShiftAlt + 方向键 | 把当前具有焦点的窗口移动到下一个或前一个工作区。 你可以定制这个快捷键。

#### 访问窗口

下面的段落讲述了你可以用来访问窗口的键盘快捷键。窗口是屏幕上的一个矩形框架，显示了一个应用程序。

你可以定制所有访问窗口的键盘快捷键。更多相关信息，请参阅：

##### Giving Focus to Windows

Before you can use or modify a window, you must give focus to the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to give focus to a window:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
Alt Tab 键 | Display a popup window with icons that represent each window. Press and hold Alt and continue to press Tab to move through the windows until you reach the window you want to have focus.
AltEsc | Raise each window in turn until you reach the window you want.
AltF6 | Cycle between windows belonging to the current application (eg, a multiple document interface application like Text Editor).

##### Controlling Windows

When a window has focus, you can perform various actions on the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to control the window that has focus:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
Alt空格键。 | Open the Window menu.
AltF4 | 关闭窗口。
Solaris： 打开 Linux：AltF9 | 最小化窗口：
AltF10 | 最大化窗口：
AltF5 | Restore a maximized window to its original size.

##### Moving Windows

When a window has focus, you can move the window around the screen. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to move a window:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
AltF7 | 开始移动操作。鼠标指针变成双十字箭头。
方向键 | 顺着方向键的方向，每次移动窗口 10 像素。
Ctrl + 方向键 | 顺着方向键的方向移动窗口，每次移动 1 像素。
Shift + 方向键 | Move the window in the direction of the arrow key and align it with the edge of the nearest window, panel or screen edge.
空格键。 | Complete the move operation, leaving the window in the current position.
Esc | Cancel the move operation, restoring the window to its original position.

##### Resizing Windows

When a window has focus, you can increase or decrease the size of the window. The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to resize the window that has focus:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
Alt F8 | 开始改变大小操作
方向键 | Resize the window in the direction of the arrow key.
空格键。 | Complete the resize operation, leaving the window at the current size.
Esc | Cancel the resize operation, restoring the window to its original size.

##### Navigating Paned Windows

A paned window is a window that is split into two or more panes. Help Browser is an example of an application that uses paned windows.

The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate paned/split windows:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
F6 | 把焦点给下一个窗口栏。系统把焦点给窗口栏里最后获得焦点的控件。
F8 | 把焦点给窗口里第一个改变大小的分栏。改变大小分栏是窗口之间的分栏，你可以用它来改变窗口栏大小。再次按 F8 键，把焦点给下一个改变大小分栏。

When the resize handle has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to modify the paned window:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
方向键 | 少量移动改变大小栏
Ctrl + 方向键 | 较大移动改变大小栏
Home 键 | Contract the pane to the minimum size allowed. For vertical panes, reduces the size of the pane to the left of the resize handle to the minimum size allowed. For horizontal panes, reduces the size of the pane above the resize handle to the minimum size allowed.
End 键 | Expand the pane to the maximum size allowed. For vertical panes, increases the size of the pane to the left of the resize handle to the maximum size allowed. For horizontal panes, increases the size of the pane above the resize handle to the maximum size allowed.
空格键。 | Set the position of the resize handle and return focus to the last control that had focus.
Esc | Reset the position of the resize handle to the original position and return focus to the last control that had focus.

#### 访问应用程序

An application is any program, utility, or other software package that you run on your desktop. Applications contain standard user interface components:

窗口

  窗口是屏幕上用一个矩形框架来显示一个应用程序。更多窗口的相关信息，请参阅：

对话框

  A dialog is a popup window which displays information or accepts input from the user. See for information about how to navigate dialogs.

控件

  A control is any user-interactive screen element. Examples of controls include buttons, check boxes, menus, and text boxes. See for detailed information about how to navigate the different types of controls that are available.

This section of the manual describes the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use in applications and dialogs.

##### 访问应用程序的基本快捷键

Since there are so many applications that you can use in the GNOME Desktop, this manual does not describe all the custom keyboard shortcuts that you can use with each individual application. However, the basic keyboard shortcuts are common to many applications.

Access keys are another way to quickly navigate applications with the keyboard. An access key is identified by an underlined letter on a menu or control. In some cases, you must press Alt in combination with the access key to perform an action.

The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate applications:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
F10 | 打开应用程序菜单栏的第一个菜单。
Alt + 访问键 | 用访问键打开相关的菜单
访问键 | 用访问键选择相关的菜单项。
左方向键 和 右方向键 | 在各个菜单之间切换焦点，在菜单栏里。
上方向键 和 下方向键 | 移动焦点进入一个菜单。
Esc | Close the open menu and give focus to the control that had focus before the menubar.
CtrlO | 打开文件选择对话框。
Ctrl S | 打开保存对话框
Ctrl L | Open a Location dialog, enabling you to type the name of a file that you want to open or save.
Ctrl P | Open a Print dialog, if available.
Ctrl C | Copy highlighted text to the global, application-spanning clipboard.
Ctrl X | Cut highlighted text to the global, application-spanning clipboard.
Ctrl V | Paste text from the global, application-spanning clipboard to the current cursor position.

##### 访问对话框的基本快捷键

The following table lists the essential keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate dialogs:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
Alt 访问键 | 激活或选择一个控件
Tab 键 | 把焦点给下一个控件
Ctrl Page Up | Move to the next page/tabbed section of the dialog.
Ctrl Page Down | Move to the previous page/tabbed section of the dialog.
Esc | Cancel/dismiss the dialog. Some application-specific dialogs may retain dialog settings, but this practice is discouraged. These dialogs usually have a single Close button, with no Ok/Accept buttons.
回车键 | Perform the default action for the dialog. The default action will usually apply any changes and close the dialog. A default button will have a bold outline and a selected button will have a slightly bolder outline than the default button.

#### 访问文件管理器

By default, the file manager operates in Spatial mode. This mode uses separate windows for each folder. Conversely, Browser mode will reuse the same window for each folder.

For more information about different modes for the file manager, see the user guide.

##### Navigating Folders

The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that enable you to navigate folders in the file manager:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
方向键 | 顺着方向键的方向，选择下一个或前一个文件或文件夹。
Ctrl + 方向键 | Give focus to the next or previous file or folder but do not select the item. This allows multiple, non-contiguous blocks of files to be selected.
空格键。 | 打开文件或文件夹
Ctrl + 空格键 | 选中当前项
匹配一个文件名的前 n 个字符的一段字符串。 | 选中以指定的顺序字符开始的第一个文件或文件夹。
Home 键 | 选中当前文件夹里的第一个文件或文件夹。
End 键 | 选中当前文件夹里的最后一个文件或文件夹。
退格键 | 向上一级，打开当前文件夹的父文件夹。
Shift-F10 | Open a file or folder popup menu.
Ctrl-F10 | Open the enclosing folder's popup menu (equivalent to right-clicking on the view pane background).

##### Navigating Browser Window Components

When operating in Browser mode, the file manager window contains several components, with keyboard shortcuts defined to navigate each component:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
F6 | 在侧边栏和试图窗口之间切换焦点。
Shift F10 | 打开侧边栏的弹出菜单。

#### Caret Navigation Mode

The following table describes how to use caret navigation mode (eg, in supporting applications like Yelp, Evolution, Epiphany, or Firefox). Caret navigation is a mode of operation in an application which enables you to use the keyboard to navigate and select text.

键 | 功能
--- | ---
F7 | Switch to caret navigation mode [Yelp-only].
左方向键 | 左移一个字符
右方向键 | 右移一个字符
上方向键 | 移到上一行
下方向键 | 移到下一行
Ctrl + 左方向键 | 移到前一个词的开头。
Ctrl + 右方向键 | 移到下一个单词的末尾。
Page Up | 向上翻一页内容。
Page Down | 向下翻一页内容。
Home 键 | 移到当前行的开头。
End 键 | 移到当前行的结尾。
Shift + 方向键 | Move from the current position to the destination position, selecting all text between the two positions.
Tab 键 | 移动焦点到下一个控件。
Shift Tab 键 | 移动焦点到前一个控件。
回车键 | Activate a button, link or other control.

#### 访问标准元素和控件

下面的段落讲述了如何从键盘访问和使用标准用户界面元素和控件。

##### Navigating Menus

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate menus:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
上方向键 和 下方向键 | 把焦点给下一个菜单项，在菜单里。
右方向键 | 如果有焦点的菜单项是一个子菜单，打开子菜单并把焦点给子菜单里的第一个菜单项。 如果有焦点的菜单项不是一个子菜单，打开菜单栏的下一个菜单。
左方向键 | 如果有焦点的菜单项是一个子菜单，把焦点切换回子菜单。 如果有焦点的菜单项不是一个子菜单，打开菜单栏的上一个菜单。
回车键 | 选择有焦点的菜单项，关闭打开的菜单。
访问键 | Select the menu item that is associated with the access key and close the menu.
空格键。 | Select the focused menu item and close the menu except when the menu item is a check box or radio button.
Esc | Close the menu.

##### Navigating Buttons

按钮是一个控件，你可以用来执行一个动作。大多数按钮是一个矩形包含一个文本标签。

###### 按钮示例

关闭按钮

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate buttons:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
空格键。 | 激活一个按钮。这相当于点击一个按钮。
回车键 | 激活一个按钮，或者，如果没有激活的按钮，执行对话框的默认动作。

##### Navigating Radio Buttons

单选按钮是一种控件，你只能在多个选项中选择一个选项。

###### 单选按钮示例

两个单选按钮实例

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a set of radio buttons:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
方向键 | 选择下一个或前一个单选按钮，取消这一组里其他选中的按钮。

##### Navigating Check Boxes

复选框是一种控件，你可以用它来选中或取消选中一个选项。

###### 复选框示例

复选框的例子

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a check box:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
空格键。 | 选中或取消选中复选框

##### Navigating Text Boxes

文本框是一种你可以输入文字的控件。

###### 单行文本框示例

输入一行文字的文本框实例。

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a single line text box:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
左方向键 | 移动光标位置向左一个字符。
右方向键 | 向右移动光标一个字符。
Ctrl左方向键 | Position the cursor at the start of the current word. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press left arrow to position the cursor at the start of the previous word.
Ctrl 右方向键 | Position the cursor at the end of the current word. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press right arrow to position the cursor at the end of the next word.
Home 键 | 移动光标到行首。
End 键 | 移动光标到行尾。
Shift左方向键 或者 右方向键 | 选中光标左边或右边的一个字符。
Shift Ctrlleft arrow or right arrow | 选中光标左边或右边的一个词。
Shift Home 键 | 选中光标左边所有的文本。
Shift End 键 | 选中光标右边的所有文本。
Ctrl A | 选中文本框里的所有文本。

In addition to the keyboard shortcuts listed in the previous table, use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate multi-line text boxes:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
Page Up | 移动光标到当前屏幕视图顶端。再按一下 Page Up 键，到上一屏视图视图顶端。
Page Down | 移动光标到当前屏幕视图末尾。再按一下 Page Down 键，到下一屏视图视图末尾。
Ctrl 上方向键 | Position the cursor at the start of the current paragraph. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press the up arrow key to position the cursor at the start of the previous paragraph.
Ctrl 下方向键 | Position the cursor at the end of the current paragraph. Press and hold Ctrl and continue to press the down arrow key to position the cursor at the end of the next paragraph.
Ctrl Page Up | 左移光标一屏视图的宽度。
Ctrl Page Down | 右移光标一屏视图的宽度。
Ctrl Home 键 | 移动光标到文本框的开头。
Ctrl End 键 | 移动光标到文本框的末尾。
Ctrl Tab 键 | 把焦点给对话框里的下一个控件。
Shift Page Up | Select the text to the start of the current view. Press and hold Shift and continue to press Page Up to extend the selection to the start of the previous view.
Shift Page Down | Select the text to the end of the current view. Press and hold Shift and continue to press Page Down to extend the selection to the end of the next view.
Shift Home 键 | 选中到这一行开头的文本。
Shift End 键 | 选中到这一行末尾的文本。
Shift Ctrl上方向键 | 选中到这一段开头的文本，然后到上一段的开头。
Shift Ctrl下方向键 | 选中到这一段末尾的文本，然后到下一段的末尾。
Shift CtrlHome 键 | 选中到文本框开头的文本。
Shift CtrlEnd 键 | 选中到文本框末尾的文本。

##### Navigating Spin Boxes

微调按钮框是一种控件，你可以输入一个数值或从列表里选择一个值。

###### 微调按钮框示例

微调按钮框示例，包含一个文本框和一个向上向下的箭头按钮。

The keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the text box area of a spin box are listed in . The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the up and down arrows in the spin box:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
上方向键 或者 下方向键 | 把微调按钮框中的数值，增大或减小一点。
Page Up 或者 Page Down | 把微调按钮框中的数值，增大或减小许多。

##### Navigating Drop-Down Lists

下拉列表框是一种控件，你可以用它选择一个或几个可用的项目。下拉列表框包含一个显示可用项目的按钮。

###### 下拉列表框示例

下拉列表框示例

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a drop-down list:

键 | 功能
--- | ---

空格键。

这个键执行下面的一个功能：

- 人工下拉列表框没有打开，此键将打开下拉列表框。

- 人工下拉列表框已经打开，此键将接受当前选择项并关闭列表。

上方向键 | 选择列表中的前一项。
下方向键 | 选择列表中的后一项。
Esc | 不改变选中的，关闭列表。

##### Navigating Drop-Down Combination Boxes

组合框是一个文本框和一个下拉列表的组合。

###### 组合框示例

组合框实例。包含一个文本框和一个箭头按钮，你可以点击它显示下拉列表。

When the text box has focus, use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in to navigate the text box area. When the text box has focus, you can also use the keyboard shortcuts in the following table to navigate the drop-down list area:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
上方向键 | 不显示下拉列表，选择列表里的前一项。
下方向键 | 不显示下拉列表，选择列表里的下一项。
Ctrl 下方向键 | 打开下拉列表。

When the drop-down list has focus, you can use the keyboard shortcuts that are listed in the following table to navigate the drop-down list:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
上方向键 | 选择列表中的前一项。
下方向键 | 选择列表中的后一项。
Home 键 | Select the first item in the list.
End 键 | Select the last item in the list.
Page Up | 选择当前列表视图顶部的项。
Page Down | 选择当前列表视图底部的项。
空格键。 | 接受当前选择项，然后关闭下拉列表。
Ctrl Page Up | 卷动到列表的左边，如果需要的话。
Ctrl Page Down | 卷动到列表的右边，如果需要的话。

##### Navigating Sliders

滑块是一个控件，你可以使用它来设定连续范围的数量。

###### 滑块示例

滑块示例，显示一个滑块控件，你可以向左或向右移动它。

The following table describes the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a slider:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
left arrow or up arrow | 向左或向上移动滑块一点儿。
右方向键 或者 下方向键 | 向右或向下移动滑块一点。
Page Up | Move the slider left or up by a large amount.
Page Down | Move the slider right or down by a large amount.
Home 键 | 移动滑块到最大值。
End 键 | 移动滑块到最小值。

##### Navigating Tabbed Sections

###### 标签面板对话框实例

Editing profile dialog from the GNOME 终端 application; contains six tabbed sections.

Windows and dialogs are sometimes divided into logical sections that are displayed one section at a time on the window or dialog. The overall control is referred to as a notebook or tabbed panel. The divisions are called panels, pages, or tabs, and are sometimes collectively referred to as a tabstrip or notebook header. Each individual tab is identified by a text label.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate the tabbed sections of a window or dialog when a tabstrip has focus:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
左方向键 | 把焦点给前一个标签面板。
右方向键 | 把焦点给下一个标签面板。
Tab or Ctrldown arrow | Give focus to the first control in the active section.

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate a window or dialog when a control within a section has focus:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
Ctrl AltPage Up | Give focus to the previous section.
CtrlAltPage Down | Give focus to the next section.
Ctrl Tab 键 | Give focus to the next control outside the sections.

##### Navigating Lists

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate multi-column lists when a column header has focus:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
左方向键 或者 右方向键 | 把焦点给前一个或后一个列表头。
空格键。 | 激活表头。这个操作通常用来根据表头排序。
Tab 键 | 把焦点给列表内容。

The following table lists the keyboard shortcuts that you can use to navigate lists when the list area has focus:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
方向键 | 选择下一个或前一个行或列。
Page Up | Select the top row of the list contents that are currently in view. Press Page Up again to select the top row of the previous view.
Page Down | Select the bottom row of the list contents that are currently in view. Press Page Down again to select the bottom row of the next view.
Home 键 | 选择列表中的第一行。
End 键 | 选择列表中的最后一行。
Shift + 方向键 | 对支持多行选中的列表框，添加下一个或前一个的行或列到当前选择里。 对只允许单个选中的列表框，选择下一个或前一个的行或列。
Shift Page Up | 选中从当前选择到屏幕顶部的所有行。
Shift Page Down | 选中从当前选择到屏幕底部的所有行。
Shift Home 键 | 选中从当前选择到列表第一行之间的所有行。
Shift End 键 | 选中从当前选择到列表最后一行之间的所有行。
Ctrl + 方向键 | Give focus to the next row or column without extending the selection. Further items can be selected by pressing spacebar.
Ctrl Page Up | Give focus to the top row in the view without extending the selection.
Ctrl Page Down | Give focus to the bottom row in the view without extending the selection.
Ctrl Home 键 | Give focus to the first row in the list without extending the selection.
Ctrl End 键 | Give focus to the last row in the list without extending the selection.
回车键 | Activate the item(s).
Ctrl A | Select all rows (for lists that support multi-line selections).
Shift Tab 键 | 把焦点给列的表头，如果它可用的话。

##### Navigating Trees

树是一个界面控件，里面包含你可用扩展和折叠的项目。一个树通常存在层次结构。

###### 树结构示例

Categories tree from the gedit preferences dialog; contains three subcategories.

To navigate trees, you can use the same keyboard shortcuts that are listed in . In addition, the following table lists the keyboard shortcuts you can use for the tree items:

键 | 功能
--- | ---
+ (plus) or shiftright | 展开一项，它应该具有焦点。
- (minus) or shiftleft | 折叠一项，它应该具有焦点。
退格键 | 选择上一级项。
CtrlF | Display a search dialog, allowing you to type the name of the tree item that you want to find. Not all trees support searching.

#### 定制键盘快捷键

Use the Keyboard Shortcuts preference tool to display the default keyboard shortcuts that you use to navigate the GNOME Desktop. You can customize the default keyboard shortcuts to meet your requirements. You can also create hot keys (keyboard shortcuts which start applications).

To start the Keyboard Shortcuts preference tool, choose System Preferences Keyboard Shortcuts . The Desktop shortcuts table lists the keyboard shortcuts that are associated with each action.

##### Assigning and Clearing Keyboard Shortcuts

To assign a keyboard shortcut, perform the following steps:

1. 点击你想定制的动作，这一行将高亮显示，然后出来一个文本提示： 输入一个新的快捷键，或者按退格键清除.

2. 按下你想关联给这个动作的按键。新的快捷键出现在 快捷键 一列中。

要禁用键盘快捷键，请按下面的步骤操作：

1. 点击你想禁用的动作，这一行将高亮显示，然后出来一个文本提示： 输入一个新的快捷键，或者按退格键清除.

2. Press the backspace. The keyboard shortcut is disabled.

## 低视力或盲人

From low vision to blindness, the range of visual limitations is broad. Symptoms of low vision include dimness, haziness, extreme far-/near-sightedness, color blindness, and tunnel vision, among others. People with these disabilities are concerned with being able to see text or images on a computer screen and being able to perform tasks that require eye-hand coordination, such as moving a computer mouse. Text size and color can make a big difference in legibility for people with low vision.

能够帮助那些低视力和盲人的技术有：

- Desktop Appearance Enhancement - users can configure the desktop to be easy to read; for example, by increasing text size and using high-contrast themes.

- Screen Magnifier - this is like a magnifying glass. People using them are able to control what area of the computer screen they want enlarged, and can move the magnifier to view different areas of the screen. They are also known as screen enlargers or large print programs.

- Screen Reader - this makes on-screen information available as synthesized speech and/or a refreshable braille display. They generally only translate text-based information. Graphics and other non-textual objects can be translated if there is alternative text describing the item. They are also known as blind access utilities or screen reviewers.

### 桌面增强显示

This chapter describes the methods you can use to change the appearance of the GNOME Desktop in order to enhance the accessibility of the desktop for users with visual impairments.

#### 定制选项

There are several ways to customize the appearance of the GNOME Desktop to suit your specific needs:

主题

  Themes are the most effective way to change the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. See for more information about themes and how to use them to achieve the type of desktop environment that you require.

Desktop and Application-Specific Configuration Settings

  You can customize different components of the desktop to achieve the display settings that you require. You can configure the desktop and applications in addition to using themes or as an alternative to themes. See for more information.

下表概括了你可以对 GNOME 桌面进行的更改，以及在哪儿更改。这个指导并不提供详细的桌面设置说明。更详细的教程，请访问每个工具的帮助链接： User Guide.

##### 快速查阅桌面外观设置

要更改... | 使用...
--- | ---
Overall appearance of the desktop using high-contrast colors, low-contrast colors, or large print. | The Theme section of the Appearance preference tool.
桌面背景外观。 | The Desktop Background section of the Appearance preference tool; also the file manager Backgrounds and Emblems menu item.
Appearance of the mouse pointer. | The Theme section of the Appearance preference tool; use the Pointers tab of the Customize option.
桌面背景和所有桌面应用程序的字体显示。 | The Font section of the Appearance preference tool.
Text Editor 的默认字体设置，终端 或 帮助 程序。 | Normally these applications use the default application font that is specified in the Font section of the Appearance preference tool, but these font settings can also be overridden in the Preferences dialog for the application.

#### 使用主题定制桌面

这一段讲述了如何使用主题来定制 GNOME 桌面外观。

##### 主题介绍

A theme is a group of coordinated settings that specifies how a desktop component or a group of desktop components appears. You can use themes to modify and control the appearance of the desktop in a consistent manner. When you apply a theme, the system modifies many desktop components simultaneously to achieve the desired effect. For example, if you apply a theme that increases the font size across the desktop, the theme also modifies the size of panels and icons on the desktop for optimum compatibility with the font size. Some themes have suggested font settings that may optionally be auto-set; in addition, most colors within a theme can be customized.

A theme contains settings that affect different parts of the desktop:

控件

  The controls setting for a theme determines the visual appearance of all windows, applications, panels, and panel applications. The controls setting also determines the visual appearance of the GNOME-compliant interface items that appear on windows, applications, panels, and panel applications such as menus, icons, and buttons. Some of the control options that are available in the desktop are designed for special accessibility needs.

Window Border

  窗口框架设置仅决定窗口四周的边框外观。

图标

  图标设置决定了面板和桌面上图标的外观。

##### Choosing Themes

要选择一个主题，请按下面步骤操作：

1. Choose System Preferences Appearance . The themes are listed under the Theme tab.

2. Click on a theme in the list box to choose a new theme. The system automatically applies the theme to the desktop, and may also prompt whether to apply a suggested font for the theme.

   里面有几个适合不同可操作性需要的主题，下表讲述了这些主题：

   ###### 为可操作性需要设计的主题

   主题名称 | 描述
   --- | ---
   高对比度 | Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors.
   高对比度反色 | Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors.
   大字体 | 这个主题建议使用增大的18pt字体。背景色和前景色跟指定的 默认 主题相同。要使用建议的字体，请点击 应用字体 按钮。
   高对比大字体 | 这个主题建议使用增大的18pt字体，在亮背景上使用黑色文本。要应用建议的字体，请点击 应用字体 按钮。
   高对比大字体反色 | 这个主题建议使用增大的18pt字体，在暗背景上使用亮文本。要使用建议的字体，请点击 应用字体 按钮。

In some GNOME distributions there are also prebuilt low-contrast/low-contrast-large-print themes to complement the high-contrast theme set.

To view the controls, window frame, and icon settings that are associated with a theme, select a theme in the Appearance preference tool, then click on the Theme tab. The Customize option contains a tabbed section for each setting category. Each tabbed section lists the options that are available and the current setting for the theme is highlighted.

##### Modifying the Controls Setting for a Theme

要给一个主题设置控件选项，请按下面步骤操作：

1. Within the Theme tab, select the theme that you want to modify.

2. Click on the Customize button. The Customize Theme dialog is displayed.

3. 点击 控件 标签，显示各个控件选项。

4. Select the controls option that you want to associate with the current theme from the list box, then click Close. The following table lists the controls options that are suitable for accessibility needs:

###### 为可操作性需要设计的控件选项

控件选项 | 描述
--- | ---
高对比 | Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors.
高对比反色 | Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors.
大字体 | 增大控件的尺寸，以便适应大字体。要增大尺寸，你必须使用 字体 首选项工具。背景色和前景色跟选定的 默认 主题相同。
高对比大字体 | Provides dark text on a light background using high-contrast colors. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the Font preference tool.
高对比大字体反色 | Provides light text on a dark background using high-contrast colors. Increases the size of controls to accommodate larger fonts. To increase the font size, you must use the Font preference tool.

##### Modifying the Window Border Setting for a Theme

要给一个主题设置窗口边框，请按下面步骤操作：

1. In the Appearance preference tool, choose the Theme tab and the theme you want to modify.

2. Click on the Customize button. The Customize Theme dialog is displayed.

3. 点击 窗口边框 标签，显示可用的窗口框架选项。

4. Select the window frame option that you want to associate with the current theme from the list box, then click Close. The Atlanta option is designed for accessibility.

##### Modifying the Icon Setting for a Theme

要给一个主题设置图标选项，请按下面步骤操作：

1. In the Appearance preference tool, choose the Theme tab and select the theme that you want to modify.

2. Click on the Customize button. The Customize Theme dialog is displayed.

3. 点击 图标 标签，显示可用的图标选项。

4. Select the icon option that you want to associate with the theme from the list box, then click Close. The following table lists the icon options that are suitable for accessibility needs:

###### 为可操作性需要而设计的图标选项

图标选项 | 描述
--- | ---
高对比 | Provides dark-on-light icons using high-contrast colors.
高对比反色 | Provides light-on-dark icons using high-contrast colors.

##### Creating Your Own Themes

For information about how to create your own themes, see the System Administration Guide.

#### 定制特定的桌面组件

This section describes how to customize specific components of the GNOME Desktop individually.

##### Customizing the Desktop Background

The themes do not affect the desktop background. To set the desktop background, choose System Preferences Appearance and select a background from the Background tab. If no background is chosen, the first entry listed here may be used.

##### Customizing Desktop Background Objects

桌面上的图标尺寸，是由文件管理器 选项工具控制的。要改变图标大小，请按下面步骤操作：

1. 打开 文件管理器 窗口，然后点菜单 编辑首选项。

2. 选择 视图 标签。

3. In the Icon View Defaults group, select the zoom level that you require in the Default Zoom Level drop-down list.

##### Customizing Fonts

这一段讲述了如何为桌面和经常使用的程序设置字体。

如果你使用桌面和桌面背景上的，默认字体和字号有困难，那么你可以按自己的需要进行定制。

你可以为下面的这些桌面组件和应用程序，单独指定字体选项。

- Entire desktop (excluding the desktop background)

- 仅仅桌面背景

- 终端

- 文本编辑器

- 帮助

- Web 浏览器

###### Customizing Desktop Fonts

The Appearance preference tool allows you to specify the default fonts for the desktop.

To start the Appearance preference tool, choose System Preferences Appearance. The Fonts tab contains the following options:

Application Font

  点击这个选项为桌面上的文本选择一个默认字体，包括遵从 GNOME 应用程序的窗口，对话框和面板小程序上显示的文本。

  If you use a predefined theme and you click on the Apply Font button, the font that is associated with the theme overrides the font from the Appearance preference tool.

Document Font

  点击这个按钮来选择文档中显示的字体。

Desktop Font

  点击这个按钮来选择一个字体，它只用来显示桌面上的文件名。

Window Title Font

  Click on this button to select a font to use for the text that is displayed in the titlebar area of windows.

Fixed Width Font

  点击这个按钮选择一个字体来修改文档。

Font Rendering

  要确定如何渲染显示的字体，选择下面的选项之一：

  - 单色

  - Best Shapes

  - Best Contrast

  - Subpixel Smoothing

If you use large fonts, you may need to change the size of panes in some applications, such as the file manager and Help browser.

For more information about the Appearance preference tool and fonts, see the User Guide.

###### Customizing Application Fonts

By default, GNOME applications use the default font specified in the Appearance preference tool. Some applications allow this default font to be customized. These applications are:

- 帮助浏览器

- 文本编辑器

- 终端

- Web 浏览器

#### 适合特定的可操作性需要

下面的段落概述了在桌面特定区域改善可操作性的操作步骤。

##### Achieving a High- or Low-Contrast Desktop

To achieve a high- or low-contrast desktop, perform the following steps:

1. Use the Appearance preference tool to select the high-contrast or low-contrast desktop theme that you require from the Theme tab.

2. Use the Background tab to customize your desktop background as follows:

   - 设置 壁纸 为 无壁纸。

   - 设置 颜色 为 纯色.

   - 选择一个合适的背景色。

3. 在 终端 程序中，确保在 编辑配置文件 对话框里的， 颜色 标签里，选中了 使用系统主题的颜色 选项。

4. In the gedit (Text Editor) application, ensure that the Use default theme colors option is selected in the Fonts & Colors tabbed section of the Preferences dialog.

##### Achieving a Large Print Desktop

To achieve a large-print desktop, perform the following steps:

1. Use the Appearance preference tool to select the Large Print theme.

2. 点击 应用字体 按钮，增加桌面和窗口框架上的字体的大小。

3. Use the Desktop Font option in the Font tab to increase the font that is displayed on desktop background objects.

4. 增大显示在 终端 程序窗口中的字体大小。

5. If the Use default theme font option is selected in the gedit (Text Editor) Preferences dialog, gedit uses the font size that is specified in the large-print theme that you selected. However, if the Use default theme font option is not selected, increase the font size that is used to display the contents of the gedit text editor window. See the gedit manual for more information.

6. If you use applications that use panes, such as the file manager and help browser, you may need to change the size of panes to accommodate the large print. See the online help for the appropriate application for more information.

### Orca: Screen Reader and Magnifier

The Orca Screen Reader and Magnifier application enables users with limited or no vision to use the GNOME Desktop and associated applications. Orca provides the following functionality:

- Screen Reader

  The screen reader enables non-visual access to standard applications in the GNOME Desktop by using speech and braille output.

- 放大镜

  The magnifier provides automated focus tracking and full-screen magnification to aid low-vision users.

The following sections provide information about Orca and how to use it.

#### Orca 使用说明

##### 什么是Orca?

Orca is a flexible, extensible, and powerful assistive technology for people with visual impairments. Using various combinations of speech synthesis, braille and magnification, Orca helps provide access to applications and toolkits that support the AT-SPI (e.g., the GNOME Desktop). Orca is also free open source software.

##### 为什么叫Orca？

One of the first DOS screen readers was Flipper, made by Omnichron Corporation in Berkeley, CA. It was named Flipper in part because the blind wife of the programmer envisioned computers as being programmed by flipping switches (an accurate image of a bygone era). Then came another DOS screen reader, this one from Henter-Joyce in Florida - "Jobs Access With Speech" (or JAWS). And so on....

Although no obvious connection exists between blindness and creatures from the sea, there is certainly a naming tradition for screen-reader software. Hence Orca, which is a lot tougher-sounding than Nemo, Ariel, Willy, or Mr. Limpet.

##### 日程表是怎么样的？

Orca is part of the GNOME platform and Orca's releases are coupled with the releases of the GNOME platform.

##### 我如何能要求一个新特性？

Bugs and feature/enhancement requests (RFEs) should be reported to the GNOME Bug Tracking System . Patches are always welcome, and instructions for creating patches can be found in the GNOME Introduction to Subversion (SVN) .

##### 哪儿可以找着讨论列表？

You can get in touch with developers and other users by sending an e-mail to the Orca mailing list (Archives).

##### 支持布莱叶文吗？

Yes! Braille is supported via BrlTTY and it is tightly integrated with Orca. BrlTTY offers support for nearly every refreshable braille display known to man.

##### Is contracted braille supported?

Yes, Orca fully supports contracted braille output.

##### 哪些声音是可用的？

Orca provides interfaces to both `gnome-speech` and `emacspeak` speech services. As such, the available voices for Orca are only restricted by the speech engines supported by the available speech services. For free speech engines, you typically have a choice of the eSpeak, Festival, and FreeTTS speech engines. For commercial engines, you have a choice of additional engines such as Fonix DECtalk, Loquendo, Eloquence, Cepstral and IBMTTS, with others on the way. Periodically check the `gnome-speech` package for more progress in this area.

##### 支持哪些语言？

The GNOME translation teams are composed of many passionate volunteers from around the world. These teams do a great job and keep an up-to-date status report. See the Orca translation status page for the large number of languages into which Orca has been translated.

Note: support for a language also depends on the speech synthesis engine also supporting the same language.

##### 放大功能有多好？

Orca currently uses the `gnome-mag` magnification service. `gnome-mag` has incorporated support for smoother full-screen magnification, which relies upon newer extensions in the X Window System server. These extensions do not always function well on all platforms, so smooth full-screen magnification may not always work.

#### Enabling Orca

For a text-only guided setup, open a Run dialog with AltF2 or MetaR and use the command `orca --text-setup` Enter.

The first time Orca is launched you will be asked a few questions:

First you will be presented with a list of languages to choose from; there are currently about 45 languages supported. Most of this list will scroll off the screen, so you may have to use the terminal's scrollbar to view earlier parts of the list. Type in the number of your language choice (e.g., 7 for American English) and press Enter. You do not need to wait for the entire list to be spoken, and Orca attempts to make your default language the first choice (choice 1).

You are next asked to set Echo By Word. This option instructs Orca to speak words as you finish typing them. Type y or n and press Enter.

The next item is Key Echo. This option will speak all keys as they are pressed. Type y or n and press Enter.

Now select your desired keyboard layout; generally, you will want to choose the layout that matches your keyboard type - 1 for Desktop or 2 for Laptop. This choice will determine what key will act as the Orca modifier key. The Desktop layout uses Insert while the Laptop layout uses Caps Lock. A system, host, shift or modifier key is one which is used in conjunction with other keys, enabling keyboard access to most program functions.

Next, specify if you require braille output. This functionality assumes a BrlTTY-compatible device is available. Type y or n and press Enter. Note that you can usually just enter y here; Orca will recover gracefully and function even if it cannot find BrlTTY.

Lastly, indicate whether you want an on-screen braille output monitor. This is mostly for developers who need to verify BrlTTY output, but may also be useful in other situations, such as visually diagnosing or verifying braille output. Type y or n and press Enter.

That's it! Orca is now ready for use. If accessibility was not yet enabled, Orca does so now and asks you to logout and back in for the services to start. Type y and press Enter to restart your login session.

After completing the first-time Orca settings, use AltF2 or MetaR to bring up the Run dialog, type in `orca` and press Enter. Accessibility functions should now be active. Orca's Configuration GUI () also has an option to let you indicate that Orca should be started automatically when you log in.

If you plan to use the Magnifier portion of Orca in full screen mode, nonfirm the Xserver "Composite" extension is enabled: use AltF2 or MetaR to bring up the Run dialog, type in `xdpyinfo` and press Enter. Look for the string "Composite" in the output.

#### 使用Orca

##### Initial Setup

When you run Orca for the first time, it will automatically enter setup mode. If you want to run setup at some later point, you can pass the `--setup` option to Orca the next time you run it. Furthermore, while Orca is running, you can press InsertSpace to bring up Orca's Configuration GUI (). Finally, Orca provides a text setup utility that you can start by passing the `--text-setup` option to Orca. All of these options will create a `~/.orca/user-settings.py` file that holds your preferences and will also enable the accessibility infrastructure. You need to log out and log back in for the new settings to take effect.

##### 怎样运行 Orca?

Run Orca by typing `orca` in a terminal session window. You can do so from a virtual console window if you do not yet have access to the GUI. With the GUI installed you can also press Alt F2 or Meta R to bring up the Run dialog and then type `orca` as the command (followed by any optional parameters). Then, press Enter. Orca will automatically enter text setup mode if you run it from a virtual console window or your GUI environment is not yet set up for accessibility.

##### 退出Orca

To quit Orca, press Insert Q (or CapsLock Q in laptop layout mode). A confirmation dialog will appear. Select Yes to quit. If the system seems unresponsive, you can try a few things:

- Run `orca --quit` from a terminal window, such as a virtual console; press Ctrl AltF1 (on most Linux platforms) to get to a virtual console, enter your commands, and then use Alt F7 to get back to the desktop. This will kill the Orca process and reclaim system resources. You can then rerun Orca using the previously outlined methods.

- Press Ctrl AltBackspace to end your login session and get back to the graphical login prompt (not implemented in all Linux distributions).

#### Orca 配置面板

The Orca Configuration GUI allows you to customize the behavior and features of Orca, such as speech, braille, and magnification. For example, you can select which speech synthesis engine you want to use, whether braille is enabled or not, and which magnification preferences you want. You can select which general keyboard layout you want (desktop or laptop) and you can also examine and modify the existing keyboard layout with fine-grained control. To bring up the Orca Configuration GUI, press Orca_ModifierSpace, where Orca_Modifier is Insert when you use the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and CapsLock when you use the Laptop Keyboard Layout (). If you want to change settings for a single application, press CtrlOrca_ModifierSpace while the application has focus.

The Orca Configuration GUI is a dialog containing several tabbed pages, each of which is described in the following sections.

##### 常规页面

Orca GUI Configuration - General Page

The General page allows you to customize general aspects of Orca. These include the following:

###### Keyboard Layout

The keyboard layout section allows you to specify if you will be working on a laptop (small) or desktop (large, with a numeric keypad) keyboard. You select which layout you want by selecting one of the following options:

Desktop - if selected, the Desktop Keyboard Layout () will be used.

Laptop - if selected, the Laptop Keyboard Layout () will be used.

###### 显示 Orca 主窗口

Orca GUI Configuration - Main window

The Orca main window provides you with a graphical way to display the Orca Configuration GUI (also accessible with Orca_ModifierSpace, where Orca_Modifier is Insert when you use the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and Caps_Lock when you use the Laptop Keyboard Layout ()). The main window also provides a Quit option, also available with Orca_ModifierQ). Many users do not like the Orca main window because it shows up in the window manager's tab order when you press AltTab to switch windows. By deselecting the "Show Orca main window" button, you can tell Orca to not show the Orca main window.

###### 退出时不确认

Normally, when you press Orca_ModifierQ to quit Orca or press the Quit button in the Orca main window, Orca will pop up a confirmation dialog asking you if you want to quit. Unchecking this option prevents the confirmation window from appearing.

###### 禁止 gksu 键盘捕获

When running commands from the launch menu, many distributions use an application known as gksu to authorize the user to run these commands; gksu is the GUI that asks you for your password. When it runs, gksu enables what is known as a "keyboard grab," which is a feature to prevent keyboard actions from going to any other application on the desktop, including Orca. The result of a keyboard grab is that Orca will not receive any keyboard events, preventing Orca from functioning normally.

By selecting the "Disable gksu keyboard grab" button, you will turn off the keyboard grab behavior, allowing Orca to function normally with system administration applications.

The keyboard grab is a security attempt by gksu to prevent nefarious applications from "sniffing" the keyboard and grabbing secret information. Please be advised that disabling the gksu keyboard grab feature can expose you to such nefarious behavior. If you do not feel comfortable with this, you can always use the root account for system administration purposes. To do so, you need to enable the root account for login, and then logout and log back in as root whenever you want to perform a system administration command.

###### 显示浮动提示

When checked, this option will tell Orca to present information about tooltips when they appear as the result of mouse hovering. Specific actions to force tooltips to appear, such as pressing CtrlF1 when an object has focus, will always result in tooltips being presented, regardless of this setting.

###### Speak object under mouse

When checked, this option will tell Orca to present information about the object under the mouse when you move it around the screen. Note that this can cause Firefox and Thunderbird versions 2.x and earlier to crash; this is not a problem with Firefox and Thunderbird versions 3.x and later.

###### Start Orca when you login

When checked, this option will tell the system to automatically launch Orca when you log in.

##### 语音页面

Orca GUI Configuration - Speech Page

The speech page allows you to customize how Orca uses speech synthesis.

###### 允许发音

The first control of note on the speech page is the "enable speech" check box. This check box toggles whether or not Orca will make use of a speech synthesizer. This option, along with the ability to enable braille and enable magnifier support, allow Orca to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users.

###### 语音系统和发音引擎

The next two controls deal with selecting the speech system and synthesizer. Orca provides support for a growing number of speech systems. At the time of this writing, these include GNOME-speech, Emacspeak, and an experimental backend for Speech Dispatcher. Depending upon how your machine is configured, you may have all or none of these options. Typically, you will have just GNOME-speech.

首先，确定你要使用哪一个发音系统，GNOME-speech 在此时工作的最好。标记好以后，进入发音引擎组合框，从下来列表中选择一个可用的发音引擎。

###### 声音设置

If your synthesizer supports it, Orca can utilize multiple voices in order to identify special cases within an application, such as hyperlinks or upper case text. The voice settings and person combo boxes can be adjusted to customize these settings to your liking. For example, assume you were using Fonix DECtalk and wanted the Betty voice to denote upper case. To accomplish this, you could do the following:

1. 用 tab 键定位到声音设置组合框，按下方向键直到大写字母声音被选中。

2. 按 Tab 键到“人”组合框，按下方向键选择 Betty 声音。

The next three sliders in the tab order allow adjustment of the synthesizer's rate, pitch and volume, respectively.

###### 标点符号级别

The punctuation level radio button group is used to adjust the amount of punctuation spoken by the synthesizer. The available levels are None, Some, Most and All.

###### 冗长

冗长设置决定了将要在这个位置读出信息的数量。例如，如果设置为冗长，语音将为下拉菜单的每个项目读出快捷键。当设置为简要，这些快捷键将不会读出。

###### 表格行发音

The table row speech option determines the way in which Orca will read items within tables. The available settings are "speak current row" or "speak current cell". The ability to adjust this behavior can be useful in many situations. For example, consider the process of browsing email messages in Evolution. In this instance it may be preferable to set table speech to "speak current row" so that while arrowing through the list of messages all relevant info, such as the sender, subject, and whether the message has attachments, is read automatically. While the current row setting is active, it is still possible to read individual cells by using the left and right arrows.

You can quickly toggle this behavior by pressing Orca_ModifierF11.

###### Speak Progress Bar Updates

If this setting is enabled, Orca will periodically announce the status of progress bars. How often the announcement is made is determined by the value chosen in the Update Interval spin button. Note that this spin button is only available if the "Speak progress bar updates" checkbox has been checked.

###### Speak Indentation and Justification

When working with code or editing other documents it is often desirable to be aware of justification and indentation. Selecting the "Speak indentation and justification" check box will cause Orca to provide this information.

###### 读出空行

Some users desire to hear "blank" when navigating to a blank line in a document. Other users do not. If the "speak blank lines" check box is selected, Orca will speak blank lines.

###### Speak tutorial messages

When moving from component to component in an interface, this option will provide spoken tutorial messages for how to work with the component.

###### Say All By

This combo box allows you to specify whether the "say all" functionality of Orca speaks by sentence or line. See the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and Laptop Keyboard Layout () for how to invoke the "say all" functionality).

##### 布莱叶文页面

Orca GUI Configuration - Braille Page

The braille page allows you to customize various aspects about the use of braille.

Orca does not automatically start BrlTTY for you; typically you need to do this yourself, usually at boot time.

###### 启用布莱叶支持

The first control on the braille page is the "Enable braille support" check box. This check box toggles whether or not Orca will make use of a braille display. This option, along with the ability to enable braille and enable magnifier support, allow Orca to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users. By default, this check box is enabled. If BrlTTY is not running, Orca will recover gracefully and will not communicate with the braille display. If you configure BrlTTY later on, you need to restart Orca in order for it to use braille.

###### 启用布莱叶显示器

Orca's braille monitor provides an on-screen representation of what takes place on the braille display. This feature is mostly for demonstration purposes, but is also useful for Orca developers who do not have access to a braille display.

###### 缩略词

The "Abbreviated role names" check box determines the manner in which role names are displayed and can be used to help conserve real estate on the braille display. The "Abbreviated role names" option can be better understood if we consider the following example. Let us assume that a slider had focus, and that the abbreviated role names box was not checked. In this case, the word "slider" would be shown on the display, to reflect the fact that the current control was indeed a slider. If the abbreviated role names box were checked, the word "slider" would be abbreviated to "sldr".

###### Disable end of line symbol

When checked, this feature tells Orca to not present the "$l" string at the end of a line.

###### Contracted Braille

Orca supports contracted braille via the liblouis project. Refer to the Orca WIKI, where you can find additional information about setting up liblouis with Orca.

###### 冗长

The verbosity radio button group determines the amount of information that will be brailled in certain situations. For example, if it is set to verbose, keyboard shortcut and role name information is displayed. This information is not displayed in brief mode.

###### Selection Indicator

When you select text, Orca will "underline" that text on your braille display with Dots 7 and 8. If you would prefer, you can change the indicator to only be Dot 7, only be Dot 8, or not be present at all.

###### Hyperlink Indicator

When you encounter a hyperlink, Orca will "underline" that text on your braille display with Dots 7 and 8. If you would prefer, you can change the indicator to only be Dot 7, only be Dot 8, or not be present at all.

##### 按键显示页面

Orca GUI Configuration - Key Echo Page

The key echo page allows you to specify the behavior of Orca when pressing keys on the page and whether words are spoken as you complete them.

###### 启用按键显示

The first control on the key echo page is the "Enable key echo" check box. When this box is selected, six additional check boxes become available. These are: "Enable alphanumeric and punctuation keys", "Enable modifier keys", "Enable locking keys", "Enable function keys", "Enable action keys", and "Enable navigation keys".

字母数字和功能键组，相对自己可以说明。

Modifier keys are those such as Shift, Ctrl, and Alt.

Locking keys include Caps Lock, Scroll Lock and Num Lock.

The action keys group consists of keys that perform some logical action, such as Backspace, Return and Tab.

The navigation keys group include the four arrow keys as well as any key combination in which the Orca Modifier key is being held down. The latter is designed to prevent Orca from echoing flat review commands.

###### 启用字词显示

The next toggle on the key echo page is the "Enable echo by word" check box, used to echo the word you just typed. The "Echo by word" control is always available, regardless of whether any of the key echo options are checked.

###### Enable Echo by Sentence

The last toggle on the key echo page is the "Enable echo by sentence" check box, used to echo the sentence you just typed. The echo by sentence control is always available, regardless of whether any of the key echo options are checked.

在摘要里，按键显示方案能提供一个最大的灵活性。例如，一个用户可能选中启用所有按键选项，当另一个用户可能更愿意使用字词显示，但只有锁定键显示。

##### 放大镜页面

Orca GUI Configuration - Magnifier Page

放大镜页面允许你启用/禁用放大镜和指定放大镜如何运行。

###### 启用放大镜

The first control on the magnifier page is the "Enable magnifier" check box. This check box toggles whether or not Orca will provide magnification. This option, along with the ability to enable speech and enable braille support, allow Orca to be tailored to meet the needs of a wide variety of users.

###### 缩放设置

Two zoomer GUI controls determine magnification characteristics:

- "Scale factor", which sets magnification power from 1.0x to 16.0x (fractional values are supported).

- "Position", which sets the location and size of the magnifier window: "Full Screen", "Left Half", "Right Half", "Top Half", "Bottom Half", and "Custom". The default position is "Full Screen". Choosing "Custom" causes four spin buttons to become available: "Top", "Left", "Right", and "Bottom". These spin buttons allow you to define the location of each edge of the zoom window. Units are in pixels.

###### Border Settings

These options are not available in "Full Screen" mode.

###### Enable border

This option determines if a window border is visible for the magnifier.

###### Border size

This value determines the size of the border in pixels.

###### 光标设置

These controls can be used to customize the size and color of the magnifier's cursor.

###### 启用光标

If this check box is enabled then a cursor is visible and the size and color options become available.

###### Custom size

Enable this check box if you would like to make the mouse pointer larger than it normally is. The cursor size can be changed from the default value of 32 pixels.

###### Custom color

If the cursor is enabled, a custom color can also be applied.

###### 十字瞄准线

This set of controls can be used to customize the magnifier's optional area-targeting cursor.

###### Enable cross-hair

If checked, you can additionally configure the clipping behavior, size and color of the cross-hair.

###### 启用十字线夹

If enabled, the cross-hair will be "clipped" (removed) in the area immediately surrounding the mouse pointer.

###### Cross-hair size

This control sets the thickness of the cross-hair in pixels.

###### Cross-hair color

This control allows a custom color to be used for the cross-hair.

###### Color Settings

This allows you to do some rough color adjustments of the magnified region.

###### 反转色

Creates a reverse or negative-image effect.

###### Brightness

Ranges from -1 to 1 (-1 is black/no brightness; 1 is white/total brightness; 0 is "normal"/unchanged).

###### Contrast

Ranges from -1 to 1 (-1 is grey/no contrast; 1 is maximum contrast; 0 is "normal"/unchanged).

###### Tracking and Alignment Settings

These options control the tracking of the mouse cursor.

###### Mouse pointer

Choose from the following options:

###### Centered

Keeps the mouse pointer at the center of the screen whenever possible. This is the default.

###### Proportional

Positions the mouse pointer in the zoom window relative to its actual, unmagnified position. For instance, if the mouse pointer is 25% away from the left edge of the desktop, Orca positions the magnified mouse pointer 25% from the left edge of the zoom window.

###### Push

Moves the zoomer window the least amount necessary to keep the mouse pointer on the screen.

###### None

Moving the mouse pointer has no impact on what the zoomer window displays.

###### Pointer follows zoomer

This option is enabled by default. If the mouse pointer is not on the screen when you initially move the mouse, it will be moved into the zoomer so that you can continue to see what you were working on. If your preferred mouse tracking mode is centered, the pointer will be moved to the center; otherwise it will be moved to the item with focus.

###### Control and menu item

These options control additional behavior of the magnifier.

###### Centered

When navigating via keyboard, keep the focused dialog box control or menu item at the center of the screen whenever possible.

###### Push

When navigating via keyboard, move the zoomer window the least amount necessary to display the focused dialog box control or menu item. This is the default.

###### None

Using the keyboard to navigate among dialog box controls and menu items will have no impact on what the zoomer window displays.

###### Pointer follows focus

If this option is enabled, the mouse pointer will follow you as you arrow through menu items and move among controls in dialog boxes. This option is disabled by default.

###### Text cursor

These options control how the text cursor behaves.

###### Centered

As the text cursor moves, keep it at the center of the screen whenever possible.

###### Push

As the text cursor moves, move the zoomer window the least amount necessary to display it. This is the default.

###### None

Moving the text cursor will have no impact on what the zoomer window displays.

###### Edge margin

The edge margin is how close the caret should be allowed to get to the edge of the screen before it's time to "push" the zoomer window. The margin can range from 0 to 50%, with 50% being the equivalent of choosing centering. The default value is 0.

This option is only available if "Push" is your text cursor tracking mode.

###### Advanced Settings

If you press the Advanced Settings button located near the bottom of the Magnifier page, the following dialog will appear:

Orca GUI Configuration - Magnifier - Advanced Settings

###### 平滑

Bilinear or none.

###### Brightness

Red, Green, Blue: Individual controls for choosing customized brightness levels. Choosing different brightness levels for each color allows you to create the color scheme that works best for you.

###### Contrast

Red, Green, Blue: Individual controls for choosing customized contrast levels. While not as significant as changes to brightness, choosing different contrast levels for each color helps you to create the color scheme that works best for you.

###### Color Filtering

Allows you to pick one of the colorblind filters available through libcolorblind.

In order to take advantage of this feature you will need to install libcolorblind and then rebuild gnome-mag.

###### Multi-Monitor Settings - Source Display

X Window System DISPLAY of what should be magnified. Written in the form ":0.x" where x is the number of the screen whose contents should be magnified.

###### Multi-Monitor Settings - Target Display

X Window System DISPLAY of where to put the zoomer window. Written in the form ":0.y" where y is the number of the screen where the zoomer window should appear.

##### 按键绑定页面

Orca GUI Configuration - Key Bindings Page

The key bindings page allows you to examine and modify the key bindings for Orca.

###### Orca 修饰键

The first control on the key bindings page allows you to examine which key (or keys) acts as the "Orca modifier." The Orca modifier is the key that you press and hold in conjunction with other keys to give commands to Orca. For desktop keyboards, the Orca modifier defaults to Insert. For laptop keyboards, the Orca modifier defaults to the Caps Lock key. See the Desktop Keyboard Layout () and Laptop Keyboard Layout () sections for the default values.

You cannot modify the Orca modifier key(s) using the Configuration GUI at this time.

###### 按键绑定页面

The key bindings table provides a list of Orca operations and the keys that are bound to them.

The "Function" column header is a description of the Orca operation to be performed.

The "Key Binding" header is the primary way to invoke the function from the keyboard. Note that the function description may include the word "Orca". This indicates that the Orca modifier key should be held down along with the other keys.

“替代”列出了一个从键盘实现这个功能替代操作。

To modify either the "Key Binding" or the "Alternate" bindings, arrow to the cell and press Return. Then, press a key combination and press Return to confirm the new combination. When you do so, the new keystroke will be saved and the check box in the last column (the "Modified" column) will indicate that the key binding has been modified.

To undo a modified keybinding, merely arrow to the modified column, uncheck the checkbox, and press the "Apply" button AltA.

Beneath the list of Orca keybindings, you will find a group of "unbound" commands:

Orca GUI Configuration - Key Bindings Page showing the 'unbound' group of commands

These are commands which we feel will be very useful for some users, but not needed by most users. Rather than "use up" a keystroke for such commands, we have left them unassigned. You can assign a keystroke to any of these unbound commands by following the procedure outlined above. In addition, you can unbind any bound command in a similar fashion: press Return to edit the keybinding, and when prompted for the new keybinding, press Delete or Backspace. You will be told that the key binding has been removed. Press Return to confirm.

##### Pronunciation Page

Orca GUI Configuration - Pronunciation Page

Sometimes your speech synthesizer just doesn't say the right thing for a given string. You might prefer to hear "laughing out loud" rather than "LOL." Or there may be a name or a technical term which the synthesizer mispronounces. The pronunciation page is where you can add, edit, and delete Orca's pronunciation dictionary entries. Because the pronunciation page is also part of the application-specific settings dialog that's started when you give a particular application focus and type Orca_ModifierCtrlSpace, you can customize your entries on an as-needed basis for each application you use.

###### Add a new dictionary entry

1. Press the New Entry button (AltN).

2. Type the text of the new entry and press Return to finish editing the actual string.

3. Move to the Replacement String column and press Return to begin editing.

4. Type the text that you would like to have spoken instead and press Return to finish editing the replacement string.

###### Edit an existing dictionary entry

1. Move to the cell you wish to edit and press Return to begin editing.

2. Make your changes and then press Return to finish editing.

###### Delete an existing dictionary entry

1. Move to the entry you wish to delete.

2. Press the Delete button or AltD.

##### 文本属性页面

Orca GUI Configuration - Text Attributes Page

Orca will speak known text attribute information about an object when you press InsertF (desktop layout) or Caps_LockF (laptop layout). Because the number of text attributes is large, and not everyone cares about every attribute, the "Text Attributes" tab of the configuration GUI allows you to customize which text attributes Orca will present.

On this tab is a text attribute list, where each row consists of four columns:

- 文本属性的名称。

- 用户可以在复选框这儿设置是否显示这个文本属性，并读出来。

- A checkbox which the user can set to indicate whether this text attribute should be "underlined" on the braille display.

- An editable "Present unless" string value. By default, not all text attributes will have this set. If present, what it means (assuming the user wants this text attribute presented) is that the value of the attribute will only be presented if it is not this value.

  For example, by default the "underline" text attribute has a value of "none." If the user has this attribute checked and the user types Orca_ModifierF and the text in question is not underlined, then this attribute is not spoken. If you always want this attribute to be spoken irrespective of whether the text is underlined, then the attribute should be checked and the "Present unless" value cleared.

- There is also a Reset button (AltR) which will set the list values back to their initial state when the dialog was first displayed.

当你最初显示这个文本属性面板时，所以你的选中的属性放在列表的前面。他们是按读出度和盲文输出的顺序。

If you decide to check others or adjust the order, there are four buttons to help you do this:

- Move to top (AltT) - moves the selected attribute to the top of the list.

- Move up one (AltU) - moves the selected attribute up one row.

- Move down one (AltD) - moves the selected attribute down one row.

- Move to bottom (AltB) - moves the selected attribute to the bottom of the list.

Beneath these push buttons is the Braille Indicator group of radio buttons. Here you can select the cell or cells to be used to indicate text which has at least one of the specified attributes. Your choices are:

- None (the default)

- Dot 7

- Dot 8

- Dots 7 and 8

Text attributes can also be set on an individual application basis. The text attribute pane is also part of the application-specific settings dialog that's started when you give a particular application focus and type Orca_ModifierCtrlSpace.

#### Orca Keyboard Commands

You can get a complete list of available keyboard commands by visiting the Key Bindings page of the Orca Configuration GUI (). To bring up the Orca Configuration GUI, press Orca_ModifierSpace, where `Orca_Modifier` is the Insert key for the desktop layout and the Caps_Lock key for the laptop layout. Note that you can also enter Orca's "learn mode" while running Orca by pressing Orca_ModifierH. When in learn mode, Orca will intercept all keyboard and braille input events and tell you what the effect would be. To exit learn mode, press the Escape key.

Orca provides additional commands for some applications, such as Firefox. To get the list of additional commands for an application, press CtrlOrca_ModifierSpace when that application has focus. This will bring up the Orca Configuration GUI in the "application-specific" state, and the additional commands will appear in the Key Bindings page.

The GNOME Desktop itself also has built in keyboard commands to control the desktop and its applications.

WARNING: the MouseKeys functionality of AccessX can interfere with the Orca modifier key (see bug 548169), resulting in odd behavior. In particular, MouseKeys uses the KP_Insert key to emulate a mouse button press. When enabled, MouseKeys can conflict with KP_Insert as the Orca modifier, resulting in what appears to be a stuck Orca modifier key. As an alternative, you can use the laptop key bindings, which avoids the keypad for Orca commands. If you accidentally enabled MouseKeys, you can disable it via the gnome-keyboard-properties application.

##### Desktop Layout

Following is a list of common Orca keyboard commands for desktop keyboards arranged by category:

###### 平的复习(Flat review)命令

- Numpad-7 - move the flat review cursor to the previous line and read it.

- Numpad-8 - read the current line.

- Numpad-9 - move the flat review cursor to the next line and read it.

- Numpad-4 - move the flat review cursor to the previous word and read it.

- Numpad-5 - read the current word.

- Numpad-6 - move the flat review cursor to the next word and read it.

- Numpad-1 - move the flat review cursor to the previous character and read it.

- Numpad-2 - read the current character.

- Numpad-3 - move the flat review cursor to the next character and read it.

- Numpad-slash - perform a left mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Numpad-star - perform a right mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Numpad-minus - toggle between flat review and focus tracking mode.

The above commands apply when working with objects as well as when working with text. For example, if the flat review cursor were positioned on a menu bar, pressing the "read current line" command would speak the names of all visible menus. Similarly, pressing the "read next word" command would speak the object to the right of the flat review cursor on the same line, or move flat review to the next line if no more objects were found.

###### 书签命令

- AltInsert[1-6] - assign a bookmark to a numbered slot. If a bookmark already exists in the slot it will be replaced with the new one.

- Insert[1-6] - go to the position pointed to by the bookmark bound to this numbered slot.

- AltShift[1-6] - "Where am I" information for this bookmark relative to the current pointer location.

- InsertB and InsertShiftB - move between the given bookmarks for the given application or page.

- AltInsertB - save the defined bookmarks for the current application or page.

###### 各种功能

- NumpadPlus - "say all" command; reads from the current position of the caret to the end of the document.

- NumpadEnter - "Where am I" command; speaks information such as the title of the current application window, as well as the name of the control that currently has focus.

- InsertH - enter into Orca's "learn mode"; press Escape to exit.

- InsertF - speak font and attribute information for the current character.

- InsertSpace - Launch the Orca Configuration dialog.

- InsertCtrlSpace - reload user settings and reinitialize services as necessary. Also launches the Orca Configuration dialog for the current application.

- InsertS - toggle speech on and off.

- InsertF11 - toggle the reading of tables, either by single cell or whole row.

- InsertQ - quit Orca.

###### 调试命令

- CtrlAltInsertHome - report information on the currently active script.

In order for the next three commands to be of use, Orca needs to be started from a virtual console or via gnome-terminal. Output is sent to the console only (i.e., it is not sent to speech or braille).

- CtrlAltInsertEnd - print a debug listing of all known applications to the console where Orca is running.

- CtrlAltInsertPage_Up - print debug information about the ancestry of the object with focus.

- CtrlAltInsertPage_Down - print debug information about the hierarchy of the application with focus.

##### Laptop Layout

Following is a list of common Orca keyboard commands for laptop keyboards arranged by category:

###### 平的复习(Flat review)命令

- Caps_LockU - move the flat review cursor to the previous line and read it. Double-click to move flat review to the top of the current window.

- Caps_LockI - read the current line. Double-click to read the current line along with formatting and capitalization details.

- Caps_LockO - move the flat review cursor to the next line and read it. Double- click to move flat review to the bottom of the current window.

- Caps_LockJ - move the flat review cursor to the previous word and read it. Double-click to move flat review to the word above the current word.

- Caps_LockK - read the current word. Double-click to spell the word. Triple-click to hear the word spelled phonetically.

- Caps_LockL - move the flat review cursor to the next word and read it. Double- click to move flat review to the word below the current word.

- Caps_LockM - move the flat review cursor to the previous character and read it. Double-click to move flat review to the end of the current line.

- Caps_LockComma - read the current character. Double-click to pronounce the character phonetically if it is a letter.

- Caps_LockPeriod - move the flat review cursor to the next character and read it.

- Caps_Lock7 - perform a left mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Caps_Lock8 - perform a right mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Caps_Lock8 - perform a right mouse click at the location of the flat review cursor.

- Caps_Lockp - toggle between flat review and focus tracking mode.

The above commands apply when working with objects as well as when working with text. For example, if the flat review cursor were positioned on a menu bar, pressing the "read current line" command would speak the names of all visible menus. Similarly, pressing the "read next word" command would speak the object to the right of the flat review cursor on the same line, or move flat review to the next line if no more objects were found.

###### 书签命令

- AltCaps_Lock[1-6] - add a bookmark to the numbered slot. If a bookmark already exists for the slot it will be replaced with the new one.

- Caps_Lock[1-6] - go to the position pointed to by the bookmark bound to this numbered slot.

- AltShift[1-6] - "Where am I" information for this bookmark relative to the current pointer location.

- Caps_LockBand Caps_LockShiftB - move between the given bookmarks for the given application or page.

- AltCaps_LockB - save the defined bookmarks for the current application or page.

###### 各种功能

- Caps_LockSemicolon - "Say all" command; reads from the current position of the caret to the end of the document.

- Caps_LockEnter - "Where am I" command; speaks information such as the title of the current application window, as well as the name of the control that currently has focus.

- Caps_LockH - enter learn mode (press Escape to exit).

- Caps_LockF - speak font and attribute information for the current character.

- Caps_LockSpace - launch the Orca Configuration dialog.

- Caps_LockCtrlSpace - reload user settings and reinitialize services as necessary; also launches the Orca Configuration dialog for the current application.

- Caps_LockS - toggle speech on and off.

- Caps_LockF11 - toggle the reading of tables, either by single cell or whole row.

- Caps_LockQ - quit Orca.

###### 调试命令

- Caps_LockAltCtrlHome - report information on the currently active script.

In order for the next three commands to be of use, Orca needs to be started from a virtual console or via gnome-terminal. Output is sent to the console only (i.e., it is not sent to speech or braille).

- Caps_LockAltCtrlEnd - prints a debug listing of all known applications to the console where Orca is running.

- Caps_LockAltCtrlPage_Up - prints debug information about the ancestry of the object with focus.

- Caps_LockAltCtrlPage_Down - prints debug information about the object hierarchy of the application with focus.

#### Application-Specific Information

##### 可访问性应用程序

Orca is designed to work with applications and toolkits that support the Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface (AT-SPI). This includes the GNOME Desktop and its bundled applications: OpenOffice, Firefox, and the Java platform. Some applications work better than others, however, and the Orca community continually works to provide superior access to more and more applications.

##### Making Application-Specific Settings

To customize the settings for a particular application, you will first need to run that application. Make sure the application has focus, then press Orca_Modifier CtrlSpace (by default, this will be InsertCtrl Space for the Desktop keyboard layout).

This brings up a tabbed dialog window very similar to the Orca configuration dialog, but with the following differences:

1. 没有开始的常规面板

2. 语音面板里的语言系统和引擎组合框是灰色的(不活动的)

3. Any existing application-specific key bindings will appear at the top of the list on the Key Bindings pane.

4. There may be a new application-specific settings pane at the end of the set of tabbed panes. Note that pressing the End key from the tab list will get you directly to the right-most tab.

Adjust your application-specific settings in the same way you set your general Orca preferences. For example, you may have Key Echo disabled generally in Orca but would like to specifically have it enabled for the gcalctool (GNOME Calculator) application. Here's where you could easily set that.

When you have your application settings customized the way you want, press the OK button. These settings will be written to your `~/.orca/app-settings` directory in a file called `<APPNAME>.py`, where `<APPNAME>` is the name of the application.

These files are automatically written by Orca. The contents of the file will be overwritten each time you change your application settings for that application.

If you want to have some extra application-specific settings or code that you don't want to lose, then you should put it in a file called `~/.orca/app-settings/<APPNAME>-customizations.py`. This file will be automatically read when the settings for the `<APPNAME>` application are loaded.

Note that this is an advanced feature that we don't expect many people to use. It's just there if you really want it.

这儿有一个一只的缺陷(有些用户也称其为一个特性)，我们正试着跟踪和修正它：

If you adjust one or more application-specific key bindings, the new values will not take effect until you've pressed the OK button. The work-around is to either restart Orca, or Alt-Tab away to some other application and then Alt-Tab back to the one that you've just changed the key bindings for.

#### 布莱叶盲文

Orca uses BrlTTY for braille support. On Linux systems, BrlTTY is used to access the text mode console content. On a typical braille-enabled installation of Linux, BrlTTY is already running and providing access to the text consoles. When Orca starts, it connects to BrlTTY. If you switch from a text console to your X Windows session, your braille display will automatically follow and display the content that Orca is presenting to you.

Orca attempts to work with various releases of BrlTTY. It works well with BrlTTY v3.7.2, and we've also been working with the BrlTTY team to get it going for BrlTTY v3.8. The remainder of this document provides information related to using Orca with BrlTTY 3.8.

Below are descriptions of the necessary tasks to install/setup BrlTTY in Ubuntu and Solaris. For both, you need to first obtain brltty-3.8.tar.gz from the BrlTTY site.

##### BrlTTY 3.8 在 Ubuntu 上

First, configure your build environment to build BrlTTY. Much of this setup is done for you automatically in the Ubuntu distribution with products such as G++ already present. In addition, you must also install tcl, Pyrex, and the Python developer environment. To do this, execute the following commands as `root`:

    apt-get build-dep brltty
    apt-get install tcl8.4 python-pyrex python-dev

Then, when you build BrlTTY, avoid configuring the package with --prefix=/usr. Use the standard procedure instead, executing the following commands as `root`:

    gunzip -c brltty-3.8.tar.gz | tar xvf -
    cd brltty-3.8
    ./autogen
    ./configure
    make
    make install

Run BrlTTY as `root`:

    /bin/brltty -bauto -d/dev/ttyUSB0

If you want, you can remove the existing `/sbin/brltty` and replace it with the `/bin/brltty`, either by copying the `/bin/brltty` to `/sbin/brltty` or just by making a symbolic link. Do so at your own risk.

#### 疑难解答

##### 桌面停止响应，我该怎么办？

Press AltF2 or MetaR to open the Run dialog and restart Orca by running a new instance: type `orca` and press Enter. This will force any existing Orca processes to exit and will then restart Orca. This sometimes has the effect of unhanging the desktop (which is usually due to an ill-behaved application).

If you cannot get to a terminal window, try pressing Ctrl AltBackspace : shut down the X Window System server. This should return you to the login screen.

## 行动障碍

Mobility impairments can be caused by arthritis, stroke, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and loss of limbs or digits, among others. Poor muscle control or weakness can make using standard keyboards and mouse devices difficult. For instance, some people are unable to type two keys simultaneously, while others tend to hit multiple keys or to bounce keys when pressing or releasing them. People who are able to use only one hand likewise have difficulties with some keyboard and mouse tasks.

帮助行动障碍者的辅助技术有：

- 屏幕键盘 - 让用户使用指针方法选择按键，比如指针设备，开关，或摩尔斯代码输入系统。

- Mouse and Keyboard Enhancements - helpful for users who have trouble typing and controlling a mouse or a keyboard.

### GNOME On-Screen Keyboard (gok)

屏幕键盘 程序在桌面上显示一个虚拟键盘。你可以使用标准鼠标或其他指针设备来操作虚拟键盘。 虚拟键盘 显示下面的几类按键：

- Composer Keyboards enable you to compose text. To type alphanumeric characters, you select the characters on the composer keyboard.

- Dynamic Keyboards reflect the applications that are currently running on the desktop. For example, On-Screen Keyboard generates dynamic keyboards that contain keys to represent the applications that are running on your desktop or the menus that are contained in an application.

当您使用可用的辅助技术工具前，您必须保证辅助技术服务已启动。

1. 选择 系统首选项 辅助技术。

2. Select Enable assistive technologies and then press Close and Log Out.

3. 重新登录，辅助技术服务将会自动启动。

### 为屏幕键盘用户最大化应用程序窗口

If you are an On-Screen Keyboard user, you cannot use any application in Full-Screen mode because the application window obscures the On-Screen Keyboard display.

要更改窗口大小以便使用 屏幕键盘 程序，请按下面步骤操作：

1. Do not enable the Full-Screen mode in the application.

2. 使应用程序窗口获得焦急。

3. 按 F10 来最大化应用程序。

### 增强型鼠标和键盘

这一段讲述了如何配置鼠标和键盘来是这些设备对用户具有更好的可访问性。

#### 配置鼠标

Use the Mouse preference tool to configure the mouse to suit your needs. To open the Mouse preference tool, choose System Preferences Mouse . The Mouse Preferences dialog is displayed.

##### Configuring Mouse Behavior

下面的段落讲述了如何设置鼠标的行为，使其更适合你的需要。

###### Configuring the Mouse for Left-Handed Use

要配置鼠标给左手习惯使用，点击 按键 对话框，如何选择 左手方向 选项。当你选择这一选项，系统会立即交换左键和右键的功能。

###### Configuring Double-Click Behavior

如果你双击有困难，你可以增加两次单击之间的时间周期。例如，如果双击超时时间设定为0.4秒，你就必须要在0.4秒内完成第二次点击操作，如果时间超过了0.4秒，那么系统就会认为你进行的是两个单击动作。

要设置双击超时，请按下面步骤操作：

1. 在 鼠标首选项 对话框里，点击 按钮 标签。

2. 拖动 超时 滑块来设定两次单击之间的时间，向右每次增大时间间隔0.1秒。同样地，向左每次减小0.1秒。

3. 在滑块右边双击一个小灯泡来测试设置情况，如果在超时间隔内执行的双击操作，灯泡会全亮显示黄色光晕。如果你没有在时间间隔内完成两次点击，那么灯泡不会全亮，你应该增大超时间隔，然后再试一试。当灯泡全亮，这个时间是适合你需要的。

###### Changing Mouse Pointer Size

要改变桌面上鼠标指针大小，请按下面步骤操作：

1. 在 鼠标首选项 对话框里点击 指针 标签。

2. 出来一个指针主题和可用的大小。

3. 默认的，GNOME 没有包括鼠标指针的主题。安装和使用指针主题的更多信息，请参阅 用户手册.

在一些平台上，你必须注消后重新登录，才能使改变生效。

###### Locating the Mouse Pointer

如果你在屏幕上定位指针有困难，你可以启用一个选项，当按下 Control Control 高亮显示指针。要启用这个选项，在鼠标首选项 对话框里点 指针 标签，

在一些平台上，你必须注消后重新登录，才能使设置生效。

###### Configuring Mouse Speed and Sensitivity

要配置鼠标的移动速度和灵敏度，请按下面步骤操作：

1. 在 鼠标首选项 对话框里，选择 移动 标签。

2. 配置下面的选项：

   加速

     Use the slider to specify the speed at which the mouse pointer moves around the screen when you move the mouse.

     如果你设置较低速度，当你移动鼠标时，指针移动较慢速度，这意味着你需要移动鼠标更多的距离来实现指针的移动区域。如果你选择了高的速度，当你移动鼠标时，指针速度会较快，这意味着你移动鼠标较小的距离，就能实现指针移动区域。

   灵敏度

     Use the slider to specify how responsive the mouse pointer is to movements of the mouse. Moving the slider to the right will increase the sensitivity and moving it to the left will decrease the sensitivity.

   峰值

     拖动滑块来指定一个距离，当你移动一个项目达到这个距离时，系统会认为这个移动操作是一次拖放操作。

##### Configuring the Cursor

下面的段落讲述了如何设置在光标处显示的字符。

###### Stopping the Cursor from Blinking

To stop the cursor from blinking in text boxes and other areas, perform the following steps:

1. 点菜单 系统首选项键盘， 打开 键盘 首选项工具。

2. 在 键盘 标签段，不选中 在文本区域闪动光标 选项。

##### Keyboard Mouse Emulation

如果你使用鼠标有困难，你可以使用键盘来模拟鼠标功能。更多相关指导请参阅

#### Configuring an Accessible Keyboard

Use the Keyboard preference tool to configure the keyboard accessibility options. To open the Keyboard preference tool, choose System Preferences Keyboard. Accessibility options can be enabled by selecting the Accessibility tab.

The Accessibility tabbed section allows the following options:

"Allow to turn accessibility features on and off from the keyboard" (Alt-A) - this determines if keyboard accessibility functions can be turned on or off with a key command.

Simulate simultaneous keypresses (Alt-S) - allows multiple shift (or other) keys to be entered individually but processed as a single combination keystroke. This keyboard accessibility technique is known as "sticky keys."

Disable sticky keys if two keys are pressed together (Alt-B) - automatically exit the sticky keys mode if any key combination is entered normally (eq, at the same time instead of entered individually).

Only accept long keypresses (Alt-O) - in this mode, keys must be pressed for a given length of time before they are accepted as input. This accessibility technique is also known as "slow keys." This portion of the Accessibility tabbed section also supplies a Delay slider (Alt-D) to indicate the press-down delay before the key is accepted as input.

Ignore fast duplicate keypresses (Alt-I) - in this mode, successive entry of the same key will only have a single instance of that key accepted as input. This accessibility technique is also known as "bounce keys." This portion of the Accessibility tabbed section also supplies a Delay slider (Alt-E) to indicate the press-down delay before successive keys are ignored.

#### Configuring a Keyboard-Based Mouse

Use the Keyboard preference tool to configure the keyboard to simulate a mouse. To open the Keyboard preference tool, choose System Preferences Keyboard. The Mouse Keys options can be enabled by selecting the Mouse Keys tab.

"Allow to control the pointer using the keyboard" (Alt-A) - this determines if the keyboard can be used to control the mouse pointer.

Acceleration (Alt-C) - determines how quickly mouse motion will accelerate when keyboard directional keys are pressed.

Speed (Alt-S) - determines how quickly the mouse pointer will move when keyboard directional keys are pressed.

Delay (Alt-D) - determines how much (or if) keypresses may be dampened or ignored when keyboard directional keys are pressed.

#### MouseTweaks

MouseTweaks is a collection of accessibility enhancements for pointing devices. The `mousetweaks` package provides the functions offered by the Accessibility tab of the Mouse preference tool. It also contains two panel applets related to the mouse accessibility. More particularly:

- It allows users to perform a secondary click by doing a click-and-hold of the primary mouse button.

- It offers a way to perform the various clicks without using any hardware button. In this context, the Dwell Click panel applet can be used to choose what click type to perform.

- It provides the Pointer Capture panel applet. This applet creates an area on the panel into which the pointer can be captured until the user releases it with a predefined button and modifier combination.

Most mouse-related accessibility options can be found by using SystemPreferencesMouse and selecting the Accessibility tab. Two additional panel applets can optionally be added to the GNOME menu bar / system panel as well; see the sections below. The full manual can be viewed by selecting the Help item from the contextual menu of the Dwell Click applet.

##### Simulated Secondary Click

A secondary or right-click can be issued by using the primary button and keeping it held down for a specified delay.

##### Dwell Click

A click can be issued by having the mouse pointer dwell in a given spot for a specified delay. In this mode, the click-type is determined by the ClickType window, Dwell Click applet, or by the direction in which the user moves the mouse after the dwell time has elapsed. The click-type can be single, double, drag or right.

The Dwell Click panel applet can be installed by right-clicking the GNOME Desktop menu bar / system panel, selecting Add to Panel, choosing Dwell Click and clicking the Add button.

##### Pointer Capture

The mouse pointer can be locked into an area of the screen so the pointing device is free for other tasks. For example, this capability allows a powerchair user to control both the powerchair and the mouse pointer with a single powerchair joystick.

The Pointer Capture panel applet creates such an area on the panel, into which the user can lock the pointer until released in a determined way.

The Pointer Capture panel applet can be installed by right-clicking the GNOME Desktop menu bar / system panel, selecting Add to Panel, choosing Pointer Capture and clicking the Add button.

Preferences may be set by choosing Preferences in the context menu of the Pointer Capture applet:

In the Capture Pointer section, the user can specify under what circumstances the pointer gets captured when it moves into the capture area. For example, if the Ctrl modifier key is checked, the pointer gets captured when it is over the capture area and the user presses the Ctrl modifier key. If no modifier is checked and the mouse button is set to 0, the pointer only has to move into the capture area to get locked. It is also possible to specify a combination of modifiers and mouse button.

In the Release Pointer section, the user can specify what modifier or mouse button releases the pointer. It is also possible to specify a combination of modifiers and mouse button.

In the Size of Capture Area section, the user can specify the width of the capture area on the GNOME panel.

#### Dasher

Dasher is an information-efficient text-entry interface, driven by natural continuous pointing gestures. Dasher is a competitive text-entry system wherever a full-size keyboard cannot be used - for example on a palmtop or wearable computer, or when operating any computer one-handed (by joystick, touchscreen or mouse) or zero-handed (eg, by head-mouse or eye-tracker).

1. Choose ApplicationsAccessoriesTerminal.

2. Enter: `sudo apt-get install dasher`

3. Enter: `dasher`

Dasher may also be installed from the ApplicationsAdd/Remove dialog. In either case, it may later be launched in these ways:

- Press Alt F2 or Meta R for the Run dialog, type `dasher` and press Enter.

- Choose ApplicationsAccessoriesTerminal and execute `dasher`.

- Press Alt-F1 and select ApplicationsUniversal AccessDasher.