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# 17.6. Creating and Using Optical Media (CDs)

Contributed by Mike Meyer.

## 17.6.1. Introduction

CDs have a number of features that differentiate them from conventional disks. Initially, they were not writable by the user. They are designed so that they can be read continuously without delays to move the head between tracks. They are also much easier to transport between systems than similarly sized media were at the time.

CDs do have tracks, but this refers to a section of data to be read continuously and not a physical property of the disk. To produce a CD on FreeBSD, you prepare the data files that are going to make up the tracks on the CD, then write the tracks to the CD.

The ISO 9660 file system was designed to deal with these differences. It unfortunately codifies file system limits that were common then. Fortunately, it provides an extension mechanism that allows properly written CDs to exceed those limits while still working with systems that do not support those extensions.

The `sysutils/cdrtools` port includes mkisofs(8), a program that you can use to produce a data file containing an ISO 9660 file system. It has options that support various extensions, and is described below.

Which tool to use to burn the CD depends on whether your CD burner is ATAPI or something else. ATAPI CD burners use the `burncd` program that is part of the base system. SCSI and USB CD burners should use `cdrecord` from the `sysutils/cdrtools` port. It is also possible to use `cdrecord` and other tools for SCSI drives on ATAPI hardware with the ATAPI/CAM module.

If you want CD burning software with a graphical user interface, you may wish to take a look at either X-CD-Roast or K3b. These tools are available as packages or from the `sysutils/xcdroast` and `sysutils/k3b` ports. X-CD-Roast and K3b require the ATAPI/CAM module with ATAPI hardware.

## 17.6.2. mkisofs

The mkisofs(8) program, which is part of the `sysutils/cdrtools` port, produces an ISO 9660 file system that is an image of a directory tree in the UNIX® file system name space. The simplest usage is:

    # mkisofs -o imagefile.iso /path/to/tree

This command will create an `imagefile.iso` containing an ISO 9660 file system that is a copy of the tree at `/path/to/tree`. In the process, it will map the file names to names that fit the limitations of the standard ISO 9660 file system, and will exclude files that have names uncharacteristic of ISO file systems.

A number of options are available to overcome those restrictions. In particular, `-R` enables the Rock Ridge extensions common to UNIX systems, `-J` enables Joliet extensions used by Microsoft systems, and `-hfs` can be used to create HFS file systems used by Mac OS®.

For CDs that are going to be used only on FreeBSD systems, `-U` can be used to disable all filename restrictions. When used with `-R`, it produces a file system image that is identical to the FreeBSD tree you started from, though it may violate the ISO 9660 standard in a number of ways.

The last option of general use is `-b`. This is used to specify the location of the boot image for use in producing an “El Torito” bootable CD. This option takes an argument which is the path to a boot image from the top of the tree being written to the CD. By default, mkisofs(8) creates an ISO image in the so-called “floppy disk emulation” mode, and thus expects the boot image to be exactly 1200, 1440 or 2880 KB in size. Some boot loaders, like the one used by the FreeBSD distribution disks, do not use emulation mode; in this case, the `-no-emul-boot` option should be used. So, if `/tmp/myboot` holds a bootable FreeBSD system with the boot image in `/tmp/myboot/boot/cdboot`, you could produce the image of an ISO 9660 file system in `/tmp/bootable.iso` like so:

    # mkisofs -R -no-emul-boot -b boot/cdboot -o /tmp/bootable.iso /tmp/myboot

Having done that, if you have `md` configured in your kernel, you can mount the file system with:

    # mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /tmp/bootable.iso -u 0
    # mount -t cd9660 /dev/md0 /mnt

At which point you can verify that `/mnt` and `/tmp/myboot` are identical.

There are many other options you can use with mkisofs(8) to fine-tune its behavior. In particular: modifications to an ISO 9660 layout and the creation of Joliet and HFS discs. See the mkisofs(8) manual page for details.

## 17.6.3. burncd

If you have an ATAPI CD burner, you can use the `burncd` command to burn an ISO image onto a CD. `burncd` is part of the base system, installed as `/usr/sbin/burncd`. Usage is very simple, as it has few options:

    # burncd -f cddevice data imagefile.iso fixate

Will burn a copy of `imagefile.iso` on `cddevice`. The default device is `/dev/acd0`. See burncd(8) for options to set the write speed, eject the CD after burning, and write audio data.

## 17.6.4. cdrecord

If you do not have an ATAPI CD burner, you will have to use `cdrecord` to burn your CDs. `cdrecord` is not part of the base system; you must install it from either the port at `sysutils/cdrtools` or the appropriate package. Changes to the base system can cause binary versions of this program to fail, possibly resulting in a “coaster”. You should therefore either upgrade the port when you upgrade your system, or if you are tracking -STABLE, upgrade the port when a new version becomes available.

While `cdrecord` has many options, basic usage is even simpler than `burncd`. Burning an ISO 9660 image is done with:

    # cdrecord dev=device imagefile.iso

The tricky part of using `cdrecord` is finding the `dev` to use. To find the proper setting, use the `-scanbus` flag of `cdrecord`, which might produce results like this:

    # cdrecord -scanbus
    Cdrecord-Clone 2.01 (i386-unknown-freebsd7.0) Copyright (C) 1995-2004 Jörg Schilling
    Using libscg version 'schily-0.1'
    scsibus0:
            0,0,0     0) 'SEAGATE ' 'ST39236LW       ' '0004' Disk
            0,1,0     1) 'SEAGATE ' 'ST39173W        ' '5958' Disk
            0,2,0     2) *
            0,3,0     3) 'iomega  ' 'jaz 1GB         ' 'J.86' Removable Disk
            0,4,0     4) 'NEC     ' 'CD-ROM DRIVE:466' '1.26' Removable CD-ROM
            0,5,0     5) *
            0,6,0     6) *
            0,7,0     7) *
    scsibus1:
            1,0,0   100) *
            1,1,0   101) *
            1,2,0   102) *
            1,3,0   103) *
            1,4,0   104) *
            1,5,0   105) 'YAMAHA  ' 'CRW4260         ' '1.0q' Removable CD-ROM
            1,6,0   106) 'ARTEC   ' 'AM12S           ' '1.06' Scanner
            1,7,0   107) *

This lists the appropriate `dev` value for the devices on the list. Locate your CD burner, and use the three numbers separated by commas as the value for `dev`. In this case, the CRW device is 1,5,0, so the appropriate input would be `dev=1,5,0`. There are easier ways to specify this value; see cdrecord(1) for details. That is also the place to look for information on writing audio tracks, controlling the speed, and other things.

## 17.6.5. Duplicating Audio CDs

You can duplicate an audio CD by extracting the audio data from the CD to a series of files, and then writing these files to a blank CD. The process is slightly different for ATAPI and SCSI drives.

SCSI Drives

1. Use `cdda2wav` to extract the audio.

       % cdda2wav -v255 -D2,0 -B -Owav

2. Use `cdrecord` to write the `.wav` files.

       % cdrecord -v dev=2,0 -dao -useinfo  *.wav

   Make sure that `2,0` is set appropriately, as described in Sekcja 17.6.4.

ATAPI Drives

1. The ATAPI CD driver makes each track available as `/dev/acd`d`t`nn``, where `d` is the drive number, and `nn` is the track number written with two decimal digits, prefixed with zero as needed. So the first track on the first disk is `/dev/acd0t01`, the second is `/dev/acd0t02`, the third is `/dev/acd0t03`, and so on.

   Make sure the appropriate files exist in `/dev`. If the entries are missing, force the system to retaste the media:

       # dd if=/dev/acd0 of=/dev/null count=1

2. Extract each track using dd(1). You must also use a specific block size when extracting the files.

       # dd if=/dev/acd0t01 of=track1.cdr bs=2352
       # dd if=/dev/acd0t02 of=track2.cdr bs=2352
       ...

3. Burn the extracted files to disk using `burncd`. You must specify that these are audio files, and that `burncd` should fixate the disk when finished.

       # burncd -f /dev/acd0 audio track1.cdr track2.cdr ... fixate

## 17.6.6. Duplicating Data CDs

You can copy a data CD to a image file that is functionally equivalent to the image file created with mkisofs(8), and you can use it to duplicate any data CD. The example given here assumes that your CDROM device is `acd0`. Substitute your correct CDROM device.

    # dd if=/dev/acd0 of=file.iso bs=2048

Now that you have an image, you can burn it to CD as described above.

## 17.6.7. Using Data CDs

Now that you have created a standard data CDROM, you probably want to mount it and read the data on it. By default, mount(8) assumes that a file system is of type `ufs`. If you try something like:

    # mount /dev/cd0 /mnt

you will get a complaint about “`Incorrect super block`”, and no mount. The CDROM is not a `UFS` file system, so attempts to mount it as such will fail. You just need to tell mount(8) that the file system is of type `ISO9660`, and everything will work. You do this by specifying the `-t cd9660` option mount(8). For example, if you want to mount the CDROM device, `/dev/cd0`, under `/mnt`, you would execute:

    # mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0 /mnt

Note that your device name (`/dev/cd0` in this example) could be different, depending on the interface your CDROM uses. Also, the `-t cd9660` option just executes mount_cd9660(8). The above example could be shortened to:

    # mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0 /mnt

You can generally use data CDROMs from any vendor in this way. Disks with certain ISO 9660 extensions might behave oddly, however. For example, Joliet disks store all filenames in two-byte Unicode characters. The FreeBSD kernel does not speak Unicode (yet!), so non-English characters show up as question marks. (The FreeBSD CD9660 driver includes hooks to load an appropriate Unicode conversion table on the fly. Modules for some of the common encodings are available via the `sysutils/cd9660_unicode` port.)

Occasionally, you might get “`Device not configured`” when trying to mount a CDROM. This usually means that the CDROM drive thinks that there is no disk in the tray, or that the drive is not visible on the bus. It can take a couple of seconds for a CDROM drive to realize that it has been fed, so be patient.

Sometimes, a SCSI CDROM may be missed because it did not have enough time to answer the bus reset. If you have a SCSI CDROM please add the following option to your kernel configuration and rebuild your kernel.

    options SCSI_DELAY=15000

This tells your SCSI bus to pause 15 seconds during boot, to give your CDROM drive every possible chance to answer the bus reset.

## 17.6.8. Burning Raw Data CDs

You can choose to burn a file directly to CD, without creating an ISO 9660 file system. Some people do this for backup purposes. This runs more quickly than burning a standard CD:

    # burncd -f /dev/acd1 -s 12 data archive.tar.gz fixate

In order to retrieve the data burned to such a CD, you must read data from the raw device node:

    # tar xzvf /dev/acd1

You cannot mount this disk as you would a normal CDROM. Such a CDROM cannot be read under any operating system except FreeBSD. If you want to be able to mount the CD, or share data with another operating system, you must use mkisofs(8) as described above.

## 17.6.9. Using the ATAPI/CAM Driver

Contributed by Marc Fonvieille.

This driver allows ATAPI devices (CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD drives etc...) to be accessed through the SCSI subsystem, and so allows the use of applications like `sysutils/cdrdao` or cdrecord(1).

To use this driver, you will need to add the following line to the `/boot/loader.conf` file:

    atapicam_load="YES"

then, reboot your machine.

> Notatka: If you prefer to statically compile the atapicam(4) support in your kernel, you will have to add this line to your kernel configuration file:

>     device atapicam

> You also need the following lines in your kernel configuration file:

>     device ata
>     device scbus
>     device cd
>     device pass

> which should already be present. Then rebuild, install your new kernel, and reboot your machine.

During the boot process, your burner should show up, like so:

    acd0: CD-RW <MATSHITA CD-RW/DVD-ROM UJDA740> at ata1-master PIO4
    cd0 at ata1 bus 0 target 0 lun 0
    cd0: <MATSHITA CDRW/DVD UJDA740 1.00> Removable CD-ROM SCSI-0 device
    cd0: 16.000MB/s transfers
    cd0: Attempt to query device size failed: NOT READY, Medium not present - tray closed

The drive could now be accessed via the `/dev/cd0` device name, for example to mount a CD-ROM on `/mnt`, just type the following:

    # mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0 /mnt

As `root`, you can run the following command to get the SCSI address of the burner:

    # camcontrol devlist
    <MATSHITA CDRW/DVD UJDA740 1.00>   at scbus1 target 0 lun 0 (pass0,cd0)

So `1,0,0` will be the SCSI address to use with cdrecord(1) and other SCSI application.

For more information about ATAPI/CAM and SCSI system, refer to the atapicam(4) and cam(4) manual pages.

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