# 3.5 Bytes and Byte Strings

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▼ | 3 | Built-In Datatypes

3.1 | Booleans
3.2 | Numbers
3.3 | Characters
3.4 | Strings (Unicode)
3.5 | Bytes and Byte Strings
3.6 | Symbols
3.7 | Keywords
3.8 | Pairs and Lists
3.9 | Vectors
3.10 | Hash Tables
3.11 | Boxes
3.12 | Void and Undefined

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#### 3.5`` Bytes and Byte Strings

A byte is an exact integer between 0 and 255, inclusive. The byte? predicate recognizes numbers that represent bytes.

Examples:

> > ( byte? 0)
> #t
> > ( byte? 256)
> #f

A byte string is similar to a string—see Strings (Unicode)—but its content is a sequence of bytes instead of characters. Byte strings can be used in applications that process pure ASCII instead of Unicode text. The printed form of a byte string supports such uses in particular, because a byte string prints like the ASCII decoding of the byte string, but prefixed with a #. Unprintable ASCII characters or non-ASCII bytes in the byte string are written with octal notation.

> > > Reading Strings in The Racket Reference documents the fine points of the syntax of byte strings.

Examples:

> > #"Apple"
> #"Apple"
> > ( bytes-ref #"Apple" 0)
> 65
> > ( make-bytes 3 65)
> #"AAA"
> > ( define b ( make-bytes 2 0))

> > b
> #"\0\0"
> > ( bytes-set! b 0 1)

> > ( bytes-set! b 1 255)

> > b
> #"\1\377"

The display form of a byte string writes its raw bytes to the current output port (see Input and Output). Technically, display of a normal (i.e,. character) string prints the UTF-8 encoding of the string to the current output port, since output is ultimately defined in terms of bytes; display of a byte string, however, writes the raw bytes with no encoding. Along the same lines, when this documentation shows output, it technically shows the UTF-8-decoded form of the output.

Examples:

> > ( display #"Apple")
> Apple

> > ( display "\316\273") ; same as "Î»"
> Î»

> > ( display #"\316\273") ; UTF-8 encoding of λ
> λ

For explicitly converting between strings and byte strings, Racket supports three kinds of encodings directly: UTF-8, Latin-1, and the current locale’s encoding. General facilities for byte-to-byte conversions (especially to and from UTF-8) fill the gap to support arbitrary string encodings.

Examples:

> > ( bytes->string/utf-8 #"\316\273")
> "λ"
> > ( bytes->string/latin-1 #"\316\273")
> "Î»"

> > ( parameterize ([ current-locale "C"]) ; C locale supports ASCII,
> ( bytes->string/locale #"\316\273")) ; only, so...

> bytes->string/locale: byte string is not a valid encoding
> for the current locale
> byte string: #"\316\273"

> > ( let ([cvt ( bytes-open-converter "cp1253" ; Greek code page
> "UTF-8")]
> [dest ( make-bytes 2)])
> ( bytes-convert cvt #"\353" 0 1 dest)
> ( bytes-close-converter cvt)
> ( bytes->string/utf-8 dest))

> "λ"

> > > Byte Strings in The Racket Reference provides more on byte strings and byte-string procedures.

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