# Module Neturl

    module Neturl: sig .. end

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)

Contents

- Interface

The tutorial has been moved to `Neturl_tut`.

# Interface

This module provides functions to parse URLs, to print URLs, to store URLs, to modify URLs, and to apply relative URLs.

URLs are strings formed according to pattern (1) or (2):

1. `scheme://user;userparams:password@host:port/path;params?query#fragment`
2. `scheme:other;params?query#fragment`

The word at the beginning of the URL identifies the URL scheme (such as "http" or "file"). Depending on the scheme, not all of the parts are allowed, or parts may be omitted. This module defines the type `url_syntax` whose values describe which parts are allowed/required/ not allowed for a concrete URL scheme (see below).

Not all characters are allowed in a URL. Some characters are allowed, but have the special task to separate the various parts of the URL (reserved characters). However, it is possible to include even invalid or reserved characters as normal content by applying the `%`-encoding on these characters: A `'%'` indicates that an encoded character follows, and the character is denoted by a two-digit hexadecimal number (e.g. `%2f` for `'/'`). In the following descriptions, the term "encoded string" means a string containing such `%`-encoded characters, and the "decoded string" means a string not containing such characters. See the module `Netencoding.Url` for functions encoding or decoding strings.

The type `url` describes values storing the components of a URL, and the `url_syntax` for the URL. In general, the components are stored as encoded strings; however, not for all components the `%`-encoding is applicable.

For convenience, the functions creating, modifying, and accessing URLs can handle both encoded and decoded strings. In order to avoid errors, the functions pass strings even in their decoded form.

Note that there is currently no function to compare URLs. The canoncical comparison ( `=` ) is not applicable because the same URL may be written in different ways.

Note that nothing is said about the character set/encoding of URLs. Some protocols and standards prefer UTF-8 as fundamental encoding and apply the `%`-encoding on top of it; i.e. the byte sequence representing a character in UTF-8 is `%`-encoded.

Standards Compliance

This module implements RFC 1738 and RFC 1808. There is also a newer RFC, 2396, updating the former RFCs, but this module is not fully compatible with RFC 2396. The following (minor) problems may occur:

- The module escapes more characters than needed. All characters that are "unsafe" or "reserved" in either RFC document are escaped.
- URL parameters (appended with a ";") are handled as in RFCs 1738/1808. In RFC 2396, every path component may have parameters, and the algorithm to resolve relative URLs is different in this point. If it is required to apply RFC 2396, one can disable URL parameters in the syntax, and extract them from the path by a self-written postprocessor. Usually, this is only required for `imap` URLs.

In one point, RFC 2396 is preferred:

- Authorities may be terminated by a question mark, as in `"http://host?query"`. This is illegal in RFC 1738. The consequence is, however, that question marks in user strings must be escaped.

    exception Malformed_URL

Raised by a number of functions when encountering a badly formed URL.

    val extract_url_scheme : string -> string

Returns the URL scheme from the string representation of an URL. E.g. `extract_url_scheme "http://host/path" = "http"`. The scheme name is always converted to lowercase characters. Raises `Malformed_URL` if the scheme name is not found.
`type ``url_syntax_option =`

`|` | `Url_part_not_recognized` | `(*` | The part, even if there, is not even recognized | `*)`
`|` | `Url_part_allowed` | `(*` | The part can be present | `*)`
`|` | `Url_part_required` | `(*` | The part must be present | `*)`

`type ``url_syntax = {`

`` | `url_enable_scheme : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_enable_user : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_enable_user_param : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_enable_password : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_enable_host : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_enable_port : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_enable_path : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_enable_param : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_enable_query : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_enable_fragment : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_enable_other : `url_syntax_option`;`
`` | `url_accepts_8bits : `bool`;`
`` | `url_is_valid : `url -> bool`;`
`` | `url_enable_relative : `bool`;`

}
Values of type `url_syntax` describe which components of an URL are recognized, which are allowed (and optional), and which are required. Not all combinations are valid; the predicate expressed by the function `url_syntax_is_valid` must hold.

The function `url_is_valid` is applied when a fresh URL is created and must return `true`. This function allows it to add an arbitrary validity criterion to `url_syntax`. (Note that the URL passed to this function is not fully working; you can safely assume that the accessor functions `url_scheme` etc. can be applied to it.)

Switch `url_accepts_8bit`: If `true`, the bytes with code 128 to 255 are treated like alphanumeric characters; if `false` these bytes are illegal (but it is still possible to include such byte in their encoded form: `%80` to `%FF`).

Switch `url_enable_relative`: If `true`, the syntax allows relative URLs in principle. Actually, parsing of relative URLs is possible when the optional parts are flagged as `Url_part_allowed` and not as `Url_part_required`. However, it is useful to specify URL syntaxes always as absolute URLs, and to weaken them on demand when a relative URL is found by the parser. This switch enables that. In particular, the function `partial_url_syntax` checks this flag.

    type url

Values of type `url` describe concrete URLs. Every URL must have a fundamental `url_syntax`, and it is only possible to create URLs conforming to the syntax. See `make_url` for further information.

    val url_syntax_is_valid : url_syntax -> bool

Checks whether the passed `url_syntax` is valid. This means:

- If passwords are recognized, users (and hosts) must be recognized, too
- If ports are recognized, hosts must be recognized, too
- If users are recognized, hosts must be recognized, too
- Either the syntax recognizes one of the phrases { user, password, host, port, path }, or the syntax recognized the phrase 'other'.

    val partial_url_syntax : url_syntax -> url_syntax

Transforms the syntax into another syntax where all required parts are changed into optional parts.

    val null_url_syntax : url_syntax

An URL syntax that recognizes nothing. Use this as base for your own definitions, e.g.

     let my_syntax = { null_url_syntax with
                         url_enable_host = Url_part_required; ... }

    val ip_url_syntax : url_syntax

Syntax for IP based protocols. This syntax allows scheme, user, password, host, port, path, param, query, fragment, but not "other". It does not accept 8 bit bytes.

    val common_url_syntax : (string, url_syntax) Hashtbl.t

Syntax descriptions for common URL schemes. The key of the hashtable is the scheme name, and the value is the corresponding syntax.

- `"file"`: scheme, host?, path
- `"ftp"`: scheme, user?, password?, host, port?, path?, param? Note: param is not checked.
- `"http"`, `"https"`: scheme, user?, password?, host, port?, path?, query?
- `"mailto"`: scheme, other, query? (RFC 2368)
- `"pop"`, `"pops"`: scheme, user?, user_param?, password?, host, port? Note: user_param is not checked. (RFC 2384)
- `"imap"`, `"imaps"`: scheme, user?, user_param?, password?, host, port?, path?, query? (RFC 2192) Note: "param" is intentionally not recognized to get the resolution of relative URLs as described in the RFC. When analysing this kind of URL, it is recommended to re-parse it with "param" enabled.
- `"news"`: scheme, other (RFC 1738)
- `"nntp"`, `"nntps"`: scheme, host, port?, path (with two components) (RFC 1738)
- `"data"`: scheme, other (RFC 2397). "other" is not further decomposed.
- `"ipp"`, `"ipps"`: scheme, host, port? , path?, query? (RFC 3510)
- `"cid"`, `"mid"`: Content/message identifiers: scheme, other

Notes:

- These syntax descriptions can be weakened for partial/relative URLs by changing the required parts to optional parts: See the function `partial_url_syntax`.
- None of the descriptions allows fragments. These can be enabled by setting `url_enable_fragment` to `Url_part_allowed`. E.g.

       { file_url_syntax with url_enable_fragment = Url_part_allowed }

- 8 bit bytes are not accepted
- A large number of standardised scheme syntaxes are not available, e.g. gopher, prospero, wais. The selection is a bit subjective, but I have tried to omit protocols that are no longer in common use, or that are very special.
- The LDAP URL syntax (RFC 1959) does not fit into our scheme, it is omitted for now because of this.

    val null_url : url

A URL without any component and `null_url_syntax`

    val make_url : ?encoded:bool ->
           ?scheme:string ->
           ?user:string ->
           ?user_param:string list ->
           ?password:string ->
           ?host:string ->
           ?port:int ->
           ?path:string list ->
           ?param:string list ->
           ?query:string ->
           ?fragment:string -> ?other:string -> url_syntax -> url

Creates a URL from components:

- The components `scheme` and `host` are simple strings to which the `%`-encoding is not applicable.
- The component `port` is a simple number. Of course, the `%`-encoding is not applicable, too.
- The components `user`, `password`, `query`, `fragment`, and `other` are strings which may contain `%`-encoded characters. By default, you can pass any string for these components, and problematic characters are automatically encoded. If you set `encoded:true`, the passed strings must already be encoded, but the function checks whether the encoding is syntactically correct. Note that for `query` even the characters `'?'` and `'='` are encoded by default, so you need to set `encoded:true` to pass a reasonable query string.
- The components `user_param`, `path` and `param` are lists of strings which may contain `%`-encoded characters. Again, the default is to pass decoded strings to the function, and the function encodes them automatically, and by setting `encoded:true` the caller is responsible for encoding the strings. Passing empty lists for these components means that they are not part of the constructed URL. See below for the respresentation of these components.

The strings representing the components do not contain the characters separating the components from each other.

The created URL must conform to the `url_syntax`, i.e.:

- The URL must only contain components which are recognized by the syntax
- The URL must contain components which are required by the syntax
- The URL must fulfill the predicate expressed by the `url_is_valid` function of the syntax.

The path of a URL is represented as a list of `'/'`-separated path components. i.e.

`[ s1; s2; ...; sN ]` represents the path `s1 ^ "/" ^ s2 ^ "/" ^ ... ^ "/" ^ sN`

As special cases:

- `[]` is the non-existing path
- `[ "" ]` is `"/"`
- `[ "";"" ]` is illegal

Except of `s1` and `sN`, the path components must not be empty strings.

To avoid ambiguities, it is illegal to create URLs with both relative paths (`s1 <> ""`) and host components.

Parameters of URLs (`param` and `user_param`) are components beginning with `';'`. The list of parameters is represented as list of strings where the strings contain the value following `';'`.

    val modify_url : ?syntax:url_syntax ->
           ?encoded:bool ->
           ?scheme:string ->
           ?user:string ->
           ?user_param:string list ->
           ?password:string ->
           ?host:string ->
           ?port:int ->
           ?path:string list ->
           ?param:string list ->
           ?query:string ->
           ?fragment:string -> ?other:string -> url -> url

Modifies the passed components and returns the modified URL. The modfied URL shares unmodified components with the original URL.

    val remove_from_url : ?scheme:bool ->
           ?user:bool ->
           ?user_param:bool ->
           ?password:bool ->
           ?host:bool ->
           ?port:bool ->
           ?path:bool ->
           ?param:bool ->
           ?query:bool -> ?fragment:bool -> ?other:bool -> url -> url

Removes the `true` components from the URL, and returns the modified URL. The modfied URL shares unmodified components with the original URL.

    val default_url : ?encoded:bool ->
           ?scheme:string ->
           ?user:string ->
           ?user_param:string list ->
           ?password:string ->
           ?host:string ->
           ?port:int ->
           ?path:string list ->
           ?param:string list ->
           ?query:string ->
           ?fragment:string -> ?other:string -> url -> url

Adds missing components and returns the modified URL. The modfied URL shares unmodified components with the original URL.

    val undefault_url : ?scheme:string ->
           ?user:string ->
           ?user_param:string list ->
           ?password:string ->
           ?host:string ->
           ?port:int ->
           ?path:string list ->
           ?param:string list ->
           ?query:string ->
           ?fragment:string -> ?other:string -> url -> url

Removes components from the URL if they have the passed value, and returns the modified URL. Note: The values must always be passed in encoded form! The modfied URL shares unmodified components with the original URL.

    val url_syntax_of_url : url -> url_syntax

Returns the `url_syntax` record of a URL.

    val url_of_string : url_syntax -> string -> url

Parses the passed string according to the passed `url_syntax`.

    val string_of_url : url -> string

Returns the URL as string

    val parse_url : ?schemes:(string, url_syntax) Hashtbl.t ->
           ?base_syntax:url_syntax ->
           ?accept_8bits:bool -> ?enable_fragment:bool -> string -> url

Parses the string and returns the URL the string represents. If the URL is absolute (i.e. begins with a scheme like "http:..."), the syntax will be looked up in `schemes`. If the URL is relative, the `base_syntax` will be taken if passed. Without `base_syntax`, relative URLs cannot be parsed.

`schemes` : This hashtable maps scheme names to syntax descriptions. The default is `common_url_syntax`.
`base_syntax` : If passed, the function can parse relative URLs according to this syntax. If not passed, the function will raise `Malformed_URL` on a relative URL.
`accept_8bits` : If `false`, the default, it depends on the syntax descriptions in `schemes` whether 8 bit characters are accepted in the input or not. If `true`, 8 bit characters are always accepted.
`enable_fragment` : If `false`, the default, it depends on the syntax descriptions in `schemes` whether fragment identifiers (e.g. "#fragment") are recognized or not. If `true`, fragments are always recognized.

    val fixup_url_string : string -> string

Escapes some unsafe or "unwise" characters that are commonly used in URL strings: space, < > { } [ ] ^ \\ | and double quotes. Call this function before parsing the URL to support these characters.

    val url_provides : ?scheme:bool ->
           ?user:bool ->
           ?user_param:bool ->
           ?password:bool ->
           ?host:bool ->
           ?port:bool ->
           ?path:bool ->
           ?param:bool ->
           ?query:bool -> ?fragment:bool -> ?other:bool -> url -> bool

Returns `true` iff the URL has all of the components passed with `true` value.

    val url_scheme : url -> string

    val url_user : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string

    val url_user_param : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string list

    val url_password : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string

    val url_host : url -> string

    val url_port : url -> int

    val url_path : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string list

    val url_param : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string list

    val url_query : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string

    val url_fragment : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string

    val url_other : ?encoded:bool -> url -> string

Return components of the URL. The functions return decoded strings unless `encoded:true` is set. If the component does not exist, the exception `Not_found` is raised.

    val split_path : string -> string list

Splits a `'/'`-separated path into components (e.g. to set up the `path` argument of `make_url`). E.g.

     split_path "a/b/c" = [ "a"; "b"; "c" ],
     split_path "/a/b"  = [ ""; "a"; "b" ],
     split_path "a/b/"  = [ "a"; "b"; "" ]

    val join_path : string list -> string

Concatenates the path components (reverse function of split_path).

    val norm_path : string list -> string list

Removes `"."` and `".."` from the path if possible. Deletes double slashes.

Examples

- `norm_path ["."] = []`

  means: "." = ""

- `norm_path ["."; ""] = []`

  means: "./" = ""

- `norm_path ["a"; "."] = ["a"; ""]`

  means: "a/." = "a/"

- `norm_path ["a"; "b"; "."] = ["a"; "b"; ""]`

  means: "a/b/." = "a/b/"

- `norm_path ["a"; "."; "b"; "."] = ["a"; "b"; ""]`

  means: "a/./b/." = "a/b/"

- `norm_path [".."] = [".."; ""]`

  means: ".." = "../"

- `norm_path [".."; ""] = [".."; ""]`

  means: "../" = "../"

- `norm_path ["a"; "b"; ".."; "c" ] = ["a"; "c"]`

  means: "a/b/../c" = "a/c"

- `norm_path ["a"; "b"; ".."; "c"; ""] = ["a"; "c"; ""]`

  means: "a/b/../c/" = "a/c/"

- `norm_path ["";"";"a";"";"b"] = [""; "a"; "b"]`

  means: "//a//b" = "/a/b"

- `norm_path ["a"; "b"; ""; ".."; "c"; ""] = ["a"; "c"; ""]`

  means: "a/b//../c/" = "a/c/"

- `norm_path ["a"; ".."] = []`

  means: "a/.." = ""

    val apply_relative_url : url -> url -> url

`apply_relative_url base rel`: Interprets `rel` relative to `base` and returns the new URL. This function implements RFC 1808.

It is not necessary that `rel` has the same syntax as `base`. Note, however, that it is checked whether the resulting URL is syntactically correct with the syntax of `base`. If not, the exception `Malformed_URL` will be raised.

    val ensure_absolute_url : ?base:url -> url -> url

If the anonymous URL is absolute, it is just returned as result of this function. If the URL is relative, it is tried to make it absolute by resolving it relative to `base`. If there is no `base`, this will fail, and the function raises `Malformed_URL`.

    val file_url_of_local_path : ?getcwd:(unit -> string) -> string -> url

Generates a URL with "file" scheme from the passed path name. The URL is always absolute, i.e. the current directory is prepended if the path is not absolute.

Note that no character set conversions are performed.

Win32: The input path name may use forward or backward slashes. Absolute paths with drive letters and UNC paths are recognised. Relative paths with drive letters, however, are not recognised (e.g. `"c:file"`), as it is not possible to access the drive-specific working directory from the O'Caml runtime.

Cygwin: The input path name may use forward or backward slashes. Absolute paths with drive letters and UNC paths are recognised. The former are translated to `"/cygdrive"` names.

`getcwd` : The function returns the path taken as current working directory. Note that for Win32 this must be either an absolute name with drive letter, or an UNC path. Default: `Sys.getcwd`

    val local_path_of_file_url : url -> string

Extracts the path from an absolute file URL, and returns a correct path name.

If the URL is not a file URL, or is not absolute, the function will fail.

Win32: The URL must either contain a drive letter, or must refer to another host.

Cygwin: Drive letters and remote URLs are recognised.

    val print_url : url -> unit

Printer for the toploop.