Συχνές Ερωτήσεις για το FreeBSD 6.`X` και 7.`X`
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# Κεφάλαιο 10 Διαχείριση Συστήματος

10.1. Where are the system start-up configuration files?
10.2. How do I add a user easily?
10.3. Why do I keep getting messages like “`root: not found`” after editing my crontab file?
10.4. Why do I get the error, “`you are not in the correct group to su root`” when I try to su to `root`?
10.5. I made a mistake in `rc.conf`, or another startup file, and now I cannot edit it because the filesystem is read-only. What should I do?
10.6. Why am I having trouble setting up my printer?
10.7. How can I correct the keyboard mappings for my system?
10.8. Why do I get messages like: “`unknown: <PNP0303> can't assign resources`” on boot?
10.9. Why can I not get user quotas to work properly?
10.10. Does FreeBSD support System V IPC primitives?
10.11. What other mail-server software can I use instead of Sendmail?
10.12. I have forgotten the `root` password! What do I do?
10.13. How do I keep Control+Alt+Delete from rebooting the system?
10.14. How do I reformat DOS text files to UNIX® ones?
10.15. How do I kill processes by name?
10.16. Why is su bugging me about not being in `root`'s ACL?
10.17. How do I uninstall Kerberos?
10.18. What happened to `/dev/MAKEDEV`?
10.19. How do I add pseudoterminals to the system?
10.20. Why can I not create the snd0 device?
10.21. How do I re-read `/etc/rc.conf` and re-start `/etc/rc` without a reboot?
10.22. I tried to update my system to the latest -STABLE, but got -BETAx, -RC or -PRERELEASE! What is going on?
10.23. I tried to install a new kernel, and the chflags failed. How do I get around this?
10.24. I cannot change the time on my system by more than one second! How do I get around this?
10.25. Why is `rpc.statd` using 256 megabytes of memory?
10.26. Why can I not unset the `schg` file flag?
10.27. Why does SSH authentication through `.shosts` not work by default in recent versions of FreeBSD?
10.28. What is `vnlru`?
10.29. What do the various memory states displayed by `top` mean?
10.30. How much free memory is available?
10.31. What is `/var/empty`? I can not delete it!

10.1. Where are the system start-up configuration files?

The primary configuration file is `/etc/defaults/rc.conf` (see rc.conf(5)) System startup scripts such as `/etc/rc` and `/etc/rc.d` (see rc(8)) just include this file. Do not edit this file! Instead, if there is any entry in `/etc/defaults/rc.conf` that you want to change, you should copy the line into `/etc/rc.conf` and change it there.

For example, if you wish to start named, the included DNS server, all you need to do is:

    # echo named_enable="YES" >> /etc/rc.conf

To start up local services, place shell scripts in the `/usr/local/etc/rc.d` directory. These shell scripts should be set executable, and end with a .sh.

10.2. How do I add a user easily?

Use the adduser(8) command, or the pw(8) command for more complicated situations.

To remove the user, use the rmuser(8) command or, if necessary, pw(8).

10.3. Why do I keep getting messages like “`root: not found`” after editing my crontab file?

This is normally caused by editing the system crontab (`/etc/crontab`) and then using crontab(1) to install it:

    # crontab /etc/crontab

This is not the correct way to do things. The system crontab has a different format to the per-user crontabs which crontab(1) updates (the crontab(5) manual page explains the differences in more detail).

If this is what you did, the extra crontab is simply a copy of `/etc/crontab` in the wrong format it. Delete it with the command:

    # crontab -r

Next time, when you edit `/etc/crontab`, you should not do anything to inform cron(8) of the changes, since it will notice them automatically.

If you want something to be run once per day, week, or month, it is probably better to add shell scripts `/usr/local/etc/periodic`, and let the periodic(8) command run from the system cron schedule it with the other periodic system tasks.

The actual reason for the error is that the system crontab has an extra field, specifying which user to run the command as. In the default system crontab provided with FreeBSD, this is `root` for all entries. When this crontab is used as the `root` user's crontab (which is not the same as the system crontab), cron(8) assumes the string `root` is the first word of the command to execute, but no such command exists.

10.4. Why do I get the error, “`you are not in the correct group to su root`” when I try to su to `root`?

This is a security feature. In order to su to `root` (or any other account with superuser privileges), you must be in the `wheel` group. If this feature were not there, anybody with an account on a system who also found out `root`'s password would be able to gain superuser level access to the system. With this feature, this is not strictly true; su(1) will prevent them from even trying to enter the password if they are not in `wheel`.

To allow someone to su to `root`, simply put them in the `wheel` group.

10.5. I made a mistake in `rc.conf`, or another startup file, and now I cannot edit it because the filesystem is read-only. What should I do?

When you get the prompt to enter the shell pathname, simply press `ENTER`, and run `mount /` to re-mount the root filesystem in read/write mode. You may also need to run `mount -a -t ufs` to mount the filesystem where your favorite editor is defined. If your favorite editor is on a network filesystem, you will need to either configure the network manually before you can mount network filesystems, or use an editor which resides on a local filesystem, such as ed(1).

If you intend to use a full screen editor such as vi(1) or emacs(1), you may also need to run `export TERM=cons25` so that these editors can load the correct data from the termcap(5) database.

Once you have performed these steps, you can edit `/etc/rc.conf` as you usually would to fix the syntax error. The error message displayed immediately after the kernel boot messages should tell you the number of the line in the file which is at fault.

10.6. Why am I having trouble setting up my printer?

Please have a look at the Handbook entry on printing. It should cover most of your problem. See the Handbook entry on printing.

Some printers require a host-based driver to do any kind of printing. These so-called «WinPrinters» are not natively supported by FreeBSD. If your printer does not work in DOS or Windows NT® 4.0, it is probably a WinPrinter. Your only hope of getting one of these to work is to check if the `print/pnm2ppa` port supports it.

10.7. How can I correct the keyboard mappings for my system?

Please see the Handbook section on using localization, specifically the section on console setup.

10.8. Why do I get messages like: “`unknown: <PNP0303> can't assign resources`” on boot?

The following is an excerpt from a post to the freebsd-current mailing list.

| The «can't assign resources» messages indicate that the devices are legacy ISA devices for which a non-PnP-aware driver is compiled into the kernel. These include devices such as keyboard controllers, the programmable interrupt controller chip, and several other bits of standard infrastructure. The resources cannot be assigned because there is already a driver using those addresses. |
--Garrett Wollman `<wollman@FreeBSD.org>`, 24 April 2001 |

10.9. Why can I not get user quotas to work properly?

- It is possible that your kernel is not configured to use quotas. If this is the case, you will need to add the following line to your kernel configuration file and recompile:

      options QUOTA

  Please read the Handbook entry on quotas for full details.

- Do not turn on quotas on `/`.

- Put the quota file on the filesystem that the quotas are to be enforced on, i.e.:

  Filesystem | Quota file
  --- | ---
  `/usr` | `/usr/admin/quotas`
  `/home` | `/home/admin/quotas`
  ... | ...

10.10. Does FreeBSD support System V IPC primitives?

Yes, FreeBSD supports System V-style IPC, including shared memory, messages and semaphores, in the GENERIC kernel. In a custom kernel, enable this support by adding the following lines to your kernel config.

    options    SYSVSHM          # enable shared memory
    options    SYSVSEM          # enable for semaphores
    options    SYSVMSG          # enable for messaging

Recompile and install your kernel.

10.11. What other mail-server software can I use instead of Sendmail?

Sendmail is the default mail-server software for FreeBSD, but you can easily replace it with one of the other MTA (for instance, an MTA installed from the ports).

There are various alternative MTAs in the ports tree already, with `mail/exim`, `mail/postfix`, `mail/qmail`, and `mail/zmailer` being some of the most popular choices.

Diversity is nice, and the fact that you have many different mail-servers to chose from is considered a good thing; therefore try to avoid asking questions like «Is Sendmail better than Qmail?» in the mailing lists. If you do feel like asking, first check the mailing list archives. The advantages and disadvantages of each and every one of the available MTAs have already been discussed a few times.

10.12. I have forgotten the `root` password! What do I do?

Do not panic! Restart the system, type `boot -s` at the Boot: prompt to enter Single User mode. At the question about the shell to use, hit ENTER. You will be dropped to a `#` prompt. Enter `mount -u /` to remount your root filesystem read/write, then run `mount -a` to remount all the filesystems. Run `passwd root` to change the `root` password then run exit(1) to continue booting.

10.13. How do I keep Control+Alt+Delete from rebooting the system?

If you are using syscons (the default console driver) build and install a new kernel with the line:

    options SC_DISABLE_REBOOT

in the configuration file. If you use the PCVT console driver, use the following kernel configuration line instead.

This can also be done by setting the following sysctl which does not require a reboot or kernel recompile:

    # sysctl hw.syscons.kbd_reboot=0

    options PCVT_CTRL_ALT_DEL

10.14. How do I reformat DOS text files to UNIX® ones?

Use this perl command:

    % perl -i.bak -npe 's/\r\n/\n/g' file ...

file is the file(s) to process. The modification is done in-place, with the original file stored with a .bak extension.

Alternatively you can use the tr(1) command:

    % tr -d '\r' < dos-text-file > unix-file

`dos-text-file` is the file containing DOS text while `unix-file` will contain the converted output. This can be quite a bit faster than using perl.

10.15. How do I kill processes by name?

Use killall(1).

10.16. Why is su bugging me about not being in `root`'s ACL?

The error comes from the Kerberos distributed authentication system. The problem is not fatal but annoying. You can either run su with the -K option, or uninstall Kerberos as described in the next question.

10.17. How do I uninstall Kerberos?

To remove Kerberos from the system, reinstall the bin distribution for the release you are running. If you have the CDROM, you can mount the cd (we will assume on /cdrom) and run

    # cd /cdrom/bin
    # ./install.sh

Alternately, you can remove all `MAKE_KERBEROS` options from `/etc/make.conf` and rebuild world.

10.18. What happened to `/dev/MAKEDEV`?

FreeBSD 5.X and beyond use the devfs(8) device-on-demand system. Device drivers automatically create new device nodes as they are needed, obsoleting `/dev/MAKEDEV`.

If you are running FreeBSD 4.X or earlier and `/dev/MAKEDEV` is missing, then you really do have a problem. Grab a copy from the system source code, probably in `/usr/src/etc/MAKEDEV`.

10.19. How do I add pseudoterminals to the system?

If you have lots of telnet, ssh, X, or screen users, you will probably run out of pseudoterminals. Here is how to add more:

1. Build and install a new kernel with the line

       pseudo-device pty 256

   in the configuration file.

2. Run the commands

       # cd /dev
       # sh MAKEDEV pty{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

   to make 256 device nodes for the new terminals.

3. Edit `/etc/ttys` and add lines for each of the 256 terminals. They should match the form of the existing entries, i.e. they look like

       ttyqc none network

   The order of the letter designations is `tty[pqrsPQRS][0-9a-v]`, using a regular expression.

4. Reboot the system with the new kernel and you are ready to go.

10.20. Why can I not create the snd0 device?

There is no `snd` device. The name is used as a shorthand for the various devices that make up the FreeBSD sound driver, such as `mixer`, `sequencer`, and `dsp`.

To create these devices you should

    # cd /dev
    # sh MAKEDEV snd0

> Σημείωση: You can omit this step if you are running FreeBSD 5.0-RELEASE or newer with devfs(5) enabled.

10.21. How do I re-read `/etc/rc.conf` and re-start `/etc/rc` without a reboot?

Go into single user mode and then back to multi user mode.

On the console do:

    # shutdown now
    (Note: without -r or -h)

    # return
    # exit

10.22. I tried to update my system to the latest -STABLE, but got -BETAx, -RC or -PRERELEASE! What is going on?

Short answer: it is just a name. RC stands for «Release Candidate». It signifies that a release is imminent. In FreeBSD, -PRERELEASE is typically synonymous with the code freeze before a release. (For some releases, the -BETA label was used in the same way as -PRERELEASE.)

Long answer: FreeBSD derives its releases from one of two places. Major, dot-zero, releases, such as 4.0-RELEASE and 5.0-RELEASE, are branched from the head of the development stream, commonly referred to as -CURRENT. Minor releases, such as 4.1-RELEASE or 5.2-RELEASE, have been snapshots of the active -STABLE branch. Starting with 4.3-RELEASE, each release also now has its own branch which can be tracked by people requiring an extremely conservative rate of development (typically only security advisories).

When a release is about to be made, the branch from which it will be derived from has to undergo a certain process. Part of this process is a code freeze. When a code freeze is initiated, the name of the branch is changed to reflect that it is about to become a release. For example, if the branch used to be called 4.5-STABLE, its name will be changed to 4.6-PRERELEASE to signify the code freeze and signify that extra pre-release testing should be happening. Bug fixes can still be committed to be part of the release. When the source code is in shape for the release the name will be changed to 4.6-RC to signify that a release is about to be made from it. Once in the RC stage, only the most critical bugs found can be fixed. Once the release (4.6-RELEASE in this example) and release branch have been made, the branch will be renamed to 4.6-STABLE.

For more information on version numbers and the various CVS branches, refer to the Release Engineering article.

10.23. I tried to install a new kernel, and the chflags failed. How do I get around this?

Short answer: You are probably at security level greater than 0. Reboot directly to single user mode to install the kernel.

Long answer: FreeBSD disallows changing system flags at security levels greater than 0. You can check your security level with the command:

    # sysctl kern.securelevel

You cannot lower the security level; you have to boot to single mode to install the kernel, or change the security level in `/etc/rc.conf` then reboot. See the init(8) manual page for details on securelevel, and see `/etc/defaults/rc.conf` and the rc.conf(5) manual page for more information on rc.conf.

10.24. I cannot change the time on my system by more than one second! How do I get around this?

Short answer: You are probably at security level greater than 1. Reboot directly to single user mode to change the date.

Long answer: FreeBSD disallows changing the time by more that one second at security levels greater than 1. You can check your security level with the command:

    # sysctl kern.securelevel

You cannot lower the security level; you have to boot to single mode to change the date, or change the security level in `/etc/rc.conf` then reboot. See the init(8) manual page for details on securelevel, and see `/etc/defaults/rc.conf` and the rc.conf(5) manual page for more information on rc.conf.

10.25. Why is `rpc.statd` using 256 megabytes of memory?

No, there is no memory leak, and it is not using 256 Mbytes of memory. For convenience, `rpc.statd` maps an obscene amount of memory into its address space. There is nothing terribly wrong with this from a technical standpoint; it just throws off things like top(1) and ps(1).

rpc.statd(8) maps its status file (resident on `/var`) into its address space; to save worrying about remapping it later when it needs to grow, it maps it with a generous size. This is very evident from the source code, where one can see that the length argument to mmap(2) is `0x10000000`, or one sixteenth of the address space on an IA32, or exactly 256MB.

10.26. Why can I not unset the `schg` file flag?

You are running at an elevated (i.e., greater than 0) securelevel. Lower the securelevel and try again. For more information, see the FAQ entry on securelevel and the init(8) manual page.

10.27. Why does SSH authentication through `.shosts` not work by default in recent versions of FreeBSD?

The reason why `.shosts` authentication does not work by default in more recent versions of FreeBSD is because ssh(1) is not installed suid `root` by default. To «fix» this, you can do one of the following:

- As a permanent fix, set `ENABLE_SUID_SSH` to `true` in `/etc/make.conf` and rebuild ssh (or run `make world`).

- As a temporary fix, change the mode on `/usr/bin/ssh` to `4555` by running `chmod 4555 /usr/bin/ssh` as `root`. Then add `ENABLE_SUID_SSH= true` to `/etc/make.conf` so the change takes effect the next time `make world` is run.

10.28. What is `vnlru`?

`vnlru` flushes and frees vnodes when the system hits the `kern.maxvnodes` limit. This kernel thread sits mostly idle, and only activates if you have a huge amount of RAM and are accessing tens of thousands of tiny files.

10.29. What do the various memory states displayed by `top` mean?

- `Active`: pages recently statistically used.

- `Inactive`: pages recently statistically unused.

- `Cache`: (most often) pages that have percolated from inactive to a status where they maintain their data, but can often be immediately reused (either with their old association, or reused with a new association.) There can be certain immediate transitions from `active` to `cache` state if the page is known to be clean (unmodified), but that transition is a matter of policy, depending upon the algorithm choice of the VM system maintainer.

- `Free`: pages without data content, and can be immediately used in certain circumstances where cache pages might be ineligible. Free pages can be reused at interrupt or process state.

- `Wired`: pages that are fixed into memory, usually for kernel purposes, but also sometimes for special use in processes.

- Pages are most often written to disk (sort of a VM sync) when they are in the inactive state, but active pages can also be synced (but requires the availability of certain CPU features.) This depends upon the CPU tracking of the modified bit being available, and in certain situations there can be an advantage for a block of VM pages to be synced, whether they are active or inactive. In most common cases, it is best to think of the inactive queue to be a queue of relatively unused pages that might or might not be in the process of being written to disk. Cached pages are already synced, not mapped, but available for immediate process use with their old association or with a new association. Free pages are available at interrupt level, but cached or free pages can be used at process state for reuse. Cache pages are not adequately locked to be available at interrupt level.

  There are some other flags (e.g., busy flag or busy count) that might modify some of the rules that I described.

10.30. How much free memory is available?

There are a couple of kinds of «free memory». One kind is the amount of memory immediately available without paging anything else out. That is approximately the size of cache queue + size of free queue (with a derating factor, depending upon system tuning.) Another kind of «free memory» is the total amount of VM space. That can be complex, but is dependent upon the amount of swap space and memory. Other kinds of «free memory» descriptions are also possible, but it is relatively useless to define these, but rather it is important to make sure that the paging rate is kept low, and to avoid running out of swap space.

10.31. What is `/var/empty`? I can not delete it!

`/var/empty` is a directory that the sshd(8) program uses when performing privilege separation. The `/var/empty` directory is empty, owned by `root` and has the `schg` flag set.

Although it is not recommended to delete this directory, to do so you will need to unset the `schg` flag first. See the chflags(1) manual page for more information (and bear in mind the answer to the question on unsetting the schg flag).

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