| Image Menu: Channel Ops And Alpha The Image menu offers some of the most useful image manipulating functions in Gimp. In this chapter, we're going to discuss what you can do with Channel Ops and Alpha in the Image menu.

## The Channel Ops Menu

The `right-click|Image|``Channel` `Ops` commands were once the only way of handling composite image information. Now that Gimp supports effective layer handling, the few commands in this menu are all that remain of the channel options. Nevertheless, the items in this menu contain some very powerful and useful features.

### Duplicate

`Right-click|Image|Channel` `Ops|``Duplicate` copies all layers and channels in a composite image, so that a complete replica of your image is created. Be sure to use it every time you want to experiment with different solutions and variations on an image.

### Offset

`Right-click|Image|Channel` `Ops|``Offset`, which tiles and rearranges the edge pixels in your image, only affects the active layer/channel. It can be used to place layers or floating selections to a specific position in the image.

Offset is useful if you want to move layers a very exact amount, or if you'd like to move them without extending the layer border. The other important application of this command is to create seamless tiles for patterns.

If the Wrap-Around button is checked, after you offset the layer or selection, the parts of the image that moved outside the layer border will turn up on the other side of the image. If you don't want this, you can choose to fill the empty area with the background color or with transparency.

#### Using Offset To Adjust Pattern Tiles

Offset allows you to make seamless tiles. If you want to make a wallpaper pattern of your image, it's a good idea to check how well the edges fit, before you tile it. If you click on the Offset by (x/2),(y/2) button with the Wrap-Around checkbox checked, you'll split your image into four equal tiles.

To create a seamless tile, you need to erase the sharp borders between the tiles. There are many ways of doing this, depending on how complicated the image is. You can use the Clone tool and the Transform tool; you can Paint, Copy and Paste suitable selections with different opacities; or you can use special filters.

When you're satisfied with the results, click on the Offset by (x/2),(y/2) button again, and your image will return to normal, but now with seamless edges that will produce a perfect result when tiling the image.

The `right-click|Filters|Map|``Make` `Seamless` filter also produces seamless tiles. Tiling looks very good with this filter. The problem with Make Seamless is that you can never get really sharp patterns with it. Everything looks a bit blurred and double-exposed.

You can also try the `right-click|Filters|Blur|``Tileable` `Blur` filter, which creates softer, if not entirely seamless, edges .

#### Correcting Tiles

Follow this example to get an idea of how the Offset tool can be used to create seamless pattern tiles.

### Compose And Decompose

`Right-click|Image|Channel` `Ops|``Compose` merges at least three grayscale images into one color image. Decompose is a way of extracting channels from an image. You can break up your image into its constituent channels, by extracting RGB, HSV, CMY(K) or alpha information.

#### RGB Decomposing

Decomposing to RGB is the same as activating a color channel in the Layers & Channels dialog, but now you'll get the color channels in the form of three different grayscale images. You can do a lot of things with decomposed images. The first thing that comes to mind is to edit them in different ways, and then use Compose to put them together again.

This option lets you manipulate color channels in ways that the Channels tab folder does not allow. If you decompose your image, there is, for example, no problem in performing operations like cutting/copying/pasting, or moving selections in a single RGB channel.

You can use an extracted decomposed grayscale as a selection or mask by saving it in a channel (`right-click|Select|``Save` `to` `Channel`). Sometimes, there is very little of a certain color in the background compared to an object in the image. This gives you the perfect opportunity to create very exact selections of intricate objects. You can also play around with Compose/Decompose to create interesting patterns.

#### HSV Decomposing

The HSV decompose option creates three different grayscales: one for Hue, one for Saturation and one for Value.

It may seem strange that a grayscale image can describe color, as in Hue, but consider the HSV color circle. Imagine a circular gradient where white and black meet in the starting and ending points on the circle. Pure black and white represent red, which is on top of the HSV color circle. Dark gray equals orange or yellow, and medium gray tones represent green or cyan. Accordingly, light grays represent blue and magenta.

The Saturation and Value grayscales are easier to understand. White represents pure, strong color (Saturation) and maximum brightness (Value). Black means completely desaturated gray (Saturation) and black (Value).

Therefore, if you want something to be white in an HSV-based image, Saturation in that area must be set to black, and Value to white.

The big difference between RGB Compose and HSV Compose is that grayscale information means very different things for Hue, Saturation and Value, whereas gray in RGB channels just represents the concentration of a certain color.

This also explains why it is possible to manage with just one grayscale, when you are composing to HSV. If you were to use the same grayscale for composing RGB, the result would be exactly the same as the original grayscale. If you did the same for CMYK, you'd just end up with an overbright negative of the image.

To show the great difference between the HSV-extracted grayscales, we have decomposed an image to HSV and composed it again using Value in the place of Hue, and vice versa. See Figure 18.11, below.

#### CMYK And CMY Decomposing

The CMY or CMYK Decompose options are interesting if you are planning to print your work. The difference between CMY and CMYK decomposing is that CMY doesn't decompose to black, and therefore creates darker (more saturated) grayscale separations.

Using CMYK Decompose is actually the same as making your own color separation for four-color printing plates (see Figure 18.12). In principle, you can use CMYK Decompose, print the outcome on a laser printer, and give it to a professional print shop, but the professional printer will most likely do a much better separating job than you can. However, you can certainly achieve very interesting results with CMY/CMYK decomposed images, even if you don't use them for printing purposes.

#### Alpha Decomposing

Alpha Decompose is a fast and easy way of converting a semi-transparent layer to an equivalent grayscale. You can accomplish the same effect by using a Layer Mask, but Compose/Decompose lets you decompose a layer to alpha as well as to RGB, and then compose a new RGBA image from the edited grayscales. This allows you to edit all channel information, not just transparency.

It's a very convenient way to edit layers with transparency information, and a worthwhile alternative to editing using commands from the Layers & Channels menu.

## Alpha

### Add Alpha Channel

If you wish to add alpha information (be able to work with transparency) to the background layer, you can use this option. Add Alpha Channel is also available in the `right-click|Layers` menu and in the menu you get when right-clicking in the Layers & Channels dialog. See "Channels And Duotones" starting on page 353 for more information on alpha channels.

### Holes

This command requires a layered image. As you may have noticed, indexed images like GIF don't support semi-transparency. Holes creates a rather convincing illusion of semi-transparent pixels (at least if you compare it to a dithered Netscape image in 8 bit mode).

You can, of course, use Dissolve to achieve a similar effect, but this is slicker. In order to make this look good, you must use a small Hole Size (like 1) and a medium to low Density (like -1.50).

Make sure the Keep Opaque checkbox is checked. If you don't use Keep Opaque, you'll risk getting spillout or "dot pollution" on the transparent areas of the image. This is undesirable behavior if you're trying to create a semi-transparent look in a GIF, but if you're not, this option can result in quite nifty effects.

Depending on what effect you want, you can change the shape and size of the holes. You can choose from square, round and diamond, though round- and
diamond-shaped holes require a minimum size of 2.

### Threshold Alpha

The `right-click|Image|Alpha|``Threshold` `Alpha` filter only works for images which contain an alpha channel. Select Add Alpha Channel from the same menu to enable transparency.

Threshold Alpha lets you remove pixels by their alpha value or transparency. The resulting image is always totally transparent or solid and never semi-transparent, so it's a great tool for controlling the appearance of an image that you want to save as a transparent GIF. The slider value determines which values you want to remove. If you set a high value, only pixels with even higher alpha values (less transparent pixels) will remain after the filter is applied.

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