#
Chapter 11
Arithmetic

This chapter describes Scheme’s libraries for more specialized numerical operations: fixnum and flonum arithmetic, as well as bitwise operations on exact integer objects.

## 11.1 Bitwise operations

A number of procedures operate on the binary two’s-complement representations of exact integer objects: Bit positions within an exact integer object are counted from the right, i.e. bit 0 is the least significant bit. Some procedures allow extracting bit fields, i.e., number objects representing subsequences of the binary representation of an exact integer object. Bit fields are always positive, and always defined using a finite number of bits.

## 11.2 Fixnums

Every implementation must define its fixnum range as a closed interval

such that w is a (mathematical) integer w ≥ 24. Every mathematical integer within an implementation’s fixnum range must correspond to an exact integer object that is representable within the implementation. A fixnum is an exact integer object whose value lies within this fixnum range.

This section describes the `(rnrs arithmetic fixnums (6))`library, which defines various operations on fixnums. Fixnum operations perform integer arithmetic on their fixnum arguments, but raise an exception with condition type `&implementation-restriction` if the result is not a fixnum.

This section uses fx, fx1, fx2, etc., as parameter names for arguments that must be fixnums.

`(fixnum? obj)` procedure

Returns `#t` if obj is an exact integer object within the fixnum range, `#f` otherwise.

`(fixnum-width)` procedure
`(least-fixnum)` procedure
`(greatest-fixnum)` procedure

These procedures return w, `-` 2w`-`1 and 2w`-`1 `-` 1: the width, minimum and the maximum value of the fixnum range, respectively.

`(fx=? fx1 fx2 fx3 `...`)` procedure
`(fx>? fx1 fx2 fx3 `...`)` procedure
`(fx<? fx1 fx2 fx3 `...`)` procedure
`(fx>=? fx1 fx2 fx3 `...`)` procedure
`(fx<=? fx1 fx2 fx3 `...`)` procedure

These procedures return `#t` if their arguments are (respectively): equal, monotonically increasing, monotonically decreasing, monotonically nondecreasing, or monotonically nonincreasing, `#f` otherwise.

`(fxzero? fx)` procedure
`(fxpositive? fx)` procedure
`(fxnegative? fx)` procedure
`(fxodd? fx)` procedure
`(fxeven? fx)` procedure

These numerical predicates test a fixnum for a particular property, returning `#t` or `#f`. The five properties tested by these procedures are: whether the number object is zero, greater than zero, less than zero, odd, or even.

`(fxmax fx1 fx2 `...`)` procedure
`(fxmin fx1 fx2 `...`)` procedure

These procedures return the maximum or minimum of their arguments.

`(fx+ fx1 fx2)` procedure
`(fx* fx1 fx2)` procedure

These procedures return the sum or product of their arguments, provided that sum or product is a fixnum. An exception with condition type `&implementation-restriction` is raised if that sum or product is not a fixnum.

`(fx- fx1 fx2)` procedure
`(fx- fx)` procedure

With two arguments, this procedure returns the difference fx1 `-` fx2, provided that difference is a fixnum.

With one argument, this procedure returns the additive inverse of its argument, provided that integer object is a fixnum.

An exception with condition type `&assertion` is raised if the mathematically correct result of this procedure is not a fixnum.

`(fx- (least-fixnum)) `&assertion` exception

`

`(fxdiv-and-mod fx1 fx2)` procedure
`(fxdiv fx1 fx2)` procedure
`(fxmod fx1 fx2)` procedure
`(fxdiv0-and-mod0 fx1 fx2)` procedure
`(fxdiv0 fx1 fx2)` procedure
`(fxmod0 fx1 fx2)` procedure

Fx2 must be nonzero. These procedures implement number-theoretic integer division and return the results of the corresponding mathematical operations specified in report section on “Integer division”.

`(fxdiv fx1 fx2) ⇒ fx1 div fx2
(fxmod fx1 fx2) ⇒ fx1 mod fx2
(fxdiv-and-mod fx1 fx2)
⇒ fx1 div fx2, fx1 mod fx2
; two return values
(fxdiv0 fx1 fx2) ⇒ fx1 divsb0 fx2
(fxmod0 fx1 fx2) ⇒ fx1 modsb0 fx2
(fxdiv0-and-mod0 fx1 fx2)
⇒ fx1 fx1 divsb0 fx2, fx1 modsb0 fx2
; two return values

`

`(fx+/carry fx1 fx2 fx3)` procedure

Returns the two fixnum results of the following computation:

`(let* ((s (+ fx1 fx2 fx3))
(s0 (mod0 s (expt 2 (fixnum-width))))
(s1 (div0 s (expt 2 (fixnum-width)))))
(values s0 s1))

`

`(fx-/carry fx1 fx2 fx3)` procedure

Returns the two fixnum results of the following computation:

`(let* ((d (- fx1 fx2 fx3))
(d0 (mod0 d (expt 2 (fixnum-width))))
(d1 (div0 d (expt 2 (fixnum-width)))))
(values d0 d1))

`

`(fx*/carry fx1 fx2 fx3)` procedure

Returns the two fixnum results of the following computation:

`(let* ((s (+ (* fx1 fx2) fx3))
(s0 (mod0 s (expt 2 (fixnum-width))))
(s1 (div0 s (expt 2 (fixnum-width)))))
(values s0 s1))

`

`(fxnot fx)` procedure

Returns the unique fixnum that is congruent mod 2w to the one’s-complement of fx.

`(fxand fx1 `...`)` procedure
`(fxior fx1 `...`)` procedure
`(fxxor fx1 `...`)` procedure

These procedures return the fixnum that is the bit-wise “and”, “inclusive or”, or “exclusive or” of the two’s complement representations of their arguments. If they are passed only one argument, they return that argument. If they are passed no arguments, they return the fixnum (either `-` 1 or 0) that acts as identity for the operation.

`(fxif fx1 fx2 fx3)` procedure

Returns the fixnum that is the bit-wise “if” of the two’s complement representations of its arguments, i.e. for each bit, if it is 1 in fx1, the corresponding bit in fx2 becomes the value of the corresponding bit in the result, and if it is 0, the corresponding bit in fx3 becomes the corresponding bit in the value of the result. This is the fixnum result of the following computation:

`(fxior (fxand fx1 fx2)
(fxand (fxnot fx1) fx3))

`

`(fxbit-count fx)` procedure

If fx is non-negative, this procedure returns the number of 1 bits in the two’s complement representation of fx. Otherwise it returns the result of the following computation:

`(fxnot (fxbit-count (fxnot ei)))

`

`(fxlength fx)` procedure

Returns the number of bits needed to represent fx if it is positive, and the number of bits needed to represent `(fxnot fx)` if it is negative, which is the fixnum result of the following computation:

`(do ((result 0 (+ result 1))
(bits (if (fxnegative? fx)
(fxnot fx)
fx)
(fxarithmetic-shift-right bits 1)))
((fxzero? bits)
result))

`

`(fxfirst-bit-set fx)` procedure

Returns the index of the least significant 1 bit in the two’s complement representation of fx. If fx is 0, then `-` 1 is returned.

`(fxfirst-bit-set 0) ⇒ -1
(fxfirst-bit-set 1) ⇒ 0
(fxfirst-bit-set -4) ⇒ 2

`

`(fxbit-set? fx1 fx2)` procedure

Fx2 must be non-negative and less than `(fixnum-width)`. The `fxbit-set?` procedure returns `#t` if the fx2th bit is 1 in the two’s complement representation of fx1, and `#f` otherwise. This is the fixnum result of the following computation:

`(not
(fxzero?
(fxand fx1
(fxarithmetic-shift-left 1 fx2))))

`

`(fxcopy-bit fx1 fx2 fx3)` procedure

Fx2 must be non-negative and less than `(fixnum-width)`. Fx3 must be 0 or 1. The `fxcopy-bit` procedure returns the result of replacing the fx2th bit of fx1 by fx3, which is the result of the following computation:

`(let* ((mask (fxarithmetic-shift-left 1 fx2)))
(fxif mask
(fxarithmetic-shift-left fx3 fx2)
fx1))

`

`(fxbit-field fx1 fx2 fx3)` procedure

Fx2 and fx3 must be non-negative and less than `(fixnum-width)`. Moreover, fx2 must be less than or equal to fx3. The `fxbit-field` procedure returns the number represented by the bits at the positions from fx2 (inclusive) to fx3 (exclusive), which is the fixnum result of the following computation:

`(let* ((mask (fxnot
(fxarithmetic-shift-left -1 fx3))))
(fxarithmetic-shift-right (fxand fx1 mask)
fx2))

`

`(fxcopy-bit-field fx1 fx2 fx3 fx4)` procedure

Fx2 and fx3 must be non-negative and less than `(fixnum-width)`. Moreover, fx2 must be less than or equal to fx3. The `fxcopy-bit-field` procedure returns the result of replacing in fx1 the bits at positions from fx2 (inclusive) to fx3 (exclusive) by the corresponding bits in fx4, which is the fixnum result of the following computation:

`(let* ((to fx1)
(start fx2)
(end fx3)
(from fx4)
(mask1 (fxarithmetic-shift-left -1 start))
(mask2 (fxnot
(fxarithmetic-shift-left -1 end)))
(mask (fxand mask1 mask2)))
(fxif mask
(fxarithmetic-shift-left from start)
to))

`

`(fxarithmetic-shift fx1 fx2)` procedure

The absolute value of fx2 must be less than `(fixnum-width)`. If

`(floor (* fx1 (expt 2 fx2)))

` is a fixnum, then that fixnum is returned. Otherwise an exception with condition type `&implementation-restriction` is raised.

`(fxarithmetic-shift-left fx1 fx2)` procedure
`(fxarithmetic-shift-right fx1 fx2)` procedure

Fx2 must be non-negative, and less than `(fixnum-width)`. The `fxarithmetic-shift-left` procedure behaves the same as `fxarithmetic-shift`, and `(fxarithmetic-shift-right fx1 fx2)` behaves the same as `(fxarithmetic-shift fx1 (fx- fx2))`.

`(fxrotate-bit-field fx1 fx2 fx3 fx4)` procedure

Fx2, fx3, and fx4 must be non-negative and less than `(fixnum-width)`. Fx2 must be less than or equal to fx3. Fx4 must be less than the difference between fx3 and fx2. The `fxrotate-bit-field` procedure returns the result of cyclically permuting in fx1 the bits at positions from fx2 (inclusive) to fx3 (exclusive) by fx4 bits towards the more significant bits, which is the result of the following computation:

`(let* ((n fx1)
(start fx2)
(end fx3)
(count fx4)
(width (fx- end start)))
(if (fxpositive? width)
(let* ((count (fxmod count width))
(field0
(fxbit-field n start end))
(field1
(fxarithmetic-shift-left
field0 count))
(field2
(fxarithmetic-shift-right
field0 (fx- width count)))
(field (fxior field1 field2)))
(fxcopy-bit-field n start end field))
n))

`

`(fxreverse-bit-field fx1 fx2 fx3)` procedure

Fx2 and fx3 must be non-negative and less than `(fixnum-width)`. Moreover, fx2 must be less than or equal to fx3. The `fxreverse-bit-field` procedure returns the fixnum obtained from fx1 by reversing the order of the bits at positions from fx2 (inclusive) to fx3 (exclusive).

`(fxreverse-bit-field `#`b1010010 1 4)
⇒ 88 ; `#`b1011000

`

## 11.3 Flonums

This section describes the `(rnrs arithmetic flonums (6))`library.

This section uses fl, fl1, fl2, etc., as parameter names for arguments that must be flonums, and ifl as a name for arguments that must be integer-valued flonums, i.e., flonums for which the `integer-valued?` predicate returns true.

`(flonum? obj)` procedure

Returns `#t` if obj is a flonum, `#f` otherwise.

`(real->flonum x)` procedure

Returns the best flonum representation of x.

The value returned is a flonum that is numerically closest to the argument.

> Note: If flonums are represented in binary floating point, then implementations should break ties by preferring the floating-point representation whose least significant bit is zero.

`(fl=? fl1 fl2 fl3 `...`)` procedure
`(fl<? fl1 fl2 fl3 `...`)` procedure
`(fl<=? fl1 fl2 fl3 `...`)` procedure
`(fl>? fl1 fl2 fl3 `...`)` procedure
`(fl>=? fl1 fl2 fl3 `...`)` procedure

These procedures return `#t` if their arguments are (respectively): equal, monotonically increasing, monotonically decreasing, monotonically nondecreasing, or monotonically nonincreasing, `#f` otherwise. These predicates must be transitive.

`(fl= +inf.0 +inf.0) ⇒ `#t`
(fl= -inf.0 +inf.0) ⇒ `#f`
(fl= -inf.0 -inf.0) ⇒ `#t`
(fl= 0.0 -0.0) ⇒ `#t`
(fl< 0.0 -0.0) ⇒ `#f`
(fl= +nan.0 fl) ⇒ `#f`
(fl< +nan.0 fl) ⇒ `#f`

`

`(flinteger? fl)` procedure
`(flzero? fl)` procedure
`(flpositive? fl)` procedure
`(flnegative? fl)` procedure
`(flodd? ifl)` procedure
`(fleven? ifl)` procedure
`(flfinite? fl)` procedure
`(flinfinite? fl)` procedure
`(flnan? fl)` procedure

These numerical predicates test a flonum for a particular property, returning `#t` or `#f`. The `flinteger?` procedure tests whether the number object is an integer, `flzero?` tests whether it is `fl=?` to zero, `flpositive?` tests whether it is greater than zero, `flnegative?` tests whether it is less than zero, `flodd?` tests whether it is odd, `fleven?` tests whether it is even, `flfinite?` tests whether it is not an infinity and not a NaN, `flinfinite?` tests whether it is an infinity, and `flnan?` tests whether it is a NaN.

`(flnegative? -0.0) ⇒ `#f`
(flfinite? +inf.0) ⇒ `#f`
(flfinite? 5.0) ⇒ `#t`
(flinfinite? 5.0) ⇒ `#f`
(flinfinite? +inf.0) ⇒ `#t`

`

> Note: `(flnegative? -0.0)` must return `#f`, else it would lose the correspondence with `(fl< -0.0 0.0)`, which is `#f` according to IEEE 754 [7].

`(flmax fl1 fl2 `...`)` procedure
`(flmin fl1 fl2 `...`)` procedure

These procedures return the maximum or minimum of their arguments. They always return a NaN when one or more of the arguments is a NaN.

`(fl+ fl1 `...`)` procedure
`(fl* fl1 `...`)` procedure

These procedures return the flonum sum or product of their flonum arguments. In general, they should return the flonum that best approximates the mathematical sum or product. (For implementations that represent flonums using IEEE binary floating point, the meaning of “best” is defined by the IEEE standards.)

`(fl+ +inf.0 -inf.0) ⇒ +nan.0
(fl+ +nan.0 fl) ⇒ +nan.0
(fl* +nan.0 fl) ⇒ +nan.0

`

`(fl- fl1 fl2 `...`)` procedure
`(fl- fl)` procedure
`(fl/ fl1 fl2 `...`)` procedure
`(fl/ fl)` procedure

With two or more arguments, these procedures return the flonum difference or quotient of their flonum arguments, associating to the left. With one argument, however, they return the additive or multiplicative flonum inverse of their argument. In general, they should return the flonum that best approximates the mathematical difference or quotient. (For implementations that represent flonums using IEEE binary floating point, the meaning of “best” is reasonably well-defined by the IEEE standards.)

`(fl- +inf.0 +inf.0) ⇒ +nan.0

`

For undefined quotients, `fl/` behaves as specified by the IEEE standards:

`(fl/ 1.0 0.0) ⇒ +inf.0
(fl/ -1.0 0.0) ⇒ -inf.0
(fl/ 0.0 0.0) ⇒ +nan.0

`

`(flabs fl)` procedure

Returns the absolute value of fl.

`(fldiv-and-mod fl1 fl2)` procedure
`(fldiv fl1 fl2)` procedure
`(flmod fl1 fl2)` procedure
`(fldiv0-and-mod0 fl1 fl2)` procedure
`(fldiv0 fl1 fl2)` procedure
`(flmod0 fl1 fl2)` procedure

These procedures implement number-theoretic integer division and return the results of the corresponding mathematical operations specified in report section on “Integer division”. For zero divisors, these procedures may return a NaN or some unspecified flonum.

`(fldiv fl1 fl2) ⇒ fl1 div fl2
(flmod fl1 fl2) ⇒ fl1 mod fl2
(fldiv-and-mod fl1 fl2)
⇒ fl1 div fl2, fl1 mod fl2
; two return values
(fldiv0 fl1 fl2) ⇒ fl1 div0 fl2
(flmod0 fl1 fl2) ⇒ fl1 mod0 fl2
(fldiv0-and-mod0 fl1 fl2)
⇒ fl1 div0 fl2, fl1 mod0 fl2
; two return values

`

`(flnumerator fl)` procedure
`(fldenominator fl)` procedure

These procedures return the numerator or denominator of fl as a flonum; the result is computed as if fl was represented as a fraction in lowest terms. The denominator is always positive. The denominator of 0.0 is defined to be 1.0.

`(flnumerator +inf.0) ⇒ +inf.0
(flnumerator -inf.0) ⇒ -inf.0
(fldenominator +inf.0) ⇒ 1.0
(fldenominator -inf.0) ⇒ 1.0
(flnumerator 0.75) ⇒ 3.0 ; probably
(fldenominator 0.75) ⇒ 4.0 ; probably

`

Implementations should implement following behavior:

`(flnumerator -0.0) ⇒ -0.0

`

`(flfloor fl)` procedure
`(flceiling fl)` procedure
`(fltruncate fl)` procedure
`(flround fl)` procedure

These procedures return integral flonums for flonum arguments that are not infinities or NaNs. For such arguments, `flfloor` returns the largest integral flonum not larger than fl. The `flceiling` procedure returns the smallest integral flonum not smaller than fl. The `fltruncate` procedure returns the integral flonum closest to fl whose absolute value is not larger than the absolute value of fl. The `flround` procedure returns the closest integral flonum to fl, rounding to even when fl represents a number halfway between two integers.

Although infinities and NaNs are not integer objects, these procedures return an infinity when given an infinity as an argument, and a NaN when given a NaN:

`(flfloor +inf.0) ⇒ +inf.0
(flceiling -inf.0) ⇒ -inf.0
(fltruncate +nan.0) ⇒ +nan.0

`

`(flexp fl)` procedure
`(fllog fl)` procedure
`(fllog fl1 fl2)` procedure
`(flsin fl)` procedure
`(flcos fl)` procedure
`(fltan fl)` procedure
`(flasin fl)` procedure
`(flacos fl)` procedure
`(flatan fl)` procedure
`(flatan fl1 fl2)` procedure

These procedures compute the usual transcendental functions. The `flexp` procedure computes the base-e exponential of fl. The `fllog` procedure with a single argument computes the natural logarithm of fl (not the base ten logarithm); `(fllog fl1 fl2)` computes the base-fl2 logarithm of fl1. The `flasin`, `flacos`, and `flatan` procedures compute arcsine, arccosine, and arctangent, respectively. `(flatan fl1 fl2)` computes the arc tangent of fl1/fl2.

See report section on “Transcendental functions” for the underlying mathematical operations. In the event that these operations do not yield a real result for the given arguments, the result may be a NaN, or may be some unspecified flonum.

Implementations that use IEEE binary floating-point arithmetic should follow the relevant standards for these procedures.

`(flexp +inf.0) ⇒ +inf.0
(flexp -inf.0) ⇒ 0.0
(fllog +inf.0) ⇒ +inf.0
(fllog 0.0) ⇒ -inf.0
(fllog -0.0) ⇒ unspecified
; if -0.0 is distinguished
(fllog -inf.0) ⇒ +nan.0
(flatan -inf.0)
⇒ -1.5707963267948965
; approximately
(flatan +inf.0)
⇒ 1.5707963267948965
; approximately

`

`(flsqrt fl)` procedure

Returns the principal square root of fl. For `-` 0.0, `flsqrt` should return `-` 0.0; for other negative arguments, the result may be a NaN or some unspecified flonum.

`(flsqrt +inf.0) ⇒ +inf.0
(flsqrt -0.0) ⇒ -0.0

`

`(flexpt fl1 fl2)` procedure

Either fl1 should be non-negative, or, if fl1 is negative, fl2 should be an integer object. The `flexpt` procedure returns fl1 raised to the power fl2. If fl1 is negative and fl2 is not an integer object, the result may be a NaN, or may be some unspecified flonum. If fl1 is zero, then the result is zero.

``&no-infinities`` condition type
`(make-no-infinities-violation obj)` procedure
`(no-infinities-violation? obj)` procedure
``&no-nans`` condition type
`(make-no-nans-violation obj)` procedure
`(no-nans-violation? obj)` procedure

These condition types could be defined by the following code:

`(define-condition-type &no-infinities
&implementation-restriction
make-no-infinities-violation
no-infinities-violation?)
(define-condition-type &no-nans
&implementation-restriction
make-no-nans-violation no-nans-violation?)

`

These types describe that a program has executed an arithmetic operations that is specified to return an infinity or a NaN, respectively, on a Scheme implementation that is not able to represent the infinity or NaN. (See report section on “Representability of infinities and NaNs”.)

`(fixnum->flonum fx)` procedure

Returns a flonum that is numerically closest to fx.

> Note: The result of this procedure may not be numerically equal to fx, because the fixnum precision may be greater than the flonum precision.

## 11.4 Exact bitwise arithmetic

This section describes the `(rnrs arithmetic bitwise (6))`library. The exact bitwise arithmetic provides generic operations on exact integer objects. This section uses ei, ei1, ei2, etc., as parameter names that must be exact integer objects.

`(bitwise-not ei)` procedure

Returns the exact integer object whose two’s complement representation is the one’s complement of the two’s complement representation of ei.

`(bitwise-and ei1 `...`)` procedure
`(bitwise-ior ei1 `...`)` procedure
`(bitwise-xor ei1 `...`)` procedure

These procedures return the exact integer object that is the bit-wise “and”, “inclusive or”, or “exclusive or” of the two’s complement representations of their arguments. If they are passed only one argument, they return that argument. If they are passed no arguments, they return the integer object (either `-` 1 or 0) that acts as identity for the operation.

`(bitwise-if ei1 ei2 ei3)` procedure

Returns the exact integer object that is the bit-wise “if” of the two’s complement representations of its arguments, i.e. for each bit, if it is 1 in ei1, the corresponding bit in ei2 becomes the value of the corresponding bit in the result, and if it is 0, the corresponding bit in ei3 becomes the corresponding bit in the value of the result. This is the result of the following computation:

`(bitwise-ior (bitwise-and ei1 ei2)
(bitwise-and (bitwise-not ei1) ei3))

`

`(bitwise-bit-count ei)` procedure

If ei is non-negative, this procedure returns the number of 1 bits in the two’s complement representation of ei. Otherwise it returns the result of the following computation:

`(bitwise-not (bitwise-bit-count (bitwise-not ei)))

`

`(bitwise-length ei)` procedure

Returns the number of bits needed to represent ei if it is positive, and the number of bits needed to represent `(bitwise-not ei)` if it is negative, which is the exact integer object that is the result of the following computation:

`(do ((result 0 (+ result 1))
(bits (if (negative? ei)
(bitwise-not ei)
ei)
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift bits -1)))
((zero? bits)
result))

`

`(bitwise-first-bit-set ei)` procedure

Returns the index of the least significant 1 bit in the two’s complement representation of ei. If ei is 0, then `-` 1 is returned.

`(bitwise-first-bit-set 0) ⇒ -1
(bitwise-first-bit-set 1) ⇒ 0
(bitwise-first-bit-set -4) ⇒ 2

`

`(bitwise-bit-set? ei1 ei2)` procedure

Ei2 must be non-negative. The `bitwise-bit-set?` procedure returns `#t` if the ei2th bit is 1 in the two’s complement representation of ei1, and `#f` otherwise. This is the result of the following computation:

`(not (zero?
(bitwise-and
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift-left 1 ei2)
ei1)))

`

`(bitwise-copy-bit ei1 ei2 ei3)` procedure

Ei2 must be non-negative, and ei3 must be either 0 or 1. The `bitwise-copy-bit` procedure returns the result of replacing the ei2th bit of ei1 by the ei2th bit of ei3, which is the result of the following computation:

`(let* ((mask (bitwise-arithmetic-shift-left 1 ei2)))
(bitwise-if mask
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift-left ei3 ei2)
ei1))

`

`(bitwise-bit-field ei1 ei2 ei3)` procedure

Ei2 and ei3 must be non-negative, and ei2 must be less than or equal to ei3. The `bitwise-bit-field` procedure returns the number represented by the bits at the positions from ei2 (inclusive) to ei3 (exclusive), which is the result of the following computation:

`(let ((mask
(bitwise-not
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift-left -1 ei3))))
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift-right
(bitwise-and ei1 mask)
ei2))

`

`(bitwise-copy-bit-field ei1 ei2 ei3 ei4)` procedure

Ei2 and ei3 must be non-negative, and ei2 must be less than or equal to ei3. The `bitwise-copy-bit-field` procedure returns the result of replacing in ei1 the bits at positions from ei2 (inclusive) to ei3 (exclusive) by the corresponding bits in ei4, which is the fixnum result of the following computation:

`(let* ((to ei1)
(start ei2)
(end ei3)
(from ei4)
(mask1
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift-left -1 start))
(mask2
(bitwise-not
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift-left -1 end)))
(mask (bitwise-and mask1 mask2)))
(bitwise-if mask
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift-left from
start)
to))

`

`(bitwise-arithmetic-shift ei1 ei2)` procedure

Returns the result of the following computation:

`(floor (* ei1 (expt 2 ei2)))

`

Examples:

`(bitwise-arithmetic-shift -6 -1)
⇒ -3
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift -5 -1)
⇒ -3
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift -4 -1)
⇒ -2
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift -3 -1)
⇒ -2
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift -2 -1)
⇒ -1
(bitwise-arithmetic-shift -1 -1)
⇒ -1

`

`(bitwise-arithmetic-shift-left ei1 ei2)` procedure
`(bitwise-arithmetic-shift-right ei1 ei2)` procedure

Ei2 must be non-negative. The `bitwise-arithmetic-shift-left` procedure returns the same result as `bitwise-arithmetic-shift`, and

`(bitwise-arithmetic-shift-right ei1 ei2)

` returns the same result as `(bitwise-arithmetic-shift ei1 (- ei2)).

`

`(bitwise-rotate-bit-field ei1 ei2 ei3 ei4)` procedure

Ei2, ei3, ei4 must be non-negative, ei2 must be less than or equal to ei3, and ei4 must be non-negative. procedure returns the result of cyclically permuting in ei1 the bits at positions from ei2 (inclusive) to ei3 (exclusive) by ei4 bits towards the more significant bits, which is the result of the following computation:

`(let* ((n ei1)
(start ei2)
(end ei3)
(count ei4)
(width (- end start)))
(if (positive? width)
(let* ((count (mod count width))
(field0
(bitwise-bit-field n start end))
(field1 (bitwise-arithmetic-shift-left
field0 count))
(field2 (bitwise-arithmetic-shift-right
field0
(- width count)))
(field (bitwise-ior field1 field2)))
(bitwise-copy-bit-field n start end field))
n))

`

`(bitwise-reverse-bit-field ei1 ei2 ei3)` procedure

Ei2 and ei3 must be non-negative, and ei2 must be less than or equal to ei3. The `bitwise-reverse-bit-field` procedure returns the result obtained from ei1 by reversing the order of the bits at positions from ei2 (inclusive) to ei3 (exclusive).

`(bitwise-reverse-bit-field `#`b1010010 1 4)
⇒ 88 ; `#`b1011000

`