Package lxml :: Package html

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# Source Code for Package lxml.html

       1  """The ``lxml.html`` tool set for HTML handling.
       2  """
       3
       4  import threading
       5  import re
       6  try:
       7      from urlparse import urljoin
       8  except ImportError:
       9      # Python 3
      10      from urllib.parse import urljoin
      11  import copy
      12  from lxml import etree
      13  from lxml.html import defs
      14  from lxml import cssselect
      15  from lxml.html._setmixin import SetMixin
      16  try:
      17      from UserDict import DictMixin
      18  except ImportError:
      19      # DictMixin was introduced in Python 2.4
      20      from lxml.html._dictmixin import DictMixin
      21  try:
      22      set
      23  except NameError:
      24      # Python 2.3
      25      from sets import Set as set
      26  try:
      27      bytes = __builtins__["bytes"]
      28  except (KeyError, NameError):
      29      # Python < 2.6
      30      bytes = str
      31  try:
      32      unicode = __builtins__["unicode"]
      33  except (KeyError, NameError):
      34      # Python 3
      35      unicode = str
      36  try:
      37      basestring = __builtins__["basestring"]
      38  except (KeyError, NameError):
      39      # Python 3
      40      basestring = (str, bytes)
      41
      42 -def __fix_docstring(s):
      43      if not s:
      44          return s
      45      import sys
      46      if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
      47          sub = re.compile(r"^(\s*)u'", re.M).sub
      48      else:
      49          sub = re.compile(r"^(\s*)b'", re.M).sub
      50      return sub(r"\1'", s)
      51
      52  __all__ = [
      53      'document_fromstring', 'fragment_fromstring', 'fragments_fromstring', 'fromstring',
      54      'tostring', 'Element', 'defs', 'open_in_browser', 'submit_form',
      55      'find_rel_links', 'find_class', 'make_links_absolute',
      56      'resolve_base_href', 'iterlinks', 'rewrite_links', 'open_in_browser', 'parse']
      57
      58  XHTML_NAMESPACE = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
      59
      60  _rel_links_xpath = etree.XPath("descendant-or-self::a[@rel]|descendant-or-self::x:a[@rel]",
      61                                 namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})
      62  _options_xpath = etree.XPath("descendant-or-self::option|descendant-or-self::x:option",
      63                               namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})
      64  _forms_xpath = etree.XPath("descendant-or-self::form|descendant-or-self::x:form",
      65                             namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})
      66  #_class_xpath = etree.XPath(r"descendant-or-self::*[regexp:match(@class, concat('\b', $class_name, '\b'))]", {'regexp': 'http://exslt.org/regular-expressions'})
      67  _class_xpath = etree.XPath("descendant-or-self::*[@class and contains(concat(' ', normalize-space(@class), ' '), concat(' ', $class_name, ' '))]")
      68  _id_xpath = etree.XPath("descendant-or-self::*[@id=$id]")
      69  _collect_string_content = etree.XPath("string()")
      70  _css_url_re = re.compile(r'url\(('+'["][^"]*["]|'+"['][^']*[']|"+r'[^)]*)\)', re.I)
      71  _css_import_re = re.compile(r'@import "(.*?)"')
      72  _label_xpath = etree.XPath("//label[@for=$id]|//x:label[@for=$id]",
      73                             namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})
      74  _archive_re = re.compile(r'[^ ]+')
      75
      76 -def _unquote_match(s, pos):
      77      if s[:1] == '"' and s[-1:] == '"' or s[:1] == "'" and s[-1:] == "'":
      78          return s[1:-1], pos+1
      79      else:
      80          return s,pos
      81
      82 -def _transform_result(typ, result):
      83      """Convert the result back into the input type.
      84      """
      85      if issubclass(typ, bytes):
      86          return tostring(result, encoding='utf-8')
      87      elif issubclass(typ, unicode):
      88          return tostring(result, encoding=unicode)
      89      else:
      90          return result
      91
      92 -def _nons(tag):
      93      if isinstance(tag, basestring):
      94          if tag[0] == '{' and tag[1:len(XHTML_NAMESPACE)+1] == XHTML_NAMESPACE:
      95              return tag.split('}')[-1]
      96      return tag
      97
      98 -class HtmlMixin(object):
      99
     100 -    def base_url(self):
     101          """
     102          Returns the base URL, given when the page was parsed.
     103
     104          Use with ``urlparse.urljoin(el.base_url, href)`` to get
     105          absolute URLs.
     106          """
     107          return self.getroottree().docinfo.URL
     108      base_url = property(base_url, doc=base_url.__doc__)
     109
     110 -    def forms(self):
     111          """
     112          Return a list of all the forms
     113          """
     114          return _forms_xpath(self)
     115      forms = property(forms, doc=forms.__doc__)
     116
     117 -    def body(self):
     118          """
     119          Return the <body> element.  Can be called from a child element
     120          to get the document's head.
     121          """
     122          return self.xpath('//body|//x:body', namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})[0]
     123      body = property(body, doc=body.__doc__)
     124
     125 -    def head(self):
     126          """
     127          Returns the <head> element.  Can be called from a child
     128          element to get the document's head.
     129          """
     130          return self.xpath('//head|//x:head', namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})[0]
     131      head = property(head, doc=head.__doc__)
     132
     133 -    def _label__get(self):
     134          """
     135          Get or set any <label> element associated with this element.
     136          """
     137          id = self.get('id')
     138          if not id:
     139              return None
     140          result = _label_xpath(self, id=id)
     141          if not result:
     142              return None
     143          else:
     144              return result[0]
     145 -    def _label__set(self, label):
     146          id = self.get('id')
     147          if not id:
     148              raise TypeError(
     149                  "You cannot set a label for an element (%r) that has no id"
     150                  % self)
     151          if _nons(label.tag) != 'label':
     152              raise TypeError(
     153                  "You can only assign label to a label element (not %r)"
     154                  % label)
     155          label.set('for', id)
     156 -    def _label__del(self):
     157          label = self.label
     158          if label is not None:
     159              del label.attrib['for']
     160      label = property(_label__get, _label__set, _label__del, doc=_label__get.__doc__)
     161
     162 -    def drop_tree(self):
     163          """
     164          Removes this element from the tree, including its children and
     165          text.  The tail text is joined to the previous element or
     166          parent.
     167          """
     168          parent = self.getparent()
     169          assert parent is not None
     170          if self.tail:
     171              previous = self.getprevious()
     172              if previous is None:
     173                  parent.text = (parent.text or '') + self.tail
     174              else:
     175                  previous.tail = (previous.tail or '') + self.tail
     176          parent.remove(self)
     177
     178 -    def drop_tag(self):
     179          """
     180          Remove the tag, but not its children or text.  The children and text
     181          are merged into the parent.
     182
     183          Example::
     184
     185              >>> h = fragment_fromstring('<div>Hello <b>World!</b></div>')
     186              >>> h.find('.//b').drop_tag()
     187              >>> print(tostring(h, encoding=unicode))
     188              <div>Hello World!</div>
     189          """
     190          parent = self.getparent()
     191          assert parent is not None
     192          previous = self.getprevious()
     193          if self.text and isinstance(self.tag, basestring):
     194              # not a Comment, etc.
     195              if previous is None:
     196                  parent.text = (parent.text or '') + self.text
     197              else:
     198                  previous.tail = (previous.tail or '') + self.text
     199          if self.tail:
     200              if len(self):
     201                  last = self[-1]
     202                  last.tail = (last.tail or '') + self.tail
     203              elif previous is None:
     204                  parent.text = (parent.text or '') + self.tail
     205              else:
     206                  previous.tail = (previous.tail or '') + self.tail
     207          index = parent.index(self)
     208          parent[index:index+1] = self[:]
     209
     210 -    def find_rel_links(self, rel):
     211          """
     212          Find any links like ``<a rel="{rel}">...</a>``; returns a list of elements.
     213          """
     214          rel = rel.lower()
     215          return [el for el in _rel_links_xpath(self)
     216                  if el.get('rel').lower() == rel]
     217
     218 -    def find_class(self, class_name):
     219          """
     220          Find any elements with the given class name.
     221          """
     222          return _class_xpath(self, class_name=class_name)
     223
     224 -    def get_element_by_id(self, id, *default):
     225          """
     226          Get the first element in a document with the given id.  If none is
     227          found, return the default argument if provided or raise KeyError
     228          otherwise.
     229
     230          Note that there can be more than one element with the same id,
     231          and this isn't uncommon in HTML documents found in the wild.
     232          Browsers return only the first match, and this function does
     233          the same.
     234          """
     235          try:
     236              # FIXME: should this check for multiple matches?
     237              # browsers just return the first one
     238              return _id_xpath(self, id=id)[0]
     239          except IndexError:
     240              if default:
     241                  return default[0]
     242              else:
     243                  raise KeyError(id)
     244
     245 -    def text_content(self):
     246          """
     247          Return the text content of the tag (and the text in any children).
     248          """
     249          return _collect_string_content(self)
     250
     251 -    def cssselect(self, expr):
     252          """
     253          Run the CSS expression on this element and its children,
     254          returning a list of the results.
     255
     256          Equivalent to lxml.cssselect.CSSSelect(expr)(self) -- note
     257          that pre-compiling the expression can provide a substantial
     258          speedup.
     259          """
     260          return cssselect.CSSSelector(expr)(self)
     261
     262      ########################################
     263      ## Link functions
     264      ########################################
     265
     266 -    def make_links_absolute(self, base_url=None, resolve_base_href=True):
     267          """
     268          Make all links in the document absolute, given the
     269          ``base_url`` for the document (the full URL where the document
     270          came from), or if no ``base_url`` is given, then the ``.base_url`` of the document.
     271
     272          If ``resolve_base_href`` is true, then any ``<base href>``
     273          tags in the document are used *and* removed from the document.
     274          If it is false then any such tag is ignored.
     275          """
     276          if base_url is None:
     277              base_url = self.base_url
     278              if base_url is None:
     279                  raise TypeError(
     280                      "No base_url given, and the document has no base_url")
     281          if resolve_base_href:
     282              self.resolve_base_href()
     283          def link_repl(href):
     284              return urljoin(base_url, href)
     285          self.rewrite_links(link_repl)
     286
     287 -    def resolve_base_href(self):
     288          """
     289          Find any ``<base href>`` tag in the document, and apply its
     290          values to all links found in the document.  Also remove the
     291          tag once it has been applied.
     292          """
     293          base_href = None
     294          basetags = self.xpath('//base[@href]|//x:base[@href]', namespaces={'x':XHTML_NAMESPACE})
     295          for b in basetags:
     296              base_href = b.get('href')
     297              b.drop_tree()
     298          if not base_href:
     299              return
     300          self.make_links_absolute(base_href, resolve_base_href=False)
     301
     302 -    def iterlinks(self):
     303          """
     304          Yield (element, attribute, link, pos), where attribute may be None
     305          (indicating the link is in the text).  ``pos`` is the position
     306          where the link occurs; often 0, but sometimes something else in
     307          the case of links in stylesheets or style tags.
     308
     309          Note: <base href> is *not* taken into account in any way.  The
     310          link you get is exactly the link in the document.
     311
     312          Note: multiple links inside of a single text string or
     313          attribute value are returned in reversed order.  This makes it
     314          possible to replace or delete them from the text string value
     315          based on their reported text positions.  Otherwise, a
     316          modification at one text position can change the positions of
     317          links reported later on.
     318          """
     319          link_attrs = defs.link_attrs
     320          for el in self.iter():
     321              attribs = el.attrib
     322              tag = _nons(el.tag)
     323              if tag != 'object':
     324                  for attrib in link_attrs:
     325                      if attrib in attribs:
     326                          yield (el, attrib, attribs[attrib], 0)
     327              elif tag == 'object':
     328                  codebase = None
     329                  ## <object> tags have attributes that are relative to
     330                  ## codebase
     331                  if 'codebase' in attribs:
     332                      codebase = el.get('codebase')
     333                      yield (el, 'codebase', codebase, 0)
     334                  for attrib in 'classid', 'data':
     335                      if attrib in attribs:
     336                          value = el.get(attrib)
     337                          if codebase is not None:
     338                              value = urljoin(codebase, value)
     339                          yield (el, attrib, value, 0)
     340                  if 'archive' in attribs:
     341                      for match in _archive_re.finditer(el.get('archive')):
     342                          value = match.group(0)
     343                          if codebase is not None:
     344                              value = urljoin(codebase, value)
     345                          yield (el, 'archive', value, match.start())
     346              if tag == 'param':
     347                  valuetype = el.get('valuetype') or ''
     348                  if valuetype.lower() == 'ref':
     349                      ## FIXME: while it's fine we *find* this link,
     350                      ## according to the spec we aren't supposed to
     351                      ## actually change the value, including resolving
     352                      ## it.  It can also still be a link, even if it
     353                      ## doesn't have a valuetype="ref" (which seems to be the norm)
     354                      ## http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/struct/objects.html#adef-valuetype
     355                      yield (el, 'value', el.get('value'), 0)
     356              if tag == 'style' and el.text:
     357                  urls = [
     358                      _unquote_match(match.group(1), match.start(1))
     359                      for match in _css_url_re.finditer(el.text)
     360                      ] + [
     361                      (match.group(1), match.start(1))
     362                      for match in _css_import_re.finditer(el.text)
     363                      ]
     364                  if urls:
     365                      # sort by start pos to bring both match sets back into order
     366                      urls = [ (start, url) for (url, start) in urls ]
     367                      urls.sort()
     368                      # reverse the list to report correct positions despite
     369                      # modifications
     370                      urls.reverse()
     371                      for start, url in urls:
     372                          yield (el, None, url, start)
     373              if 'style' in attribs:
     374                  urls = list(_css_url_re.finditer(attribs['style']))
     375                  if urls:
     376                      # return in reversed order to simplify in-place modifications
     377                      for match in urls[::-1]:
     378                          url, start = _unquote_match(match.group(1), match.start(1))
     379                          yield (el, 'style', url, start)
     380
     381 -    def rewrite_links(self, link_repl_func, resolve_base_href=True,
     382                        base_href=None):
     383          """
     384          Rewrite all the links in the document.  For each link
     385          ``link_repl_func(link)`` will be called, and the return value
     386          will replace the old link.
     387
     388          Note that links may not be absolute (unless you first called
     389          ``make_links_absolute()``), and may be internal (e.g.,
     390          ``'#anchor'``).  They can also be values like
     391          ``'mailto:email'`` or ``'javascript:expr'``.
     392
     393          If you give ``base_href`` then all links passed to
     394          ``link_repl_func()`` will take that into account.
     395
     396          If the ``link_repl_func`` returns None, the attribute or
     397          tag text will be removed completely.
     398          """
     399          if base_href is not None:
     400              # FIXME: this can be done in one pass with a wrapper
     401              # around link_repl_func
     402              self.make_links_absolute(base_href, resolve_base_href=resolve_base_href)
     403          elif resolve_base_href:
     404              self.resolve_base_href()
     405          for el, attrib, link, pos in self.iterlinks():
     406              new_link = link_repl_func(link.strip())
     407              if new_link == link:
     408                  continue
     409              if new_link is None:
     410                  # Remove the attribute or element content
     411                  if attrib is None:
     412                      el.text = ''
     413                  else:
     414                      del el.attrib[attrib]
     415                  continue
     416              if attrib is None:
     417                  new = el.text[:pos] + new_link + el.text[pos+len(link):]
     418                  el.text = new
     419              else:
     420                  cur = el.attrib[attrib]
     421                  if not pos and len(cur) == len(link):
     422                      # Most common case
     423                      el.attrib[attrib] = new_link
     424                  else:
     425                      new = cur[:pos] + new_link + cur[pos+len(link):]
     426                      el.attrib[attrib] = new
     427
     428
     429 -class _MethodFunc(object):
     430      """
     431      An object that represents a method on an element as a function;
     432      the function takes either an element or an HTML string.  It
     433      returns whatever the function normally returns, or if the function
     434      works in-place (and so returns None) it returns a serialized form
     435      of the resulting document.
     436      """
     437 -    def __init__(self, name, copy=False, source_class=HtmlMixin):
     438          self.name = name
     439          self.copy = copy
     440          self.__doc__ = getattr(source_class, self.name).__doc__
     441 -    def __call__(self, doc, *args, **kw):
     442          result_type = type(doc)
     443          if isinstance(doc, basestring):
     444              if 'copy' in kw:
     445                  raise TypeError(
     446                      "The keyword 'copy' can only be used with element inputs to %s, not a string input" % self.name)
     447              doc = fromstring(doc, **kw)
     448          else:
     449              if 'copy' in kw:
     450                  make_a_copy = kw.pop('copy')
     451              else:
     452                  make_a_copy = self.copy
     453              if make_a_copy:
     454                  doc = copy.deepcopy(doc)
     455          meth = getattr(doc, self.name)
     456          result = meth(*args, **kw)
     457          # FIXME: this None test is a bit sloppy
     458          if result is None:
     459              # Then return what we got in
     460              return _transform_result(result_type, doc)
     461          else:
     462              return result
     463
     464  find_rel_links = _MethodFunc('find_rel_links', copy=False)
     465  find_class = _MethodFunc('find_class', copy=False)
     466  make_links_absolute = _MethodFunc('make_links_absolute', copy=True)
     467  resolve_base_href = _MethodFunc('resolve_base_href', copy=True)
     468  iterlinks = _MethodFunc('iterlinks', copy=False)
     469  rewrite_links = _MethodFunc('rewrite_links', copy=True)
     470
     471 -class HtmlComment(etree.CommentBase, HtmlMixin):
     472      pass
     473
     474 -class HtmlElement(etree.ElementBase, HtmlMixin):
     475      pass
     476
     477 -class HtmlProcessingInstruction(etree.PIBase, HtmlMixin):
     478      pass
     479
     480 -class HtmlEntity(etree.EntityBase, HtmlMixin):
     481      pass
     482
     483
     484 -class HtmlElementClassLookup(etree.CustomElementClassLookup):
     485      """A lookup scheme for HTML Element classes.
     486
     487      To create a lookup instance with different Element classes, pass a tag
     488      name mapping of Element classes in the ``classes`` keyword argument and/or
     489      a tag name mapping of Mixin classes in the ``mixins`` keyword argument.
     490      The special key '*' denotes a Mixin class that should be mixed into all
     491      Element classes.
     492      """
     493      _default_element_classes = {}
     494
     495 -    def __init__(self, classes=None, mixins=None):
     496          etree.CustomElementClassLookup.__init__(self)
     497          if classes is None:
     498              classes = self._default_element_classes.copy()
     499          if mixins:
     500              mixers = {}
     501              for name, value in mixins:
     502                  if name == '*':
     503                      for n in classes.keys():
     504                          mixers.setdefault(n, []).append(value)
     505                  else:
     506                      mixers.setdefault(name, []).append(value)
     507              for name, mix_bases in mixers.items():
     508                  cur = classes.get(name, HtmlElement)
     509                  bases = tuple(mix_bases + [cur])
     510                  classes[name] = type(cur.__name__, bases, {})
     511          self._element_classes = classes
     512
     513 -    def lookup(self, node_type, document, namespace, name):
     514          if node_type == 'element':
     515              return self._element_classes.get(name.lower(), HtmlElement)
     516          elif node_type == 'comment':
     517              return HtmlComment
     518          elif node_type == 'PI':
     519              return HtmlProcessingInstruction
     520          elif node_type == 'entity':
     521              return HtmlEntity
     522          # Otherwise normal lookup
     523          return None
     524
     525  ################################################################################
     526  # parsing
     527  ################################################################################
     528
     529 -def document_fromstring(html, parser=None, **kw):
     530      if parser is None:
     531          parser = html_parser
     532      value = etree.fromstring(html, parser, **kw)
     533      if value is None:
     534          raise etree.ParserError(
     535              "Document is empty")
     536      return value
     537
     538 -def fragments_fromstring(html, no_leading_text=False, base_url=None,
     539                           parser=None, **kw):
     540      """
     541      Parses several HTML elements, returning a list of elements.
     542
     543      The first item in the list may be a string (though leading
     544      whitespace is removed).  If no_leading_text is true, then it will
     545      be an error if there is leading text, and it will always be a list
     546      of only elements.
     547
     548      base_url will set the document's base_url attribute (and the tree's docinfo.URL)
     549      """
     550      if parser is None:
     551          parser = html_parser
     552      # FIXME: check what happens when you give html with a body, head, etc.
     553      start = html[:20].lstrip().lower()
     554      if not start.startswith('<html') and not start.startswith('<!doctype'):
     555          html = '<html><body>%s</body></html>' % html
     556      doc = document_fromstring(html, parser=parser, base_url=base_url, **kw)
     557      assert _nons(doc.tag) == 'html'
     558      bodies = [e for e in doc if _nons(e.tag) == 'body']
     559      assert len(bodies) == 1, ("too many bodies: %r in %r" % (bodies, html))
     560      body = bodies[0]
     561      elements = []
     562      if no_leading_text and body.text and body.text.strip():
     563          raise etree.ParserError(
     564              "There is leading text: %r" % body.text)
     565      if body.text and body.text.strip():
     566          elements.append(body.text)
     567      elements.extend(body)
     568      # FIXME: removing the reference to the parent artificial document
     569      # would be nice
     570      return elements
     571
     572 -def fragment_fromstring(html, create_parent=False, base_url=None,
     573                          parser=None, **kw):
     574      """
     575      Parses a single HTML element; it is an error if there is more than
     576      one element, or if anything but whitespace precedes or follows the
     577      element.
     578
     579      If create_parent is true (or is a tag name) then a parent node
     580      will be created to encapsulate the HTML in a single element.  In
     581      this case, leading or trailing text is allowed.
     582
     583      base_url will set the document's base_url attribute (and the tree's docinfo.URL)
     584      """
     585      if parser is None:
     586          parser = html_parser
     587
     588      accept_leading_text = bool(create_parent)
     589
     590      elements = fragments_fromstring(
     591          html, parser=parser, no_leading_text=not accept_leading_text,
     592          base_url=base_url, **kw)
     593
     594      if create_parent:
     595          if not isinstance(create_parent, basestring):
     596              create_parent = 'div'
     597          new_root = Element(create_parent)
     598          if elements:
     599              if isinstance(elements[0], basestring):
     600                  new_root.text = elements[0]
     601                  del elements[0]
     602              new_root.extend(elements)
     603          return new_root
     604
     605      if not elements:
     606          raise etree.ParserError('No elements found')
     607      if len(elements) > 1:
     608          raise etree.ParserError(
     609              "Multiple elements found (%s)"
     610              % ', '.join([_element_name(e) for e in elements]))
     611      el = elements[0]
     612      if el.tail and el.tail.strip():
     613          raise etree.ParserError(
     614              "Element followed by text: %r" % el.tail)
     615      el.tail = None
     616      return el
     617
     618 -def fromstring(html, base_url=None, parser=None, **kw):
     619      """
     620      Parse the html, returning a single element/document.
     621
     622      This tries to minimally parse the chunk of text, without knowing if it
     623      is a fragment or a document.
     624
     625      base_url will set the document's base_url attribute (and the tree's docinfo.URL)
     626      """
     627      if parser is None:
     628          parser = html_parser
     629      start = html[:10].lstrip().lower()
     630      if start.startswith('<html') or start.startswith('<!doctype'):
     631          # Looks like a full HTML document
     632          return document_fromstring(html, parser=parser, base_url=base_url, **kw)
     633      # otherwise, lets parse it out...
     634      doc = document_fromstring(html, parser=parser, base_url=base_url, **kw)
     635      bodies = doc.findall('body')
     636      if not bodies:
     637          bodies = doc.findall('{%s}body' % XHTML_NAMESPACE)
     638      if bodies:
     639          body = bodies[0]
     640          if len(bodies) > 1:
     641              # Somehow there are multiple bodies, which is bad, but just
     642              # smash them into one body
     643              for other_body in bodies[1:]:
     644                  if other_body.text:
     645                      if len(body):
     646                          body[-1].tail = (body[-1].tail or '') + other_body.text
     647                      else:
     648                          body.text = (body.text or '') + other_body.text
     649                  body.extend(other_body)
     650                  # We'll ignore tail
     651                  # I guess we are ignoring attributes too
     652                  other_body.drop_tree()
     653      else:
     654          body = None
     655      heads = doc.findall('head')
     656      if not heads:
     657          heads = doc.findall('{%s}head' % XHTML_NAMESPACE)
     658      if heads:
     659          # Well, we have some sort of structure, so lets keep it all
     660          head = heads[0]
     661          if len(heads) > 1:
     662              for other_head in heads[1:]:
     663                  head.extend(other_head)
     664                  # We don't care about text or tail in a head
     665                  other_head.drop_tree()
     666          return doc
     667      if (len(body) == 1 and (not body.text or not body.text.strip())
     668          and (not body[-1].tail or not body[-1].tail.strip())):
     669          # The body has just one element, so it was probably a single
     670          # element passed in
     671          return body[0]
     672      # Now we have a body which represents a bunch of tags which have the
     673      # content that was passed in.  We will create a fake container, which
     674      # is the body tag, except <body> implies too much structure.
     675      if _contains_block_level_tag(body):
     676          body.tag = 'div'
     677      else:
     678          body.tag = 'span'
     679      return body
     680
     681 -def parse(filename_or_url, parser=None, base_url=None, **kw):
     682      """
     683      Parse a filename, URL, or file-like object into an HTML document
     684      tree.  Note: this returns a tree, not an element.  Use
     685      ``parse(...).getroot()`` to get the document root.
     686
     687      You can override the base URL with the ``base_url`` keyword.  This
     688      is most useful when parsing from a file-like object.
     689      """
     690      if parser is None:
     691          parser = html_parser
     692      return etree.parse(filename_or_url, parser, base_url=base_url, **kw)
     693
     694 -def _contains_block_level_tag(el):
     695      # FIXME: I could do this with XPath, but would that just be
     696      # unnecessarily slow?
     697      for el in el.iter():
     698          if _nons(el.tag) in defs.block_tags:
     699              return True
     700      return False
     701
     702 -def _element_name(el):
     703      if isinstance(el, etree.CommentBase):
     704          return 'comment'
     705      elif isinstance(el, basestring):
     706          return 'string'
     707      else:
     708          return _nons(el.tag)
     709
     710  ################################################################################
     711  # form handling
     712  ################################################################################
     713
     714 -class FormElement(HtmlElement):
     715      """
     716      Represents a <form> element.
     717      """
     718
     719 -    def inputs(self):
     720          """
     721          Returns an accessor for all the input elements in the form.
     722
     723          See `InputGetter` for more information about the object.
     724          """
     725          return InputGetter(self)
     726      inputs = property(inputs, doc=inputs.__doc__)
     727
     728 -    def _fields__get(self):
     729          """
     730          Dictionary-like object that represents all the fields in this
     731          form.  You can set values in this dictionary to effect the
     732          form.
     733          """
     734          return FieldsDict(self.inputs)
     735 -    def _fields__set(self, value):
     736          prev_keys = self.fields.keys()
     737          for key, value in value.iteritems():
     738              if key in prev_keys:
     739                  prev_keys.remove(key)
     740              self.fields[key] = value
     741          for key in prev_keys:
     742              if key is None:
     743                  # Case of an unnamed input; these aren't really
     744                  # expressed in form_values() anyway.
     745                  continue
     746              self.fields[key] = None
     747
     748      fields = property(_fields__get, _fields__set, doc=_fields__get.__doc__)
     749
     750 -    def _name(self):
     751          if self.get('name'):
     752              return self.get('name')
     753          elif self.get('id'):
     754              return '#' + self.get('id')
     755          forms = list(self.body.iter('form'))
     756          if not forms:
     757              forms = list(self.body.iter('{%s}form' % XHTML_NAMESPACE))
     758          return str(forms.index(self))
     759
     760 -    def form_values(self):
     761          """
     762          Return a list of tuples of the field values for the form.
     763          This is suitable to be passed to ``urllib.urlencode()``.
     764          """
     765          results = []
     766          for el in self.inputs:
     767              name = el.name
     768              if not name:
     769                  continue
     770              tag = _nons(el.tag)
     771              if tag == 'textarea':
     772                  results.append((name, el.value))
     773              elif tag == 'select':
     774                  value = el.value
     775                  if el.multiple:
     776                      for v in value:
     777                          results.append((name, v))
     778                  elif value is not None:
     779                      results.append((name, el.value))
     780              else:
     781                  assert tag == 'input', (
     782                      "Unexpected tag: %r" % el)
     783                  if el.checkable and not el.checked:
     784                      continue
     785                  if el.type in ('submit', 'image', 'reset'):
     786                      continue
     787                  value = el.value
     788                  if value is not None:
     789                      results.append((name, el.value))
     790          return results
     791
     792 -    def _action__get(self):
     793          """
     794          Get/set the form's ``action`` attribute.
     795          """
     796          base_url = self.base_url
     797          action = self.get('action')
     798          if base_url and action is not None:
     799              return urljoin(base_url, action)
     800          else:
     801              return action
     802 -    def _action__set(self, value):
     803          self.set('action', value)
     804 -    def _action__del(self):
     805          if 'action' in self.attrib:
     806              del self.attrib['action']
     807      action = property(_action__get, _action__set, _action__del, doc=_action__get.__doc__)
     808
     809 -    def _method__get(self):
     810          """
     811          Get/set the form's method.  Always returns a capitalized
     812          string, and defaults to ``'GET'``
     813          """
     814          return self.get('method', 'GET').upper()
     815 -    def _method__set(self, value):
     816          self.set('method', value.upper())
     817      method = property(_method__get, _method__set, doc=_method__get.__doc__)
     818
     819  HtmlElementClassLookup._default_element_classes['form'] = FormElement
     820
     821 -def submit_form(form, extra_values=None, open_http=None):
     822      """
     823      Helper function to submit a form.  Returns a file-like object, as from
     824      ``urllib.urlopen()``.  This object also has a ``.geturl()`` function,
     825      which shows the URL if there were any redirects.
     826
     827      You can use this like::
     828
     829          form = doc.forms[0]
     830          form.inputs['foo'].value = 'bar' # etc
     831          response = form.submit()
     832          doc = parse(response)
     833          doc.make_links_absolute(response.geturl())
     834
     835      To change the HTTP requester, pass a function as ``open_http`` keyword
     836      argument that opens the URL for you.  The function must have the following
     837      signature::
     838
     839          open_http(method, URL, values)
     840
     841      The action is one of 'GET' or 'POST', the URL is the target URL as a
     842      string, and the values are a sequence of ``(name, value)`` tuples with the
     843      form data.
     844      """
     845      values = form.form_values()
     846      if extra_values:
     847          if hasattr(extra_values, 'items'):
     848              extra_values = extra_values.items()
     849          values.extend(extra_values)
     850      if open_http is None:
     851          open_http = open_http_urllib
     852      if form.action:
     853          url = form.action
     854      else:
     855          url = form.base_url
     856      return open_http(form.method, url, values)
     857
     858 -def open_http_urllib(method, url, values):
     859      if not url:
     860          raise ValueError("cannot submit, no URL provided")
     861      ## FIXME: should test that it's not a relative URL or something
     862      try:
     863          from urllib import urlencode, urlopen
     864      except ImportError: # Python 3
     865          from urllib.request import urlopen
     866          from urllib.parse import urlencode
     867      if method == 'GET':
     868          if '?' in url:
     869              url += '&'
     870          else:
     871              url += '?'
     872          url += urlencode(values)
     873          data = None
     874      else:
     875          data = urlencode(values)
     876      return urlopen(url, data)
     877
     878 -class FieldsDict(DictMixin):
     879
     880 -    def __init__(self, inputs):
     881          self.inputs = inputs
     882 -    def __getitem__(self, item):
     883          return self.inputs[item].value
     884 -    def __setitem__(self, item, value):
     885          self.inputs[item].value = value
     886 -    def __delitem__(self, item):
     887          raise KeyError(
     888              "You cannot remove keys from ElementDict")
     889 -    def keys(self):
     890          return self.inputs.keys()
     891 -    def __contains__(self, item):
     892          return item in self.inputs
     893
     894 -    def __repr__(self):
     895          return '<%s for form %s>' % (
     896              self.__class__.__name__,
     897              self.inputs.form._name())
     898
     899 -class InputGetter(object):
     900
     901      """
     902      An accessor that represents all the input fields in a form.
     903
     904      You can get fields by name from this, with
     905      ``form.inputs['field_name']``.  If there are a set of checkboxes
     906      with the same name, they are returned as a list (a `CheckboxGroup`
     907      which also allows value setting).  Radio inputs are handled
     908      similarly.
     909
     910      You can also iterate over this to get all input elements.  This
     911      won't return the same thing as if you get all the names, as
     912      checkboxes and radio elements are returned individually.
     913      """
     914
     915      _name_xpath = etree.XPath(".//*[@name = $name and (local-name(.) = 'select' or local-name(.) = 'input' or local-name(.) = 'textarea')]")
     916      _all_xpath = etree.XPath(".//*[local-name() = 'select' or local-name() = 'input' or local-name() = 'textarea']")
     917
     918 -    def __init__(self, form):
     919          self.form = form
     920
     921 -    def __repr__(self):
     922          return '<%s for form %s>' % (
     923              self.__class__.__name__,
     924              self.form._name())
     925
     926      ## FIXME: there should be more methods, and it's unclear if this is
     927      ## a dictionary-like object or list-like object
     928
     929 -    def __getitem__(self, name):
     930          results = self._name_xpath(self.form, name=name)
     931          if results:
     932              type = results[0].get('type')
     933              if type == 'radio' and len(results) > 1:
     934                  group = RadioGroup(results)
     935                  group.name = name
     936                  return group
     937              elif type == 'checkbox' and len(results) > 1:
     938                  group = CheckboxGroup(results)
     939                  group.name = name
     940                  return group
     941              else:
     942                  # I don't like throwing away elements like this
     943                  return results[0]
     944          else:
     945              raise KeyError(
     946                  "No input element with the name %r" % name)
     947
     948 -    def __contains__(self, name):
     949          results = self._name_xpath(self.form, name=name)
     950          return bool(results)
     951
     952 -    def keys(self):
     953          names = set()
     954          for el in self:
     955              names.add(el.name)
     956          if None in names:
     957              names.remove(None)
     958          return list(names)
     959
     960 -    def __iter__(self):
     961          ## FIXME: kind of dumb to turn a list into an iterator, only
     962          ## to have it likely turned back into a list again :(
     963          return iter(self._all_xpath(self.form))
     964
     965 -class InputMixin(object):
     966
     967      """
     968      Mix-in for all input elements (input, select, and textarea)
     969      """
     970
     971
     972 -    def _name__get(self):
     973          """
     974          Get/set the name of the element
     975          """
     976          return self.get('name')
     977 -    def _name__set(self, value):
     978          self.set('name', value)
     979 -    def _name__del(self):
     980          if 'name' in self.attrib:
     981              del self.attrib['name']
     982      name = property(_name__get, _name__set, _name__del, doc=_name__get.__doc__)
     983
     984 -    def __repr__(self):
     985          type = getattr(self, 'type', None)
     986          if type:
     987              type = ' type=%r' % type
     988          else:
     989              type = ''
     990          return '<%s %x name=%r%s>' % (
     991              self.__class__.__name__, id(self), self.name, type)
     992
     993 -class TextareaElement(InputMixin, HtmlElement):
     994      """
     995      ``<textarea>`` element.  You can get the name with ``.name`` and
     996      get/set the value with ``.value``
     997      """
     998
     999 -    def _value__get(self):
    1000          """
    1001          Get/set the value (which is the contents of this element)
    1002          """
    1003          content = self.text or ''
    1004          if self.tag.startswith("{%s}" % XHTML_NAMESPACE):
    1005              serialisation_method = 'xml'
    1006          else:
    1007              serialisation_method = 'html'
    1008          for el in self:
    1009              # it's rare that we actually get here, so let's not use ''.join()
    1010              content += etree.tostring(el, method=serialisation_method, encoding=unicode)
    1011          return content
    1012 -    def _value__set(self, value):
    1013          del self[:]
    1014          self.text = value
    1015 -    def _value__del(self):
    1016          self.text = ''
    1017          del self[:]
    1018      value = property(_value__get, _value__set, _value__del, doc=_value__get.__doc__)
    1019
    1020  HtmlElementClassLookup._default_element_classes['textarea'] = TextareaElement
    1021
    1022 -class SelectElement(InputMixin, HtmlElement):
    1023      """
    1024      ``<select>`` element.  You can get the name with ``.name``.
    1025
    1026      ``.value`` will be the value of the selected option, unless this
    1027      is a multi-select element (``<select multiple>``), in which case
    1028      it will be a set-like object.  In either case ``.value_options``
    1029      gives the possible values.
    1030
    1031      The boolean attribute ``.multiple`` shows if this is a
    1032      multi-select.
    1033      """
    1034
    1035 -    def _value__get(self):
    1036          """
    1037          Get/set the value of this select (the selected option).
    1038
    1039          If this is a multi-select, this is a set-like object that
    1040          represents all the selected options.
    1041          """
    1042          if self.multiple:
    1043              return MultipleSelectOptions(self)
    1044          for el in _options_xpath(self):
    1045              if el.get('selected') is not None:
    1046                  value = el.get('value')
    1047                  if value is None:
    1048                      value = el.text or ''
    1049                  if value:
    1050                      value = value.strip()
    1051                  return value
    1052          return None
    1053
    1054 -    def _value__set(self, value):
    1055          if self.multiple:
    1056              if isinstance(value, basestring):
    1057                  raise TypeError(
    1058                      "You must pass in a sequence")
    1059              self.value.clear()
    1060              self.value.update(value)
    1061              return
    1062          if value is not None:
    1063              value = value.strip()
    1064              for el in _options_xpath(self):
    1065                  opt_value = el.get('value')
    1066                  if opt_value is None:
    1067                      opt_value = el.text or ''
    1068                  if opt_value:
    1069                      opt_value = opt_value.strip()
    1070                  if opt_value == value:
    1071                      checked_option = el
    1072                      break
    1073              else:
    1074                  raise ValueError(
    1075                      "There is no option with the value of %r" % value)
    1076          for el in _options_xpath(self):
    1077              if 'selected' in el.attrib:
    1078                  del el.attrib['selected']
    1079          if value is not None:
    1080              checked_option.set('selected', '')
    1081
    1082 -    def _value__del(self):
    1083          # FIXME: should del be allowed at all?
    1084          if self.multiple:
    1085              self.value.clear()
    1086          else:
    1087              self.value = None
    1088
    1089      value = property(_value__get, _value__set, _value__del, doc=_value__get.__doc__)
    1090
    1091 -    def value_options(self):
    1092          """
    1093          All the possible values this select can have (the ``value``
    1094          attribute of all the ``<option>`` elements.
    1095          """
    1096          options = []
    1097          for el in _options_xpath(self):
    1098              value = el.get('value')
    1099              if value is None:
    1100                  value = el.text or ''
    1101              if value:
    1102                  value = value.strip()
    1103              options.append(value)
    1104          return options
    1105      value_options = property(value_options, doc=value_options.__doc__)
    1106
    1107 -    def _multiple__get(self):
    1108          """
    1109          Boolean attribute: is there a ``multiple`` attribute on this element.
    1110          """
    1111          return 'multiple' in self.attrib
    1112 -    def _multiple__set(self, value):
    1113          if value:
    1114              self.set('multiple', '')
    1115          elif 'multiple' in self.attrib:
    1116              del self.attrib['multiple']
    1117      multiple = property(_multiple__get, _multiple__set, doc=_multiple__get.__doc__)
    1118
    1119  HtmlElementClassLookup._default_element_classes['select'] = SelectElement
    1120
    1121 -class MultipleSelectOptions(SetMixin):
    1122      """
    1123      Represents all the selected options in a ``<select multiple>`` element.
    1124
    1125      You can add to this set-like option to select an option, or remove
    1126      to unselect the option.
    1127      """
    1128
    1129 -    def __init__(self, select):
    1130          self.select = select
    1131
    1132 -    def options(self):
    1133          """
    1134          Iterator of all the ``<option>`` elements.
    1135          """
    1136          return iter(_options_xpath(self.select))
    1137      options = property(options)
    1138
    1139 -    def __iter__(self):
    1140          for option in self.options:
    1141              if 'selected' in option.attrib:
    1142                  opt_value = option.get('value')
    1143                  if opt_value is None:
    1144                      opt_value = option.text or ''
    1145                  if opt_value:
    1146                      opt_value = opt_value.strip()
    1147                  yield opt_value
    1148
    1149 -    def add(self, item):
    1150          for option in self.options:
    1151              opt_value = option.get('value')
    1152              if opt_value is None:
    1153                  opt_value = option.text or ''
    1154              if opt_value:
    1155                  opt_value = opt_value.strip()
    1156              if opt_value == item:
    1157                  option.set('selected', '')
    1158                  break
    1159          else:
    1160              raise ValueError(
    1161                  "There is no option with the value %r" % item)
    1162
    1163 -    def remove(self, item):
    1164          for option in self.options:
    1165              opt_value = option.get('value')
    1166              if opt_value is None:
    1167                  opt_value = option.text or ''
    1168              if opt_value:
    1169                  opt_value = opt_value.strip()
    1170              if opt_value == item:
    1171                  if 'selected' in option.attrib:
    1172                      del option.attrib['selected']
    1173                  else:
    1174                      raise ValueError(
    1175                          "The option %r is not currently selected" % item)
    1176                  break
    1177          else:
    1178              raise ValueError(
    1179                  "There is not option with the value %r" % item)
    1180
    1181 -    def __repr__(self):
    1182          return '<%s {%s} for select name=%r>' % (
    1183              self.__class__.__name__,
    1184              ', '.join([repr(v) for v in self]),
    1185              self.select.name)
    1186
    1187 -class RadioGroup(list):
    1188      """
    1189      This object represents several ``<input type=radio>`` elements
    1190      that have the same name.
    1191
    1192      You can use this like a list, but also use the property
    1193      ``.value`` to check/uncheck inputs.  Also you can use
    1194      ``.value_options`` to get the possible values.
    1195      """
    1196
    1197 -    def _value__get(self):
    1198          """
    1199          Get/set the value, which checks the radio with that value (and
    1200          unchecks any other value).
    1201          """
    1202          for el in self:
    1203              if 'checked' in el.attrib:
    1204                  return el.get('value')
    1205          return None
    1206
    1207 -    def _value__set(self, value):
    1208          if value is not None:
    1209              for el in self:
    1210                  if el.get('value') == value:
    1211                      checked_option = el
    1212                      break
    1213              else:
    1214                  raise ValueError(
    1215                      "There is no radio input with the value %r" % value)
    1216          for el in self:
    1217              if 'checked' in el.attrib:
    1218                  del el.attrib['checked']
    1219          if value is not None:
    1220              checked_option.set('checked', '')
    1221
    1222 -    def _value__del(self):
    1223          self.value = None
    1224
    1225      value = property(_value__get, _value__set, _value__del, doc=_value__get.__doc__)
    1226
    1227 -    def value_options(self):
    1228          """
    1229          Returns a list of all the possible values.
    1230          """
    1231          return [el.get('value') for el in self]
    1232      value_options = property(value_options, doc=value_options.__doc__)
    1233
    1234 -    def __repr__(self):
    1235          return '%s(%s)' % (
    1236              self.__class__.__name__,
    1237              list.__repr__(self))
    1238
    1239 -class CheckboxGroup(list):
    1240      """
    1241      Represents a group of checkboxes (``<input type=checkbox>``) that
    1242      have the same name.
    1243
    1244      In addition to using this like a list, the ``.value`` attribute
    1245      returns a set-like object that you can add to or remove from to
    1246      check and uncheck checkboxes.  You can also use ``.value_options``
    1247      to get the possible values.
    1248      """
    1249
    1250 -    def _value__get(self):
    1251          """
    1252          Return a set-like object that can be modified to check or
    1253          uncheck individual checkboxes according to their value.
    1254          """
    1255          return CheckboxValues(self)
    1256 -    def _value__set(self, value):
    1257          self.value.clear()
    1258          if not hasattr(value, '__iter__'):
    1259              raise ValueError(
    1260                  "A CheckboxGroup (name=%r) must be set to a sequence (not %r)"
    1261                  % (self[0].name, value))
    1262          self.value.update(value)
    1263 -    def _value__del(self):
    1264          self.value.clear()
    1265      value = property(_value__get, _value__set, _value__del, doc=_value__get.__doc__)
    1266
    1267 -    def __repr__(self):
    1268          return '%s(%s)' % (
    1269              self.__class__.__name__, list.__repr__(self))
    1270
    1271 -class CheckboxValues(SetMixin):
    1272
    1273      """
    1274      Represents the values of the checked checkboxes in a group of
    1275      checkboxes with the same name.
    1276      """
    1277
    1278 -    def __init__(self, group):
    1279          self.group = group
    1280
    1281 -    def __iter__(self):
    1282          return iter([
    1283              el.get('value')
    1284              for el in self.group
    1285              if 'checked' in el.attrib])
    1286
    1287 -    def add(self, value):
    1288          for el in self.group:
    1289              if el.get('value') == value:
    1290                  el.set('checked', '')
    1291                  break
    1292          else:
    1293              raise KeyError("No checkbox with value %r" % value)
    1294
    1295 -    def remove(self, value):
    1296          for el in self.group:
    1297              if el.get('value') == value:
    1298                  if 'checked' in el.attrib:
    1299                      del el.attrib['checked']
    1300                  else:
    1301                      raise KeyError(
    1302                          "The checkbox with value %r was already unchecked" % value)
    1303                  break
    1304          else:
    1305              raise KeyError(
    1306                  "No checkbox with value %r" % value)
    1307
    1308 -    def __repr__(self):
    1309          return '<%s {%s} for checkboxes name=%r>' % (
    1310              self.__class__.__name__,
    1311              ', '.join([repr(v) for v in self]),
    1312              self.group.name)
    1313
    1314 -class InputElement(InputMixin, HtmlElement):
    1315      """
    1316      Represents an ``<input>`` element.
    1317
    1318      You can get the type with ``.type`` (which is lower-cased and
    1319      defaults to ``'text'``).
    1320
    1321      Also you can get and set the value with ``.value``
    1322
    1323      Checkboxes and radios have the attribute ``input.checkable ==
    1324      True`` (for all others it is false) and a boolean attribute
    1325      ``.checked``.
    1326
    1327      """
    1328
    1329      ## FIXME: I'm a little uncomfortable with the use of .checked
    1330 -    def _value__get(self):
    1331          """
    1332          Get/set the value of this element, using the ``value`` attribute.
    1333
    1334          Also, if this is a checkbox and it has no value, this defaults
    1335          to ``'on'``.  If it is a checkbox or radio that is not
    1336          checked, this returns None.
    1337          """
    1338          if self.checkable:
    1339              if self.checked:
    1340                  return self.get('value') or 'on'
    1341              else:
    1342                  return None
    1343          return self.get('value')
    1344 -    def _value__set(self, value):
    1345          if self.checkable:
    1346              if not value:
    1347                  self.checked = False
    1348              else:
    1349                  self.checked = True
    1350                  if isinstance(value, basestring):
    1351                      self.set('value', value)
    1352          else:
    1353              self.set('value', value)
    1354 -    def _value__del(self):
    1355          if self.checkable:
    1356              self.checked = False
    1357          else:
    1358              if 'value' in self.attrib:
    1359                  del self.attrib['value']
    1360      value = property(_value__get, _value__set, _value__del, doc=_value__get.__doc__)
    1361
    1362 -    def _type__get(self):
    1363          """
    1364          Return the type of this element (using the type attribute).
    1365          """
    1366          return self.get('type', 'text').lower()
    1367 -    def _type__set(self, value):
    1368          self.set('type', value)
    1369      type = property(_type__get, _type__set, doc=_type__get.__doc__)
    1370
    1371 -    def checkable(self):
    1372          """
    1373          Boolean: can this element be checked?
    1374          """
    1375          return self.type in ['checkbox', 'radio']
    1376      checkable = property(checkable, doc=checkable.__doc__)
    1377
    1378 -    def _checked__get(self):
    1379          """
    1380          Boolean attribute to get/set the presence of the ``checked``
    1381          attribute.
    1382
    1383          You can only use this on checkable input types.
    1384          """
    1385          if not self.checkable:
    1386              raise AttributeError('Not a checkable input type')
    1387          return 'checked' in self.attrib
    1388 -    def _checked__set(self, value):
    1389          if not self.checkable:
    1390              raise AttributeError('Not a checkable input type')
    1391          if value:
    1392              self.set('checked', '')
    1393          else:
    1394              if 'checked' in self.attrib:
    1395                  del self.attrib['checked']
    1396      checked = property(_checked__get, _checked__set, doc=_checked__get.__doc__)
    1397
    1398  HtmlElementClassLookup._default_element_classes['input'] = InputElement
    1399
    1400 -class LabelElement(HtmlElement):
    1401      """
    1402      Represents a ``<label>`` element.
    1403
    1404      Label elements are linked to other elements with their ``for``
    1405      attribute.  You can access this element with ``label.for_element``.
    1406      """
    1407
    1408 -    def _for_element__get(self):
    1409          """
    1410          Get/set the element this label points to.  Return None if it
    1411          can't be found.
    1412          """
    1413          id = self.get('for')
    1414          if not id:
    1415              return None
    1416          return self.body.get_element_by_id(id)
    1417 -    def _for_element__set(self, other):
    1418          id = other.get('id')
    1419          if not id:
    1420              raise TypeError(
    1421                  "Element %r has no id attribute" % other)
    1422          self.set('for', id)
    1423 -    def _for_element__del(self):
    1424          if 'id' in self.attrib:
    1425              del self.attrib['id']
    1426      for_element = property(_for_element__get, _for_element__set, _for_element__del,
    1427                             doc=_for_element__get.__doc__)
    1428
    1429  HtmlElementClassLookup._default_element_classes['label'] = LabelElement
    1430
    1431  ############################################################
    1432  ## Serialization
    1433  ############################################################
    1434
    1435 -def html_to_xhtml(html):
    1436      """Convert all tags in an HTML tree to XHTML by moving them to the
    1437      XHTML namespace.
    1438      """
    1439      try:
    1440          html = html.getroot()
    1441      except AttributeError:
    1442          pass
    1443      prefix = "{%s}" % XHTML_NAMESPACE
    1444      for el in html.iter():
    1445          tag = el.tag
    1446          if isinstance(tag, basestring):
    1447              if tag[0] != '{':
    1448                  el.tag = prefix + tag
    1449
    1450 -def xhtml_to_html(xhtml):
    1451      """Convert all tags in an XHTML tree to HTML by removing their
    1452      XHTML namespace.
    1453      """
    1454      try:
    1455          xhtml = xhtml.getroot()
    1456      except AttributeError:
    1457          pass
    1458      prefix = "{%s}" % XHTML_NAMESPACE
    1459      prefix_len = len(prefix)
    1460      for el in xhtml.iter(prefix + "*"):
    1461          el.tag = el.tag[prefix_len:]
    1462
    1463  # This isn't a general match, but it's a match for what libxml2
    1464  # specifically serialises:
    1465  __str_replace_meta_content_type = re.compile(
    1466      r'<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"[^>]*>').sub
    1467  __bytes_replace_meta_content_type = re.compile(
    1468      r'<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"[^>]*>'.encode('ASCII')).sub
    1469
    1470 -def tostring(doc, pretty_print=False, include_meta_content_type=False,
    1471               encoding=None, method="html"):
    1472      """Return an HTML string representation of the document.
    1473
    1474      Note: if include_meta_content_type is true this will create a
    1475      ``<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" ...>`` tag in the head;
    1476      regardless of the value of include_meta_content_type any existing
    1477      ``<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" ...>`` tag will be removed
    1478
    1479      The ``encoding`` argument controls the output encoding (defauts to
    1480      ASCII, with &#...; character references for any characters outside
    1481      of ASCII).
    1482
    1483      The ``method`` argument defines the output method.  It defaults to
    1484      'html', but can also be 'xml' for xhtml output, or 'text' to
    1485      serialise to plain text without markup.  Note that you can pass
    1486      the builtin ``unicode`` type as ``encoding`` argument to serialise
    1487      to a unicode string.
    1488
    1489      Example::
    1490
    1491          >>> from lxml import html
    1492          >>> root = html.fragment_fromstring('<p>Hello<br>world!</p>')
    1493
    1494          >>> html.tostring(root)
    1495          b'<p>Hello<br>world!</p>'
    1496          >>> html.tostring(root, method='html')
    1497          b'<p>Hello<br>world!</p>'
    1498
    1499          >>> html.tostring(root, method='xml')
    1500          b'<p>Hello<br/>world!</p>'
    1501
    1502          >>> html.tostring(root, method='text')
    1503          b'Helloworld!'
    1504
    1505          >>> html.tostring(root, method='text', encoding=unicode)
    1506          u'Helloworld!'
    1507      """
    1508      html = etree.tostring(doc, method=method, pretty_print=pretty_print,
    1509                            encoding=encoding)
    1510      if method == 'html' and not include_meta_content_type:
    1511          if isinstance(html, str):
    1512              html = __str_replace_meta_content_type('', html)
    1513          else:
    1514              html = __bytes_replace_meta_content_type(bytes(), html)
    1515      return html
    1516
    1517  tostring.__doc__ = __fix_docstring(tostring.__doc__)
    1518
    1519 -def open_in_browser(doc, encoding=None):
    1520      """
    1521      Open the HTML document in a web browser, saving it to a temporary
    1522      file to open it.  Note that this does not delete the file after
    1523      use.  This is mainly meant for debugging.
    1524      """
    1525      import os
    1526      import webbrowser
    1527      import tempfile
    1528      if not isinstance(doc, etree._ElementTree):
    1529          doc = etree.ElementTree(doc)
    1530      handle, fn = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix='.html')
    1531      f = os.fdopen(handle, 'wb')
    1532      try:
    1533          doc.write(f, method="html", encoding=encoding or doc.docinfo.encoding or "UTF-8")
    1534      finally:
    1535          # we leak the file itself here, but we should at least close it
    1536          f.close()
    1537      url = 'file://' + fn.replace(os.path.sep, '/')
    1538      print(url)
    1539      webbrowser.open(url)
    1540
    1541  ################################################################################
    1542  # configure Element class lookup
    1543  ################################################################################
    1544
    1545 -class HTMLParser(etree.HTMLParser):
    1546      """An HTML parser that is configured to return lxml.html Element
    1547      objects.
    1548      """
    1549 -    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
    1550          super(HTMLParser, self).__init__(**kwargs)
    1551          self.set_element_class_lookup(HtmlElementClassLookup())
    1552
    1553 -class XHTMLParser(etree.XMLParser):
    1554      """An XML parser that is configured to return lxml.html Element
    1555      objects.
    1556
    1557      Note that this parser is not really XHTML aware unless you let it
    1558      load a DTD that declares the HTML entities.  To do this, make sure
    1559      you have the XHTML DTDs installed in your catalogs, and create the
    1560      parser like this::
    1561
    1562          >>> parser = XHTMLParser(load_dtd=True)
    1563
    1564      If you additionally want to validate the document, use this::
    1565
    1566          >>> parser = XHTMLParser(dtd_validation=True)
    1567
    1568      For catalog support, see http://www.xmlsoft.org/catalog.html.
    1569      """
    1570 -    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
    1571          super(XHTMLParser, self).__init__(**kwargs)
    1572          self.set_element_class_lookup(HtmlElementClassLookup())
    1573
    1574 -def Element(*args, **kw):
    1575      """Create a new HTML Element.
    1576
    1577      This can also be used for XHTML documents.
    1578      """
    1579      v = html_parser.makeelement(*args, **kw)
    1580      return v
    1581
    1582  html_parser = HTMLParser()
    1583  xhtml_parser = XHTMLParser()
    1584