\begin{code}

    module TcErrors(
           reportUnsolved,
           warnDefaulting,
           unifyCtxt,

           flattenForAllErrorTcS,
           solverDepthErrorTcS
      ) where

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    import TcRnMonad
    import TcMType
    import TcSMonad
    import TcType
    import TypeRep

    import Inst
    import InstEnv

    import TyCon
    import Name
    import NameEnv
    import Id	( idType )
    import Var
    import VarSet
    import VarEnv
    import SrcLoc
    import Bag
    import ListSetOps( equivClasses )
    import Util
    import FastString
    import Outputable
    import DynFlags
    import StaticFlags( opt_PprStyle_Debug )
    import Data.List( partition )
    import Control.Monad( when, unless )

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \section{Errors and contexts} %* * %************************************************************************ ToDo: for these error messages, should we note the location as coming from the insts, or just whatever seems to be around in the monad just now? \begin{code}

    reportUnsolved :: WantedConstraints -> TcM ()
    reportUnsolved wanted
      | isEmptyWC wanted
      = return ()
      | otherwise
      = do {   -- Zonk to un-flatten any flatten-skols
           ; wanted  <- zonkWC wanted

           ; env0 <- tcInitTidyEnv
           ; let tidy_env = tidyFreeTyVars env0 free_tvs
                 free_tvs = tyVarsOfWC wanted
                 err_ctxt = CEC { cec_encl  = []
                                , cec_insol = insolubleWC wanted
                                , cec_extra = empty
                                , cec_tidy  = tidy_env }
                 tidy_wanted = tidyWC tidy_env wanted

           ; traceTc "reportUnsolved" (ppr tidy_wanted)

           ; reportTidyWanteds err_ctxt tidy_wanted }

    --------------------------------------------
    --      Internal functions
    --------------------------------------------

    data ReportErrCtxt
        = CEC { cec_encl :: [Implication]  -- Enclosing implications
                    	       	       --   (innermost first)
              , cec_tidy  :: TidyEnv
              , cec_extra :: SDoc       -- Add this to each error message
              , cec_insol :: Bool       -- True <=> we are reporting insoluble errors only
                                        --      Main effect: don't say "Cannot deduce..."
                                        --      when reporting equality errors; see misMatchOrCND
          }

    reportTidyImplic :: ReportErrCtxt -> Implication -> TcM ()
    reportTidyImplic ctxt implic
      | BracketSkol <- ctLocOrigin (ic_loc implic)
      , not insoluble  -- For Template Haskell brackets report only
      = return ()      -- definite errors. The whole thing will be re-checked
                       -- later when we plug it in, and meanwhile there may
                       -- certainly be un-satisfied constraints

      | otherwise
      = reportTidyWanteds ctxt' (ic_wanted implic)
      where
        insoluble = ic_insol implic
        ctxt' = ctxt { cec_encl = implic : cec_encl ctxt
                     , cec_insol = insoluble }

    reportTidyWanteds :: ReportErrCtxt -> WantedConstraints -> TcM ()
    reportTidyWanteds ctxt (WC { wc_flat = flats, wc_insol = insols, wc_impl = implics })
      | cec_insol ctxt     -- If there are any insolubles, report only them
                           -- because they are unconditionally wrong
                           -- Moreover, if any of the insolubles are givens, stop right there
                           -- ignoring nested errors, because the code is inaccessible
      = do { let (given, other) = partitionBag (isGiven . evVarX) insols
                 insol_implics  = filterBag ic_insol implics
           ; if isEmptyBag given
             then do { mapBagM_ (reportInsoluble ctxt) other
                     ; mapBagM_ (reportTidyImplic ctxt) insol_implics }
             else mapBagM_ (reportInsoluble ctxt) given }

      | otherwise          -- No insoluble ones
      = ASSERT( isEmptyBag insols )
        do { let (ambigs, non_ambigs) = partition is_ambiguous (bagToList flats)
           	     (tv_eqs, others)     = partition is_tv_eq non_ambigs

           ; groupErrs (reportEqErrs ctxt) tv_eqs
           ; when (null tv_eqs) $ groupErrs (reportFlat ctxt) others
           ; mapBagM_ (reportTidyImplic ctxt) implics

           	   -- Only report ambiguity if no other errors (at all) happened
    	   -- See Note [Avoiding spurious errors] in TcSimplify
           ; ifErrsM (return ()) $ reportAmbigErrs ctxt skols ambigs }
      where
        skols = foldr (unionVarSet . ic_skols) emptyVarSet (cec_encl ctxt)

    	-- Report equalities of form (a~ty) first.  They are usually
    	-- skolem-equalities, and they cause confusing knock-on
    	-- effects in other errors; see test T4093b.
        is_tv_eq c | EqPred ty1 ty2 <- evVarOfPred c
                   = tcIsTyVarTy ty1 || tcIsTyVarTy ty2
                   | otherwise = False

    	-- Treat it as "ambiguous" if
    	--   (a) it is a class constraint
            --   (b) it constrains only type variables
    	--       (else we'd prefer to report it as "no instance for...")
            --   (c) it mentions type variables that are not skolems
        is_ambiguous d = isTyVarClassPred pred
                      && not (tyVarsOfPred pred `subVarSet` skols)
    		  where
                         pred = evVarOfPred d

    reportInsoluble :: ReportErrCtxt -> FlavoredEvVar -> TcM ()
    reportInsoluble ctxt (EvVarX ev flav)
      | EqPred ty1 ty2 <- evVarPred ev
      = setCtFlavorLoc flav $
        do { let ctxt2 = ctxt { cec_extra = cec_extra ctxt $$ inaccessible_msg }
           ; reportEqErr ctxt2 ty1 ty2 }
      | otherwise
      = pprPanic "reportInsoluble" (pprEvVarWithType ev)
      where
        inaccessible_msg | Given loc <- flav
                         = hang (ptext (sLit "Inaccessible code in"))
                              2 (ppr (ctLocOrigin loc))
                         | otherwise = empty

    reportFlat :: ReportErrCtxt -> [PredType] -> CtOrigin -> TcM ()
    -- The [PredType] are already tidied
    reportFlat ctxt flats origin
      = do { unless (null dicts) $ reportDictErrs ctxt dicts origin
           ; unless (null eqs)   $ reportEqErrs   ctxt eqs   origin
           ; unless (null ips)   $ reportIPErrs   ctxt ips   origin
           ; ASSERT( null others ) return () }
      where
        (dicts, non_dicts) = partition isClassPred flats
        (eqs, non_eqs)     = partition isEqPred    non_dicts
        (ips, others)      = partition isIPPred    non_eqs

    --------------------------------------------
    --      Support code
    --------------------------------------------

    groupErrs :: ([PredType] -> CtOrigin -> TcM ()) -- Deal with one group
    	  -> [WantedEvVar]	                -- Unsolved wanteds
              -> TcM ()
    -- Group together insts with the same origin
    -- We want to report them together in error messages

    groupErrs _ []
      = return ()
    groupErrs report_err (wanted : wanteds)
      = do  { setCtLoc the_loc $
              report_err the_vars (ctLocOrigin the_loc)
    	; groupErrs report_err others }
      where
       the_loc           = evVarX wanted
       the_key	     = mk_key the_loc
       the_vars          = map evVarOfPred (wanted:friends)
       (friends, others) = partition is_friend wanteds
       is_friend friend  = mk_key (evVarX friend) `same_key` the_key

       mk_key :: WantedLoc -> (SrcSpan, CtOrigin)
       mk_key loc = (ctLocSpan loc, ctLocOrigin loc)

       same_key (s1, o1) (s2, o2) = s1==s2 && o1 `same_orig` o2
       same_orig (OccurrenceOf n1) (OccurrenceOf n2) = n1==n2
       same_orig ScOrigin          ScOrigin          = True
       same_orig DerivOrigin       DerivOrigin       = True
       same_orig DefaultOrigin     DefaultOrigin     = True
       same_orig _ _ = False

    -- Add the "arising from..." part to a message about bunch of dicts
    addArising :: CtOrigin -> SDoc -> SDoc
    addArising orig msg = msg $$ nest 2 (pprArising orig)

    pprWithArising :: [WantedEvVar] -> (WantedLoc, SDoc)
    -- Print something like
    --    (Eq a) arising from a use of x at y
    --    (Show a) arising from a use of p at q
    -- Also return a location for the error message
    pprWithArising []
      = panic "pprWithArising"
    pprWithArising [EvVarX ev loc]
      = (loc, pprEvVarTheta [ev] <+> pprArising (ctLocOrigin loc))
    pprWithArising ev_vars
      = (first_loc, vcat (map ppr_one ev_vars))
      where
        first_loc = evVarX (head ev_vars)
        ppr_one (EvVarX v loc)
           = parens (pprPred (evVarPred v)) <+> pprArisingAt loc

    addErrorReport :: ReportErrCtxt -> SDoc -> TcM ()
    addErrorReport ctxt msg = addErrTcM (cec_tidy ctxt, msg $$ cec_extra ctxt)

    pprErrCtxtLoc :: ReportErrCtxt -> SDoc
    pprErrCtxtLoc ctxt
      = case map (ctLocOrigin . ic_loc) (cec_encl ctxt) of
           []           -> ptext (sLit "the top level")	-- Should not happen
           (orig:origs) -> ppr_skol orig $$
                           vcat [ ptext (sLit "or") <+> ppr_skol orig | orig <- origs ]
      where
        ppr_skol (PatSkol dc _) = ptext (sLit "the data constructor") <+> quotes (ppr dc)
        ppr_skol skol_info      = ppr skol_info

    getUserGivens :: ReportErrCtxt -> [([EvVar], GivenLoc)]
    -- One item for each enclosing implication
    getUserGivens (CEC {cec_encl = ctxt})
      = reverse $
        [ (givens', loc) | Implic {ic_given = givens, ic_loc = loc} <- ctxt
                         , let givens' = get_user_givens givens
                         , not (null givens') ]
      where
        get_user_givens givens | opt_PprStyle_Debug = givens
                               | otherwise          = filterOut isSilentEvVar givens
           -- In user mode, don't show the "silent" givens, used for
           -- the "self" dictionary and silent superclass arguments for dfuns

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * Implicit parameter errors %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

    reportIPErrs :: ReportErrCtxt -> [PredType] -> CtOrigin -> TcM ()
    reportIPErrs ctxt ips orig
      = addErrorReport ctxt msg
      where
        givens = getUserGivens ctxt
        msg | null givens
            = addArising orig $
              sep [ ptext (sLit "Unbound implicit parameter") <> plural ips
                  , nest 2 (pprTheta ips) ]
            | otherwise
            = couldNotDeduce givens (ips, orig)

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * Equality errors %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

    reportEqErrs :: ReportErrCtxt -> [PredType] -> CtOrigin -> TcM ()
    -- The [PredType] are already tidied
    reportEqErrs ctxt eqs orig
      = do { orig' <- zonkTidyOrigin ctxt orig
           ; mapM_ (report_one orig') eqs }
      where
        report_one orig (EqPred ty1 ty2)
          = do { let extra = getWantedEqExtra orig ty1 ty2
                     ctxt' = ctxt { cec_extra = extra $$ cec_extra ctxt }
               ; reportEqErr ctxt' ty1 ty2 }
        report_one _ pred
          = pprPanic "reportEqErrs" (ppr pred)

    getWantedEqExtra ::  CtOrigin -> TcType -> TcType -> SDoc
    getWantedEqExtra (TypeEqOrigin (UnifyOrigin { uo_actual = act, uo_expected = exp }))
                     ty1 ty2
      -- If the types in the error message are the same as the types we are unifying,
      -- don't add the extra expected/actual message
      | act `tcEqType` ty1 && exp `tcEqType` ty2 = empty
      | exp `tcEqType` ty1 && act `tcEqType` ty2 = empty
      | otherwise                                = mkExpectedActualMsg act exp

    getWantedEqExtra orig _ _ = pprArising orig

    reportEqErr :: ReportErrCtxt -> TcType -> TcType -> TcM ()
    -- ty1 and ty2 are already tidied
    reportEqErr ctxt ty1 ty2
      | Just tv1 <- tcGetTyVar_maybe ty1 = reportTyVarEqErr ctxt tv1 ty2
      | Just tv2 <- tcGetTyVar_maybe ty2 = reportTyVarEqErr ctxt tv2 ty1

      | otherwise	-- Neither side is a type variable
        		-- Since the unsolved constraint is canonical,
    		-- it must therefore be of form (F tys ~ ty)
      = addErrorReport ctxt (misMatchOrCND ctxt ty1 ty2 $$ mkTyFunInfoMsg ty1 ty2)

    reportTyVarEqErr :: ReportErrCtxt -> TcTyVar -> TcType -> TcM ()
    -- tv1 and ty2 are already tidied
    reportTyVarEqErr ctxt tv1 ty2
      | not is_meta1
      , Just tv2 <- tcGetTyVar_maybe ty2
      , isMetaTyVar tv2
      = -- sk ~ alpha: swap
        reportTyVarEqErr ctxt tv2 ty1

      | (not is_meta1)
      = -- sk ~ ty, where ty isn't a meta-tyvar: mis-match
        addErrorReport (addExtraInfo ctxt ty1 ty2)
                       (misMatchOrCND ctxt ty1 ty2)

      -- So tv is a meta tyvar, and presumably it is
      -- an *untouchable* meta tyvar, else it'd have been unified
      | not (k2 `isSubKind` k1)   	 -- Kind error
      = addErrorReport ctxt $ (kindErrorMsg (mkTyVarTy tv1) ty2)

      -- Occurs check
      | tv1 `elemVarSet` tyVarsOfType ty2
      = let occCheckMsg = hang (text "Occurs check: cannot construct the infinite type:") 2
                               (sep [ppr ty1, char '=', ppr ty2])
        in addErrorReport ctxt occCheckMsg

      -- Check for skolem escape
      | (implic:_) <- cec_encl ctxt   -- Get the innermost context
      , let esc_skols = varSetElems (tyVarsOfType ty2 `intersectVarSet` ic_skols implic)
            implic_loc = ic_loc implic
      , not (null esc_skols)
      = setCtLoc implic_loc $	-- Override the error message location from the
        	     			-- place the equality arose to the implication site
        do { (env1, env_sigs) <- findGlobals ctxt (unitVarSet tv1)
           ; let msg = misMatchMsg ty1 ty2
                 esc_doc = sep [ ptext (sLit "because type variable") <> plural esc_skols
                                 <+> pprQuotedList esc_skols
                               , ptext (sLit "would escape") <+>
                                 if isSingleton esc_skols then ptext (sLit "its scope")
                                                          else ptext (sLit "their scope") ]
                 extra1 = vcat [ nest 2 $ esc_doc
                               , sep [ (if isSingleton esc_skols
                                        then ptext (sLit "This (rigid, skolem) type variable is")
                                        else ptext (sLit "These (rigid, skolem) type variables are"))
                                       <+> ptext (sLit "bound by")
                                     , nest 2 $ ppr (ctLocOrigin implic_loc) ] ]
           ; addErrTcM (env1, msg $$ extra1 $$ mkEnvSigMsg (ppr tv1) env_sigs) }

      -- Nastiest case: attempt to unify an untouchable variable
      | (implic:_) <- cec_encl ctxt   -- Get the innermost context
      , let implic_loc = ic_loc implic
            given      = ic_given implic
      = setCtLoc (ic_loc implic) $
        do { let msg = misMatchMsg ty1 ty2
                 extra = quotes (ppr tv1)
                     <+> sep [ ptext (sLit "is untouchable")
                             , ptext (sLit "inside the constraints") <+> pprEvVarTheta given
                             , ptext (sLit "bound at") <+> ppr (ctLocOrigin implic_loc)]
           ; addErrorReport (addExtraInfo ctxt ty1 ty2) (msg $$ nest 2 extra) }

      | otherwise      -- This can happen, by a recursive decomposition of frozen
                       -- occurs check constraints
                       -- Example: alpha ~ T Int alpha has frozen.
                       --          Then alpha gets unified to T beta gamma
                       -- So now we have  T beta gamma ~ T Int (T beta gamma)
                       -- Decompose to (beta ~ Int, gamma ~ T beta gamma)
                       -- The (gamma ~ T beta gamma) is the occurs check, but
                       -- the (beta ~ Int) isn't an error at all.  So return ()
      = return ()

      where
        is_meta1 = isMetaTyVar tv1
        k1 	     = tyVarKind tv1
        k2 	     = typeKind ty2
        ty1      = mkTyVarTy tv1

    mkTyFunInfoMsg :: TcType -> TcType -> SDoc
    -- See Note [Non-injective type functions]
    mkTyFunInfoMsg ty1 ty2
      | Just (tc1,_) <- tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty1
      , Just (tc2,_) <- tcSplitTyConApp_maybe ty2
      , tc1 == tc2, isSynFamilyTyCon tc1
      = ptext (sLit "NB:") <+> quotes (ppr tc1)
        <+> ptext (sLit "is a type function") <> (pp_inj tc1)
      | otherwise = empty
      where
        pp_inj tc | isInjectiveTyCon tc = empty
                  | otherwise = ptext (sLit (", and may not be injective"))

    misMatchOrCND :: ReportErrCtxt -> TcType -> TcType -> SDoc
    misMatchOrCND ctxt ty1 ty2
      | cec_insol ctxt = misMatchMsg ty1 ty2    -- If the equality is unconditionally
                                                -- insoluble, don't report the context
      | null givens    = misMatchMsg ty1 ty2
      | otherwise      = couldNotDeduce givens ([EqPred ty1 ty2], orig)
      where
        givens = getUserGivens ctxt
        orig   = TypeEqOrigin (UnifyOrigin ty1 ty2)

    couldNotDeduce :: [([EvVar], GivenLoc)] -> (ThetaType, CtOrigin) -> SDoc
    couldNotDeduce givens (wanteds, orig)
      = vcat [ hang (ptext (sLit "Could not deduce") <+> pprTheta wanteds)
                  2 (pprArising orig)
             , vcat pp_givens ]
      where
        pp_givens
          = case givens of
             []     -> []
             (g:gs) ->      ppr_given (ptext (sLit "from the context")) g
                     : map (ppr_given (ptext (sLit "or from"))) gs

        ppr_given herald (gs,loc)
          = hang (herald <+> pprEvVarTheta gs)
               2 (sep [ ptext (sLit "bound by") <+> ppr (ctLocOrigin loc)
                      , ptext (sLit "at") <+> ppr (ctLocSpan loc)])

    addExtraInfo :: ReportErrCtxt -> TcType -> TcType -> ReportErrCtxt
    -- Add on extra info about the types themselves
    -- NB: The types themselves are already tidied
    addExtraInfo ctxt ty1 ty2
      = ctxt { cec_extra = nest 2 (extra1 $$ extra2) $$ cec_extra ctxt }
      where
        extra1 = typeExtraInfoMsg (cec_encl ctxt) ty1
        extra2 = typeExtraInfoMsg (cec_encl ctxt) ty2

    misMatchMsg :: TcType -> TcType -> SDoc	   -- Types are already tidy
    misMatchMsg ty1 ty2 = sep [ ptext (sLit "Couldn't match type") <+> quotes (ppr ty1)
    	                  , nest 15 $ ptext (sLit "with") <+> quotes (ppr ty2)]

    kindErrorMsg :: TcType -> TcType -> SDoc   -- Types are already tidy
    kindErrorMsg ty1 ty2
      = vcat [ ptext (sLit "Kind incompatibility when matching types:")
             , nest 2 (vcat [ ppr ty1 <+> dcolon <+> ppr k1
                            , ppr ty2 <+> dcolon <+> ppr k2 ]) ]
      where
        k1 = typeKind ty1
        k2 = typeKind ty2

    typeExtraInfoMsg :: [Implication] -> Type -> SDoc
    -- Shows a bit of extra info about skolem constants
    typeExtraInfoMsg implics ty
      | Just tv <- tcGetTyVar_maybe ty
      , isTcTyVar tv
      , isSkolemTyVar tv
     = pprSkolTvBinding implics tv
      where
    typeExtraInfoMsg _ _ = empty            -- Normal case

    --------------------
    unifyCtxt :: EqOrigin -> TidyEnv -> TcM (TidyEnv, SDoc)
    unifyCtxt (UnifyOrigin { uo_actual = act_ty, uo_expected = exp_ty }) tidy_env
      = do  { (env1, act_ty') <- zonkTidyTcType tidy_env act_ty
            ; (env2, exp_ty') <- zonkTidyTcType env1 exp_ty
            ; return (env2, mkExpectedActualMsg act_ty' exp_ty') }

    mkExpectedActualMsg :: Type -> Type -> SDoc
    mkExpectedActualMsg act_ty exp_ty
      = vcat [ text "Expected type" <> colon <+> ppr exp_ty
             , text "  Actual type" <> colon <+> ppr act_ty ]

\end{code} Note [Non-injective type functions] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ It's very confusing to get a message like Couldn't match expected type `Depend s' against inferred type `Depend s1' so mkTyFunInfoMsg adds: NB: `Depend' is type function, and hence may not be injective Warn of loopy local equalities that were dropped. %************************************************************************ %* * Type-class errors %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

    reportDictErrs :: ReportErrCtxt -> [PredType] -> CtOrigin -> TcM ()
    reportDictErrs ctxt wanteds orig
      = do { inst_envs <- tcGetInstEnvs
           ; non_overlaps <- mapMaybeM (reportOverlap ctxt inst_envs orig) wanteds
           ; unless (null non_overlaps) $
             addErrorReport ctxt (mk_no_inst_err non_overlaps) }
      where
        mk_no_inst_err :: [PredType] -> SDoc
        mk_no_inst_err wanteds
          | null givens     -- Top level
          = vcat [ addArising orig $
                   ptext (sLit "No instance") <> plural min_wanteds
                        <+> ptext (sLit "for") <+> pprTheta min_wanteds
                 , show_fixes (fixes2 ++ fixes3) ]

          | otherwise
          = vcat [ couldNotDeduce givens (min_wanteds, orig)
                 , show_fixes (fix1 : (fixes2 ++ fixes3)) ]
          where
            givens = getUserGivens ctxt
            min_wanteds = mkMinimalBySCs wanteds
            fix1 = sep [ ptext (sLit "add") <+> pprTheta min_wanteds
                              <+> ptext (sLit "to the context of")
    	           , nest 2 $ pprErrCtxtLoc ctxt ]

            fixes2 = case instance_dicts of
                       []  -> []
                       [_] -> [sep [ptext (sLit "add an instance declaration for"),
                                    pprTheta instance_dicts]]
                       _   -> [sep [ptext (sLit "add instance declarations for"),
                                    pprTheta instance_dicts]]
            fixes3 = case orig of
                       DerivOrigin -> [drv_fix]
                       _           -> []

            instance_dicts = filterOut isTyVarClassPred min_wanteds
    		-- Insts for which it is worth suggesting an adding an
    		-- instance declaration.  Exclude tyvar dicts.

            drv_fix = vcat [ptext (sLit "use a standalone 'deriving instance' declaration,"),
                            nest 2 $ ptext (sLit "so you can specify the instance context yourself")]

    	show_fixes :: [SDoc] -> SDoc
    	show_fixes []     = empty
    	show_fixes (f:fs) = sep [ptext (sLit "Possible fix:"),
    				 nest 2 (vcat (f : map (ptext (sLit "or") <+>) fs))]

    reportOverlap :: ReportErrCtxt -> (InstEnv,InstEnv) -> CtOrigin
                  -> PredType -> TcM (Maybe PredType)
    -- Report an overlap error if this class constraint results
    -- from an overlap (returning Nothing), otherwise return (Just pred)
    reportOverlap ctxt inst_envs orig pred@(ClassP clas tys)
      = do { tys_flat <- mapM quickFlattenTy tys
               -- Note [Flattening in error message generation]

           ; case lookupInstEnv inst_envs clas tys_flat of
                    ([], _) -> return (Just pred)               -- No match
    		-- The case of exactly one match and no unifiers means a
    		-- successful lookup.  That can't happen here, because dicts
    		-- only end up here if they didn't match in Inst.lookupInst
    		([_],[])
    		 | debugIsOn -> pprPanic "check_overlap" (ppr pred)
                    res          -> do { addErrorReport ctxt (mk_overlap_msg res)
                                       ; return Nothing } }
      where
        mk_overlap_msg (matches, unifiers)
          = ASSERT( not (null matches) )
            vcat [	addArising orig (ptext (sLit "Overlapping instances for")
    				<+> pprPred pred)
        	     ,	sep [ptext (sLit "Matching instances") <> colon,
        		     nest 2 (vcat [pprInstances ispecs, pprInstances unifiers])]
    	     ,	if not (isSingleton matches)
        		then 	-- Two or more matches
    		     empty
        		else 	-- One match, plus some unifiers
    		ASSERT( not (null unifiers) )
    		parens (vcat [ptext (sLit "The choice depends on the instantiation of") <+>
    	    		         quotes (pprWithCommas ppr (varSetElems (tyVarsOfPred pred))),
    			      ptext (sLit "To pick the first instance above, use -XIncoherentInstances"),
    			      ptext (sLit "when compiling the other instance declarations")])]
          where
        	ispecs = [ispec | (ispec, _) <- matches]

    reportOverlap _ _ _ _ = panic "reportOverlap"    -- Not a ClassP

    ----------------------
    quickFlattenTy :: TcType -> TcM TcType
    -- See Note [Flattening in error message generation]
    quickFlattenTy ty | Just ty' <- tcView ty = quickFlattenTy ty'
    quickFlattenTy ty@(TyVarTy {})  = return ty
    quickFlattenTy ty@(ForAllTy {}) = return ty     -- See
    quickFlattenTy ty@(PredTy {})   = return ty     -- Note [Quick-flatten polytypes]
      -- Don't flatten because of the danger or removing a bound variable
    quickFlattenTy (AppTy ty1 ty2) = do { fy1 <- quickFlattenTy ty1
                                        ; fy2 <- quickFlattenTy ty2
                                        ; return (AppTy fy1 fy2) }
    quickFlattenTy (FunTy ty1 ty2) = do { fy1 <- quickFlattenTy ty1
                                        ; fy2 <- quickFlattenTy ty2
                                        ; return (FunTy fy1 fy2) }
    quickFlattenTy (TyConApp tc tys)
        | not (isSynFamilyTyCon tc)
        = do { fys <- mapM quickFlattenTy tys
             ; return (TyConApp tc fys) }
        | otherwise
        = do { let (funtys,resttys) = splitAt (tyConArity tc) tys
                    -- Ignore the arguments of the type family funtys
             ; v <- newMetaTyVar TauTv (typeKind (TyConApp tc funtys))
             ; flat_resttys <- mapM quickFlattenTy resttys
             ; return (foldl AppTy (mkTyVarTy v) flat_resttys) }

\end{code} Note [Flattening in error message generation] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Consider (C (Maybe (F x))), where F is a type function, and we have instances C (Maybe Int) and C (Maybe a) Since (F x) might turn into Int, this is an overlap situation, and indeed (because of flattening) the main solver will have refrained from solving. But by the time we get to error message generation, we've un-flattened the constraint. So we must *re*-flatten it before looking up in the instance environment, lest we only report one matching instance when in fact there are two. Re-flattening is pretty easy, because we don't need to keep track of evidence. We don't re-use the code in TcCanonical because that's in the TcS monad, and we are in TcM here. Note [Quick-flatten polytypes] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If we see C (Ix a => blah) or C (forall a. blah) we simply refrain from flattening any further. After all, there can be no instance declarations that match such things. And flattening under a for-all is problematic anyway; consider C (forall a. F a) \begin{code}

    reportAmbigErrs :: ReportErrCtxt -> TcTyVarSet -> [WantedEvVar] -> TcM ()
    reportAmbigErrs ctxt skols ambigs
    -- Divide into groups that share a common set of ambiguous tyvars
      = mapM_ report (equivClasses cmp ambigs_w_tvs)
      where
        ambigs_w_tvs = [ (d, varSetElems (tyVarsOfEvVarX d `minusVarSet` skols))
                       | d <- ambigs ]
        cmp (_,tvs1) (_,tvs2) = tvs1 `compare` tvs2

        report :: [(WantedEvVar, [TcTyVar])] -> TcM ()
        report pairs
           = setCtLoc loc $
             do { let main_msg = sep [ text "Ambiguous type variable" <> plural tvs
    	         	           <+> pprQuotedList tvs
                                       <+> text "in the constraint" <> plural pairs <> colon
                                     , nest 2 pp_wanteds ]
                 ; (tidy_env, mono_msg) <- mkMonomorphismMsg ctxt tvs
                ; addErrTcM (tidy_env, main_msg $$ mono_msg) }
           where
             (_, tvs) : _ = pairs
             (loc, pp_wanteds) = pprWithArising (map fst pairs)

    mkMonomorphismMsg :: ReportErrCtxt -> [TcTyVar] -> TcM (TidyEnv, SDoc)
    -- There's an error with these Insts; if they have free type variables
    -- it's probably caused by the monomorphism restriction.
    -- Try to identify the offending variable
    -- ASSUMPTION: the Insts are fully zonked
    mkMonomorphismMsg ctxt inst_tvs
      = do	{ dflags <- getDOpts
            ; traceTc "Mono" (vcat (map (pprSkolTvBinding (cec_encl ctxt)) inst_tvs))
            ; (tidy_env, docs) <- findGlobals ctxt (mkVarSet inst_tvs)
    	; return (tidy_env, mk_msg dflags docs) }
      where
        mk_msg _ _ | any isRuntimeUnkSkol inst_tvs  -- See Note [Runtime skolems]
            =  vcat [ptext (sLit "Cannot resolve unknown runtime types:") <+>
                       (pprWithCommas ppr inst_tvs),
                    ptext (sLit "Use :print or :force to determine these types")]
        mk_msg _ []   = ptext (sLit "Probable fix: add a type signature that fixes these type variable(s)")
    			-- This happens in things like
    			--	f x = show (read "foo")
    			-- where monomorphism doesn't play any role
        mk_msg dflags docs
    	= vcat [ptext (sLit "Possible cause: the monomorphism restriction applied to the following:"),
    		nest 2 (vcat docs),
    		monomorphism_fix dflags]

    monomorphism_fix :: DynFlags -> SDoc
    monomorphism_fix dflags
      = ptext (sLit "Probable fix:") <+> vcat
    	[ptext (sLit "give these definition(s) an explicit type signature"),
    	 if xopt Opt_MonomorphismRestriction dflags
               then ptext (sLit "or use -XNoMonomorphismRestriction")
               else empty]	-- Only suggest adding "-XNoMonomorphismRestriction"
    			-- if it is not already set!

    pprSkolTvBinding :: [Implication] -> TcTyVar -> SDoc
    -- Print info about the binding of a skolem tyvar,
    -- or nothing if we don't have anything useful to say
    pprSkolTvBinding implics tv
      | isTcTyVar tv = quotes (ppr tv) <+> ppr_details (tcTyVarDetails tv)
      | otherwise    = quotes (ppr tv) <+> ppr_skol    (getSkolemInfo implics tv)
      where
        ppr_details (SkolemTv {})        = ppr_skol (getSkolemInfo implics tv)
        ppr_details (FlatSkol {})        = ptext (sLit "is a flattening type variable")
        ppr_details (RuntimeUnk {})      = ptext (sLit "is an interactive-debugger skolem")
        ppr_details (MetaTv (SigTv n) _) = ptext (sLit "is bound by the type signature for")
                                           <+> quotes (ppr n)
        ppr_details (MetaTv _ _)         = ptext (sLit "is a meta type variable")

        ppr_skol UnkSkol        = ptext (sLit "is an unknown type variable")        -- Unhelpful
        ppr_skol RuntimeUnkSkol = ptext (sLit "is an unknown runtime type")
        ppr_skol info           = sep [ptext (sLit "is a rigid type variable bound by"),
                                       sep [ppr info,
                                            ptext (sLit "at") <+> ppr (getSrcLoc tv)]]

    getSkolemInfo :: [Implication] -> TcTyVar -> SkolemInfo
    getSkolemInfo [] tv
      = WARN( True, ptext (sLit "No skolem info:") <+> ppr tv )
        UnkSkol
    getSkolemInfo (implic:implics) tv
      | tv `elemVarSet` ic_skols implic = ctLocOrigin (ic_loc implic)
      | otherwise                       = getSkolemInfo implics tv

    -----------------------
    -- findGlobals looks at the value environment and finds values whose
    -- types mention any of the offending type variables.  It has to be
    -- careful to zonk the Id's type first, so it has to be in the monad.
    -- We must be careful to pass it a zonked type variable, too.

    mkEnvSigMsg :: SDoc -> [SDoc] -> SDoc
    mkEnvSigMsg what env_sigs
     | null env_sigs = empty
     | otherwise = vcat [ ptext (sLit "The following variables have types that mention") <+> what
                        , nest 2 (vcat env_sigs) ]

    findGlobals :: ReportErrCtxt
                -> TcTyVarSet
                -> TcM (TidyEnv, [SDoc])

    findGlobals ctxt tvs
      = do { lcl_ty_env <- case cec_encl ctxt of
                            []    -> getLclTypeEnv
                            (i:_) -> return (ic_env i)
           ; go (cec_tidy ctxt) [] (nameEnvElts lcl_ty_env) }
      where
        go tidy_env acc [] = return (tidy_env, acc)
        go tidy_env acc (thing : things) = do
            (tidy_env1, maybe_doc) <- find_thing tidy_env ignore_it thing
    	case maybe_doc of
    	  Just d  -> go tidy_env1 (d:acc) things
    	  Nothing -> go tidy_env1 acc     things

        ignore_it ty = tvs `disjointVarSet` tyVarsOfType ty

    -----------------------
    find_thing :: TidyEnv -> (TcType -> Bool)
               -> TcTyThing -> TcM (TidyEnv, Maybe SDoc)
    find_thing tidy_env ignore_it (ATcId { tct_id = id })
      = do { (tidy_env', tidy_ty) <- zonkTidyTcType tidy_env (idType id)
           ; if ignore_it tidy_ty then
    	   return (tidy_env, Nothing)
             else do
           { let msg = sep [ ppr id <+> dcolon <+> ppr tidy_ty
    		       , nest 2 (parens (ptext (sLit "bound at") <+>
    			 	   ppr (getSrcLoc id)))]
           ; return (tidy_env', Just msg) } }

    find_thing tidy_env ignore_it (ATyVar tv ty)
      = do { (tidy_env1, tidy_ty) <- zonkTidyTcType tidy_env ty
           ; if ignore_it tidy_ty then
    	    return (tidy_env, Nothing)
             else do
           { let -- The name tv is scoped, so we don't need to tidy it
                msg = sep [ ptext (sLit "Scoped type variable") <+> quotes (ppr tv) <+> eq_stuff
                          , nest 2 bound_at]

                eq_stuff | Just tv' <- tcGetTyVar_maybe tidy_ty
    		     , getOccName tv == getOccName tv' = empty
    		     | otherwise = equals <+> ppr tidy_ty
    		-- It's ok to use Type.getTyVar_maybe because ty is zonked by now
    	    bound_at = parens $ ptext (sLit "bound at:") <+> ppr (getSrcLoc tv)

           ; return (tidy_env1, Just msg) } }

    find_thing _ _ thing = pprPanic "find_thing" (ppr thing)

    warnDefaulting :: [FlavoredEvVar] -> Type -> TcM ()
    warnDefaulting wanteds default_ty
      = do { warn_default <- doptM Opt_WarnTypeDefaults
           ; env0 <- tcInitTidyEnv
           ; let wanted_bag = listToBag wanteds
                 tidy_env = tidyFreeTyVars env0 $
                            tyVarsOfEvVarXs wanted_bag
                 tidy_wanteds = mapBag (tidyFlavoredEvVar tidy_env) wanted_bag
                 (loc, ppr_wanteds) = pprWithArising (map get_wev (bagToList tidy_wanteds))
                 warn_msg  = hang (ptext (sLit "Defaulting the following constraint(s) to type")
                                    <+> quotes (ppr default_ty))
                                2 ppr_wanteds
           ; setCtLoc loc $ warnTc warn_default warn_msg }
      where
        get_wev (EvVarX ev (Wanted loc)) = EvVarX ev loc    -- Yuk
        get_wev ev = pprPanic "warnDefaulting" (ppr ev)

\end{code} Note [Runtime skolems] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We want to give a reasonably helpful error message for ambiguity arising from *runtime* skolems in the debugger. These are created by in RtClosureInspect.zonkRTTIType. %************************************************************************ %* * Error from the canonicaliser These ones are called *during* constraint simplification %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

    solverDepthErrorTcS :: Int -> [CanonicalCt] -> TcS a
    solverDepthErrorTcS depth stack
      | null stack	    -- Shouldn't happen unless you say -fcontext-stack=0
      = wrapErrTcS $ failWith msg
      | otherwise
      = wrapErrTcS $
        setCtFlavorLoc (cc_flavor top_item) $
        do { ev_vars <- mapM (zonkEvVar . cc_id) stack
           ; env0 <- tcInitTidyEnv
           ; let tidy_env = tidyFreeTyVars env0 (tyVarsOfEvVars ev_vars)
                 tidy_ev_vars = map (tidyEvVar tidy_env) ev_vars
           ; failWithTcM (tidy_env, hang msg 2 (pprEvVars tidy_ev_vars)) }
      where
        top_item = head stack
        msg = vcat [ ptext (sLit "Context reduction stack overflow; size =") <+> int depth
                   , ptext (sLit "Use -fcontext-stack=N to increase stack size to N") ]

    flattenForAllErrorTcS :: CtFlavor -> TcType -> Bag CanonicalCt -> TcS a
    flattenForAllErrorTcS fl ty _bad_eqs
      = wrapErrTcS        $
        setCtFlavorLoc fl $
        do { env0 <- tcInitTidyEnv
           ; let (env1, ty') = tidyOpenType env0 ty
                 msg = sep [ ptext (sLit "Cannot deal with a type function under a forall type:")
                           , ppr ty' ]
           ; failWithTcM (env1, msg) }

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * Setting the context %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

    setCtFlavorLoc :: CtFlavor -> TcM a -> TcM a
    setCtFlavorLoc (Wanted  loc) thing = setCtLoc loc thing
    setCtFlavorLoc (Derived loc) thing = setCtLoc loc thing
    setCtFlavorLoc (Given   loc) thing = setCtLoc loc thing

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * Tidying %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

    zonkTidyTcType :: TidyEnv -> TcType -> TcM (TidyEnv, TcType)
    zonkTidyTcType env ty = do { ty' <- zonkTcType ty
                               ; return (tidyOpenType env ty') }

    zonkTidyOrigin :: ReportErrCtxt -> CtOrigin -> TcM CtOrigin
    zonkTidyOrigin ctxt (TypeEqOrigin (UnifyOrigin { uo_actual = act, uo_expected = exp }))
      = do { (env1,  act') <- zonkTidyTcType (cec_tidy ctxt) act
           ; (_env2, exp') <- zonkTidyTcType env1            exp
           ; return (TypeEqOrigin (UnifyOrigin { uo_actual = act', uo_expected = exp' })) }
           -- Drop the returned env on the floor; we may conceivably thereby get
           -- inconsistent naming between uses of this function
    zonkTidyOrigin _ orig = return orig

\end{code}