% % (c) The University of Glasgow 2006 % (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998 % Desugaring list comprehensions and array comprehensions \begin{code}

    {-# OPTIONS -fno-warn-incomplete-patterns #-}
    -- The above warning supression flag is a temporary kludge.
    -- While working on this module you are encouraged to remove it and fix
    -- any warnings in the module. See
    --     http://hackage.haskell.org/trac/ghc/wiki/Commentary/CodingStyle#Warnings
    -- for details

    module DsListComp ( dsListComp, dsPArrComp ) where

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    import {-# SOURCE #-} DsExpr ( dsLExpr, dsLocalBinds )

    import HsSyn
    import TcHsSyn
    import CoreSyn
    import MkCore

    import DsMonad		-- the monadery used in the desugarer
    import DsUtils

    import DynFlags
    import CoreUtils
    import Id
    import Type
    import TysWiredIn
    import Match
    import PrelNames
    import SrcLoc
    import Outputable
    import FastString

\end{code} List comprehensions may be desugared in one of two ways: ``ordinary'' (as you would expect if you read SLPJ's book) and ``with foldr/build turned on'' (if you read Gill {\em et al.}'s paper on the subject). There will be at least one ``qualifier'' in the input. \begin{code}

    dsListComp :: [LStmt Id]
    	   -> LHsExpr Id
    	   -> Type		-- Type of list elements
    	   -> DsM CoreExpr
    dsListComp lquals body elt_ty = do
        dflags <- getDOptsDs
        let quals = map unLoc lquals

        if not (dopt Opt_EnableRewriteRules dflags) || dopt Opt_IgnoreInterfacePragmas dflags
           -- Either rules are switched off, or we are ignoring what there are;
           -- Either way foldr/build won't happen, so use the more efficient
           -- Wadler-style desugaring
           || isParallelComp quals
           -- Foldr-style desugaring can't handle parallel list comprehensions
            then deListComp quals body (mkNilExpr elt_ty)
            else mkBuildExpr elt_ty (\(c, _) (n, _) -> dfListComp c n quals body)
                 -- Foldr/build should be enabled, so desugar
                 -- into foldrs and builds

      where
        -- We must test for ParStmt anywhere, not just at the head, because an extension
        -- to list comprehensions would be to add brackets to specify the associativity
        -- of qualifier lists. This is really easy to do by adding extra ParStmts into the
        -- mix of possibly a single element in length, so we do this to leave the possibility open
        isParallelComp = any isParallelStmt

        isParallelStmt (ParStmt _) = True
        isParallelStmt _           = False

    -- This function lets you desugar a inner list comprehension and a list of the binders
    -- of that comprehension that we need in the outer comprehension into such an expression
    -- and the type of the elements that it outputs (tuples of binders)
    dsInnerListComp :: ([LStmt Id], [Id]) -> DsM (CoreExpr, Type)
    dsInnerListComp (stmts, bndrs) = do
            expr <- dsListComp stmts (mkBigLHsVarTup bndrs) bndrs_tuple_type
            return (expr, bndrs_tuple_type)
        where
            bndrs_types = map idType bndrs
            bndrs_tuple_type = mkBigCoreTupTy bndrs_types

    -- This function factors out commonality between the desugaring strategies for TransformStmt.
    -- Given such a statement it gives you back an expression representing how to compute the transformed
    -- list and the tuple that you need to bind from that list in order to proceed with your desugaring
    dsTransformStmt :: Stmt Id -> DsM (CoreExpr, LPat Id)
    dsTransformStmt (TransformStmt stmts binders usingExpr maybeByExpr)
     = do { (expr, binders_tuple_type) <- dsInnerListComp (stmts, binders)
          ; usingExpr' <- dsLExpr usingExpr

          ; using_args <-
              case maybeByExpr of
                Nothing -> return [expr]
                Just byExpr -> do
                    byExpr' <- dsLExpr byExpr

                    us <- newUniqueSupply
                    [tuple_binder] <- newSysLocalsDs [binders_tuple_type]
                    let byExprWrapper = mkTupleCase us binders byExpr' tuple_binder (Var tuple_binder)

                    return [Lam tuple_binder byExprWrapper, expr]

          ; let inner_list_expr = mkApps usingExpr' ((Type binders_tuple_type) : using_args)
                pat = mkBigLHsVarPatTup binders
          ; return (inner_list_expr, pat) }

    -- This function factors out commonality between the desugaring strategies for GroupStmt.
    -- Given such a statement it gives you back an expression representing how to compute the transformed
    -- list and the tuple that you need to bind from that list in order to proceed with your desugaring
    dsGroupStmt :: Stmt Id -> DsM (CoreExpr, LPat Id)
    dsGroupStmt (GroupStmt stmts binderMap by using) = do
        let (fromBinders, toBinders) = unzip binderMap

            fromBindersTypes = map idType fromBinders
            toBindersTypes = map idType toBinders

            toBindersTupleType = mkBigCoreTupTy toBindersTypes

        -- Desugar an inner comprehension which outputs a list of tuples of the "from" binders
        (expr, from_tup_ty) <- dsInnerListComp (stmts, fromBinders)

        -- Work out what arguments should be supplied to that expression: i.e. is an extraction
        -- function required? If so, create that desugared function and add to arguments
        usingExpr' <- dsLExpr (either id noLoc using)
        usingArgs <- case by of
                       Nothing   -> return [expr]
     		   Just by_e -> do { by_e' <- dsLExpr by_e
                                       ; us <- newUniqueSupply
                                       ; [from_tup_id] <- newSysLocalsDs [from_tup_ty]
                                       ; let by_wrap = mkTupleCase us fromBinders by_e'
                                                       from_tup_id (Var from_tup_id)
                                       ; return [Lam from_tup_id by_wrap, expr] }

        -- Create an unzip function for the appropriate arity and element types and find "map"
        (unzip_fn, unzip_rhs) <- mkUnzipBind fromBindersTypes
        map_id <- dsLookupGlobalId mapName

        -- Generate the expressions to build the grouped list
        let -- First we apply the grouping function to the inner list
            inner_list_expr = mkApps usingExpr' ((Type from_tup_ty) : usingArgs)
            -- Then we map our "unzip" across it to turn the lists of tuples into tuples of lists
            -- We make sure we instantiate the type variable "a" to be a list of "from" tuples and
            -- the "b" to be a tuple of "to" lists!
            unzipped_inner_list_expr = mkApps (Var map_id)
                [Type (mkListTy from_tup_ty), Type toBindersTupleType, Var unzip_fn, inner_list_expr]
            -- Then finally we bind the unzip function around that expression
            bound_unzipped_inner_list_expr = Let (Rec [(unzip_fn, unzip_rhs)]) unzipped_inner_list_expr

        -- Build a pattern that ensures the consumer binds into the NEW binders, which hold lists rather than single values
        let pat = mkBigLHsVarPatTup toBinders
        return (bound_unzipped_inner_list_expr, pat)

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[DsListComp-ordinary]{Ordinary desugaring of list comprehensions} %* * %************************************************************************ Just as in Phil's chapter~7 in SLPJ, using the rules for optimally-compiled list comprehensions. This is what Kevin followed as well, and I quite happily do the same. The TQ translation scheme transforms a list of qualifiers (either boolean expressions or generators) into a single expression which implements the list comprehension. Because we are generating 2nd-order polymorphic lambda-calculus, calls to NIL and CONS must be applied to a type argument, as well as their usual value arguments. \begin{verbatim} TE << [ e | qs ] >> = TQ << [ e | qs ] ++ Nil (typeOf e) >> (Rule C) TQ << [ e | ] ++ L >> = Cons (typeOf e) TE <<e>> TE <<L>> (Rule B) TQ << [ e | b , qs ] ++ L >> = if TE << b >> then TQ << [ e | qs ] ++ L >> else TE << L >> (Rule A') TQ << [ e | p <- L1, qs ] ++ L2 >> = letrec h = \ u1 -> case u1 of [] -> TE << L2 >> (u2 : u3) -> (( \ TE << p >> -> ( TQ << [e | qs] ++ (h u3) >> )) u2) [] (h u3) in h ( TE << L1 >> ) "h", "u1", "u2", and "u3" are new variables. \end{verbatim} @deListComp@ is the TQ translation scheme. Roughly speaking, @dsExpr@ is the TE translation scheme. Note that we carry around the @L@ list already desugared. @dsListComp@ does the top TE rule mentioned above. To the above, we add an additional rule to deal with parallel list comprehensions. The translation goes roughly as follows: [ e | p1 <- e11, let v1 = e12, p2 <- e13 | q1 <- e21, let v2 = e22, q2 <- e23] => [ e | ((x1, .., xn), (y1, ..., ym)) <- zip [(x1,..,xn) | p1 <- e11, let v1 = e12, p2 <- e13] [(y1,..,ym) | q1 <- e21, let v2 = e22, q2 <- e23]] where (x1, .., xn) are the variables bound in p1, v1, p2 (y1, .., ym) are the variables bound in q1, v2, q2 In the translation below, the ParStmt branch translates each parallel branch into a sub-comprehension, and desugars each independently. The resulting lists are fed to a zip function, we create a binding for all the variables bound in all the comprehensions, and then we hand things off the the desugarer for bindings. The zip function is generated here a) because it's small, and b) because then we don't have to deal with arbitrary limits on the number of zip functions in the prelude, nor which library the zip function came from. The introduced tuples are Boxed, but only because I couldn't get it to work with the Unboxed variety. \begin{code}

    deListComp :: [Stmt Id] -> LHsExpr Id -> CoreExpr -> DsM CoreExpr

    deListComp (ParStmt stmtss_w_bndrs : quals) body list
      = do
        exps_and_qual_tys <- mapM dsInnerListComp stmtss_w_bndrs
        let (exps, qual_tys) = unzip exps_and_qual_tys

        (zip_fn, zip_rhs) <- mkZipBind qual_tys

    	-- Deal with [e | pat <- zip l1 .. ln] in example above
        deBindComp pat (Let (Rec [(zip_fn, zip_rhs)]) (mkApps (Var zip_fn) exps))
    		   quals body list

      where
    	bndrs_s = map snd stmtss_w_bndrs

    	-- pat is the pattern ((x1,..,xn), (y1,..,ym)) in the example above
    	pat  = mkBigLHsPatTup pats
    	pats = map mkBigLHsVarPatTup bndrs_s

    	-- Last: the one to return
    deListComp [] body list = do    -- Figure 7.4, SLPJ, p 135, rule C above
        core_body <- dsLExpr body
        return (mkConsExpr (exprType core_body) core_body list)

    	-- Non-last: must be a guard
    deListComp (ExprStmt guard _ _ : quals) body list = do  -- rule B above
        core_guard <- dsLExpr guard
        core_rest <- deListComp quals body list
        return (mkIfThenElse core_guard core_rest list)

    -- [e | let B, qs] = let B in [e | qs]
    deListComp (LetStmt binds : quals) body list = do
        core_rest <- deListComp quals body list
        dsLocalBinds binds core_rest

    deListComp (stmt@(TransformStmt {}) : quals) body list = do
        (inner_list_expr, pat) <- dsTransformStmt stmt
        deBindComp pat inner_list_expr quals body list

    deListComp (stmt@(GroupStmt {}) : quals) body list = do
        (inner_list_expr, pat) <- dsGroupStmt stmt
        deBindComp pat inner_list_expr quals body list

    deListComp (BindStmt pat list1 _ _ : quals) body core_list2 = do -- rule A' above
        core_list1 <- dsLExpr list1
        deBindComp pat core_list1 quals body core_list2

\end{code} \begin{code}

    deBindComp :: OutPat Id
               -> CoreExpr
               -> [Stmt Id]
               -> LHsExpr Id
               -> CoreExpr
               -> DsM (Expr Id)
    deBindComp pat core_list1 quals body core_list2 = do
        let
            u3_ty@u1_ty = exprType core_list1	-- two names, same thing

            -- u1_ty is a [alpha] type, and u2_ty = alpha
            u2_ty = hsLPatType pat

            res_ty = exprType core_list2
            h_ty   = u1_ty `mkFunTy` res_ty

        [h, u1, u2, u3] <- newSysLocalsDs [h_ty, u1_ty, u2_ty, u3_ty]

        -- the "fail" value ...
        let
            core_fail   = App (Var h) (Var u3)
            letrec_body = App (Var h) core_list1

        rest_expr <- deListComp quals body core_fail
        core_match <- matchSimply (Var u2) (StmtCtxt ListComp) pat rest_expr core_fail

        let
            rhs = Lam u1 $
    	      Case (Var u1) u1 res_ty
    		   [(DataAlt nilDataCon,  [], 	    core_list2),
    		    (DataAlt consDataCon, [u2, u3], core_match)]
    			-- Increasing order of tag

        return (Let (Rec [(h, rhs)]) letrec_body)

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[DsListComp-foldr-build]{Foldr/Build desugaring of list comprehensions} %* * %************************************************************************ @dfListComp@ are the rules used with foldr/build turned on: \begin{verbatim} TE[ e | ] c n = c e n TE[ e | b , q ] c n = if b then TE[ e | q ] c n else n TE[ e | p <- l , q ] c n = let f = \ x b -> case x of p -> TE[ e | q ] c b _ -> b in foldr f n l \end{verbatim} \begin{code}

    dfListComp :: Id -> Id -- 'c' and 'n'
            -> [Stmt Id]   -- the rest of the qual's
            -> LHsExpr Id
            -> DsM CoreExpr

    	-- Last: the one to return
    dfListComp c_id n_id [] body = do
        core_body <- dsLExpr body
        return (mkApps (Var c_id) [core_body, Var n_id])

    	-- Non-last: must be a guard
    dfListComp c_id n_id (ExprStmt guard _ _  : quals) body = do
        core_guard <- dsLExpr guard
        core_rest <- dfListComp c_id n_id quals body
        return (mkIfThenElse core_guard core_rest (Var n_id))

    dfListComp c_id n_id (LetStmt binds : quals) body = do
        -- new in 1.3, local bindings
        core_rest <- dfListComp c_id n_id quals body
        dsLocalBinds binds core_rest

    dfListComp c_id n_id (stmt@(TransformStmt {}) : quals) body = do
        (inner_list_expr, pat) <- dsTransformStmt stmt
        -- Anyway, we bind the newly transformed list via the generic binding function
        dfBindComp c_id n_id (pat, inner_list_expr) quals body

    dfListComp c_id n_id (stmt@(GroupStmt {}) : quals) body = do
        (inner_list_expr, pat) <- dsGroupStmt stmt
        -- Anyway, we bind the newly grouped list via the generic binding function
        dfBindComp c_id n_id (pat, inner_list_expr) quals body

    dfListComp c_id n_id (BindStmt pat list1 _ _ : quals) body = do
        -- evaluate the two lists
        core_list1 <- dsLExpr list1

        -- Do the rest of the work in the generic binding builder
        dfBindComp c_id n_id (pat, core_list1) quals body

    dfBindComp :: Id -> Id	        -- 'c' and 'n'
           -> (LPat Id, CoreExpr)
    	   -> [Stmt Id] 	        -- the rest of the qual's
    	   -> LHsExpr Id
    	   -> DsM CoreExpr
    dfBindComp c_id n_id (pat, core_list1) quals body = do
        -- find the required type
        let x_ty   = hsLPatType pat
            b_ty   = idType n_id

        -- create some new local id's
        [b, x] <- newSysLocalsDs [b_ty, x_ty]

        -- build rest of the comprehesion
        core_rest <- dfListComp c_id b quals body

        -- build the pattern match
        core_expr <- matchSimply (Var x) (StmtCtxt ListComp)
    		pat core_rest (Var b)

        -- now build the outermost foldr, and return
        mkFoldrExpr x_ty b_ty (mkLams [x, b] core_expr) (Var n_id) core_list1

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[DsFunGeneration]{Generation of zip/unzip functions for use in desugaring} %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

    mkZipBind :: [Type] -> DsM (Id, CoreExpr)
    -- mkZipBind [t1, t2]
    -- = (zip, \as1:[t1] as2:[t2]
    --	   -> case as1 of
    --		[] -> []
    --		(a1:as'1) -> case as2 of
    --				[] -> []
    --				(a2:as'2) -> (a1, a2) : zip as'1 as'2)]

    mkZipBind elt_tys = do
        ass  <- mapM newSysLocalDs  elt_list_tys
        as'  <- mapM newSysLocalDs  elt_tys
        as's <- mapM newSysLocalDs  elt_list_tys

        zip_fn <- newSysLocalDs zip_fn_ty

        let inner_rhs = mkConsExpr elt_tuple_ty
    			(mkBigCoreVarTup as')
    			(mkVarApps (Var zip_fn) as's)
            zip_body  = foldr mk_case inner_rhs (zip3 ass as' as's)

        return (zip_fn, mkLams ass zip_body)
      where
        elt_list_tys      = map mkListTy elt_tys
        elt_tuple_ty      = mkBigCoreTupTy elt_tys
        elt_tuple_list_ty = mkListTy elt_tuple_ty

        zip_fn_ty         = mkFunTys elt_list_tys elt_tuple_list_ty

        mk_case (as, a', as') rest
    	  = Case (Var as) as elt_tuple_list_ty
    		  [(DataAlt nilDataCon,  [],        mkNilExpr elt_tuple_ty),
    		   (DataAlt consDataCon, [a', as'], rest)]
    			-- Increasing order of tag

    mkUnzipBind :: [Type] -> DsM (Id, CoreExpr)
    -- mkUnzipBind [t1, t2]
    -- = (unzip, \ys :: [(t1, t2)] -> foldr (\ax :: (t1, t2) axs :: ([t1], [t2])
    --     -> case ax of
    --      (x1, x2) -> case axs of
    --                (xs1, xs2) -> (x1 : xs1, x2 : xs2))
    --      ([], [])
    --      ys)
    --
    -- We use foldr here in all cases, even if rules are turned off, because we may as well!
    mkUnzipBind elt_tys = do
        ax  <- newSysLocalDs elt_tuple_ty
        axs <- newSysLocalDs elt_list_tuple_ty
        ys  <- newSysLocalDs elt_tuple_list_ty
        xs  <- mapM newSysLocalDs elt_tys
        xss <- mapM newSysLocalDs elt_list_tys

        unzip_fn <- newSysLocalDs unzip_fn_ty

        [us1, us2] <- sequence [newUniqueSupply, newUniqueSupply]

        let nil_tuple = mkBigCoreTup (map mkNilExpr elt_tys)

            concat_expressions = map mkConcatExpression (zip3 elt_tys (map Var xs) (map Var xss))
            tupled_concat_expression = mkBigCoreTup concat_expressions

            folder_body_inner_case = mkTupleCase us1 xss tupled_concat_expression axs (Var axs)
            folder_body_outer_case = mkTupleCase us2 xs folder_body_inner_case ax (Var ax)
            folder_body = mkLams [ax, axs] folder_body_outer_case

        unzip_body <- mkFoldrExpr elt_tuple_ty elt_list_tuple_ty folder_body nil_tuple (Var ys)
        return (unzip_fn, mkLams [ys] unzip_body)
      where
        elt_tuple_ty       = mkBigCoreTupTy elt_tys
        elt_tuple_list_ty  = mkListTy elt_tuple_ty
        elt_list_tys       = map mkListTy elt_tys
        elt_list_tuple_ty  = mkBigCoreTupTy elt_list_tys

        unzip_fn_ty        = elt_tuple_list_ty `mkFunTy` elt_list_tuple_ty

        mkConcatExpression (list_element_ty, head, tail) = mkConsExpr list_element_ty head tail

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[DsPArrComp]{Desugaring of array comprehensions} %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

    -- entry point for desugaring a parallel array comprehension
    --
    --   [:e | qss:] = <<[:e | qss:]>> () [:():]
    --
    dsPArrComp :: [Stmt Id]
                -> LHsExpr Id
                -> Type		    -- Don't use; called with `undefined' below
                -> DsM CoreExpr
    dsPArrComp [ParStmt qss] body _  =  -- parallel comprehension
      dePArrParComp qss body

    -- Special case for simple generators:
    --
    --  <<[:e' | p <- e, qs:]>> = <<[: e' | qs :]>> p e
    --
    -- if matching again p cannot fail, or else
    --
    --  <<[:e' | p <- e, qs:]>> =
    --    <<[:e' | qs:]>> p (filterP (\x -> case x of {p -> True; _ -> False}) e)
    --
    dsPArrComp (BindStmt p e _ _ : qs) body _ = do
        filterP <- dsLookupGlobalId filterPName
        ce <- dsLExpr e
        let ety'ce  = parrElemType ce
            false   = Var falseDataConId
            true    = Var trueDataConId
        v <- newSysLocalDs ety'ce
        pred <- matchSimply (Var v) (StmtCtxt PArrComp) p true false
        let gen | isIrrefutableHsPat p = ce
                | otherwise            = mkApps (Var filterP) [Type ety'ce, mkLams [v] pred, ce]
        dePArrComp qs body p gen

    dsPArrComp qs            body _  = do -- no ParStmt in `qs'
        sglP <- dsLookupGlobalId singletonPName
        let unitArray = mkApps (Var sglP) [Type unitTy, mkCoreTup []]
        dePArrComp qs body (noLoc $ WildPat unitTy) unitArray

    -- the work horse
    --
    dePArrComp :: [Stmt Id]
    	   -> LHsExpr Id
    	   -> LPat Id		-- the current generator pattern
    	   -> CoreExpr		-- the current generator expression
    	   -> DsM CoreExpr
    --
    --  <<[:e' | :]>> pa ea = mapP (\pa -> e') ea
    --
    dePArrComp [] e' pa cea = do
        mapP <- dsLookupGlobalId mapPName
        let ty = parrElemType cea
        (clam, ty'e') <- deLambda ty pa e'
        return $ mkApps (Var mapP) [Type ty, Type ty'e', clam, cea]
    --
    --  <<[:e' | b, qs:]>> pa ea = <<[:e' | qs:]>> pa (filterP (\pa -> b) ea)
    --
    dePArrComp (ExprStmt b _ _ : qs) body pa cea = do
        filterP <- dsLookupGlobalId filterPName
        let ty = parrElemType cea
        (clam,_) <- deLambda ty pa b
        dePArrComp qs body pa (mkApps (Var filterP) [Type ty, clam, cea])

    --
    --  <<[:e' | p <- e, qs:]>> pa ea =
    --    let ef = \pa -> e
    --    in
    --    <<[:e' | qs:]>> (pa, p) (crossMap ea ef)
    --
    -- if matching again p cannot fail, or else
    --
    --  <<[:e' | p <- e, qs:]>> pa ea =
    --    let ef = \pa -> filterP (\x -> case x of {p -> True; _ -> False}) e
    --    in
    --    <<[:e' | qs:]>> (pa, p) (crossMapP ea ef)
    --
    dePArrComp (BindStmt p e _ _ : qs) body pa cea = do
        filterP <- dsLookupGlobalId filterPName
        crossMapP <- dsLookupGlobalId crossMapPName
        ce <- dsLExpr e
        let ety'cea = parrElemType cea
            ety'ce  = parrElemType ce
            false   = Var falseDataConId
            true    = Var trueDataConId
        v <- newSysLocalDs ety'ce
        pred <- matchSimply (Var v) (StmtCtxt PArrComp) p true false
        let cef | isIrrefutableHsPat p = ce
                | otherwise            = mkApps (Var filterP) [Type ety'ce, mkLams [v] pred, ce]
        (clam, _) <- mkLambda ety'cea pa cef
        let ety'cef = ety'ce		    -- filter doesn't change the element type
            pa'     = mkLHsPatTup [pa, p]

        dePArrComp qs body pa' (mkApps (Var crossMapP)
                                     [Type ety'cea, Type ety'cef, cea, clam])
    --
    --  <<[:e' | let ds, qs:]>> pa ea =
    --    <<[:e' | qs:]>> (pa, (x_1, ..., x_n))
    --		      (mapP (\v@pa -> let ds in (v, (x_1, ..., x_n))) ea)
    --  where
    --    {x_1, ..., x_n} = DV (ds)		-- Defined Variables
    --
    dePArrComp (LetStmt ds : qs) body pa cea = do
        mapP <- dsLookupGlobalId mapPName
        let xs     = collectLocalBinders ds
            ty'cea = parrElemType cea
        v <- newSysLocalDs ty'cea
        clet <- dsLocalBinds ds (mkCoreTup (map Var xs))
        let'v <- newSysLocalDs (exprType clet)
        let projBody = mkCoreLet (NonRec let'v clet) $
                       mkCoreTup [Var v, Var let'v]
            errTy    = exprType projBody
            errMsg   = ptext (sLit "DsListComp.dePArrComp: internal error!")
        cerr <- mkErrorAppDs pAT_ERROR_ID errTy errMsg
        ccase <- matchSimply (Var v) (StmtCtxt PArrComp) pa projBody cerr
        let pa'    = mkLHsPatTup [pa, mkLHsPatTup (map nlVarPat xs)]
            proj   = mkLams [v] ccase
        dePArrComp qs body pa' (mkApps (Var mapP)
                                       [Type ty'cea, Type errTy, proj, cea])
    --
    -- The parser guarantees that parallel comprehensions can only appear as
    -- singeltons qualifier lists, which we already special case in the caller.
    -- So, encountering one here is a bug.
    --
    dePArrComp (ParStmt _ : _) _ _ _ =
      panic "DsListComp.dePArrComp: malformed comprehension AST"

    --  <<[:e' | qs | qss:]>> pa ea =
    --    <<[:e' | qss:]>> (pa, (x_1, ..., x_n))
    --		       (zipP ea <<[:(x_1, ..., x_n) | qs:]>>)
    --    where
    --      {x_1, ..., x_n} = DV (qs)
    --
    dePArrParComp :: [([LStmt Id], [Id])] -> LHsExpr Id -> DsM CoreExpr
    dePArrParComp qss body = do
        (pQss, ceQss) <- deParStmt qss
        dePArrComp [] body pQss ceQss
      where
        deParStmt []             =
          -- empty parallel statement lists have no source representation
          panic "DsListComp.dePArrComp: Empty parallel list comprehension"
        deParStmt ((qs, xs):qss) = do        -- first statement
          let res_expr = mkLHsVarTuple xs
          cqs <- dsPArrComp (map unLoc qs) res_expr undefined
          parStmts qss (mkLHsVarPatTup xs) cqs
        ---
        parStmts []             pa cea = return (pa, cea)
        parStmts ((qs, xs):qss) pa cea = do  -- subsequent statements (zip'ed)
          zipP <- dsLookupGlobalId zipPName
          let pa'      = mkLHsPatTup [pa, mkLHsVarPatTup xs]
              ty'cea   = parrElemType cea
              res_expr = mkLHsVarTuple xs
          cqs <- dsPArrComp (map unLoc qs) res_expr undefined
          let ty'cqs = parrElemType cqs
              cea'   = mkApps (Var zipP) [Type ty'cea, Type ty'cqs, cea, cqs]
          parStmts qss pa' cea'

    -- generate Core corresponding to `\p -> e'
    --
    deLambda :: Type			-- type of the argument
    	  -> LPat Id			-- argument pattern
    	  -> LHsExpr Id			-- body
    	  -> DsM (CoreExpr, Type)
    deLambda ty p e =
        mkLambda ty p =<< dsLExpr e

    -- generate Core for a lambda pattern match, where the body is already in Core
    --
    mkLambda :: Type			-- type of the argument
    	 -> LPat Id			-- argument pattern
    	 -> CoreExpr			-- desugared body
    	 -> DsM (CoreExpr, Type)
    mkLambda ty p ce = do
        v <- newSysLocalDs ty
        let errMsg = ptext (sLit "DsListComp.deLambda: internal error!")
            ce'ty  = exprType ce
        cerr <- mkErrorAppDs pAT_ERROR_ID ce'ty errMsg
        res <- matchSimply (Var v) (StmtCtxt PArrComp) p ce cerr
        return (mkLams [v] res, ce'ty)

    -- obtain the element type of the parallel array produced by the given Core
    -- expression
    --
    parrElemType   :: CoreExpr -> Type
    parrElemType e  =
      case splitTyConApp_maybe (exprType e) of
        Just (tycon, [ty]) | tycon == parrTyCon -> ty
        _							  -> panic
          "DsListComp.parrElemType: not a parallel array type"

\end{code}