    {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
    {-# OPTIONS_GHC -XMagicHash #-}
    -- for unboxed shifts

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- |
    -- Module      : Data.Binary.Builder
    -- Copyright   : Lennart Kolmodin, Ross Paterson
    -- License     : BSD3-style (see LICENSE)
    --
    -- Maintainer  : Lennart Kolmodin <kolmodin@dtek.chalmers.se>
    -- Stability   : experimental
    -- Portability : portable to Hugs and GHC
    --
    -- Efficient construction of lazy bytestrings.
    --
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

    #if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) && !defined(__HADDOCK__)
    #include "MachDeps.h"
    #endif

    module Data.Binary.Builder (

        -- * The Builder type
          Builder
        , toLazyByteString

        -- * Constructing Builders
        , empty
        , singleton
        , append
        , fromByteString        -- :: S.ByteString -> Builder
        , fromLazyByteString    -- :: L.ByteString -> Builder

        -- * Flushing the buffer state
        , flush

        -- * Derived Builders
        -- ** Big-endian writes
        , putWord16be           -- :: Word16 -> Builder
        , putWord32be           -- :: Word32 -> Builder
        , putWord64be           -- :: Word64 -> Builder

        -- ** Little-endian writes
        , putWord16le           -- :: Word16 -> Builder
        , putWord32le           -- :: Word32 -> Builder
        , putWord64le           -- :: Word64 -> Builder

        -- ** Host-endian, unaligned writes
        , putWordhost           -- :: Word -> Builder
        , putWord16host         -- :: Word16 -> Builder
        , putWord32host         -- :: Word32 -> Builder
        , putWord64host         -- :: Word64 -> Builder

      ) where

    import Foreign
    import Data.Monoid
    import Data.Word
    import qualified Data.ByteString      as S
    import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy as L

    #ifdef BYTESTRING_IN_BASE
    import Data.ByteString.Base (inlinePerformIO)
    import qualified Data.ByteString.Base as S
    #else
    import Data.ByteString.Internal (inlinePerformIO)
    import qualified Data.ByteString.Internal as S
    import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy.Internal as L
    #endif

    #if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) && !defined(__HADDOCK__)
    import GHC.Base
    import GHC.Word (Word32(..),Word16(..),Word64(..))

    #if WORD_SIZE_IN_BITS < 64 && __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 608
    import GHC.Word (uncheckedShiftRL64#)
    #endif
    #endif

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | A 'Builder' is an efficient way to build lazy 'L.ByteString's.
    -- There are several functions for constructing 'Builder's, but only one
    -- to inspect them: to extract any data, you have to turn them into lazy
    -- 'L.ByteString's using 'toLazyByteString'.
    --
    -- Internally, a 'Builder' constructs a lazy 'L.Bytestring' by filling byte
    -- arrays piece by piece.  As each buffer is filled, it is \'popped\'
    -- off, to become a new chunk of the resulting lazy 'L.ByteString'.
    -- All this is hidden from the user of the 'Builder'.

    newtype Builder = Builder {
            -- Invariant (from Data.ByteString.Lazy):
            --      The lists include no null ByteStrings.
            runBuilder :: (Buffer -> [S.ByteString]) -> Buffer -> [S.ByteString]
        }

    instance Monoid Builder where
        mempty  = empty
        {-# INLINE mempty #-}
        mappend = append
        {-# INLINE mappend #-}

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | /O(1)./ The empty Builder, satisfying
    --
    --  * @'toLazyByteString' 'empty' = 'L.empty'@
    --
    empty :: Builder
    empty = Builder id
    {-# INLINE empty #-}

    -- | /O(1)./ A Builder taking a single byte, satisfying
    --
    --  * @'toLazyByteString' ('singleton' b) = 'L.singleton' b@
    --
    singleton :: Word8 -> Builder
    singleton = writeN 1 . flip poke
    {-# INLINE singleton #-}

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | /O(1)./ The concatenation of two Builders, an associative operation
    -- with identity 'empty', satisfying
    --
    --  * @'toLazyByteString' ('append' x y) = 'L.append' ('toLazyByteString' x) ('toLazyByteString' y)@
    --
    append :: Builder -> Builder -> Builder
    append (Builder f) (Builder g) = Builder (f . g)
    {-# INLINE append #-}

    -- | /O(1)./ A Builder taking a 'S.ByteString', satisfying
    --
    --  * @'toLazyByteString' ('fromByteString' bs) = 'L.fromChunks' [bs]@
    --
    fromByteString :: S.ByteString -> Builder
    fromByteString bs
      | S.null bs = empty
      | otherwise = flush `append` mapBuilder (bs :)
    {-# INLINE fromByteString #-}

    -- | /O(1)./ A Builder taking a lazy 'L.ByteString', satisfying
    --
    --  * @'toLazyByteString' ('fromLazyByteString' bs) = bs@
    --
    fromLazyByteString :: L.ByteString -> Builder
    fromLazyByteString bss = flush `append` mapBuilder (L.toChunks bss ++)
    {-# INLINE fromLazyByteString #-}

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- Our internal buffer type
    data Buffer = Buffer {-# UNPACK #-} !(ForeignPtr Word8)
                         {-# UNPACK #-} !Int                -- offset
                         {-# UNPACK #-} !Int                -- used bytes
                         {-# UNPACK #-} !Int                -- length left

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | /O(n)./ Extract a lazy 'L.ByteString' from a 'Builder'.
    -- The construction work takes place if and when the relevant part of
    -- the lazy 'L.ByteString' is demanded.
    --
    toLazyByteString :: Builder -> L.ByteString
    toLazyByteString m = L.fromChunks $ unsafePerformIO $ do
        buf <- newBuffer defaultSize
        return (runBuilder (m `append` flush) (const []) buf)

    -- | /O(1)./ Pop the 'S.ByteString' we have constructed so far, if any,
    -- yielding a new chunk in the result lazy 'L.ByteString'.
    flush :: Builder
    flush = Builder $ \ k buf@(Buffer p o u l) ->
        if u == 0
          then k buf
          else S.PS p o u : k (Buffer p (o+u) 0 l)

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    --
    -- copied from Data.ByteString.Lazy
    --
    defaultSize :: Int
    defaultSize = 32 * k - overhead
        where k = 1024
              overhead = 2 * sizeOf (undefined :: Int)

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | Sequence an IO operation on the buffer
    unsafeLiftIO :: (Buffer -> IO Buffer) -> Builder
    unsafeLiftIO f =  Builder $ \ k buf -> inlinePerformIO $ do
        buf' <- f buf
        return (k buf')
    {-# INLINE unsafeLiftIO #-}

    -- | Get the size of the buffer
    withSize :: (Int -> Builder) -> Builder
    withSize f = Builder $ \ k buf@(Buffer _ _ _ l) ->
        runBuilder (f l) k buf

    -- | Map the resulting list of bytestrings.
    mapBuilder :: ([S.ByteString] -> [S.ByteString]) -> Builder
    mapBuilder f = Builder (f .)

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | Ensure that there are at least @n@ many bytes available.
    ensureFree :: Int -> Builder
    ensureFree n = n `seq` withSize $ \ l ->
        if n <= l then empty else
            flush `append` unsafeLiftIO (const (newBuffer (max n defaultSize)))
    {-# INLINE ensureFree #-}

    -- | Ensure that @n@ many bytes are available, and then use @f@ to write some
    -- bytes into the memory.
    writeN :: Int -> (Ptr Word8 -> IO ()) -> Builder
    writeN n f = ensureFree n `append` unsafeLiftIO (writeNBuffer n f)
    {-# INLINE writeN #-}

    writeNBuffer :: Int -> (Ptr Word8 -> IO ()) -> Buffer -> IO Buffer
    writeNBuffer n f (Buffer fp o u l) = do
        withForeignPtr fp (\p -> f (p `plusPtr` (o+u)))
        return (Buffer fp o (u+n) (l-n))
    {-# INLINE writeNBuffer #-}

    newBuffer :: Int -> IO Buffer
    newBuffer size = do
        fp <- S.mallocByteString size
        return $! Buffer fp 0 0 size
    {-# INLINE newBuffer #-}

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Aligned, host order writes of storable values

    -- | Ensure that @n@ many bytes are available, and then use @f@ to write some
    -- storable values into the memory.
    writeNbytes :: Storable a => Int -> (Ptr a -> IO ()) -> Builder
    writeNbytes n f = ensureFree n `append` unsafeLiftIO (writeNBufferBytes n f)
    {-# INLINE writeNbytes #-}

    writeNBufferBytes :: Storable a => Int -> (Ptr a -> IO ()) -> Buffer -> IO Buffer
    writeNBufferBytes n f (Buffer fp o u l) = do
        withForeignPtr fp (\p -> f (p `plusPtr` (o+u)))
        return (Buffer fp o (u+n) (l-n))
    {-# INLINE writeNBufferBytes #-}

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    --
    -- We rely on the fromIntegral to do the right masking for us.
    -- The inlining here is critical, and can be worth 4x performance
    --

    -- | Write a Word16 in big endian format
    putWord16be :: Word16 -> Builder
    putWord16be w = writeN 2 $ \p -> do
        poke p               (fromIntegral (shiftr_w16 w 8) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 1) (fromIntegral (w)              :: Word8)
    {-# INLINE putWord16be #-}

    -- | Write a Word16 in little endian format
    putWord16le :: Word16 -> Builder
    putWord16le w = writeN 2 $ \p -> do
        poke p               (fromIntegral (w)              :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 1) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w16 w 8) :: Word8)
    {-# INLINE putWord16le #-}

    -- putWord16le w16 = writeN 2 (\p -> poke (castPtr p) w16)

    -- | Write a Word32 in big endian format
    putWord32be :: Word32 -> Builder
    putWord32be w = writeN 4 $ \p -> do
        poke p               (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 w 24) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 1) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 w 16) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 2) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 w  8) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 3) (fromIntegral (w)               :: Word8)
    {-# INLINE putWord32be #-}

    --
    -- a data type to tag Put/Check. writes construct these which are then
    -- inlined and flattened. matching Checks will be more robust with rules.
    --

    -- | Write a Word32 in little endian format
    putWord32le :: Word32 -> Builder
    putWord32le w = writeN 4 $ \p -> do
        poke p               (fromIntegral (w)               :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 1) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 w  8) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 2) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 w 16) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 3) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 w 24) :: Word8)
    {-# INLINE putWord32le #-}

    -- on a little endian machine:
    -- putWord32le w32 = writeN 4 (\p -> poke (castPtr p) w32)

    -- | Write a Word64 in big endian format
    putWord64be :: Word64 -> Builder
    #if WORD_SIZE_IN_BITS < 64
    --
    -- To avoid expensive 64 bit shifts on 32 bit machines, we cast to
    -- Word32, and write that
    --
    putWord64be w =
        let a = fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 32) :: Word32
            b = fromIntegral w                 :: Word32
        in writeN 8 $ \p -> do
        poke p               (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 a 24) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 1) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 a 16) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 2) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 a  8) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 3) (fromIntegral (a)               :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 4) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 b 24) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 5) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 b 16) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 6) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 b  8) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 7) (fromIntegral (b)               :: Word8)
    #else
    putWord64be w = writeN 8 $ \p -> do
        poke p               (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 56) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 1) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 48) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 2) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 40) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 3) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 32) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 4) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 24) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 5) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 16) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 6) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w  8) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 7) (fromIntegral (w)               :: Word8)
    #endif
    {-# INLINE putWord64be #-}

    -- | Write a Word64 in little endian format
    putWord64le :: Word64 -> Builder

    #if WORD_SIZE_IN_BITS < 64
    putWord64le w =
        let b = fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 32) :: Word32
            a = fromIntegral w                 :: Word32
        in writeN 8 $ \p -> do
        poke (p)             (fromIntegral (a)               :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 1) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 a  8) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 2) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 a 16) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 3) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 a 24) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 4) (fromIntegral (b)               :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 5) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 b  8) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 6) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 b 16) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 7) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w32 b 24) :: Word8)
    #else
    putWord64le w = writeN 8 $ \p -> do
        poke p               (fromIntegral (w)               :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 1) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w  8) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 2) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 16) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 3) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 24) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 4) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 32) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 5) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 40) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 6) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 48) :: Word8)
        poke (p `plusPtr` 7) (fromIntegral (shiftr_w64 w 56) :: Word8)
    #endif
    {-# INLINE putWord64le #-}

    -- on a little endian machine:
    -- putWord64le w64 = writeN 8 (\p -> poke (castPtr p) w64)

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Unaligned, word size ops

    -- | /O(1)./ A Builder taking a single native machine word. The word is
    -- written in host order, host endian form, for the machine you're on.
    -- On a 64 bit machine the Word is an 8 byte value, on a 32 bit machine,
    -- 4 bytes. Values written this way are not portable to
    -- different endian or word sized machines, without conversion.
    --
    putWordhost :: Word -> Builder
    putWordhost w = writeNbytes (sizeOf (undefined :: Word)) (\p -> poke p w)
    {-# INLINE putWordhost #-}

    -- | Write a Word16 in native host order and host endianness.
    -- 2 bytes will be written, unaligned.
    putWord16host :: Word16 -> Builder
    putWord16host w16 = writeNbytes (sizeOf (undefined :: Word16)) (\p -> poke p w16)
    {-# INLINE putWord16host #-}

    -- | Write a Word32 in native host order and host endianness.
    -- 4 bytes will be written, unaligned.
    putWord32host :: Word32 -> Builder
    putWord32host w32 = writeNbytes (sizeOf (undefined :: Word32)) (\p -> poke p w32)
    {-# INLINE putWord32host #-}

    -- | Write a Word64 in native host order.
    -- On a 32 bit machine we write two host order Word32s, in big endian form.
    -- 8 bytes will be written, unaligned.
    putWord64host :: Word64 -> Builder
    putWord64host w = writeNbytes (sizeOf (undefined :: Word64)) (\p -> poke p w)
    {-# INLINE putWord64host #-}

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Unchecked shifts

    {-# INLINE shiftr_w16 #-}
    shiftr_w16 :: Word16 -> Int -> Word16
    {-# INLINE shiftr_w32 #-}
    shiftr_w32 :: Word32 -> Int -> Word32
    {-# INLINE shiftr_w64 #-}
    shiftr_w64 :: Word64 -> Int -> Word64

    #if defined(__GLASGOW_HASKELL__) && !defined(__HADDOCK__)
    shiftr_w16 (W16# w) (I# i) = W16# (w `uncheckedShiftRL#`   i)
    shiftr_w32 (W32# w) (I# i) = W32# (w `uncheckedShiftRL#`   i)

    #if WORD_SIZE_IN_BITS < 64
    shiftr_w64 (W64# w) (I# i) = W64# (w `uncheckedShiftRL64#` i)

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ <= 606
    -- Exported by GHC.Word in GHC 6.8 and higher
    foreign import ccall unsafe "stg_uncheckedShiftRL64"
        uncheckedShiftRL64#     :: Word64# -> Int# -> Word64#
    #endif

    #else
    shiftr_w64 (W64# w) (I# i) = W64# (w `uncheckedShiftRL#` i)
    #endif

    #else
    shiftr_w16 = shiftR
    shiftr_w32 = shiftR
    shiftr_w64 = shiftR
    #endif