# GNOME Desktop-Systemverwaltungshandbuch

Das GNOME-Systemverwaltungshandbuch stellt Informationen für Systemverwalter bereit, die sich auf die Konfiguration und Verwaltung verschiedener Aspekte der Desktopumgebung für Benutzer beziehen.

2006
Brent Smith
2005
Brent Smith
2004
Sun Microsystems
2003
Sun Microsystems
2008, 2009
Mario Blättermann (mariobl@gnome.org)
GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt

Das vorliegende Dokument kann gemäß den Bedingungen der GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), Version 1.1 oder jeder späteren, von der Free Software Foundation veröffentlichten Version ohne unveränderbare Abschnitte sowie ohne Texte auf dem vorderen und hinteren Buchdeckel kopiert, verteilt und/oder modifiziert werden. Eine Kopie der GFDL finden Sie unter diesem Link oder in der mit diesem Handbuch gelieferten Datei COPYING-DOCS.

Dieses Handbuch ist Teil einer Sammlung von GNOME-Handbüchern, die unter der GFDL veröffentlicht werden. Wenn Sie dieses Handbuch getrennt von der Sammlung weiterverbreiten möchten, können Sie das tun, indem Sie eine Kopie der Lizenz zum Handbuch hinzufügen, wie es in Abschnitt 6 der Lizenz beschrieben ist.

Viele der Namen, die von Unternehmen verwendet werden, um ihre Produkte und Dienstleistungen von anderen zu unterscheiden, sind eingetragene Warenzeichen. An den Stellen, an denen diese Namen in einer GNOME-Dokumentation erscheinen, werden die Namen in Großbuchstaben oder mit einem großen Anfangsbuchstaben geschrieben, wenn das GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt auf diese Warenzeichen hingewiesen wird.

DAS DOKUMENT UND VERÄNDERTE FASSUNGEN DES DOKUMENTS WERDEN UNTER DEN BEDINGUNGEN DER GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE ZUR VERFÜGUNG GESTELLT MIT DEM WEITERGEHENDEN VERSTÄNDNIS, DASS:

1. DIESES DOKUMENT WIRD »WIE VORLIEGEND« GELIEFERT, OHNE GARANTIEN IRGENDEINER ART, SOWOHL AUSDRÜCKLICH GENANNTE ALS AUCH ANGEDEUTETE. DIES BEZIEHT SICH AUCH OHNE EINSCHRÄNKUNG AUF GARANTIEN, DASS DIESES DOKUMENT ODER VERÄNDERTE FASSUNGEN DIESES DOKUMENTS FREI VON HANDELSDEFEKTEN, FÜR EINEN BESTIMMTEN ZWECK GEEIGNET IST ODER DASS ES KEINE RECHTE DRITTER VERLETZT. DAS VOLLE RISIKO WAS QUALITÄT, GENAUIGKEIT UND LEISTUNG DES DOKUMENTS ODER VERÄNDERTE FASSUNGEN DES DOKUMENTS LIEGT BEI IHNEN. SOLLTE EIN DOKUMENT ODER EINE VERÄNDERTE FASSUNG DAVON FEHLER IRGENDEINER ART BEINHALTEN, TRAGEN SIE (NICHT DER URSPRUNGSAUTOR, DER AUTOR ODER EIN MITWIRKENDER) DIE KOSTEN FÜR NOTWENDIGE DIENSTLEISTUNGEN, REPARATUREN ODER FEHLERKORREKTUREN. DIESER HAFTUNGSAUSSCHLUSS IST EIN ESSENZIELLER TEIL DIESER LIZENZ. DIE VERWENDUNG EINES DOKUMENTS ODER EINER VERÄNDERTEN VERSION DES DOKUMENTS IST NICHT GESTATTET AUßER UNTER BEACHTUNG DIESES HAFTUNGSAUSSCHLUSSES UND

2. UNTER KEINEN UMSTÄNDEN UND AUF BASIS KEINER RECHTSGRUNDLAGE, EGAL OB DURCH UNERLAUBTEN HANDLUNGEN (EINSCHLIEßLICH FAHRLÄSSIGKEIT), VERTRAG ODER ANDERWEITIG KANN DER AUTOR, URSPRUNGSAUTOR, EIN MITWIRKENDER ODER EIN VERTRIEBSPARTNER DIESES DOKUMENTS ODER EINER VERÄNDERTEN FASSUNG DES DOKUMENTS ODER EIN ZULIEFERER EINER DIESER PARTEIEN, HAFTBAR GEMACHT WERDEN FÜR DIREKTE, INDIREKTE, SPEZIELLE, VERSEHENTLICHE ODER FOLGESCHÄDEN JEGLICHER ART, EINSCHLIEßLICH UND OHNE EINSCHRÄNKUNGEN SCHÄDEN DURCH VERLUST VON KULANZ, ARBEITSAUSFALL, COMPUTERVERSAGEN ODER COMPUTERFEHLFUNKTIONEN ODER ALLE ANDEREN SCHÄDEN ODER VERLUSTE, DIE SICH AUS ODER IN VERBINDUNG MIT DER VERWENDUNG DES DOKUMENTS UND VERÄNDERTER FASSUNGEN DES DOKUMENTS ERGEBEN, AUCH WENN DIE OBEN GENANNTEN PARTEIEN ÜBER DIE MÖGLICHKEIT SOLCHER SCHÄDEN INFORMIERT WAREN.

Brent
Smith
GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt
Sun
GNOME-Dokumentationsteam
Sun Microsystems
GNOME 2.14 Desktop-Systemverwaltungshandbuch V2.4
März 2004

GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt

GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt

GNOME 2.6 Desktop-Systemverwaltungshandbuch V2.3
März 2004

Sun Microsystems

GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt

GNOME 2.4 Desktop-Systemverwaltungshandbuch V2.2
September 2003

Sun Microsystems

GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt

GNOME 2.2 Desktop-Systemverwaltungshandbuch V2.4
Januar 2003

Sun Microsystems

GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt

GNOME 2.0 Desktop-Systemverwaltungshandbuch V2.0
Dezember 2002

Sun Microsystems

GNOME-Dokumentationsprojekt

In diesem Handbuch wird die Version 2.14 des GNOME-Desktops beschrieben.

## Rückmeldungen

Wenn Sie Fehler finden oder Vorschläge zum GNOME-Desktop oder diesem Handbuch haben, folgen Sie den Anweisungen auf der GNOME-Seite für Rückmeldungen.

## GConf verwenden

In diesem Kapitel wird beschrieben, wie Sie GConf zur Verwaltung der Benutzereinstellungen verwenden können.

### Einführung in GConf

GConf vereinfacht die Verwaltung der Einstellungen der GNOME-Dsktopbenutzer. GConf ermöglicht den Systemverwaltern die Ausführung folgender Aufgaben:

- Setzen von obligatorischen Werten für bestimmte Einstellungen für alle Benutzer. Auf diese Weise können Systemverwalter festlegen, ob Benutzer bestimmte Einstellungen verändern dürfen.

- Das Setzen von Standardwerten bestimmter Einstellungen für alle Benutzer.

- Verwenden empfohlener Einstellungswerte, die in den Definitionsdateien der Einstellungen angegeben sind.

- Lesen von Dokumentation für jede Einstellung.

GConf stellt auch Änderungen von Einstellungswerten fest, sowohl lokal als auch im Netzwerk. Auf diese Weise werden bei einer Änderung eines Einstellungswertes alle Anwendungen unmittelbar aktualisiert, die diese Einstellung verwenden.

GConf umfasst die folgenden Komponenten:

- Eine Datenbank der Benutzereinstellungen

- Ein Dienst, `gconfd-2`.

- Ein Befehlszeilenwerkzeug, `gconftool-2`.

### GConf-Datenbank

Each preference in the GConf repository is expressed as a key-value pair. A GConf preference key is an element in the repository that corresponds to an application preference. For example, the /apps/gnome-session/options/show_splash_screen preference key corresponds to the Show splash screen on login option in the Sessions preference tool. The GNOME Desktop user interface does not contain all of the preference keys in the GConf repository. For example, the Panel preference tool does not contain an option that corresponds to the /apps/panel/global/tooltips_enabled key.

Die Datenbank ist wie ein simples hierarchisches Dateisystem aufgebaut. Die Datenbank enthält Folgendes:

- Directories that correspond to applications that use the GConf repository. For example, the file system contains the directory /apps/metacity.

- Unterordner, die sich auf Einstellungskategorien beziehen. Beispielsweise enthält das Dateisystem den Ordner /apps/metacity/general.

- Spezielle Dateien, die eine Liste der Einstellungsschlüssel im jeweiligen Ordner sowie Informationen über diese Schlüssel enthalten. Beispielsweise enthält eine solche Datei Informationen über die Schlüssel, die sich auf die HTTP-Proxy-Einstellungen im Ordner /system/http_proxy beziehen.

- A /schemas directory that contains files that describe all of the preference keys.

Preference keys typically have simple values such as strings, integers, or lists of strings and integers. The format of the preference key in the repository depends on the backend module that is used to read the repository. The following is an example of the /desktop/gnome/interface/font_name preference key when an Extensible Markup Language (XML) backend module is used to read the repository:

    <entry name="font_name" mtime="1038323555" muser="user123" type="string">
    <stringvalue>Sans 10</stringvalue></entry>

When this guide refers to a preference key, the path to the key is added to the name of the key. For example, the font_name preference key in the /desktop/gnome/interface subdirectory is referred to as /desktop/gnome/interface/font_name.

#### GConf-Konfigurationsquellen

The GConf repository contains a series of storage locations that are called configuration sources. The configuration sources are listed in the GConf path file. The location of the GConf path file is /etc/gconf/gconf-version-number/path. Each user has a path file. The path file specifies the following information for each configuration source:

- Das Backend-Modul zum Lesen der Datenbank.

- Die Zugriffsrechte der Datenbank.

- Der Speicherort der Datenbank.

Die GConf-Pfaddatei enthält auch include-Anweisungen. Per Vorgabe sieht der Inhalt der GConf-Pfaddatei wie folgt aus:

    xml:readonly:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory
    include /etc/gconf/2/local-mandatory.path
    include "$(HOME)/.gconf.path"
    include /etc/gconf/2/local-defaults.path
    xml:readwrite:$(HOME)/.gconf
    xml:readonly:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults

Wenn GConf nach einem Einstellungswert sucht, dann liest GConf die Konfigurationsquellen anhand der in der Pfaddatei vorgegebenen Reihenfolge aus. Die folgende Tabelle beschreibt die Konfigurationsquellen der Pfaddatei:

Konfigurationsquelle | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Obligatorisch | Die Zugriffsrechte dieser Konfigurationsquelle sind auf »Nur lesen« gesetzt. Benutzer können die Werte in dieser Quelle nicht überschreiben, so dass die Einstellungen in dieser Quelle obligatorisch sind.
Benutzer | Die Konfigurationsquelle wird im Ordner `.gconf` im persönlichen Ordner des Benutzers gespeichert. Wenn der Benutzer Einstellungen ändert, dann wird die neue Einstellungsinformation zu diesem Ort hinzugefügt. Sie können den Konfigurationseditor zum Anpassen der Konfigurationsquelle des Benutzers verwenden.
Standard | Diese Konfigurationsquelle enthält die vorgegebenen Einstellungen.

Die Anordnung der Konfigurationsquellen in der Pfaddatei stellt sicher, dass obligatorische Einstellungen die benutzerdefinierten Einstellungen überschreiben. Außerdem wird sichergestellt, dass benutzerdefinierte Einstellungen die vorgegebenen Einstellungen überschreiben. Daher wendet GConf die Einstellungen in folgender Reihenfolge der Priorität an:

1. Obligatorische Einstellungen

2. Benutzerdefinierte Einstellungen

3. Standardeinstellungen

Die include-Anweisungen in der GConf-Pfaddatei ermöglichen Systemverwaltern, weitere Konfigurationsquellen anzugeben.

Included Configuration Source | Beschreibung
--- | ---
`/etc/gconf/2/local-mandatory.path` | Verwenden Sie diese Konfigurationsquelle zum Speichern obligatorischer Einstellungswerte für ein bestimmtes System.
`$(HOME)/.gconf.path` | The user specifies the location of the configuration source in the home directory, in a file that is called `.gconf.path`.
`/etc/gconf/2/local-defaults.path` | Verwenden Sie diese Konfigurationsquelle zum Speichern vorgegebener Einstellungswerte für ein bestimmtes System.

#### GConf-Schemas

Ein GConf-Schema ist ein Sammelbegriff für einen GConf-Schema-Schlüssel und ein GConf-Schema-Objekt. Die folgende Tabelle beschreibt Schema-Schlüssel und Schema-Objekte und stellt diese zu den Einstellungschlüsseln in Beziehung:

Eintrag | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Einstellungsschlüssel | An element in the GConf repository that corresponds to an application preference.
Schema-Schlüssel | A key that stores a schema object for a preference key.

Schema-Objekt

Ein Element einer Konfigurationsquelle, welches Informationen über einen Einstellungsschlüssel enthält, wie die folgenden:

- Der Name der Anwendung, welche den Einstellungsschlüssel verwendet.

- Der Typ des für den Einstellungsschlüssel erforderlichen Wertes, z. B. Integer, Boolean, usw.

- Ein Vorgabewert für den Einstellungsschlüssel.

- Kurze Dokumentation des Einstellungsschlüssels.

In der folgenden Tabelle finden Sie Beispiele für einen Einstellungsschlüssel, einen Schema-Schlüssel und ein Schema-Objekt:

Eintrag | Beispiel
--- | ---
Einstellungsschlüssel | /desktop/gnome/interface/font_name
Schema-Schlüssel | /schemas/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name

Schema-Objekt

    <schema>
      <applyto>/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name</applyto>
      <key>/schemas/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name</key>
      <owner>gnome</owner>
      <type>string</type>
      <default>Sans 10</default>
      <locale name="C">
        <short>Default font</short>
          <long>Name of the default font used by gtk+.</long>
      </locale>
    </schema>

You can associate a schema key with a preference key. For example, the following /desktop/gnome/interface/font_name key includes a schema key:

    <entry name="font_name" mtime="1034873859"
    schema="/schemas/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name"/>

When you associate a schema key with a preference key, the preference uses the suggested value that is specified in the schema object of the schema key. The suggested value is contained in the `<default>` element in the schema object. By default, all the preference keys in the default configuration source are associated with schema keys.

Typischerweise werden Schemata in der vorgegebenen Konfigurationsquelle gespeichert.

#### GConf-Schema-Definitionsdateien

Schemas are generated from schema definition files. A schema definition file defines the characteristics of all of the keys in a particular application. Schema definition files have a `.schemas` extension.

The schema definition files are included in the `/etc/gconf/schemas` directory. You can use the schema definition files to create a new configuration source.

Some schema definition files correspond closely to a part of the GNOME Desktop user interface. For example, `system_http_proxy.schemas` corresponds to the Network Proxy preference tool. Other schema definition files contain preference keys that are not present in the GNOME Desktop user interface. For example, the /apps/panel/global/tooltips_enabled key is not present in the user interface.

Some parts of the GNOME Desktop user interface contain preferences that represent preference keys from more than one schema definition file. For example, the Keyboard Shortcuts preference tool contains preferences that represent keys from the `panel-global-config.schemas` and `metacity.schemas` files.

### GConf-Dienst

The GConf daemon is called `gconfd-2`. The GConf daemon notifies applications when a preference value changes. For example, you might select to show only icons in toolbars in the Menus & Toolbars preference tool. When you select this option in the preference tool, the toolbars on all open applications are updated instantly. The GConf daemon can operate locally, or across a network.

An instance of the GConf daemon is started for each user. The GConf daemon does not have to deal with complex problems such as authentication and data security. When the GConf daemon starts, the daemon loads the GConf path file. The GConf daemon manages all access between applications and the configuration sources.

Wenn eine Anwendung den Wert eines Einstellungsschlüssels erfragt, dann durchsucht der Dienst die Konfigurationsquellen wie folgt:

1. Search for the value of the preference key in each configuration source, in the order specified in the path file. If the value is found, return the value.

2. If a value is not found, search for the schema key that corresponds to the preference key in each configuration source, in the order specified in the path file.

3. If the schema key is found, check the value of the schema key.

4. If the value of the schema key is a schema object, return the suggested value in the `<default>` element of the schema object.

The GConf daemon also caches preference key values. All applications use this cache, so applications only need to access the configuration sources once.

Um den GConf-Dienst zu beenden, führen Sie den folgenden Befehl aus:

    gconftool-2 --shutdown

### GConf-Befehlszeilenwerkzeug

GConf enthält ein Befehlszeilenwerkzeug namens `gconftool-2`. Sie können den Befehl `gconftool-2` zur Erledigung folgender Aufgaben verwenden:

- Legt den Wert des Schlüssels fest.

- Display the values of keys.

- Install schemas from schema definition files when you install an application.

Beispielsweise verwenden Sie folgenden Befehl, um die Werte aller Schlüssel im Ordner /desktop/gnome und dessen Unterordnern anzuzeigen.

    gconftool-2 --recursive-list /desktop/gnome

Below are listed some of the options that you can use with the `gconftool-2` command. For detailed command line options, please see man:gconftool-2(1).

#### Befehlszeilenoptionen für gconftool-2

`--all-dirs`

  Listet alle in einem von Ihnen angegebenen Ordner enthaltenen Unterordner auf.

`--all-entries`

  Zeigt die Werte aller in einem von Ihnen angegebenen Ordner enthaltenen Schlüssel an.

`--config-source=configuration-source`

  Use this option with the `--direct` option to specify a configuration source to use. If you do not specify a configuration source with this option, the command runs on all configuration sources in the path file.

`--direct`

  Use this option with the `--config-source` option to access a configuration source directly. When you use this option, GConf bypasses the server. Ensure that the GConf daemon, `gconfd-2`, is not running before you use this option.

`--dump`

  Generates a list that contains all preference keys in a GConf repository directory that you specify. The list contains XML descriptions of all the keys. The list is contained in a `<gconfentryfile>` element.

  For example, you can redirect the output from this option to generate a file that lists all keys that are related to your panel configuration. You can use the `--load` option with this file.

`--get`

  Displays the value of a preference key that you specify. Also displays the values of the elements in the schema object for a schema key that you specify.

`--help`

  Displays a help message about the `gconftool-2` command, and the options that you can use with the `gconftool-2` command.

`--load=Dateiname`

  Use this option to sets the values of preference keys in the current directory in a configuration source to the values in the file that you specify. The file that you specify must contain XML descriptions of the keys, in a `<gconfentryfile>` element.

`--long-desc=Beschreibung`

  Use this option with the `--set-schema` option to specify a long description for a schema key.

`--makefile-install-rule`

  Installs schema definition files to applications.

`--owner=Eigentümer`

  Use this option with the `--set-schema` option to specify an owner for a schema key.

`--recursive-list`

  Displays the values of all preference keys in all subdirectories in a directory that you specify.

`--recursive-unset`

  Resets the values of all preference keys, in all subdirectories in a directory, from the user setting to the setting in the default configuration source.

`--set`

  Sets the value of a preference key, and writes the value to the user configuration source. Use the `--type` option with the `--set` option to specify the data type of the value that you want to set. For example, the following command sets the value of the /apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/background_color key in the user configuration source:

      gconftool-2 \
        --set "/apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/background_color" \
        --type string "#000000"

  You can also use the `--direct` option and the `--config-source` option with the `--set` option to write a value to another configuration source.

`--set-schema`

  Sets the value of an attribute in a schema key, and writes the value to the default configuration source.

  Use the following options with the `--set-schema` option to specify the attribute that you want to update:

  - `--type`

  - `--short-desc`

  - `--long-desc`

  - `--owner`

  For example, the following command sets the short description in the schema key for the /apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/background_color key:

      gconftool-2 \
        --set-schema  "/schemas/apps/gnome-terminal/profiles/Default/background_color" \
        --short-desc "Default  background color of terminal"

`--short-desc=Beschreibung`

  Use this option with the `--set-schema` option to specify a short description for a schema key.

`--shutdown`

  Beendet den GConf-Dienst.

`--type=Datentyp`

  Use this option to specify the data type when you set a value of a preference key. You can also use this option when you set the value of an attribute in a schema key. The following is a list of valid data types:

  - bool

  - float

  - int

  - list

  - pair

  - string

`--unset`

  Resets the value of a preference key from the user setting to the setting in the default configuration source.

`--usage`

  Displays a brief help message about the `gconftool-2` command, and the options that you can use with the `gconftool-2` command.

### Festlegen von Einstellungswerten

You can set a mandatory value or a default value for a preference key. Before you change mandatory preference values or default preference values for users, you must ensure that the GConf daemon is not running for any user. Ensure that all users are logged out before you change preference values for users.

To set a mandatory value or a default value for a preference key, use the `gconftool-2` command, as follows:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source configuration-source \
      --type Datentyp \
      --set Einstellungsschlüssel Wert

For example, to set `wwwproxy.xyz.com` as the mandatory HTTP proxy host, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type string \
      --set /system/http_proxy/host wwwproxy.xyz.com

Der Benutzer kann diesen Einstellungswert nicht überschreiben.

Zum Setzen der Standardwerte können Sie auch den Befehl `gconftool-2` verwenden. Wenn Sie beispielsweise die Anzahl der Arbeitsflächen auf 5 setzen wollen, führen Sie den folgenden Befehl aus:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type int \
      --set /apps/metacity/general/num_workspaces 5

Der Benutzer kann diesen Einstellungswert überschreiben.

Before you change mandatory preference values or default preference values for users, you must ensure that all users are logged out.

### Konfigurieren allgemeiner Einstellungen

Der folgende Abschnitt beschreibt, wie obligatorische oder vorgegebenen Werte den allgemeinen Einstellungen zugeordnet werden können.

#### HTTP-Proxy-Einstellungen

To set HTTP proxy preferences, you modify the values of the preference keys in the /system/http_proxy/ location. For example, to set a mandatory value for the HTTP proxy host, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type string \
      --set /system/http_proxy/host proxy-name

To set a default value for the HTTP proxy host, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type string \
      --set /system/http_proxy/host proxy-name

You can also set other HTTP proxy-related preferences. For information on the other HTTP proxy preferences, see the `system_http_proxy.schemas` schema definition file.

#### Einstellungen zur Druckverwaltung

To set print manager preferences, you modify the values of the preference keys in the /apps/gnome-print-manager location. For example, if you do not want users to view the print jobs of other users, set a mandatory value as follows:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type bool \
      --set /apps/gnome-print-manager/show_all_jobs false

To set a default value for this preference, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type bool \
      --set /apps/gnome-print-manager/show_all_jobs false

You can also set other print manager preferences. For information on the other print manager preferences, see the `gnome-print-manager.schemas` schema definition file.

#### Anzahl der Arbeitsflächen einstellen

To set a mandatory number of workspaces, use the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type int \
      --set /apps/metacity/general/num_workspaces integer

To set a default number of workspaces, use the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type int \
      --set /apps/metacity/general/num_workspaces integer

You can also set other window manager preferences. For information on the other window manager preferences, see the `metacity.schemas` schema definition file.

#### Festlegen von Einstellungen zur Tastatur-Barrierefreiheit

To set keyboard accessibility preferences, you modify the values of the preference keys in the /desktop/gnome/accessibility/keyboard location. For example, if you want to set a mandatory value so that keyboard accessibility features are enabled, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type bool \
      --set /desktop/gnome/accessibility/keyboard/enable true

To set a default value for this preference, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type bool \
      --set /desktop/gnome/accessibility/keyboard/enable false

You can also set other keyboard accessibility preferences. For information on the other keyboard accessibility preferences, see the `desktop_gnome_accessibility_keyboard.schemas` schema definition file.

#### To Set Keyboard Shortcut Preferences

To set keyboard shortcut preferences, you modify the values of preference keys in /apps/metacity/global_keybindings location. For example, you might want users to use only the AltF3 keyboard shortcut to open the Run Application dialog. To set this mandatory value, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type string \
      --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/panel_run_dialog '<Alt>F3'

You can also set other keyboard shortcut preferences. For information on the other keyboard shortcut preferences, see the `metacity.schemas` schema definition file.

#### Einstellungen für Panels und Panel-Objekte

Die Datei `panel-default-setup.entries` legt die folgenden Details für die Panels des GNOME-Desktops fest:

- Anzahl der Panels.

- Typen der Panels.

- Eigenschaften der Panels.

- Inhalt der Panels.

Die Konfiguration individueller Panels und Panel-Objekte ist eine komplexe Aufgabe. Dafür sollten Sie zunächst den Aufbau der Datei `panel-default-setup.entries` verstehen. Weitere Informationen über diese Datei finden Sie im nächsten Abschnitt.

Zur individuellen Einstellung der Panels und Panel-Objekte müssen Sie zahlreiche Einstellungen in der Konfigurationsquelle verändern. Der einfachste Weg ist die Verwendung des Befehls `gconftool-2` mit den Optionen `--dump` und `--load`. Weitere Informationen über die Einstellungen für Panels und Panel-Objekte finden Sie in .

##### Individuelle Panels und Panel-Objekte

The file `panel-default-setup.entries` contains sections that specify panels and panel contents. The `panel-default-setup.entries` file specifies values for schema keys. The `panel-default-setup.entries` file resides in the `/etc/gconf/schemas` directory.

Die Datei `panel-default-setup.entries` ist wie folgt aufgebaut:

1. Schlüssel, die den allgemeinen Aufbau von Panels, Applets und anderen Panel-Objekten auf dem GNOME-Desktop festlegen. Die folgenden Schlüssel geben die anzahl der Panels, Panel-Objekte und angezeigten Applets auf dem GNOME-Desktop an:

   - /apps/panel/default_setup/general/toplevel_id_list

   - /apps/panel/default_setup/general/object_id_list

   - /apps/panel/default_setup/general/applet_id_list

   Die Schlüssel ordnen auch Bezeichner jedem Panel, Panel-Objekt und Applet zu. Als Beispiel zeigt folgender Ausschnitt aus der Datei `panel-default-setup.entries`, dass ein Panel auf dem GNOME-Desktop erscheint:

       <entry>
         <key>toplevel_id_list</key>
         <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/general/toplevel_id_list</schema_key>
         <value>
           <list type="string">
             <value>
               <string>bottom_panel</string>
             </value>
           </list>
         </value>
       </entry>

   In der Datei `panel-default-setup.entries` bezieht sich der Bezeichner bottom_panel auf das Panel am unteren Bildschirmrand.

2. Schlüssel, die die Eigenschaften eines Panels festlegen. Die Eigenschaftsschlüssel eines Panels sind wie folgt strukturiert:

       /apps/panel/default_setup/toplevels/panel-name/panel-property-key

   For example, the key /apps/panel/default_setup/toplevels/bottom_panel/size specifies the size of the bottom panel.

3. Keys that specify the panel objects, the panel object properties, and the panels in which the objects reside. For example, the following sample from `panel-default-setup.entries` specifies a Main Menu object at the left side of the bottom panel:

       <entrylist base="/apps/panel/default_setup/objects/main_menu">
         <entry>
           <key>object_type</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/object_type</schema_key>
           <value>
             <string>menu-object</string>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <entry>
           <key>toplevel_id</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/toplevel_id</schema_key>
           <value>
             <string>bottom_panel</string>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <entry>
           <key>position</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/position</schema_key>
           <value>
             <int>0</int>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <!-- Possibly more entry elements -->
       </entrylist>

4. Keys that specify the applets, the applet preferences, and the panels in which the applets reside. For example, the following sample from `panel-default-setup.entries` specifies the Window List applet, in the bottom panel:

       <entrylist base="/apps/panel/default_setup/applets/window_list">
         <entry>
           <key>object_type</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/object_type</schema_key>
           <value>
             <string>bonobo-applet</string>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <entry>
           <key>toplevel_id</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/toplevel_id</schema_key>
           <value>
             <string>bottom_panel</string>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <entry>
           <key>position</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/position</schema_key>
           <value>
             <int>2</int>
           </value>
         </entry>
         <!-- Possibly more entry elements -->
         <entry>
           <key>bonobo_iid</key>
           <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/bonobo_iid_type</schema_key>
           <value>
             <string>OAFIID:GNOME_WindowListApplet</string>
           </value>
         </entry>
       </entrylist>

   The OAFIID is a unique identifier for an applet. To find the OAFIID for a particular applet, see the `.server` file for the applet in the `/usr/lib/bonobo/servers` directory. For example, the following excerpt from `GNOME_Wncklet_Factory.server` shows the OAFIID for the Window List applet:

       <oaf_server iid="OAFIID:GNOME_WindowListApplet"
       type="factory" location="OAFIID:GNOME_Wncklet_Factory">

##### To Set Preferences for Individual Panels and Panel Objects

To set the preferences for a panel and the objects on a panel perform the following steps:

1. Log in to a GNOME session, and configure the panels as required.

2. Use the `--dump` option with the `gconftool-2` command line tool to generate a file that contains an XML description of your panel configuration. The `--dump` option generates a list that contains all preference keys in a GConf repository directory that you specify.

   For example, the following command creates an XML description of the default panel configuration in a file called `my-panel-setup.entries`:

       gconftool-2 --dump /apps/panel > my-panel-setup.entries

3. Open the `my-panel-setup.entries` file in a text editor, and modify the file as required.

   For example, you might want to change the location of the desktop entry files. The following is an excerpt from a file generated with the `--dump` option:

       <entry>
         <key>objects/object_16/launcher_location</key>
         <schema_key>/schemas/apps/panel/objects/launcher_location</schema_key>
         <value>
           <string>hadjaha-00adce02f7.desktop</string>
         </value>
       </entry>

   In the sample above, you might want to change the reference to `hadjaha-00adce02f7.desktop` to another desktop entry file that is available globally.

   When you generate a panel configuration with the `--dump` option, the positions of the panel objects are absolute positions. You might want to change the positions of panel objects from absolute positions to relative positions. The object at the extreme left of a panel has a position value of `0`. The next object has a position value of `1`, and so on. If you want object positions to be relative to the right side of the panel, set the value of the right_stick key to `true`.

4. Use the `--load` option with the `gconftool-2` command line tool to set the values of the default configuration source to the values in the `my-panel-setup.entries` file. For example, the following command sets the values of the keys in the default configuration source to the values of the corresponding keys in `my-panel-setup.entries`:

       gconftool-2 --direct \
         --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
         --load my-panel-setup.entries

### Setting Look-and-Feel Preferences

Die folgenden Abschnitte beschreiben, wie Sie obligatorische oder vorgegebene Werte den Einstellungen für das Erscheinungsbild zuordnen.

#### Festlegen von Schrifteinstellungen

To set font preferences, you modify the values of two preference keys. The following table shows the keys to modify, and the part of the user interface to which the keys correspond:

GConf-Ort | Komponente der Benutzerschnittstelle
--- | ---
/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name | Font preference tool, Application font option
/apps/nautilus/preferences/desktop_font | Font preference tool, Desktop font option

For example, to set `Sans 12` as the mandatory application font, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type string \
      --set /desktop/gnome/interface/font_name "Sans 12"

To set `palatino 12` as the default desktop object font, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type string \
      --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/desktop_font "palatino 12"

#### Einstellungen für den Hintergrund

To set preferences for the desktop background, you modify the values of the preference keys in the /desktop/gnome/background location. For example, to set a mandatory image for the background, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type string \
      --set /desktop/gnome/background/picture_filename filename.png

To set a default value for this preference, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type string \
      --set /desktop/gnome/background/picture_filename filename.png

You can also set other background preferences. For information on the other background preferences, see the `desktop_gnome_background.schemas` schema definition file.

#### Einstellungen für den Begrüßungsbildschirm

To set splash image preferences, you modify the value of the preference keys in the /apps/gnome-session/options/ location. For example, if you do not want users ever to see a splash image, set a mandatory value as follows:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory \
      --type bool \
      --set /apps/gnome-session/options/show_splash_screen false

To set a default value for this preference, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source xml:readwrite:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults \
      --type bool \
      --set /apps/gnome-session/options/show_splash_screen false

Sie können noch weitere Einstellungen für den Begrüßungsbildschirm ändern. Nähere Informationen hierzu finden Sie in der Schema-Definitionsdatei `gnome-session.schemas`.

### Wiederherstellung der vorgegebenen Einstellungswerte

Um die vorgegebenen Einstellungswerte für einen Benutzer wiederherzustellen, führen Sie den folgenden Befehl aus:

    gconftool-2 --direct \
      --config-source Benutzer-Konfigurationsquelle \
      --recursive-unset

Ersetzen Sie user-configuration-source durch die Konfigurationsquelle im Ordner `.gconf` im persönlichen Ordner des Benutzers.

This command resets the values of all preference keys, in all subdirectories, from the user setting to the setting in the default configuration source.

## Menüs bearbeiten

Dieser Abschnitt beschreibt, wie der GNOME-Desktop Menüs verarbeitet und wie Sie diese Menüs anpassen können.

### Einführung in Menüs

The GNOME Desktop implements menus according to the XDG menu specification. By supporting this specification, GNOME allows you to:

- Customize the menu hierarchy easily. You can edit a small number of files to customize the menu hierarchy. You do not need to modify your applications or move files.

- Install applications easily. You do not need to provide information about the menu hierarchy to applications when you install the applications.

- Configure menus so that users cannot modify the menus.

Die Menüs auf dem GNOME-Desktop verwenden die folgenden Komponenten:

- Menu definition files

- Desktop entry files

- Directory entry files

### Menu Definition Files

Menu files define the hierarchy of menus that are used in the GNOME menu bar. By modifying these files, you can customize menus for all users, or for a single user depending on the location of the `applications.menu` file that you modify.

Menu files must reside at `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus/applications.menu`. If `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS` $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS ist die in der XDG base directory specification definierte Umgebungsvariable. is not set, then the default path `/etc/xdg` is used. This also implies that a user specific version may be located at `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/menus/applications.menu` which is searched first. If `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is not set, then the default path `~/.config` is used. Directories which appear first in `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS` are given precedence when there are several `applications.menu` files. The first file found is used and subsequent files are ignored.

If you are confused about the order in which paths are searched, here is a simple list for resolving the location of `applications.menu`:

1. Search each directory in `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` in order to find `menus/applications.menu`. If `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is not set, it defaults to the `~/.config/` directory.

2. Search each directory in `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS` in order to find `menus/applications.menu`. If `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS` is not set, it defaults to the `/etc/xdg/` directory.

3. Use the first `applications.menu` file found.

You can see an example of a `.menu` file in . In this example, the top level menu is named `Applications`, which is specified using the `<Name>` element. The `Applications` menu contains a single submenu, but several submenus are allowed. Each submenu may also have an `<Include>` element. The purpose of the `<Include>` element is to perform a filter on the set of available desktop entries using matching rules.

For example, the `<Category>` element is a basic matching rule that selects a desktop entry only if the `Categories` key contains the content of the `<Category>` element. In the example, the `Accessories` menu will include a desktop entry only if it contains Utility but not System in the Categories key. For more information on the Categories key, see .

#### Beispiel für eine `.menu`-Datei

    <!DOCTYPE Menu PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD Menu 1.0//EN"
     "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/menu-spec/1.0/menu.dtd">
    <Menu>
      <Name>Applications</Name>
      <Directory>Applications.directory</Directory>

      <!-- Read standard .directory and .desktop file locations -->
      <DefaultAppDirs/>
      <DefaultDirectoryDirs/>

      <!-- Accessories submenu -->
      <Menu>
        <Name>Accessories</Name>
        <Directory>Accessories.directory</Directory>
        <Include>
          <And>
            <Category>Utility</Category>
            <Not>
              <Category>System</Category>
            </Not>
          </And>
        </Include>
      </Menu> <!-- End Accessories -->

      <!-- possibly more submenus -->

    </Menu> <!-- End Applications -->

beschreibt einige der Elemente in den `.menu`-Dateien. Eine detailliertere Beschreibung finden Sie in der XDG-Menüspezifikation.

#### Menu Definition File Elements

Element | Beschreibung
--- | ---
`<Menu>` | The root element which may contain nested `<Menu>` elements that define submenus. How these elements are nested determines the menu structure.
`<Name>` | Specifies the name of the menu. Every `<Menu>` element must contain a `<Name>` element.
`<Directory>` | Specifies the name of the directory entry file that specifies the name, comment, and icon for the menu. If this element is not specified, then the `<Name>` element is to be used to display the menu name. By default, `.directory` files are searched for in the location `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/desktop-directories/` as set forth in the XDG menu specification.
`<DefaultAppDirs>` | This is an instruction which indicates that all the available desktop entries from `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/applications/` should be scanned. If this instruction is not included, then these locations are not scanned for desktop entries.
`<DefaultDirectoryDirs>` | This is an instruction which indicates that all the available directory entries from `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/desktop-directories/` should be scanned. If the instruction is not included, then these locations are not scanned for directory entries.
`<Include>` | Contains a list of matching rules by which the contents of a menu are generated. May include the `<Filename>`, `<Category>`, `<And>`, `<Or>`, `<Not>`, or `<All>` matching rules. If more than one rule is present, the rules are logically ORed so that desktop entries that match any rule are included.
`<Exclude>` | The opposite of `<Include>` since any desktop entries that are matched in this element are excluded from the previous set of included elements. For this reason, this element must appear after the `<Include>` element.
`<Filename>` | A matching rule that selects a desktop entry when the Desktop File-Id matches the contents of the `<Filename>` element.
`<Category>` | A matching rule that selects a desktop entry when the Categories key matches the contents of the `<Category>` element.
`<And>` | A matching rule that selects a desktop entry when it is selected by all the nested matching rules in the `<And>` element.
`<Or>` | A matching rule that selects a desktop entry when it is selected by any of the nested matching rules in the `<Or>` element.
`<Not>` | A matching rule that does not select a desktop entry when it is selected by any of the nested matching rules in the `<Not>` element.
`<All>` | A matching rule which selects all desktop entries.

### Desktop Entry Files

A desktop entry file is a data file that provides information about an item in a menu. The desktop entry file specifies the details for the item such as a name, a command to run, an icon, and so on. It also contains keywords which determine the location of the item in the menu hierarchy.

Desktop entry files must reside in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/applications` directory and must have a `.desktop` file extension. If `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` $XDG_DATA_DIRS ist die in der XDG base directory specification definierte Umgebungsvariable. is not set, then the default path is `/usr/share` is used. This also implies that user specific desktop entries may be located at `$XDG_DATA_HOME/applications` which is searched first. If `$XDG_DATA_HOME` is not set, then the default path `~/.local/share` is used. Desktop entries are collected from all directories in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` environment variable. Directories which appear first in `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` are given precedence when there are several `.desktop` files with the same name.

Es folgt ein Beispiel für eine Desktop-Datei:

    [Desktop Entry]
    Encoding=UTF-8
    Name=Calculator
    Name[fr]=Calculatrice
    ...
    Comment=Perform calculations
    Comment[fr]=Effectue des calculs compliqués
    ...
    Exec=gcalctool
    Icon=accessories-calculator
    Terminal=false
    Type=Application
    StartupNotify=true
    Categories=GNOME;GTK;Utility;Calculator

describes the most important keys in desktop entry files. To get more information about desktop entry files, see the XDG Desktop Entry Specification.

#### Desktop Entry Keys

Desktop Entry Key | Beschreibung
--- | ---
`Categories` | Specifies the keywords that describe the item. The keywords are separated with semicolons (;). To see a list of the standard category keywords, see the desktop menu specification at http://www.freedesktop.org/Standards/menu-spec Menu Definition Files map desktop entries to menus by using matching rules against the Categories key.
`Comment` | Specifies a short description of the item. The comment is displayed as a tooltip when you point to the item in the menu.
`Encoding` | Legt die Zeichenkodierung der Desktop-Datei fest.
`Exec` | Specifies a command to execute when you choose the item from the menu.
`Icon` | Specifies the filename of an icon that represents the item. Does not specify the path to the filename, or the file extension.
`MimeType` | Legt die Mime-Typen fest, mit denen eine anwendung umgehen kann.
`Name` | Specifies the name of the item. This name is displayed on the item in the menu.
`NoDisplay` | Diese Option bedeutet »Diese Anwendung existiert, soll aber nicht in den Menüs angezeigt werden«.
`Terminal` | Specifies whether the command in the `Exec` key runs in a terminal window. If the value is `true` the command runs in a terminal window. If the command does not create a window in which to run, the value of this key must be `true`.

`Type`

Specifies the type of item. This value is one of the following:

- `Application`: Ein Eintrag, der eine Anwendung startet.

- `Link`: Ein Eintrag, der auf eine Datei, einen Ordner oder eine entfernte Ressource verweist (z.B. eine FTP-Seite, eine Webseite, eine Windows-Freigabe...)

- `FSDevice`: Ein Eintrag, der ein Dateisystem darstellt.

- `Directory`: Ein Eintrag, der einen Ordner bezeichnet.

For more information on the keys in desktop entry files, see the desktop entry specification at the following URL:

        http://www.freedesktop.org/Standards/desktop-entry-spec

Panel launchers and desktop objects also use desktop entry files. The desktop entry files for launchers and desktop objects provide the same information as for items in a menu. For example, the desktop entry files provide the command to run when a user chooses the launcher or object.

### Directory Entry Files

A directory entry file is a data file that provides information about a menu. The directory entry file specifies the details for the menu such as a name, a tooltip, and an icon. Directory entry files have a `.directory` file extension.

Directory entry files must reside in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/desktop-directories` directory. If `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` is not set, then the default path is `/usr/share` is used. This also implies that user specific directory entries may be located at `$XDG_DATA_HOME/desktop-directories` which is searched first. If `$XDG_DATA_HOME` is not set, then the default path `~/.local/share` is used. Directory entries are collected from all directories in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` environment variable. Directories which appear first in `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` are given precedence when there are several `.directory` files with the same name.

The following is a sample directory entry file:

    [Desktop Entry]
    Name=Graphics
    Name[fr]=Graphisme
    ...
    Comment=Graphics applications
    Comment[fr]=Applications graphiques
    ...
    Icon=gnome-graphics
    Type=Directory
    Encoding=UTF-8

describes the most important keys in directory entry files.

#### Directory Entry Keys

Directory Entry Key | Beschreibung
--- | ---
`Name` | Legt den Namen des Menüs fest. Dieser Name wird im Menü angezeigt.
`Comment` | Eine kurze Beschreibung des Menüs. Dieser Kommentar wird als Minihilfe angezeigt, wenn sich der Mauszeiger über dem Menü befindet.
`Icon` | Specifies the filename of an icon that represents the menu. Does not specify the path to the filename, or the file extension.
`Type` | Specifies the type of menu. The value of this key is always `Directory`.

### Bearbeitung der Systemmenüs

You can edit menu configuration files and menu data files manually to customize menus.

#### Menüs hinzufügen

Um ein Menü für alle Benutzer hinzuzufügen, führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:

1. Create a directory entry file for the item that you want to add. Place the directory entry file in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/desktop-directories` directory. For more information on directory entry files, see .

2. Locate the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus/applications.menu` file.

3. In the `.menu` file, add a `<Menu>` element for the new menu. For more information on `.menu` files, see .

4. Create a `<Name>` element below `<Menu>`. The content of the element should contain the name for the menu.

5. Create a `<Directory>` element below `<Menu>`. The content of the element should contain the name of the directory entry file.

6. Wie Sie einen Eintrag zu einem Menü hinzufügen können, lesen Sie in .

Beim nächsten Anmelden eines Benutzers sollte das Menü in der Menüleiste erscheinen.

##### Fehlendes Menü?

If you did not specify any matching rules in the `<Include>` element, or if the rule did not match any desktop entries, then you may not see the menu in the menu bar.

#### Hinzufügen eines Eintrags zu einem Menü

Um einen Menüeintrag für alle Benutzer hinzuzufügen, führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:

1. Create a desktop entry file for the item that you want to add. For more information on desktop entry files, see .

2. Place the desktop entry file in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/applications` folder.

3. Locate the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus/applications.menu` file.

4. Verify that a `<Menu>` element contains an `<Include>` element with a matching rule that selects the desktop entry file made in step 1.

The next time that users log in, the menu item is in the assigned location.

#### Bearbeiten der Eigenschaften eines Menüs

Um die Eigenschaften eines Menüs für alle Benutzer zu bearbeiten, führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:

1. Locate the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus/applications.menu` file.

2. Find the `<Menu>` entry in this file that corresponds to the menu you want to modify. Note the filename of the directory entry in the `<Directory>` element.

3. Locate the directory entry for this menu. Modify the contents to change the properties of the menu. For more information on `.directory` files, see .

#### Bearbeiten eines Menüeintrages

Um einen Menüeintrag zu bearbeiten, führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:

1. Locate the desktop entry in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/applications` directory that corresponds to the menu item.

2. Edit the desktop entry to change the properties of the menu item. For more information on desktop entry files, see .

#### Entfernen eines Eintrags aus einem Menü

So entfernen Sie einen Menüeintrag für alle Benutzer:

1. Locate the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus/applications.menu` file.

2. Find the `<Menu>` element in this file that contains the desktop entry you want to delete.

3. Insert an `<Exclude>` element after the closing tag for the `<Include>` element. Make sure this is in the `<Menu>` element determined in step 2.

4. Insert the `<Filename>` matching rule as a subelement of `<Exclude>` to specifically exclude a desktop entry.

The next time that users log in, the menu item is not displayed in the menu. shows how this done in the `applications.menu` file. The desktop entry for `dasher.desktop` is explicitly excluded from showing up in the accessibility menu.

##### Entfernen eines Eintrags aus einem Menü

    <!-- ... -->

      <Menu>
        <Name>Accessibility</Name>
        <Directory>Accessibility.directory</Directory>
        <Include>
          <And>
            <Category>Accessibility</Category>
            <Not><Category>Settings</Category></Not>
          </And>
        </Include>
        <Exclude>
          <Filename>dasher.desktop</Filename>
        </Exclude>
      </Menu>

    <!-- ... -->

### Bearbeiten von Benutzermenüs und Zusammenführen von Menüs

Sie können die folgenden GNOME-Desktopanwendungen für die Bearbeitung von Benutzermenüs verwenden:

- GNOME-Menüeditor

Ein einfacher Menüeditor steht für die Benutzer zum Bearbeiten Ihrer Menüs zur Verfügung. Weitere Informationen hierzu finden Sie im Abschnitt Arbeiten mit Menüs des GNOME Desktop-Benutzerhandbuchs.

To manually create a custom menu for a user, the `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/menus/applications.menu` must exist. In the case that `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is not set, the default `~/.config` directory is used. Since this is the first location that is searched for the `applications.menu` file, it takes precedence over all other menu files.

User menus can contain all the elements described in . For a complete list of the elements allowed, see the XDG menu specification.

Since user menu files take precedence over the system menu file, it will completely replace the system menu unless it explicitly merges the system menu. Information on menu merging is available in the following subsections.

#### Zusammenführen des Systemmenüs

Often, a user only wants to add or delete menu items in addition to the standard system menu. To support single changes like these, it is recommended that you use the `<MergeFile>` element with the attribute `type="parent"` within the user's `applications.menu` file.

The `<MergeFile>` element allows a menu to be merged with the contents of the user's menu file. When you specify the attribute `type="parent"`, then the contents of the `<MergeFile>` element are ignored and the next `applications.menu` file in the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus` directory is used for merging.

##### Ältere Spezifikationen

Older specifications did not include the `type` attribute and simply required the location of the menu file to be merged as the content of the `<MergeFile>` element. As a result, you may still see a location specified in the contents of `<MergeFile>`, even when `type="parent"`.

Das Zusammenführen wird wie folgt ausgeführt:

- The children of the root `<Menu>` element in the merged menu file Merged menu file refers to the next `applications.menu` in the `$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/menus` directory. are substituted for the `<MergeFile>` element in the base menu file.

- All child `<Menu>` elements with the same name are consolidated into a single `<Menu>` element. This is by done appending all child elements of each `<Menu>` element with the same name into the last occurrence of the menu element.

zeigt ein Beispiel eines Benutzermenüs, das ein Systemmenü explizit einbindet.

##### Zusammenführen des Systemmenüs

    <!DOCTYPE Menu PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD Menu 1.0//EN"
     "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/menu-spec/menu-1.0.dtd">

    <Menu>
      <Name>Applications</Name>
      <MergeFile type="parent">/etc/xdg/menus/applications.menu</MergeFile>
      <Menu>
        <Name>Accessibility</Name>
        <Exclude>
          <Filename>dasher.desktop</Filename>
        </Exclude>
      </Menu>
    </Menu>

#### Merging Arbitrary Menus

Arbitrary menu files can be merged in much the same way as system menus. The difference is that the `type` attribute must be set to `path` or must be excluded from the `<MergeFile>` element in order to do this type of merge.

The merge is performed in the same way except that the location of the merged menu file is specified in the contents of the `<MergeFile>` element.

## Themen installieren

Dieser Abschnitt beschreibt Themen, die in GNOME verfügbaren Themeneinstellungen. die Installation von Optionen für die Themeneinstellung sowie die Erstellung eigener Optionen.

### Einführung in Themen

A theme is a group of coordinated settings that specifies the visual appearance of a part of the GNOME Desktop. Users can choose themes to change the appearance of the GNOME Desktop.

A theme contains settings that affect different parts of the GNOME Desktop, as follows:

Fensterinhalt

  The controls setting for a theme determines the visual appearance of windows, panels, and applets. The controls setting also determines the visual appearance of the GNOME-compliant interface items that appear on windows, panels, and applets, such as menus, icons, and buttons. Some of the controls setting options that are available are designed for special accessibility needs. Users can choose an option for the controls setting from the Controls tabbed section in the Theme preference tool.

Fensterrahmen

  The window frame setting for a theme determines the appearance of the frames around windows only. Users can choose an option for the window frame setting from the Window Border tabbed section in the Theme preference tool.

Icon

  The icon setting for a theme determines the appearance of the icons on panels and the desktop background. Users can choose an option for the icon setting from the Icons tabbed section in the Theme preference tool.

### Themenindex-Datei

Jedes Thema verfügt über eine Indexdatei, die das Thema charakterisiert. Der Name der Indexdatei ist `/usr/share/themes/Name-des-Themas/index.theme`.

Nachfolgend ein Beispiel für eine Themenindex-Datei:

    [Desktop Entry]
    Type=X-GNOME-Metatheme
    Name=High Contrast Large
    Name[es]=Alto contraste grande
    Comment=Large black-on-white text and icons
    Comment[es]=Textos e iconos grandes en negro sobre blanco
    Encoding=UTF-8

    [X-GNOME-Metatheme]
    GtkTheme=HighContrastLargePrint
    IconTheme=HighContrast
    MetacityTheme=Atlanta
    ApplicationFont=sans 18

Die folgende Tabelle beschreibt die Schlüssel in Themen-Indexdateien:

#### Schlüssel in Themen-Indexdateien

Index File Key | Beschreibung
--- | ---
`Type` | Specifies that this theme determines the appearance of several theme options, such as controls, window frames, and icons.
`Name` | The name of the theme. This is the name of the theme that is displayed in the Theme preference tool.
`Comment` | Eine Kurzbeschreibung des Themas. Dieser Text wird unter dem Namen des Themas im Einstellungswerkzeug Erscheinungsbild angezeigt.
`GtkTheme` | Corresponds to the controls setting in the Theme preference tool. Specifies which controls setting option to apply to windows, panels, and applets.
`IconTheme` | Corresponds to the icons setting in the Theme preference tool. Specifies which icons setting option to apply to panels and the desktop background.
`MetacityTheme` | Corresponds to the window frame setting in the Theme preference tool. Specifies which window frame setting option to apply to windows.
`ApplicationFont` | Corresponds to the application font setting in the Font preference tool.

### To Install a New Controls Option

You can add a new option for the controls setting in the Theme preference tool. Controls options reside in the `/usr/share/themes` directory. The typical structure of a controls option in the file system is as follows:

Optionsdatei

  `/usr/share/themes/option-name/gtk-2.0/gtkrc`

Bilddateien

  `/usr/share/themes/option-name/pixmaps/*.*`

Typically, a new option for the controls setting is supplied as a `.tar.gz` file. To install the new controls option, unzip the `.tar.gz` file, then untar the `.tar` file into the `/usr/share/themes` directory.

Users can install their own options for the controls setting. If a user installs an option for the controls setting, the option is stored in the `$HOME/.themes` directory.

### Installieren einer neuen Option für den Fensterrahmen

You can add a new option for the window frame setting in the Theme preference tool. Window frame options reside in the `/usr/share/themes/option-name/metacity-1` directory. The typical structure of a window frame option in the file system is as follows:

Optionsdatei

  `/usr/share/themes/option-name/metacity-1/metacity-theme-1.xml`

Bilddateien

  `/usr/share/themes/option-name/metacity-1/*.*`

Typically, a new option for the window frame setting is supplied as a `.tar.gz` file. To install the new window frame option, unzip the `.tar.gz` file, then untar the `.tar` file into the `/usr/share/themes` directory.

Users can install their own options for the window frame setting. If a user installs an option for the window frame setting, the option is stored in the `$HOME/.themes` directory.

### Installieren einer neuen Option für Symbole

You can add a new option for the icons setting in the Theme preference tool. Icons options reside in the `/usr/share/icons/option-name` directory. The typical structure of an icons option in the file system is as follows:

Optionsdatei

  `/usr/share/icons/option-name`

Bilddateien

  `/usr/share/icons/option-name/icons/*.*`

Typically, a new option for the icons setting is supplied as a `.tar.gz` file. To install the new icons option, unzip the `.tar.gz` file, then untar the `.tar` file into the `/usr/share/icons` directory.

Users can install their own options for the icons setting. If a user installs an option for the icons setting, the option is stored in the `$HOME/.icons/option-name` directory.

### Installieren von Symbolen für Themen

The GNOME Desktop provides several themes that are designed for users with special visual needs. For example, some of the themes are designed for users with low vision. Several versions of icons might be required so that the icon can be displayed properly in each theme.

You might need to install a new icon for an application. When you install a new icon, you must create several versions of the icon, so that the icon displays correctly in the themes. You must create several versions of the following types of icon:

- Symbole, die in Anwendungen auf dem GNOME-Desktop verwendet werden.

- Icons that are used internally by GTK+ applications, or GTK+ stock icons.

When you install a new icon, you must create several versions of the icon, so that the icon displays correctly in the themes. You can create the icons in several formats, for example Portable Network Graphic (PNG) format. The suggested size of icons for the desktop environment is 48 pixels by 48 pixels. At this size, most themes can rescale the icons.

When you install a new icon, create the following 48 pixel by 48 pixel versions of the icon:

- Regular icon

- Low contrast icon

- High contrast icon

- Inverse high contrast icon

If possible, create 16 pixel by 16 pixel versions of the each of the icons above also, for themes that do not require large print.

Install the icons to the image files location that is specified for the theme in or . For example, to add icons to the HighContrastLargePrint theme, add the icons to the `/usr/share/themes/HighContrastLargePrint/pixmaps` directory. Add references to the icons to the relevant theme files. For example, to add icons to the HighContrastLargePrint theme, add references to the icons to the `/usr/share/themes/HighContrastLargePrint/gtk-2.0/gtkrc` file. Modify the `gtkrc` file for the theme to associate the icon with a GTK stock icon identifier.

Weitere Informationen über die Erstellung von Symbolen für Anwendungsstarter und Panels finden Sie hier: http://www.freedesktop.org/Standards/icon-theme-spec.

### To Create a Custom Controls Option

If the options for the controls setting are not suitable for the needs of your users, you can create a custom controls option. To create a custom controls option, perform the following steps:

1. Create a directory structure for the option in the `/usr/share/themes` directory. Use the same directory structure that other options use. For example, to create an option that is called SmallPrint, create the following directories:

   - `/usr/share/themes/SmallPrint`

   - `/usr/share/themes/SmallPrint/gtk-2.0`

2. Locate the `gtkrc` file that is closest to meeting the needs of your users. Copy the file to the `gtk-2.0` directory of your new option.

3. Open the `gtkrc` file in a text editor, and modify the attributes of the interface elements as required.

4. If the new option includes images, install the images for the new option in the `pixmaps` directory of your new option. If the new option uses images from another option, you do not need to create copies of the images for the new option. Instead, ensure that the reference to the images in the `pixmap_path` entry in the `gtkrc` file is correct.

Users can now choose the new option for the controls setting.

Weitere Informationen über `gtkrc`-Dateien finden Sie hier: http://developer.gnome.org/doc/API/2.0/gtk/index.html.

## Schriften einstellen

Dieser Abschnitt beschreibt, wie Sie Schriften für den GNOME-Desktop einstellen.

### Einführung in die Schrifteinstellungen

GNOME Desktop uses the `fontconfig` font configuration and customization library. The `fontconfig` library can use all kinds of fonts, including PostScript Type 1 fonts and TrueType fonts.

The `fontconfig` library provides a list of all the fonts available on a GNOME Desktop system. To compile this list, `fontconfig` searches the directories listed in the `/etc/fonts/fonts.conf` file. To view all the fonts available on a system, access the `fonts:///` location in the file manager on the system.

Weitere Informationen über die Bibliothek `fontconfig` finden sie unter folgender Adresse:

          http://freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig

### Schriftersetzung

The `fontconfig` library performs font substitution when either entire fonts, or individual characters, are not present. If the system needs to display a font that is not available, `fontconfig` attempts to display another, similar font. For example, if a web page requests to display the Verdana font, and that font is not installed on the system, `fontconfig` displays a similar font, such as Helvetica. The list of similar fonts is defined in the `/etc/fonts/fonts.conf` file.

If the system needs to display a character that is not present in the selected font, `fontconfig` attempts to display the character in another, similar font. For example, you might select Bitstream Vera Sans as the font for the Text Editor application. The Bitstream Vera font family does not include Cyrillic characters. If you open a document which contains a Cyrillic character, Text Editor uses a similar font that includes Cyrillic characters to display the character.

The `fontconfig` library also defines aliases for fonts, for example, `serif`, `sans-serif`, and `monospace`. When you select one of the aliases for a font, the system uses the first font that is defined for that alias in the `/etc/fonts/fonts.conf`.

### Hinzufügen einer Schrift für alle Benutzer

Um eine Schrift für alle Benutzer hinzuzufügen, gehen Sie wie folgt vor:

1. Copy the font file to one of the directories in the `/etc/fonts/fonts.conf` file. Typically, fonts are stored in the `/usr/share/fonts/` directory.

2. The `fontconfig` library updates the list of fonts automatically. If the list of fonts is not updated, run the following command:

       fc-cache directory-name

### Hinzufügen einer Schrift für einen individuellen Benutzer

Um eine Schrift für einen individuellen Benutzer hinzuzufügen, gehen Sie wie folgt vor:

1. Copy the font file to the `$HOME/.fonts` directory of the user. If you drag the font file to the `fonts:///` location in the file manager, the font file is copied to the `$HOME/.fonts` directory.

2. The `fontconfig` library updates the list of fonts automatically. If the list of fonts is not updated, run the following command:

       fc-cache directory-name

## MIME-Typen

Dieser Abschnitt beschreibt, wie Anwendungen MIME-Typen erkennen, wie MIME-Typen registriert werden und wie Anwendungen zum GNOME-Desktop hinzugefügt werden können.

The purpose of this chapter is to make it easy for an administrator to understand how to configure different parts of the MIME database and give an general overview of the MIME system. Therefore we will not attempt to go into details where it is not necessary. For the gory details, it is recommended that you refer to the XDG shared mime info specification.

### Einführung in MIME-Typen

A Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension [MIME] type identifies the format of a file. Applications such as Internet browsers and email applications use the MIME type of a file to decide which actions to perform on it. For example, an email application can use the MIME type to detect the format of an attachment and choose an appropriate viewer for the file, such as opening a text document with gedit.

Ein weiteres Beispiel: Der Nautilus-Dateimanager benötigt Informationen über den MIME-Typ einer Datei zur Ausführung folgender Aufgaben:

- Open the file in an appropriate application.

- Anzeigen einer Zeichenkette, die den Dateityp beschreibt.

- Anzeigen eines passenden Symbols, welches die Datei repräsentiert.

- Anzeigen einer Liste weiterer Anwendungen, welche die Datei öffnen können.

MIME types were originally proposed as a standard for identifying the message body of an e-mail message. Now, many systems use MIME types to identify the format of arbitrary files on the file system. MIME types are composed of a top-level media type followed by a subtype identifier, separated by a forward slash character, `/`. One example of a MIME type is `image/jpeg`. The media type in this example is `image` and the subtype identifier is `jpeg`. The top-level media type is meant to be a general categorization about the content of the file, while the subtype identifer is meant to specifically identify the format of the file.

There are eight media types currently blessed by the IANA [Internet Assigned Naming Authority]. These eight media types are

- Anwendung
- Audio
- Bild
- Meldung
- Modell
- multipart
- Text
- Video

. Many subtypes exist for each media type; for more information, see MIME Media Types at the IANA web site.

Implementation of MIME types in GNOME follows the XDG shared mime info specification. This specification provides the following advantages:

- Standard-Speicherorte für alle MIME-bezogenen Dateien.

- A standard way for applications to register information about a new MIME type.

- A standard way to retrieve the MIME type for a file.

- A standard way to retrieve information about a MIME type.

The rest of the chapter describes the files and directories that make up the MIME database, details about source XML files, how to create or modify MIME types, how to register applications as handlers for certain MIME types and finally, how to add an application to the GNOME desktop.

### Die MIME-Datenbank

The MIME database is a collection of files that make up:

- The set of known MIME types

- Die Methode zur Bestimmung des MIME-Typs einer Datei

- Meta information regarding a MIME type, such as a human readable description to use when displaying files of this type.

#### Ort

As an administrator, the most important and basic step to understanding the MIME system is learning the locations where these files are stored. Since the XDG shared mime info specification was drafted by the X Desktop Group, it also makes use of the XDG base directory specification. It is highly recommended that you familiarize yourself with this specification, as it is also important for other system administration tasks such as editing menus. A brief summary of the directory locations as pertaining to the MIME specification is given below.

The MIME database is created from the set of files located in the `$XDG_DATA_HOME/mime` and `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/mime` directories. If these environment variables are unset, then they default to the values `~/.local/share` and `/usr/local/share:/usr/share` respectively. As can be seen from the default value for `$XDG_DATA_DIRS` , each environment variable is actually a colon separated list of directories. The user's database at `$XDG_DATA_HOME/mime` has precedence over the system database at `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/mime` when conflicting definitions are encountered. Similar to the XDG shared mime specification, we will refer to this set of directories as `<MIME>` in the rest of this document.

For example, assuming default paths for the environment variables, Load `<MIME>/text/plain.xml` means to load the following files:

- `~/.local/share/mime/text/plain.xml`

- `/usr/local/share/mime/text/plain.xml`

- `/usr/share/mime/text/plain.xml`

#### Inhalte

The following is a list of directories and files that are found inside the MIME database along with brief descriptions:

`<MIME>/packages/`

  This directory contains any number of XML files, each of which describe a collection of MIME types. By default, the `freedesktop.org.xml` file is installed in the `/usr/share/mime/packages` directory. This file contains all the default MIME types that are widely used and recognized.

  Applications which provide information about new MIME types are to install a single new XML file here. Depending on the prefix where the application is installed, it will create the file in the `/mime/package` subdirectory of one of the directories in `$XDG_DATA_HOME:$XDG_DATA_DIRS`. For example, an application installed to `/usr/bin` should install a new source XML file to the `/usr/share/mime/packages` directory. For more information about the XML files in the `packages` directory, please see .

`<MIME>/MEDIA/SUBTYPE.xml`

  These directories and files are automatically generated from the collection of source XML files in the `<MIME>/packages/` subdirectory by the update-mime-database application. For example, for each `mime-type` element in the `/usr/share/mime/packages/freedesktop.org.xml` file, a directory is created at `/usr/share/mime/` with the media type of the MIME type. An XML file is created in that directory with the subtype identifier of that MIME type as well. The contents of the created XML file include comments (and translations for them), subclasses designations and aliases.

  ##### Beispiel: Datei `/usr/share/mime/text/plain.xml`

      <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
      <mime-type xmlns="http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info" type="text/plain">
      <!--Created automatically by update-mime-database. DO NOT EDIT!-->
        <comment>plain text document</comment>
        <!-- possibly more translations -->
        <comment xml:lang="es">documento de texto sencillo</comment>
        <comment xml:lang="eu">testu soileko dokumentua</comment>
        <comment xml:lang="fi">perustekstiasiakirja</comment>
        <comment xml:lang="fr">document plein texte</comment>
        <!-- possibly more translations -->
      </mime-type>

  This file is generated by the update-mime-database application, using the default source XML file `freedesktop.org.xml`.
`<MIME>/globs`

  Contains one line with a MIME type and a glob pattern, separated by a colon. Files which match the glob pattern are resolved to the MIME type specified before the colon. There are special rules about how filenames are matched by the glob pattern; for more details see the XDG shared mime specification.

  This file is also generated by the update-mime-database application, using the default source XML file `freedesktop.org.xml`.

`<MIME>/magic`

  A binary file which contains information on how to resolve MIME types by sniffing the content of the file. This is generally a set of one or more rules such as check for the string `%PDF-` at byte offset 0 in the file; if found, assign it the MIME type `application/pdf`.

  Diese Datei wird auch durch den Befehl update-mime-database erzeugt.

`<MIME>/XMLnamespaces`

  Contains a mapping of XML namespaces to MIME types. Each line contains three fields, the namespace, the localName and the MIME type. Each field is separated by a space. If the localName is empty, then there are two spaces between the namespace and the MIME type.

  Diese Datei wird auch durch den Befehl update-mime-database erzeugt.

`<MIME>/aliases`

  Contains a list of aliases for each MIME type. An alias is simply a MIME type that is sometimes known as another type. For each line in this file there are two fields: the first field is the alias name, and the second field is the MIME type. The fields are separated by a space.

  Diese Datei wird auch durch den Befehl update-mime-database erzeugt.

`<MIME>/subclasses`

  Contains a list of subclassed MIME types and their parent MIME type. From the XDG shared mime specification:

  > A type is a subclass of another type if any instance of the first type is also an instance of the second. For example, all image/svg files are also text/xml, text/plain and application/octet-stream files. Subclassing is about the format, rather than the catagory of the data (for example, there is no 'generic spreadsheet' class that all spreadsheets inherit from).

  The format of this file is similar to the `aliases` file. Each line contains two fields, where the first field is the subclassed MIME type and the second field is the parent MIME type. Each field is separated by a space.

  Diese Datei wird auch durch den Befehl update-mime-database erzeugt.

#### Aktualisierung der MIME-Datenbank

Understanding how to refresh the MIME database is important for administrators who wish to add new MIME types to the system, or otherwise modify information about a MIME type. The application update-mime-database is intended for this purpose.

For example, if an application installs information about a new MIME type to `/usr/share/mime/packages/diff.xml`, then update-mime-database must be called with the parameter `/usr/share/mime`.

    # update-mime-database /usr/share/mime
    ***
    * Updating MIME database in /usr/share/mime...
    ***

The MIME database is refreshed by scanning all the source XML files in the directory `<MIME>/packages`.

### The source XML files

Located in the `<MIME>/packages` directory, these XML files provide all the information regarding MIME types that is installed into the database by the update-mime-database application. There are a few rules about the XML file itself:

- It must specify the namespace as `http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info`

- The root element must be `mime-info`

- Zero or more `mime-type` elements can be specified as children of the `mime-info` element. The `type` attribute is used to specify the MIME type that is being defined.

By default, the `freedesktop.org.xml` file is installed to the `packages` directory in one of the `<MIME>` paths (usually `/usr/share/mime/packages`).

gives a brief description for each of the elements that can occur as children to the `mime-type` element.

#### Child elements of `<mime-type>`

Element (and attributes) | Beschreibung
--- | ---
`<glob pattern="*.xyz">` | This element specifies a glob pattern against filenames. If the filename matches, then it is assigned the MIME type of the parent `mime-type` element. The `pattern` attribute is mandatory.

`<magic priority="50">`

This element contains a list of `match` elements as its children. The `Priorität` attribute is optional, and specifies a priority between 0 and 100, with 100 being the highest matching priority. Each child `match` element has three required attributes:

- `Typ`
- `offset`
- `Wert`

and a fourth optional attribute, `mask`. For details on these attributes, see the XDG shared mime info specification.

`<alias type="media/subtype">` | This element defines an alias for the parent `mime-type` element. An alias is simply a MIME type that is sometimes known as another type. For example, `application/x-pdf` is an alias for the MIME type `application/pdf`.
`<sub-class-of type="media/subtype">` | This element defines the parent `mime-type` element as a subclass of the MIME type specified in the `Typ` attribute. For example, `image/svg` is a sub class of the MIME type `text/xml`, `text/plain`, and `application/octet-stream`.
`<comment xml:lang="locale">` | This element provides a human readable description for the MIME type. There can be zero or more occurrences of this element as long as each one contains a unique value for the `xml:lang` attribute.

`<root-XML namespaceURI="Namensraum" localName="">`

If a file is determined to an XML file, then this element helps to further classify it through the use of the `namespaceURI` and `localName` attributes, both of which are required. The attribute `namespaceURI` is the namespace of the document, and `localName` is the name of the root element for the document. If `localName` is present but its value is empty, then the root element may have any name, but the namespace must still match.

The easiest way to understand these files is to take a look at an example. Borrowing from the XDG shared mime specification, displays the contents of a source XML file called `diff.xml`. This example defines the MIME type `text/x-diff`. There are multiple `comment` elements which give a human readable name to the MIME type in a number of different languages. This MIME type has both rules for matching through glob patterns and through the use of content sniffing (better known as `magic` rules). Any file with the extension `.diff` or `.patch` will resolve to this MIME type. Additionally any file whose contents start with the strings specified in the `value` attributes of the `match` element, will resolve to the `text/x-diff` MIME type.

The order in which glob patterns and magic rules apply is beyond the scope of this document. For details on this, see the XDG shared mime info specification.

#### Beispiel für eine XML-Quelldatei: `diff.xml`

    <?xml version='1.0'?>
    <mime-info xmlns='http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info'>
      <mime-type type="text/x-diff">
        <comment>Differences between files</comment>
        <comment xml:lang="af">verskille tussen lêers</comment>
        <!-- more translated comment elements -->
        <magic priority="50">
          <match type="string" offset="0" value="diff\t"/>
          <match type="string" offset="0" value="***\t"/>
          <match type="string" offset="0" value="Common subdirectories: "/>
        </magic>
        <glob pattern="*.diff"/>
        <glob pattern="*.patch"/>
      </mime-type>
    </mime-info>

### MIME-Typen bearbeiten …

You should never directly modify the source XML files that are installed to the `<MIME>/packages` directory by applications. Instead, modify the `Overrides.xml` file. This file has precedence over all other source XML files installed into the same `packages` directory. If you are an application author, then this rule does not apply. You should create a new source XML file and place it in the proper `<MIME>/packages` directory (your `Makefile` will take care of this, of course).

You can modify the MIME database for all users on the system or for a particular user depending on the location of the file you change. To modify the database for all users, make changes to the file `Overrides.xml` in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS/mime/packages` directory. To modify the database for a single user, make changes to the file `Overrides.xml` in the `$XDG_DATA_HOME/mime/packages` directory.

After changes are made, you must always run the update-mime-database application, with the directory location of the MIME database as the first parameter.

#### Hinzufügen oder Bearbeiten von MIME-Typen

So fügen Sie einen oder mehrere MIME-Typen für alle Benutzer hinzu:

1. Create or modify an existing `Overrides.xml` source XML file, containing the definitions for the MIME types. For more information, see .

2. Place the `Overrides.xml` file in the `/usr/share/mime/packages` directory.

3. Update the MIME database by running update-mime-database using the system account.

       update-mime-database /usr/share/mime

To add one or more MIME types for a single user, follow the same steps, except place your `Overrides.xml` file in the `~/.local/share/mime/packages` directory. Additionally, call update-mime-database with `~/.local/share/mime/packages` as the first parameter.

#### Verifying Changes

After you have made a change to the MIME database and refreshed its contents, you can verify that the change has taken effect using the gnomevfs-info application. This application prints the MIME type and other useful information about a file.

Running gnomevfs-info on a SVG file gives you the output shown below. You'll notice the default application for this MIME type is `eog.desktop`; We will discuss default applications in .

    $ gnomevfs-info mime-diagram.svg
    Name              : mime-diagram.svg
    Type              : Regular
    MIME type         : image/svg+xml
    Default app       : eog.desktop
    Size              : 14869
    Blocks            : 32
    I/O block size    : 4096
    Local             : YES
    SUID              : NO
    SGID              : NO
    Sticky            : NO
    Permissions       : 600644
    Link count        : 1
    UID               : 1000
    GID               : 100
    Access time       : Wed Feb 22 18:24:47 2006
    Modification time : Wed Feb 22 18:24:42 2006
    Change time       : Wed Feb 22 18:24:42 2006
    Device #          : 775
    Inode #           : 297252
    Readable          : YES
    Writable          : YES
    Executable        : NO
    $

walks through the steps of creating a new MIME type and then verifying the changes using gnomevfs-info.

#### `application/x-newtype`-Beispiel

To create (or override) a MIME type and verify the changes:

1. Make a new, empty file in your home directory called `testing.xyz`.

2. Use gnomevfs-info on the file to find out the MIME type.The MIME type for this file should be detected as `text/plain` because there are not any glob patterns or magic rules that match it When no glob patterns or magic rules match a file, then it is resolved to the MIME type `text/plain` if it contains textual data or `application/octet-stream` for binary data. If the file is empty, then it defaults to `text/plain`. .

3. Create (or modify) the `Overrides.xml` file as described in with the contents given in .

4. Refresh the database using update-mime-database.

5. Use gnomevfs-info to verify that your change has taken effect. You should see the MIME type for the `testing.xyz` file resolved as `application/x-newtype`.

       $ gnomevfs-info testing.xyz | grep MIME
       MIME type         : application/x-newtype
       $

##### Die Datei `Overrides.xml`

    <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
    <mime-info xmlns="http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/shared-mime-info">
      <mime-type type="application/x-newtype"><comment>new mime type</comment><glob pattern="*.xyz"/></mime-type>
    </mime-info>

### Registrieren von Anwendungen für MIME-Typen

Registering applications to handle MIME types is fairly straightforward. Applications are registered by creating a `MimeType` key in their `.desktop` entry file and listing each MIME type separated by a semicolon. The `MimeType` key should only be used in `.desktop` files whose `Type` key has the value `Application`. For more information on `.desktop` files, see .

After creating or modifying a `.desktop` entry file, you must update the application database using the update-desktop-database application (very similar to update-mime-database, except it does not take a parameter). This will create a `mimeinfo.cache` file in the `applications` subdirectory for each directory in `$XDG_DATA_HOME:$XDG_DATA_DIRS`. The cache file is necessary so that all the `.desktop` files do not need to be scanned for just the `MimeType` key, as this causes unnecessary disk I/O.

Default applications to use for specific MIME types should be specified in a file called `defaults.list`. This file is located in the `applications` subdirectory for each directory in `$XDG_DATA_HOME` and `$XDG_DATA_DIRS`. The format for this file consists of the MIME type, the `=` symbol and the Desktop File ID (which is the filename for the desktop entry file). is a short example of a `defaults.list` file in a user's `~/.local/share/applications` directory.

#### Die Datei `defaults.list` eines Benutzers

    [Default Applications]
    application/pdf=evince.desktop
    text/html=epiphany.desktop
    text/plain=gedit.desktop
    image/jpeg=eog.desktop
    image/png=eog.desktop
    text/xml=gedit.desktop

#### XDG Desktop Entry Specification

How to register MIME types for applications is part of the XDG desktop entry specification, rather than the XDG shared mime info specification.

### Hinzufügen einer Anwendung zum GNOME-Desktop

Um eine neue Anwendung zum GNOME-Desktop hinzuzufügen, gehen Sie wie folgt vor:

1. Fügen Sie einen Menüeintrag für die Anwendung hinzu. Weitere Informationen über das Hinzufügen eines Eintargs zu einem Menü finden Sie in .

2. Add an icon for the application to `/usr/share/icons/theme-name/icon-size/apps`. For more information on icons and themes, see .

3. If the application uses a new MIME type, add a source XML file to the MIME database. For more information, see .

4. If the application uses a new MIME type, add an icon for the MIME type to `/usr/share/icons/theme-name/icon-size/mimetypes`. For more information on icons and themes, see .

5. To associate the application with a MIME type, include a `MimeType` key in your `.desktop` file. For more information, see .

## Setting Screensavers

This chapter describes how to set preferences for the screensaver. This chapter also provides information on how to modify the displays that are available for the screensaver.

### Einführung in Bildschirmschoner

A screensaver is an application that replaces the image on a screen when the screen is not in use. The screensaver application for the GNOME Desktop is gnome-screensaver. The following sections describe how to set preferences for the gnome-screensaver application, and how to change the themes that are available for the screensaver.

### Einstellungen des Bildschirmschoners ändern

All screensaver preferences and settings are stored in GConf.

To modify screensaver application preferences, users can use the Screensaver preference tool. For information on screensaver preferences, see GNOME Desktop User's Guide.

Sie können auch den Befehl `/usr/bin/gnome-screensaver-preferences` ausführen, um den Dialog Bildschirmschoner-Einstellungen zu öffnen.

To set default screensaver settings and policy for all users, modify the screensaver settings in the Default GConf Configuration Source.

To set mandatory screensaver settings and policy for all users, modify the screensaver settings in the Mandatory GConf Configuration Source.

### Ändern von Bildschirmschoner-Themen

The screensaver application allows users to choose one or more screensaver themes. A screensaver theme is an application that displays images on the screen of the user when the screen is not in use. The available screensaver themes are listed in the Screensaver preference tool.

To add a new screensaver theme, copy the executable file for the screensaver theme engine to somewhere in your PATH or into the screensaver theme engine executable directory. The screensaver theme engine executable directory for your system can be determined using the following command:

    pkg-config --variable=privlibexecdir gnome-screensaver

Next, add a `.desktop` file for the theme into the screensaver themes directory. The screensaver themes directory for your system can be determined using the following command:

    pkg-config --variable=themesdir gnome-screensaver

In the Exec field of the `.desktop` file include any arguments that are required to run the screensaver theme on the whole screen, rather than in a window. For example, some legacy screensaver theme engines may require you to include the `-root` option to display the screensaver display on the whole screen.

The Screensaver infrastructure implements themes according to the XDG menu specification. By supporting this specification, GNOME allows you to:

- Customize the themes easily. You can edit a small number of files to customize the available themes. You do not need to modify your applications or move files.

- Install themes easily. You do not need to provide information about the system when you install the themes.

- Configure the system so that users cannot modify the themes.

Weitere Informationen finden Sie in .

## Sitzungsverwaltung

This chapter introduces session management, and describes how to set session defaults. The chapter also contains information on sessions and login scripts.

### Einführung in Sitzungen

A session occurs between the time that a user logs in to the GNOME Desktop and the time that the user logs out. The session manager starts after the Login Manager authenticates the user. The session manager enables the user to manage the session. For example, a user can save the state of a session and return to that session the next time that the user logs in.

In einer Sitzung müssen mindestens die folgenden Anwendungen laufen:

- Der Sitzungsmanager, `gnome-session`.

- The GConf X settings daemon, `gnome-settings-daemon`.

- The gnome-panel application, which runs the panels in the GNOME Desktop.

- Der Fenstermanager Metacity.

### Festlegen von Sitzungs-Einstellungen

Die folgende Tabelle listet die Dateien auf, die die vorgegebenen Sitzungsinformationen enthalten:

Datei | Beschreibung
--- | ---
`/usr/share/gnome/default.session` | Default session file. Default session details are stored in this file.
`$HOME/.gnome2/session` | User session file. When a user modifies the session, the details are stored in this file.

To set default session details for all users, modify the default session file.

To restore the default session settings for a user, delete the session file from the home directory of the user. If no user session file is present, the default settings in `/usr/share/gnome/default.session` are used.

To save the current session as the default session, users can run the `gnome-session-save` command.

## Hilfesystem

Dieser Abschnitt beschreibt das Hilfesystem des GNOME-Desktops.

### Einführung in das Hilfesystem

The GNOME Desktop displays help in the Yelp Help browser. For more information, see Yelp Help Browser in the GNOME Desktop User Guide.

The source documents for the help are XML files. The XML files are written to the DocBook XML Version 4.1.2 document type definition (DTD). The DocBook XML files are converted to HTML using stylesheets installed with gnome-doc-utils and the HTML is displayed in the help browser. For more information on DocBook XML, see the following URL:

          http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml

The Help system uses Open Source Metadata Framework (OMF) files, and a cataloging system. The next sections describe OMF files and the cataloging system.

### OMF-Dateien

The XML file for each manual has an associated OMF file. The OMF file contains information about the manual that is used by the Help browser. OMF files have a `.omf` extension.

When you install an application, the installation process installs an OMF file to a directory of OMF files. If a Help document has an associated OMF file in an OMF file directory, the Help document is displayed in the Help browser.

OMF-Dateien enthalten Informationen über Hilfedokumente wie folgt:

- Der Ort der XML-Datei für das Hilfedokument

- Der Titel eines Hilfedokuments

- A subject category to which the Help document belongs

For more information on how to create OMF files, please see Writing Scrollkeeper OMF Files.

### ScrollKeeper-Katalogisierungssystem

ScrollKeeper is a cataloging system for documentation. Its primary function is to manage the information in OMF files for the help browser. When you install an application, the OMF file is copied to the `$prefix/share/omf/<application-name>` directory.

ScrollKeeper builds a table of contents from the collection of OMF files in the directories specified in `$prefix/etc/scrollkeeper.conf` file. This file usually consists of a single line with the `OMF_DIR` set to a comma separated list of directories to recursively search.

    OMF_DIR=/usr/share/omf:/usr/local/share/omf:/opt/gnome2/share/omf:/opt/kde/omf

ScrollKeeper contains a hierarchy of subject categories to which a help document can belong. The subject category of the document in the OMF file determines the location of the document in the table of contents presented by the help browser.

The hierarchy of subject categories is defined in the file `$prefix/scrollkeeper/Templates/<lang>/scrollkeeper_cl.xml`. The subject category of a document must correspond to a category specified in this file.

For more information on the Scrollkeeper system, visit the website at http://scrollkeeper.sourceforge.net/.

If the help document XML file is moved to a new location, then the location in the OMF file needs to be updated.

## Verbessern der Leistung

This chapter describes how to improve the performance of the GNOME Desktop.

### Einführung in die Leistungsverbesserung

This chapter lists several preferences whose settings you can change to improve the performance of the GNOME Desktop. You can use the `gconftool-2` command to set values for preferences for users. The example commands in this chapter show how to set values in the user configuration source.

You can also use the `--direct` and `--config-source` options to set mandatory values or default values for preferences. You can also use the `gconftool-2` command in a script to set the values of many preferences. For more information on the `gconftool-2` command and the options that are available with the command, see .

### Reduzierung der Prozessorlast

This section describes preferences that you can set to reduce CPU usage by the GNOME Desktop.

#### Verwendung von Themenoptionen mit geringeren Ansprüchen an die Prozessorleistung

Some window frame theme options load image files to draw the window frame. Other options use simpler techniques to draw the window frame.

The Crux window frame option loads image files, and can be slow on systems with limited CPU resources. To reduce CPU usage, use one of the following window frame options:

- Atlanta

- Esco

The following window frame options also use less CPU resources than Crux:

- AgingGorilla

- Helligkeit

- Metabox

Metabox does not work well with inverse controls options such as HighContrastInverse. Use Atlanta with inverse controls options.

To change the window frame theme option, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/metacity/general/theme option-name

Um beispielsweise Atlanta zu verwenden, führen Sie folgenden Befehl aus:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/metacity/general/theme Atlanta

Alternatively, users can use the Theme preference tool to select the appropriate option.

You can use the Metacity Theme Viewer to measure the performance of a window frame option, and to preview the option. To start Metacity Theme Viewer, use the following command:

    metacity-theme-viewer option-name

For example, to measure the performance of Atlanta and preview Atlanta, run the following command:

    metacity-theme-viewer Atlanta

#### Verminderung der Prozessorlast durch Abschalten der Symbolanzeige in Menüs

Einige Einträge zeigen Symbole neben dem Eintrag an. Um diese Funktion abzuschalten, führen sie den folgenden Befehl aus:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /desktop/gnome/interface/menus_have_icons false

Alternatively, users can use the Menus & Toolbars preference tool to deselect the Show icons in menus option.

#### So reduzieren Sie die Prozessorlast durch Abschalten des Begrüßungsbildschirms

By default, when users log in to the desktop environment, a splash screen is displayed. Icons are displayed on the splash screen while the user logs in. You can turn off the splash screen to reduce CPU usage during login.

To turn off the splash screen, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/gnome-session/options/show_splash_screen false

Alternatively, users can use the Sessions preference tool to deselect the Show splash screen on login option.

#### So reduzieren Sie die Prozessorlast durch Abschalten der Panel-Animation

When users show or hide panels, the panels can show or hide in an animated style. To turn off panel animation, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/panel/global/enable_animations false

Alternatively, users can use the Panel preference tool to deselect the Drawer and panel animation option.

#### Verbesserung der Leistung des Dateimanagers

The Nautilus file manager includes some features that you can modify to improve performance.

##### To Modify Performance Preferences

The file manager includes performance-related preferences. Each performance preference can take one of three values. The values are described in the following table:

Wert | Beschreibung
--- | ---
`always` | Führt die Aktion für sowohl lokale Dateien als auch Dateien in anderen Dateisystemen aus.
`local_only` | Performs the action for local files only. When you set a performance preference to `local_only`, the CPU usage is reduced.
`never` | Never performs the action. When you set a performance preference to never, the CPU usage and the network traffic are reduced.

The following table describes the performance preferences for the file manager. For the fastest performance, set the value of the preferences to `never`.

Einstellung | Beschreibung
--- | ---

`show_icon_text`

Specifies when to preview the content of text files in the icon that represents the file. To never preview the content of text files, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/show_icon_text never

Alternativ können Benutzer die folgenden Schritte ausführen:

1. Choose Edit Preferences from a file manager window, then choose Preview.

2. Select an option for the Show text in icons preference.

`show_directory_item_counts`

Specifies when to show the number of items in folders. To never show the number of items in folders, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/show_directory_item_counts never

Alternativ können Benutzer die folgenden Schritte ausführen:

1. Choose Edit Preferences from a file manager window, then choose Preview.

2. Select an option for the Count number of items preference.

`show_image_thumbnails`

Specifies when to show thumbnails of image files. To never show thumbnails, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/show_image_thumbnails never

Alternativ können Benutzer die folgenden Schritte ausführen:

1. Choose Edit Preferences from a file manager window, then choose Preview.

2. Select an option for the Show thumbnails preference.

`preview_sound`

Specifies when to preview the content of sound files. To never preview the content of sound files, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/preview_sound never

Alternativ können Benutzer die folgenden Schritte ausführen:

1. Choose Edit Preferences from a file manager window, then choose Preview.

2. Select an option for the Preview sound files preference.

##### So deaktivieren Sie die Seitenleiste, die Werkzeugleiste und die Adressleiste

The file manager includes preferences that enable you to turn off the side pane and the toolbar. To improve file manager performance, turn off the side pane and the toolbar.

Um die Seitenleiste zu deaktivieren, führen Sie den folgenden Befehl aus:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/start_with_sidebar false

Um die Werkzeugleiste zu deaktivieren, führen Sie folgenden Befehl aus:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/start_with_toolbar false

You can also turn off the location bar. Users can use the CtrlL keyboard shortcut to display a location bar when required.

To turn off the location bar, run the following command:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/start_with_location_bar false

##### Den Desktop abschalten

The file manager contains a preference that enables users to use Nautilus to manage the desktop. You can disable the desktop to improve performance. However, if you disable the desktop, you cannot do the following:

- Use the file manager to change the pattern or color of the desktop background.

- Use the desktop objects, such as Trash. The desktop objects are not displayed on the desktop.

Um den Desktop zu deaktivieren, führen sie folgenden Befehl aus:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type bool \
    --set /apps/nautilus/preferences/show_desktop false

### Reducing X Window System Network Traffic

This section describes preferences that you can set to reduce X Window System network traffic on the GNOME Desktop.

#### To Use Theme Options Which Create Less Network Traffic

Remote display protocols do not transfer every pixel in a block of pixels if all pixels in the block are the same color.

To reduce X Window System network traffic, use a window frame theme option that uses solid colors. That is, use one of the following window frame options:

- Atlanta

- Esco

For information on how to change theme options, see .

#### To Reduce Network Traffic by Turning Off Display of Icons in Menus

Some items in menus display an icon beside the item. If the icon is located on another file system, this feature can increase X Window System network traffic. This feature can also increase X Window System network traffic if the panels are displayed on a remote host.

For information on how to turn off this feature, see .

### Reducing Color Usage and Improving Display Quality

Viele moderne Computersysteme unterstützen 24 Bit Farbtiefe oder 16777216 Farben. Jedoch verwenden viele Benutzer noch Systeme mit 8 Bit Farbtiefe, also 256 Farben.

The GNOME Desktop uses the websafe color palette. This palette is a general-purpose palette of 216 colors, which is designed to optimize the use of color on systems that support 8-bit color. However, some visual components of the GNOME Desktop are designed for systems that support 24-bit color.

The following display problems might occur on systems that support 8-bit color:

- Windows, icons, and background images might appear grainy. Many themes, background images, and icons use colors that are not in the websafe color palette. The colors that are not in the palette are replaced with the nearest equivalent or a dithered approximation. This use of replacement colors causes the grainy appearance.

- Applications that do not use the websafe color palette have less colors available. Color errors might occur. Some colors might not appear in the user interface of the application. Some applications might crash if the application cannot allocate colors.

- Color flashing might occur when users switch between applications that use the websafe color palette, and applications that do not use this palette. The applications that do not use the websafe color palette might use a custom colormap. When the custom colormap is used, other visual components might lose colors, then become unviewable.

Der folgende Abschnitt beschreibt, wie sich das Erscheinungsbild des GNOME-Desktops für Systeme optimieren lässt, die lediglich 8 Bit Farbtiefe unterstützen.

#### To Use Theme Options That Use the Websafe Color Palette

Some window frame theme options use colors that are in the websafe color palette. Bright and Esco use colors from the websafe color palette. Bright and Esco do not have the grainy appearance of other window frame options on 8-bit color displays. Use Bright or Esco for the best color display on 8-bit visual modes.

For information on how to change theme options, see .

#### To Reduce Color Usage by Turning Off Display of Icons in Menus

Some items in menus display an icon beside the item. If the icon contains colors that are not in the websafe color palette, this feature can increase the number of colors used.

For information on how to turn off this feature, see .

#### To Reduce Color Usage by Turning Off the Splash Screen

You can turn off the splash screen to make more colors available for the GNOME Desktop and for applications.

For information on how to turn off the splash screen, see .

#### To Reduce Color Usage by Using a Solid Color for the Background

Use a solid color for the desktop background. Use of a solid color reduces the number of colors used by the GNOME Desktop.

To set a solid color for the background, run the following commands:

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /desktop/gnome/background/picture_options none

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /desktop/gnome/background/color_shading_type solid

    gconftool-2 \
    --type string \
    --set /desktop/gnome/background/primary_color #Hexadezimalfarbwert

Alternatively, users can use the Background preference tool to choose a solid color for the background.

## Deaktivieren von GNOME-Desktop-Funktionen

Dieser Abschnitt beschreibt, wie Sie einzelne Funktionsmerkmale des GNOME-Desktops deaktivieren können.

### Einführung in die Deaktivierung von Funktionsmerkmalen des GNOME-Desktops

The GNOME Desktop includes features that you can use to restrict access to certain functions in the GNOME Desktop. The disable features are useful in various situations where you want to restrict the actions that users can perform on a computer. For example, you might want to prevent command line operations on a computer that is for public use at a trade show. The disable features are also known as lockdown features.

You set GConf keys to disable features. For information about how to set GConf keys, see . You can also use the Configuration Editor application to set GConf keys in a user configuration source. For more information about the Configuration Editor application, see the GConf Editor Manual.

### Locking Down Setting Manually

#### Bildschirm sperren und Abmelden deaktivieren

To disable the lock screen and log out functions, set the `/apps/panel/global/disable_lock_screen` key and the `/apps/panel/global/disable_log_out` key to `true`.

When you disable the lock screen and log out functions, the following items are removed from the panels:

- Lock Screen and Log Out user menu items from the Main Menu.

- Lock and Log Out menu items from the Add to Panel Actions menu. To open this menu, right-click on a vacant space on a panel, then choose Add to Panel Actions.

- Lock Screen and Log Out user menu items from the Actions menu in the Menu Bar applet.

Also, any Lock Screen buttons and Log Out buttons on panels are disabled.

#### Deaktivieren von Befehlszeilenoperationen

To disable operations from a command line, set the `/desktop/gnome/lockdown/disable_command_line` key to `true`.

When you disable command line operations, the following changes occur in the user interface:

- The Run Application menu item is removed from the following menus:

  - Hauptmenü

  - Actions submenu in the Add to Panel menu

  - Actions menu in the Menu Bar applet

- Any Run buttons on panels are disabled.

To disable command line operations, you must also remove menu items that start terminal applications. For example, you might want to remove menu items that contain the following commands from the menus:

- Der Befehl für das GNOME Terminal, welcher `/usr/bin/gnome-terminal` lautet.

- `/usr/bin/xterm`

- `/usr/bin/setterm`

Die Einträge werden aus den folgenden Menüs entfernt:

- Hauptmenü

- Zum Panel hinzufügen Einen Anwendungsstarter aus dem Anwendungsmenü kopieren

To disable command line operations, you must also disable the Command Line applet. To disable the Command Line applet, add the applet to the `/apps/panel/global/disabled_applets` key. When you disable the Command Line applet, the Command Line applet is removed from the Main Menu and the Add to Panel Utility menu.

#### Deaktivieren der Panel-Konfiguration

To disable panel configuration, set the `/apps/panel/global/locked_down` key to `true`.

When you disable panel configuration, the following changes occur in the user interface:

- The following items are removed from the panel popup menu, and from the drawer popup menu:

  - Zum Panel hinzufügen

  - Dieses Panel entfernen

  - Eigenschaften

  - Neues Panel

- Das Kontextmenü des Anwendungsstarters ist deaktiviert.

- Die folgenden Einträge sind aus dem Kontextmenü des Applets entfernt:

  - Aus dem Panel entfernen

  - Lock

  - Verschieben

- The Main Menu popup menu is disabled.

- The launcher drag feature is disabled, so that users cannot drag launchers to, or from, panels.

- The panel drag feature is disabled, so that users cannot drag panels to new locations.

### Lockdown Editor

As of GNOME 2.14, a graphical lockdown editor called Pessulus has been included to ease the task of disabling desktop settings.

#### Erste Schritte

To run the lockdown editor:

- Click the System Administration Lockdown Editor

- Run the `pessulus` command in a terminal window.

You will see a window with several different tabs. Each of the tabs represents a different category of desktop settings that can be disabled. In the next section, we will discuss each category and provide a brief description for each setting that can be disabled.

#### Funktionen deaktivieren

To disable a setting, make sure the checkbox next to the setting's description is checked. Most settings will take effect immediately, however some settings will require that the application be restarted in order to take effect.

When pessulus starts, it will try to get a connection to the GConf mandatory configuration source. This address for this configuration source is `xml:merged:$prefix/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.mandatory`. If the user that is running pessulus has access to this configuration source, then a lock icon will be displayed next to the checkbox for each setting. Clicking the lock will toggle whether or not the setting is mandatory. If the setting is mandatory, then regular users will not be able to change or override the setting. If the user running pessulus does not have access to the mandatory configuration source, then the lock icon will not appear. In this case, all disabled settings will simply be stored in the user's default configuration source and can be modified later using other tools such as gconf-editor or gconftool-2. For more information on GConf and mandatory configuration sources, see .

The following subsections will give a brief description of the settings that can be disabled for each category.

Depending on the applications you have installed, you may see fewer categories than those described in this section.

##### Allgemein

Befehlszeile deaktivieren

  Den Benutzer daran hindern, auf das Terminal zuzugreifen oder eine auszuführende Befehlszeile anzugeben. Dies verhindert beispielsweise den Zugriff auf den Panel-Dialog »Anwendung ausführen«.

Drucken deaktivieren

  Den Benutzer am Drucken hindern. Dies verhindert beispielsweise den Zugriff auf den Druckdialog aller Anwendungen.

Druckeinstellungen deaktivieren

  Prevent the user from modifying print settings. For example, this would disable access to all applications' "Print Setup" dialogs.

Speichern auf Festplatte verbieten

  Prevent the user from saving files to disk. For example, this would disable access to all applications' "Save as" dialogs.

##### Panel

Lock down the panels

  Falls dieser Schlüssel WAHR ist, unterbindet das Panel jegliche Änderungen an der Panel-Konfiguration. Applets müssen jedoch möglicherweise einzeln gesperrt werden. Damit diese Einstellungen wirksam werden, muss das Panel neu gestartet werden.

Erzwungenes Beenden deaktivieren

  Falls dieser Schlüssel WAHR ist, erlaubt es das Panel dem Benutzer nicht, das Beenden einer Anwendung zu erzwingen. Dies wird durch das Entfernen des »Anwendung beenden«-Knopfes bewerkstelligt.

»Bildschirm sperren« deaktivieren

  Falls dieser Schlüssel WAHR ist, erlaubt es das Panel dem Benutzer nicht, den Bildschirm zu sperren. Dies wird durch das Entfernen der »Bildschirm sperren«-Menüeinträge bewerkstelligt.

Abmelden deaktivieren

  Falls dieser Schlüssel WAHR ist, erlaubt es das Panel dem Benutzer nicht, sich abzumelden. Dies wird durch das Entfernen der »Abmelden«-Menüeinträge bewerkstelligt.

##### Epiphany Webbrowser

Erzwungenes Beenden deaktivieren

  Dem Benutzer ist nicht gestattet, Epiphany zu beenden.

Beliebige URLs deaktivieren

  Dem Benutzer die Möglichkeit nehmen, eine URL für Epiphany einzugeben.

Bearbeiten von Lesezeichen deaktivieren

  Dem Benutzer die Möglichkeit nehmen, seine Lesezeichen zu bearbeiten.

Chronik deaktivieren

  Alle Chronik-Informationen durch Deaktivieren der Navigationsknöpfe »Zurück« und »Vor« verbergen. Dies betrifft auch den Chronik-Dialog und die Lesezeichen.

JavaScript-Kontrolle über Chrome deaktivieren

  Disable JavaScript's control over window chrome.

Bearbeiten von Werkzeugleisten deaktivieren

  Dem Benutzer die Möglichkeit nehmen, seine Werkzeugleisten zu bearbeiten.

Vollbild-Modus erzwingen

  Sperrt Epiphany im Vollbildmodus.

Menüleiste verbergen

  Hide the menubar by default. The menubar can still be accessed using F10.

Unsichere Protokolle deaktivieren

  Deaktiviert das Laden von Inhalten mit Hilfe unsicherer Protokolle, wobei http: und https: sichere Protokolle sind.

##### GNOME-Bildschirmschoner

Bei Aktivierung sperren

  Setzen Sie diesen Wert auf TRUE (Wahr), um den Bildschirm zu sperren, wenn der Bildschirmschoner aktiviert wird.

Abmelden zulassen

  Setzen Sie diesen Wert auf TRUE (Wahr), um bei gesperrtem Bildschirm eine Option zum Abmelden nach einer festgelegten Zeit anzuzeigen. Die Verzögerung wird im Schlüssel »logout_delay« festgelegt.

Benutzerwechsel zulassen

  Setzen Sie diesen Wert auf TRUE (Wahr), um einen Benutzerwechsel an einem gesperrten Bildschirm zu ermöglichen.

## Versteckte Ordner

Dieser Anhang beschreibt die verborgenen Ordner, die der GNOME-Desktop zu den persönlichen Ordnern der Benutzer hinzufügt.

A hidden directory is a directory that has a name that begins with a period (.). describes the hidden directories that the GNOME Desktop adds to the home directories of users.

### Verborgene Ordner in den persönlichen Ordnern der Benutzer

Ordner | Beschreibung
--- | ---
`.config` | This is the default location for the environment variable `XDG_CONFIG_HOME`, if it is not set. User defined menus can be created at `menus/applications.menu`.
`.fonts` | Contains fonts specific to a particular user. When a user installs a font by dragging it to the `fonts:///` URI in nautilus, it is copied to this location.
`.esd_auth` | Contains the authentication cookie for the GNOME sound daemon. The GNOME sound daemon is the Enlightened Sound Daemon (ESD). ACHTUNG: Dies ist eine Datei, kein Ordner.
`.gconf` | Contains the GConf configuration source for the user. When the user sets a preference, the new preference information is added to this location.

`.gconfd`

Contains the following GConf daemon details:

- Configuration information.

- Lock information for objects that are referenced by an Interoperable Object Reference (IOR).

- State information for objects that are referenced by an IOR.

`.gnome` | Contains user-specific application data that is not stored in the GConf repository. NOTE: this directory is deprecated and is only used by GNOME 1.x applications.

`.gnome2`

Contains user-specific application data that is not stored in the GConf repository. For example, this directory contains the following:

- Keyboard shortcut information.

- Informationen zum Ort des Fensters.

- Desktop entry files for panel launchers.

Dieser Ordner kann auch Unterordner enthalten, die anwendungsbezogene Daten speichern.

`.gnome2-private` | Ignore this directory. This directory has no function at the time of publication of this guide.
`.local/share` | This is the default location for the environment variable `XDG_DATA_HOME`, if it is not set. User defined desktop entries can be created in the subdirectory `applications`. User defined mime types can be created in `mime/packages/Overrides.xml`.
`.metacity` | Contains session data for the Metacity window manager.

`.nautilus`

Contains file manager data that is specific to the user. For example, this directory can contain the following:

- Metadaten für die Ordner, mit denen der Benutzer arbeitet.

- Durch den Benutzer hinzugefügte Nautilus-Embleme.

- Nautilus desktop images.

`.themes` | Contains controls theme options, window frame theme options, and icons theme options that the user adds. The user can add themes from the Theme preference tool.
`.thumbnails` | Contains image thumbnails for the user. The image thumbnails are used in the file manager. The file manager contains a preference that the user can select to stop generation of thumbnail images.

## Security Note on Configuring SMB Printers

This appendix provides a security note related to the configuration of printers on Windows network shares.

Windows network shares are also referred to as Samba or SMB shares. When you configure a printer on an SMB share, you must enter a username and password for the print queue.

The username and password for the print queue is stored as unencrypted text in the file `/etc/cups/printers.conf`. This file has read-only permissions for users with root privileges, so any user with root privileges can read the username and password for the print queue.

To reduce the impact of possible security violations, ensure that the username and password required to access the print queue is used only for the print queue. This ensures that any possible security violation is restricted to unauthorized use of the print queue.

## Glossar

`.desktop`-Datei
`.directory`-Datei
`.omf`-Datei
application registry

  The application registry is a collection of desktop entry files which register applications. The location of the application registry for the GNOME Desktop is `$XDG_DATA_DIRS:$XDG_DATA_HOME/applications/`.

desktop entry file

  A data file that provides information about an item in a menu. The desktop entry file specifies the details for the item such as a name, a command to run, an icon, and so on. Desktop entry files have a `.desktop` file extension.

directory entry file

  A data file that provides information about a menu. The directory entry file specifies details such as a name for the menu, a tooltip for the menu, and an icon to represent the menu. Directory entry files have a `.directory` file extension.

GConf-Konfigurationsquelle

  A storage location in the GConf repository. For example, `xml:readonly:/etc/gconf/gconf.xml.defaults`.

GConf-Einstellungsschlüssel

  An element in the GConf repository that corresponds to an application preference. For example, the `/apps/gnome-session/options/show_splash_screen` key corresponds to the Show splash screen on login option in the Sessions preference tool.

GConf-Pfaddatei

  A file that lists the GConf configuration sources, and the order in which to search the sources.

GConf-Schema

  A collective term for a schema key and a schema object.

GConf-Schema-Definitionsdatei

  A GConf schema definition file lists the keys in a particular application, and defines the characteristics of the keys. GConf schemas are generated from schema definition files. Schema definition files have a `.schemas` file extension.

GConf-Schema-Schlüssel

  A key that stores a schema object for a preference key. For example, `/schemas/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name` is a schema key for the `/desktop/gnome/interface/font_name` preference key.

GConf-Schema-Schlüssel

  An element in a configuration source that contains information about a preference key. The schema object contains information such as a default value for the preference key, and documentation on the preference key.

glob pattern

  A glob pattern is used to match a file name by using special characters such as `*` and `?`. The MIME system uses glob patterns to assign MIME types based upon filenames and often, file extensions.

Interoperable Objektreferenz

  An Interoperable Object Reference (IOR) is a string reference to a CORBA object. An IOR encodes a hostname and port to which messages can be sent to control the object. The IOR also contains an object key to identify the object.

magic rule

  A magic rule defines a file's MIME type by specifying text or binary data to search for at the beginning of the file. Offsets to look for this data are defined in a magic rule.

Menu definition files

  Menu definition files define the hierarchy of menus that are used in the GNOME menu bar.

MIME

  Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension.

MIME source XML file

  A MIME source XML file defines how MIME types are resolved for different kinds of files. There are three ways in which this can be done: using file extensions (glob patterns), using magic rules and using XML namespaces. MIME source XML files are located in the `$XDG_DATA_DIRS:$XDG_DATA_HOME/mime/packages` directory.

MIME-Typ

  A MIME type identifies the format of a file. The MIME type enables applications to read the file. For example, an email application can use the `image/png` MIME type to detect that a Portable Networks Graphic (PNG) file is attached to an email.

MIME-Typen-Datenbank

  The MIME type database is a collection of files which register MIME types for the desktop environment. The location of the MIME type database is the directory `$XDG_DATA_DIRS:$XDG_DATA_HOME/mime`.

OMF-Datei

  Open Source Metadata Framework file. This is a file that is associated with the XML file for a manual. The OMF file contains information about the manual that is used by the Help browser. OMF files have a `.omf` file extension.

PAM

  Pluggable Authentication Modules.

Bildschirmschoner

  Ein Bildschirmschoner ist eine Anwendung, die das Bild auf dem Bildschirm ersetzt, wenn dieser nicht benutzt wird. In der GNOME-Arbeitsumgebung wird gnome-screensaver verwendet.

screensaver display

  Eine Bildschirmschoneranzeige ist eine Anwendung, die das Bild auf dem Bildschirm des Benutzers ersetzt, wenn dieser Bildschirm nicht benutzt wird.

UDP

  User Datagram Protocol.

Uniform Resource Identifier

  Ein Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) ist eine Zeichenkette, die einen bestimmten Ort innerhalb eines Dateisystems oder im Web bezeichnet. Beispielsweise ist eine Webadresse eine solche URI.

websafe color palette

  The websafe color palette is a general-purpose palette of 216 colors. The websafe color palette is designed to optimize the use of color on systems that support 8-bit color. The websafe color palette is also called the Netscape color palette and the Netscape color cube.