
Allocating Objects on the Heap
******************************

PyObject* _PyObject_New(PyTypeObject *type)
    Return value: New reference.

PyVarObject* _PyObject_NewVar(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
    Return value: New reference.

   Changed in version 2.5: This function used an ``int`` type for
   *size*. This might require changes in your code for properly
   supporting 64-bit systems.

void _PyObject_Del(PyObject *op)

PyObject* PyObject_Init(PyObject *op, PyTypeObject *type)
    Return value: Borrowed reference.

   Initialize a newly-allocated object *op* with its type and initial
   reference.  Returns the initialized object.  If *type* indicates
   that the object participates in the cyclic garbage detector, it is
   added to the detector's set of observed objects. Other fields of
   the object are not affected.

PyVarObject* PyObject_InitVar(PyVarObject *op, PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
    Return value: Borrowed reference.

   This does everything ``PyObject_Init()`` does, and also initializes
   the length information for a variable-size object.

   Changed in version 2.5: This function used an ``int`` type for
   *size*. This might require changes in your code for properly
   supporting 64-bit systems.

TYPE* PyObject_New(TYPE, PyTypeObject *type)
    Return value: New reference.

   Allocate a new Python object using the C structure type *TYPE* and
   the Python type object *type*.  Fields not defined by the Python
   object header are not initialized; the object's reference count
   will be one.  The size of the memory allocation is determined from
   the ``tp_basicsize`` field of the type object.

TYPE* PyObject_NewVar(TYPE, PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
    Return value: New reference.

   Allocate a new Python object using the C structure type *TYPE* and
   the Python type object *type*.  Fields not defined by the Python
   object header are not initialized.  The allocated memory allows for
   the *TYPE* structure plus *size* fields of the size given by the
   ``tp_itemsize`` field of *type*.  This is useful for implementing
   objects like tuples, which are able to determine their size at
   construction time.  Embedding the array of fields into the same
   allocation decreases the number of allocations, improving the
   memory management efficiency.

   Changed in version 2.5: This function used an ``int`` type for
   *size*. This might require changes in your code for properly
   supporting 64-bit systems.

void PyObject_Del(PyObject *op)

   Releases memory allocated to an object using ``PyObject_New()`` or
   ``PyObject_NewVar()``.  This is normally called from the
   ``tp_dealloc`` handler specified in the object's type.  The fields
   of the object should not be accessed after this call as the memory
   is no longer a valid Python object.

PyObject* Py_InitModule(char *name, PyMethodDef *methods)
    Return value: Borrowed reference.

   Create a new module object based on a name and table of functions,
   returning the new module object.

   Changed in version 2.3: Older versions of Python did not support
   *NULL* as the value for the *methods* argument.

PyObject* Py_InitModule3(char *name, PyMethodDef *methods, char *doc)
    Return value: Borrowed reference.

   Create a new module object based on a name and table of functions,
   returning the new module object.  If *doc* is non-*NULL*, it will
   be used to define the docstring for the module.

   Changed in version 2.3: Older versions of Python did not support
   *NULL* as the value for the *methods* argument.

PyObject* Py_InitModule4(char *name, PyMethodDef *methods, char *doc, PyObject *self, int apiver)
    Return value: Borrowed reference.

   Create a new module object based on a name and table of functions,
   returning the new module object.  If *doc* is non-*NULL*, it will
   be used to define the docstring for the module.  If *self* is
   non-*NULL*, it will passed to the functions of the module as their
   (otherwise *NULL*) first parameter.  (This was added as an
   experimental feature, and there are no known uses in the current
   version of Python.)  For *apiver*, the only value which should be
   passed is defined by the constant ``PYTHON_API_VERSION``.

   Note: Most uses of this function should probably be using the
     ``Py_InitModule3()`` instead; only use this if you are sure you
     need it.

   Changed in version 2.3: Older versions of Python did not support
   *NULL* as the value for the *methods* argument.

PyObject _Py_NoneStruct

   Object which is visible in Python as ``None``.  This should only be
   accessed using the ``Py_None`` macro, which evaluates to a pointer
   to this object.
