% % (c) The University of Glasgow 2006 % (c) The GRASP/AQUA Project, Glasgow University, 1992-1998 % \begin{code}

    module CgCase (	cgCase, saveVolatileVarsAndRegs,
    		restoreCurrentCostCentre
    	) where

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    import {-# SOURCE #-} CgExpr  ( cgExpr )

    import CgMonad
    import CgBindery
    import CgCon
    import CgHeapery
    import CgCallConv
    import CgStackery
    import CgTailCall
    import CgPrimOp
    import CgForeignCall
    import CgUtils
    import CgProf
    import CgInfoTbls

    import ClosureInfo
    import SMRep
    import CmmUtils
    import Cmm

    import StgSyn
    import StaticFlags
    import Id
    import ForeignCall
    import VarSet
    import CoreSyn
    import PrimOp
    import Type
    import TyCon
    import Util
    import Outputable

    import Control.Monad (when)

\end{code} \begin{code}

    data GCFlag
      = GCMayHappen	-- The scrutinee may involve GC, so everything must be
    		-- tidy before the code for the scrutinee.

      | NoGC	-- The scrutinee is a primitive value, or a call to a
    		-- primitive op which does no GC.  Hence the case can
    		-- be done inline, without tidying up first.

\end{code} It is quite interesting to decide whether to put a heap-check at the start of each alternative. Of course we certainly have to do so if the case forces an evaluation, or if there is a primitive op which can trigger GC. A more interesting situation is this: \begin{verbatim} !A!; ...A... case x# of 0# -> !B!; ...B... default -> !C!; ...C... \end{verbatim} where \tr{!x!} indicates a possible heap-check point. The heap checks in the alternatives {\em can} be omitted, in which case the topmost heapcheck will take their worst case into account. In favour of omitting \tr{!B!}, \tr{!C!}: - {\em May} save a heap overflow test, if ...A... allocates anything. The other advantage of this is that we can use relative addressing from a single Hp to get at all the closures so allocated. - No need to save volatile vars etc across the case Against: - May do more allocation than reqd. This sometimes bites us badly. For example, nfib (ha!) allocates about 30\% more space if the worst-casing is done, because many many calls to nfib are leaf calls which don't need to allocate anything. This never hurts us if there is only one alternative. \begin{code}

    cgCase	:: StgExpr
    	-> StgLiveVars
    	-> StgLiveVars
    	-> Id
    	-> AltType
    	-> [StgAlt]
    	-> Code

\end{code} Special case #1: case of literal. \begin{code}

    cgCase (StgLit lit) _live_in_whole_case _live_in_alts bndr
           alt_type@(PrimAlt _) alts
      = do	{ tmp_reg <- bindNewToTemp bndr
    	; cm_lit <- cgLit lit
    	; stmtC (CmmAssign (CmmLocal tmp_reg) (CmmLit cm_lit))
    	; cgPrimAlts NoGC alt_type (CmmLocal tmp_reg) alts }

\end{code} Special case #2: scrutinising a primitive-typed variable. No evaluation required. We don't save volatile variables, nor do we do a heap-check in the alternatives. Instead, the heap usage of the alternatives is worst-cased and passed upstream. This can result in allocating more heap than strictly necessary, but it will sometimes eliminate a heap check altogether. \begin{code}

    cgCase (StgApp v []) _live_in_whole_case _live_in_alts bndr
           alt_type@(PrimAlt _) alts
      -- Note [ticket #3132]: we might be looking at a case of a lifted Id
      -- that was cast to an unlifted type.  The Id will always be bottom,
      -- but we don't want the code generator to fall over here.  If we
      -- just emit an assignment here, the assignment will be
      -- type-incorrect Cmm.  Hence we check that the types match, and if
      -- they don't we'll fall through and emit the usual enter/return
      -- code.  Test case: codeGen/should_compile/3132.hs
      | isUnLiftedType (idType v)

      -- However, we also want to allow an assignment to be generated
      -- in the case when the types are compatible, because this allows
      -- some slightly-dodgy but occasionally-useful casts to be used,
      -- such as in RtClosureInspect where we cast an HValue to a MutVar#
      -- so we can print out the contents of the MutVar#.  If we generate
      -- code that enters the HValue, then we'll get a runtime panic, because
      -- the HValue really is a MutVar#.  The types are compatible though,
      -- so we can just generate an assignment.
      || reps_compatible
      =
         do	{ -- Careful! we can't just bind the default binder to the same thing
    	  -- as the scrutinee, since it might be a stack location, and having
    	  -- two bindings pointing at the same stack locn doesn't work (it
    	  -- confuses nukeDeadBindings).  Hence, use a new temp.
              when (not reps_compatible) $
                panic "cgCase: reps do not match, perhaps a dodgy unsafeCoerce?"
    	; v_info <- getCgIdInfo v
    	; amode <- idInfoToAmode v_info
    	; tmp_reg <- bindNewToTemp bndr
    	; stmtC (CmmAssign (CmmLocal tmp_reg) amode)
    	; cgPrimAlts NoGC alt_type (CmmLocal tmp_reg) alts }
      where
        reps_compatible = idCgRep v == idCgRep bndr

\end{code} Special case #3: inline PrimOps and foreign calls. \begin{code}

    cgCase (StgOpApp (StgPrimOp primop) args _)
           _live_in_whole_case live_in_alts bndr alt_type alts
      | not (primOpOutOfLine primop)
      = cgInlinePrimOp primop args bndr alt_type live_in_alts alts

\end{code} TODO: Case-of-case of primop can probably be done inline too (but maybe better to translate it out beforehand). See ghc/lib/misc/PackedString.lhs for examples where this crops up (with 4.02). Special case #4: inline foreign calls: an unsafe foreign call can be done right here, just like an inline primop. \begin{code}

    cgCase (StgOpApp (StgFCallOp fcall _) args _)
           _live_in_whole_case live_in_alts _bndr _alt_type alts
      | unsafe_foreign_call
      = ASSERT( isSingleton alts )
        do	--  *must* be an unboxed tuple alt.
    	-- exactly like the cgInlinePrimOp case for unboxed tuple alts..
    	{ res_tmps <- mapFCs bindNewToTemp non_void_res_ids
    	; let res_hints = map (typeForeignHint.idType) non_void_res_ids
    	; cgForeignCall (zipWith CmmHinted res_tmps res_hints) fcall args live_in_alts
    	; cgExpr rhs }
      where
       (_, res_ids, _, rhs) = head alts
       non_void_res_ids = filter (nonVoidArg . idCgRep) res_ids

       unsafe_foreign_call
    	 = case fcall of
    	 	CCall (CCallSpec _ _ s) -> not (playSafe s)

\end{code} Special case: scrutinising a non-primitive variable. This can be done a little better than the general case, because we can reuse/trim the stack slot holding the variable (if it is in one). \begin{code}

    cgCase (StgApp fun args)
    	_live_in_whole_case live_in_alts bndr alt_type alts
      = do	{ fun_info <- getCgIdInfo fun
    	; arg_amodes <- getArgAmodes args

    	-- Nuking dead bindings *before* calculating the saves is the
    	-- value-add here.  We might end up freeing up some slots currently
    	-- occupied by variables only required for the call.
    	-- NOTE: we need to look up the variables used in the call before
    	-- doing this, because some of them may not be in the environment
    	-- afterward.
    	; nukeDeadBindings live_in_alts
    	; (save_assts, alts_eob_info, maybe_cc_slot)
    		<- saveVolatileVarsAndRegs live_in_alts

    	; scrut_eob_info
    	    <- forkEval alts_eob_info
    			(allocStackTop retAddrSizeW >> nopC)
    			(do { deAllocStackTop retAddrSizeW
    			    ; cgEvalAlts maybe_cc_slot bndr alt_type alts })

    	; setEndOfBlockInfo scrut_eob_info
    			    (performTailCall fun_info arg_amodes save_assts) }

\end{code} Note about return addresses: we *always* push a return address, even if because of an optimisation we end up jumping direct to the return code (not through the address itself). The alternatives always assume that the return address is on the stack. The return address is required in case the alternative performs a heap check, since it encodes the liveness of the slots in the activation record. On entry to the case alternative, we can re-use the slot containing the return address immediately after the heap check. That's what the deAllocStackTop call is doing above. Finally, here is the general case. \begin{code}

    cgCase expr live_in_whole_case live_in_alts bndr alt_type alts
      = do	{	-- Figure out what volatile variables to save
    	  nukeDeadBindings live_in_whole_case

    	; (save_assts, alts_eob_info, maybe_cc_slot)
    		<- saveVolatileVarsAndRegs live_in_alts

    	     -- Save those variables right now!
    	; emitStmts save_assts

    	    -- generate code for the alts
    	; scrut_eob_info
    	       <- forkEval alts_eob_info
    		      	   (do 	{ nukeDeadBindings live_in_alts
    				; allocStackTop retAddrSizeW   -- space for retn address
    				; nopC })
    			   (do	{ deAllocStackTop retAddrSizeW
    				; cgEvalAlts maybe_cc_slot bndr alt_type alts })

    	; setEndOfBlockInfo scrut_eob_info (cgExpr expr)
        }

\end{code} There's a lot of machinery going on behind the scenes to manage the stack pointer here. forkEval takes the virtual Sp and free list from the first argument, and turns that into the *real* Sp for the second argument. It also uses this virtual Sp as the args-Sp in the EOB info returned, so that the scrutinee will trim the real Sp back to the right place before doing whatever it does. --SDM (who just spent an hour figuring this out, and didn't want to forget it). Why don't we push the return address just before evaluating the scrutinee? Because the slot reserved for the return address might contain something useful, so we wait until performing a tail call or return before pushing the return address (see CgTailCall.pushReturnAddress). This also means that the environment doesn't need to know about the free stack slot for the return address (for generating bitmaps), because we don't reserve it until just before the eval. TODO!! Problem: however, we have to save the current cost centre stack somewhere, because at the eval point the current CCS might be different. So we pick a free stack slot and save CCCS in it. One consequence of this is that activation records on the stack don't follow the layout of closures when we're profiling. The CCS could be anywhere within the record). %************************************************************************ %* * Inline primops %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

    cgInlinePrimOp :: PrimOp -> [StgArg] -> Id -> AltType -> StgLiveVars
                   -> [(AltCon, [Id], [Bool], StgExpr)]
                   -> Code
    cgInlinePrimOp primop args bndr (PrimAlt _) live_in_alts alts
      | isVoidArg (idCgRep bndr)
      = ASSERT( con == DEFAULT && isSingleton alts && null bs )
        do	{ 	-- VOID RESULT; just sequencing,
    		-- so get in there and do it
    	  cgPrimOp [] primop args live_in_alts
    	; cgExpr rhs }
      where
        (con,bs,_,rhs) = head alts

    cgInlinePrimOp primop args bndr (PrimAlt tycon) live_in_alts alts
      = do	{ 	-- PRIMITIVE ALTS, with non-void result
    	  tmp_reg <- bindNewToTemp bndr
    	; cgPrimOp [tmp_reg] primop args live_in_alts
    	; cgPrimAlts NoGC (PrimAlt tycon) (CmmLocal tmp_reg) alts }

    cgInlinePrimOp primop args _ (UbxTupAlt _) live_in_alts alts
      = ASSERT( isSingleton alts )
        do	{  	-- UNBOXED TUPLE ALTS
    	 	-- No heap check, no yield, just get in there and do it.
    		-- NB: the case binder isn't bound to anything;
    		--     it has a unboxed tuple type

    	  res_tmps <- mapFCs bindNewToTemp non_void_res_ids
    	; cgPrimOp res_tmps primop args live_in_alts
    	; cgExpr rhs }
      where
       (_, res_ids, _, rhs) = head alts
       non_void_res_ids = filter (nonVoidArg . idCgRep) res_ids

    cgInlinePrimOp primop args bndr (AlgAlt tycon) live_in_alts alts
      = do 	{ 	-- ENUMERATION TYPE RETURN
    		-- Typical: case a ># b of { True -> ..; False -> .. }
    		-- The primop itself returns an index into the table of
    		-- closures for the enumeration type.
    	   tag_amode <- ASSERT( isEnumerationTyCon tycon )
    			do_enum_primop primop

    	 	-- Bind the default binder if necessary
    		-- (avoiding it avoids the assignment)
    		-- The deadness info is set by StgVarInfo
    	; whenC (not (isDeadBinder bndr))
    		(do { tmp_reg <- bindNewToTemp bndr
    		    ; stmtC (CmmAssign
                                 (CmmLocal tmp_reg)
                                 (tagToClosure tycon tag_amode)) })

    		-- Compile the alts
    	; (branches, mb_deflt) <- cgAlgAlts NoGC Nothing{-cc_slot-}
    				   	    (AlgAlt tycon) alts

    		-- Do the switch
    	; emitSwitch tag_amode branches mb_deflt 0 (tyConFamilySize tycon - 1)
    	}
      where

        do_enum_primop :: PrimOp -> FCode CmmExpr	-- Returns amode for result
        do_enum_primop TagToEnumOp	-- No code!
           | [arg] <- args = do
             (_,e) <- getArgAmode arg
    	 return e
        do_enum_primop primop
          = do tmp <- newTemp bWord
    	   cgPrimOp [tmp] primop args live_in_alts
        	   returnFC (CmmReg (CmmLocal tmp))

    cgInlinePrimOp _ _ bndr _ _ _
      = pprPanic "cgCase: case of primop has polymorphic type" (ppr bndr)

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[CgCase-alts]{Alternatives} %* * %************************************************************************ @cgEvalAlts@ returns an addressing mode for a continuation for the alternatives of a @case@, used in a context when there is some evaluation to be done. \begin{code}

    cgEvalAlts :: Maybe VirtualSpOffset	-- Offset of cost-centre to be restored, if any
    	   -> Id
    	   -> AltType
    	   -> [StgAlt]
    	   -> FCode Sequel	-- Any addr modes inside are guaranteed
    				-- to be a label so that we can duplicate it
    				-- without risk of duplicating code

    cgEvalAlts cc_slot bndr alt_type@(PrimAlt tycon) alts
      = do	{ let   rep = tyConCgRep tycon
    		reg = dataReturnConvPrim rep	-- Bottom for voidRep

    	; abs_c <- forkProc $ do
    		{ 	-- Bind the case binder, except if it's void
    			-- (reg is bottom in that case)
    		  whenC (nonVoidArg rep) $
    		  bindNewToReg bndr reg (mkLFArgument bndr)
    		; restoreCurrentCostCentre cc_slot True
    		; cgPrimAlts GCMayHappen alt_type reg alts }

    	; lbl <- emitReturnTarget (idName bndr) abs_c
    	; returnFC (CaseAlts lbl Nothing bndr) }

    cgEvalAlts cc_slot bndr (UbxTupAlt _) [(con,args,_,rhs)]
      =	-- Unboxed tuple case
    	-- By now, the simplifier should have have turned it
    	-- into 	case e of (# a,b #) -> e
    	-- There shouldn't be a
    	--		case e of DEFAULT -> e
        ASSERT2( case con of { DataAlt _ -> True; _ -> False },
    	     text "cgEvalAlts: dodgy case of unboxed tuple type" )
        do	{ 	-- forkAbsC for the RHS, so that the envt is
    		-- not changed for the emitReturn call
    	  abs_c <- forkProc $ do
    		{ (live_regs, ptrs, nptrs, _) <- bindUnboxedTupleComponents args
    			-- Restore the CC *after* binding the tuple components,
    			-- so that we get the stack offset of the saved CC right.
    		; restoreCurrentCostCentre cc_slot True
    			-- Generate a heap check if necessary
    			-- and finally the code for the alternative
    		; unbxTupleHeapCheck live_regs ptrs nptrs noStmts
    				     (cgExpr rhs) }
    	; lbl <- emitReturnTarget (idName bndr) abs_c
    	; returnFC (CaseAlts lbl Nothing bndr) }

    cgEvalAlts cc_slot bndr alt_type alts
      = 	-- Algebraic and polymorphic case
        do	{	-- Bind the default binder
    	  bindNewToReg bndr nodeReg (mkLFArgument bndr)

    	-- Generate sequel info for use downstream
    	-- At the moment, we only do it if the type is vector-returnable.
    	-- Reason: if not, then it costs extra to label the
    	-- alternatives, because we'd get return code like:
    	--
    	--	switch TagReg { 0 : JMP(alt_1); 1 : JMP(alt_2) ..etc }
    	--
    	-- which is worse than having the alt code in the switch statement

    	; (alts, mb_deflt) <- cgAlgAlts GCMayHappen cc_slot alt_type alts

    	; (lbl, branches) <- emitAlgReturnTarget (idName bndr)
    				alts mb_deflt fam_sz

    	; returnFC (CaseAlts lbl branches bndr) }
      where
        fam_sz = case alt_type of
        		AlgAlt tc -> tyConFamilySize tc
        		PolyAlt   -> 0
        		PrimAlt _ -> panic "cgEvalAlts: PrimAlt"
        		UbxTupAlt _ -> panic "cgEvalAlts: UbxTupAlt"

\end{code} HWL comment on {\em GrAnSim\/} (adding GRAN_YIELDs for context switch): If we do an inlining of the case no separate functions for returning are created, so we don't have to generate a GRAN_YIELD in that case. This info must be propagated to cgAlgAltRhs (where the GRAN_YIELD macro might be emitted). Hence, the new Bool arg to cgAlgAltRhs. %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[CgCase-alg-alts]{Algebraic alternatives} %* * %************************************************************************ In @cgAlgAlts@, none of the binders in the alternatives are assumed to be yet bound. HWL comment on {\em GrAnSim\/} (adding GRAN_YIELDs for context switch): The last arg of cgAlgAlts indicates if we want a context switch at the beginning of each alternative. Normally we want that. The only exception are inlined alternatives. \begin{code}

    cgAlgAlts :: GCFlag
           -> Maybe VirtualSpOffset
           -> AltType				--  ** AlgAlt or PolyAlt only **
           -> [StgAlt]				-- The alternatives
           -> FCode ( [(ConTagZ, CgStmts)], -- The branches
    		  Maybe CgStmts )	-- The default case

    cgAlgAlts gc_flag cc_slot alt_type alts
      = do alts <- forkAlts [ cgAlgAlt gc_flag cc_slot alt_type alt | alt <- alts]
           let
    	    mb_deflt = case alts of -- DEFAULT is always first, if present
    			 ((DEFAULT,blks) : _) -> Just blks
    			 _    		      -> Nothing

    	    branches = [(dataConTagZ con, blks)
    	   	       | (DataAlt con, blks) <- alts]
           -- in
           return (branches, mb_deflt)

    cgAlgAlt :: GCFlag
          	 -> Maybe VirtualSpOffset	-- Turgid state
          	 -> AltType			--  ** AlgAlt or PolyAlt only **
          	 -> StgAlt
          	 -> FCode (AltCon, CgStmts)

    cgAlgAlt gc_flag cc_slot alt_type (con, args, _use_mask, rhs)
      = do	{ abs_c <- getCgStmts $ do
    		{ bind_con_args con args
    		; restoreCurrentCostCentre cc_slot True
    		; maybeAltHeapCheck gc_flag alt_type (cgExpr rhs) }
    	; return (con, abs_c) }
      where
        bind_con_args DEFAULT      _    = nopC
        bind_con_args (DataAlt dc) args = bindConArgs dc args
        bind_con_args (LitAlt _)   _    = panic "cgAlgAlt: LitAlt"

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[CgCase-prim-alts]{Primitive alternatives} %* * %************************************************************************ @cgPrimAlts@ generates suitable a @CSwitch@ for dealing with the alternatives of a primitive @case@, given an addressing mode for the thing to scrutinise. It also keeps track of the maximum stack depth encountered down any branch. As usual, no binders in the alternatives are yet bound. \begin{code}

    cgPrimAlts :: GCFlag
    	   -> AltType	-- Always PrimAlt, but passed to maybeAltHeapCheck
    	   -> CmmReg	-- Scrutinee
    	   -> [StgAlt]	-- Alternatives
    	   -> Code
    -- NB: cgPrimAlts emits code that does the case analysis.
    -- It's often used in inline situations, rather than to genearte
    -- a labelled return point.  That's why its interface is a little
    -- different to cgAlgAlts
    --
    -- INVARIANT: the default binder is already bound
    cgPrimAlts gc_flag alt_type scrutinee alts
      = do	{ tagged_absCs <- forkAlts (map (cgPrimAlt gc_flag alt_type) alts)
    	; let ((DEFAULT, deflt_absC) : others) = tagged_absCs	-- There is always a default
    	      alt_absCs = [(lit,rhs) | (LitAlt lit, rhs) <- others]
     	; emitLitSwitch (CmmReg scrutinee) alt_absCs deflt_absC }

    cgPrimAlt :: GCFlag
    	  -> AltType
    	  -> StgAlt				-- The alternative
    	  -> FCode (AltCon, CgStmts)	-- Its compiled form

    cgPrimAlt gc_flag alt_type (con, [], [], rhs)
      = ASSERT( case con of { DEFAULT -> True; LitAlt _ -> True; _ -> False } )
        do	{ abs_c <- getCgStmts (maybeAltHeapCheck gc_flag alt_type (cgExpr rhs))
    	; returnFC (con, abs_c) }
    cgPrimAlt _ _ _ = panic "cgPrimAlt: non-empty lists"

\end{code} %************************************************************************ %* * \subsection[CgCase-tidy]{Code for tidying up prior to an eval} %* * %************************************************************************ \begin{code}

    maybeAltHeapCheck
    	:: GCFlag
    	-> AltType	-- PolyAlt, PrimAlt, AlgAlt, but *not* UbxTupAlt
    	-> Code		-- Continuation
    	-> Code
    maybeAltHeapCheck NoGC	      _        code = code
    maybeAltHeapCheck GCMayHappen alt_type code = altHeapCheck alt_type code

    saveVolatileVarsAndRegs
        :: StgLiveVars                    -- Vars which should be made safe
        -> FCode (CmmStmts,  	      -- Assignments to do the saves
    	      EndOfBlockInfo,	      -- sequel for the alts
                  Maybe VirtualSpOffset)  -- Slot for current cost centre

    saveVolatileVarsAndRegs vars
      = do	{ var_saves <- saveVolatileVars vars
    	; (maybe_cc_slot, cc_save) <- saveCurrentCostCentre
    	; eob_info <- getEndOfBlockInfo
    	; returnFC (var_saves `plusStmts` cc_save,
    		    eob_info,
    		    maybe_cc_slot) }

    saveVolatileVars :: StgLiveVars		-- Vars which should be made safe
    		 -> FCode CmmStmts	-- Assignments to to the saves

    saveVolatileVars vars
      = do	{ stmts_s <- mapFCs save_it (varSetElems vars)
    	; return (foldr plusStmts noStmts stmts_s) }
      where
        save_it var
          = do { v <- getCAddrModeIfVolatile var
    	   ; case v of
    		Nothing	        -> return noStmts 	   -- Non-volatile
    		Just vol_amode  -> save_var var vol_amode  -- Aha! It's volatile
    	}

        save_var var vol_amode
          = do { slot <- allocPrimStack (idCgRep var)
    	   ; rebindToStack var slot
    	   ; sp_rel <- getSpRelOffset slot
    	   ; returnFC (oneStmt (CmmStore sp_rel vol_amode)) }

\end{code} --------------------------------------------------------------------------- When we save the current cost centre (which is done for lexical scoping), we allocate a free stack location, and return (a)~the virtual offset of the location, to pass on to the alternatives, and (b)~the assignment to do the save (just as for @saveVolatileVars@). \begin{code}

    saveCurrentCostCentre ::
    	FCode (Maybe VirtualSpOffset,	-- Where we decide to store it
    	       CmmStmts)		-- Assignment to save it

    saveCurrentCostCentre
      | not opt_SccProfilingOn
      = returnFC (Nothing, noStmts)
      | otherwise
      = do	{ slot <- allocPrimStack PtrArg
    	; sp_rel <- getSpRelOffset slot
    	; returnFC (Just slot,
    		    oneStmt (CmmStore sp_rel curCCS)) }

    -- Sometimes we don't free the slot containing the cost centre after restoring it
    -- (see CgLetNoEscape.cgLetNoEscapeBody).
    restoreCurrentCostCentre :: Maybe VirtualSpOffset -> Bool -> Code
    restoreCurrentCostCentre Nothing     _freeit = nopC
    restoreCurrentCostCentre (Just slot) freeit
     = do 	{ sp_rel <- getSpRelOffset slot
    	; whenC freeit (freeStackSlots [slot])
    	; stmtC (CmmStore curCCSAddr (CmmLoad sp_rel bWord)) }

\end{code}