► |  | c-lambda: C FFI via mzc

| Bibliography

c-lambda
c-declare
c-include
Bibliography

Version: 4.1.4
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## c-lambda: C FFI via mzc

(require compiler/cffi)

The compiler/cffi module relies on a C compiler to statically construct an interface to C code through directives embedded in a Scheme program. The library implements a subset of Gambit-C’s foreign-function interface [Feeley98].

The scheme/foreign library is a better interface for most tasks; see FFI: PLT Scheme Foreign Interface for more information on scheme/foreign. See also Inside: PLT Scheme C API, which describes PLT Scheme’s C-level API for extending the run-time system.

The compiler/cffi library defines three forms: c-lambda, c-declare, and c-include. When interpreted directly or compiled to byte code, c-lambda produces a function that always raises exn:fail, and c-declare and c-include raise exn:fail. When compiled by mzc --extension, the forms provide access to C. Thus, compiler/cffi is normally required by a module to be compiled via mzc. In addition, the mzc compiler implicitly imports compiler/cffi into the top-level environment for non-module compilation.

The c-lambda form creates a Scheme procedure whose body is implemented in C. Instead of declaring argument names, a c-lambda form declares argument types, as well as a return type. The implementation can be simply the name of a C function, as in the following definition of fmod:

(define fmod (c-lambda (double double) double "fmod"))

Alternatively, the implementation can be C code to serve as the body of a function, where the arguments are bound to ___arg1 (three underscores), etc., and the result is installed into ___result (three underscores):

(define machine-string->float
(c-lambda (char-string) float
"___result = *(float *)___arg1;"))

The c-lambda form provides only limited conversions between C and Scheme data. For example, the following function does not reliably produce a string of four characters:

(define broken-machine-float->string
(c-lambda (float) char-string
"char b[5]; *(float *)b = ___arg1; b[4] = 0; ___result = b;"))

because the representation of a float can contain null bytes, which terminate the string. However, the full MzScheme API, which is described in Inside: PLT Scheme C API, can be used in a function body:

(define machine-float->string
(c-lambda (float) scheme-object
"char b[4];"
"*(float *)b = ___arg1;"
"___result = scheme_make_sized_byte_string(b, 4, 1);"))

The c-declare form declares arbitrary C code to appear after "escheme.h" or "scheme.h" is included, but before any other code in the compilation environment of the declaration. It is often used to declare C header file inclusions. For example, a proper definition of fmod needs the "math.h" header file:

(c-declare "#include <math.h>")
(define fmod (c-lambda (double double) double "fmod"))

The c-declare form can also be used to define helper C functions to be called through c-lambda.

The c-include form expands to a c-declare form using the content of a specified file. Use (c-include file) instead of (c-declare "#include file") when it’s easier to have MzScheme resolve the file path than to have the C compiler resolve it.

The "plt/collects/mzscheme/examples" directory in the PLT distribution contains additional examples.

When compiling for MzScheme3m (see Inside: PLT Scheme C API), C code inserted by c-lambda, c-declare, and c-include will be transformed in the same was as mzc’s --xform mode (which may or may not be enough to make the code work correctly in MzScheme3m; see Inside: PLT Scheme C API for more information).

(c-lambda (argument-type ...) return-type impl-string ...+)

Creates a Scheme procedure whose body is implemented in C. The procedure takes as many arguments as the supplied argument-types, and it returns one value. If return-type is void, the procedure’s result is always void. The impl-string is either the name of a C function (or macro) or the body of a C function.

If a single impl-string is provided, and if it is a string containing only alphanumeric characters and _, then the created Scheme procedure passes all of its arguments to the named C function (or macro) and returns the function’s result. Each argument to the Scheme procedure is converted according to the corresponding argument-type (as described below) to produce an argument to the C function. Unless return-type is void, the C function’s result is converted according to return-type for the Scheme procedure’s result.

If more than impl-string is provided, or if it contains more than alphanumeric characters and _, then the concatenated impl-strings must contain C code to implement the function body. The converted arguments for the function will be in variables ___arg1, ___arg2, ... (with three underscores in each name) in the context where the impl-strings are placed for compilation. Unless return-type is void, the impl-strings code should assign a result to the variable ___result (three underscores), which will be declared but not initialized. The impl-strings code should not return explicitly; control should always reach the end of the body. If the impl-strings code defines the pre-processor macro ___AT_END (with three leading underscores), then the macro’s value should be C code to execute after the value ___result is converted to a Scheme result, but before the result is returned, all in the same block; defining ___AT_END is primarily useful for deallocating a string in ___result that has been copied by conversion. The impl-strings code will start on a new line at the beginning of a block in its compilation context, and ___AT_END will be undefined after the code.

In addition to ___arg1, etc., the variable argc is bound in impl-strings to the number of arguments supplied to the function, and argv is bound to a Scheme_Object* array of length argc containing the function arguments as Scheme values. The argv and argc variables are mainly useful for error reporting (e.g., with scheme_wrong_type).

Each argument-type must be one of the following, which are recognized symbolically:

- bool
  Scheme range: any value
  C type: int
  Scheme to C conversion: #f → 0, anything else → 1
  C to Scheme conversion: 0 → #f, anything else → #t

- char
  Scheme range: character
  C type: char
  Scheme to C conversion: character’s Latin-1 value cast to signed byte
  C to Scheme conversion: Latin-1 value from unsigned cast mapped to character

- unsigned-char
  Scheme range: character
  C type: unsigned char
  Scheme to C conversion: character’s Latin-1 value
  C to Scheme conversion: Latin-1 value mapped to character

- signed-char
  Scheme range: character
  C type: signed char
  Scheme to C conversion: character’s Latin-1 value cast to signed byte
  C to Scheme conversion: Latin-1 value from unsigned cast mapped to character

- int
  Scheme range: exact integer that fits into an int
  C type: int
  conversions: (obvious and precise)

- unsigned-int
  Scheme range: exact integer that fits into an unsigned int
  C type: unsigned int
  conversions: (obvious and precise)

- long
  Scheme range: exact integer that fits into a long
  C type: long
  conversions: (obvious and precise)

- unsigned-long
  Scheme range: exact integer that fits into an unsigned long
  C type: unsigned long
  conversions: (obvious and precise)

- short
  Scheme range: exact integer that fits into a short
  C type: short
  conversions: (obvious and precise)

- unsigned-short
  Scheme range: exact integer that fits into an unsigned short
  C type: unsigned short
  conversions: (obvious and precise)

- float
  Scheme range: real number
  C type: float
  Scheme to C conversion: number converted to inexact and cast to float
  C to Scheme conversion: cast to double and encapsulated as an inexact number

- double
  Scheme range: real number
  C type: double
  Scheme to C conversion: number converted to inexact
  C to Scheme conversion: encapsulated as an inexact number

- char-string
  Scheme range: byte string or #f
  C type: char*
  Scheme to C conversion: string → contained byte-array pointer, #f → NULL
  C to Scheme conversion: NULL → #f, anything else → new byte string created by copying the string

- nonnull-char-string
  Scheme range: byte string
  C type: char*
  Scheme to C conversion: byte string’s contained byte-array pointer
  C to Scheme conversion: new byte string created by copying the string

- scheme-object
  Scheme range: any value
  C type: Scheme_Object*
  Scheme to C conversion: no conversion
  C to Scheme conversion: no conversion

- (pointer bstr)
  Scheme range: an opaque c-pointer value, identified as type bstr, or #f
  C type: bstr*
  Scheme to C conversion: #f → NULL, c-pointer → contained pointer cast to bstr*
  C to Scheme conversion: NULL → #f, anything else → new c-pointer containing the pointer and identified as type bstr

The return-type must be void or one of the arg-type keywords.

(c-declare code-string)

Declares arbitrary C code to appear after "escheme.h" or "scheme.h" is included, but before any other code in the compilation environment of the declaration. A c-declare form can appear only at the top-level or within a module’s top-level sequence.

The code code will appear on a new line in the file for C compilation. Multiple c-include declarations are concatenated (with newlines) in order to produces a sequence of declarations.

(c-include path-spec)

Expands to a use of c-declare with the content of path-spec. The path-spec has the same form as for mzlib/include’s include.

### Bibliography

[Feeley98] |  | Marc Feeley, “Gambit-C, version 3.0.” 1998.

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