
Using Python on a Macintosh
***************************

Author:
   Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to
Python on any other Unix platform, but there are a number of
additional features such as the IDE and the Package Manager that are
worth pointing out.

The Mac-specific modules are documented in *Mac OS X specific
services*.

Python on Mac OS 9 or earlier can be quite different from Python on
Unix or Windows, but is beyond the scope of this manual, as that
platform is no longer supported, starting with Python 2.4. See
http://www.cwi.nl/~jack/macpython for installers for the latest 2.3
release for Mac OS 9 and related documentation.


Getting and Installing MacPython
================================

Mac OS X 10.5 comes with Python 2.5.1 pre-installed by Apple.  If you
wish, you are invited to install the most recent version of Python
from the Python website (http://www.python.org).  A current "universal
binary" build of Python, which runs natively on the Mac's new Intel
and legacy PPC CPU's, is available there.

What you get after installing is a number of things:

* A ``MacPython 2.5`` folder in your ``Applications`` folder. In here
  you find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part
  of official Python distributions; PythonLauncher, which handles
  double-clicking Python scripts from the Finder; and the "Build
  Applet" tool, which allows you to package Python scripts as
  standalone applications on your system.

* A framework ``/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework``, which includes
  the Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this
  location to your shell path. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply
  remove these three things. A symlink to the Python executable is
  placed in /usr/local/bin/.

The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in
``/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework`` and
``/usr/bin/python``, respectively. You should never modify or delete
these, as they are Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-
party software.  Remember that if you choose to install a newer Python
version from python.org, you will have two different but functional
Python installations on your computer, so it will be important that
your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.

IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python
documentation. If you are completely new to Python you should start
reading the tutorial introduction in that document.

If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should
read the section on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.


How to run a Python script
--------------------------

Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the
IDLE integrated development environment, see section *The IDE* and use
the Help menu when the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command
line or from the Finder you first need an editor to create your
script. Mac OS X comes with a number of standard Unix command line
editors, **vim** and **emacs** among them. If you want a more Mac-like
editor, **BBEdit** or **TextWrangler** from Bare Bones Software (see
http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.shtml) are good
choices, as is **TextMate** (see http://macromates.com/). Other
editors include **Gvim** (http://macvim.org) and **Aquamacs**
(http://aquamacs.org/).

To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
``/usr/local/bin`` is in your shell search path.

To run your script from the Finder you have two options:

* Drag it to **PythonLauncher**

* Select **PythonLauncher** as the default application to open your
  script (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and
  double-click it. **PythonLauncher** has various preferences to
  control how your script is launched. Option-dragging allows you to
  change these for one invocation, or use its Preferences menu to
  change things globally.


Running scripts with a GUI
--------------------------

With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you
need to be aware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in
other words, anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way.
Use **pythonw** instead of **python** to start such scripts.

With Python 2.5, you can use either **python** or **pythonw**.


Configuration
-------------

Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such as
``PYTHONPATH``, but setting these variables for programs started from
the Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your
``.profile`` or ``.cshrc`` at startup. You need to create a file ``~
/.MacOSX/environment.plist``. See Apple's Technical Document QA1067
for details.

For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see
section *Installing Additional Python Packages*.


The IDE
=======

MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good
introduction to using IDLE can be found at
http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html.


Installing Additional Python Packages
=====================================

There are several methods to install additional Python packages:

* http://pythonmac.org/packages/ contains selected compiled packages
  for Python 2.5, 2.4, and 2.3.

* Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode
  (``python setup.py install``).

* Many packages can also be installed via the **setuptools**
  extension.


GUI Programming on the Mac
==========================

There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac
with Python.

*PyObjC* is a Python binding to Apple's Objective-C/Cocoa framework,
which is the foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on
PyObjC is available from http://pyobjc.sourceforge.net.

The standard Python GUI toolkit is ``Tkinter``, based on the cross-
platform Tk toolkit (http://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk
is bundled with OS X by Apple, and the latest version can be
downloaded and installed from http://www.activestate.com; it can also
be built from source.

*wxPython* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs
natively on Mac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from
http://www.wxpython.org.

*PyQt* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs
natively on Mac OS X. More information can be found at
http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/intro.


Distributing Python Applications on the Mac
===========================================

The "Build Applet" tool that is placed in the MacPython 2.5 folder is
fine for packaging small Python scripts on your own machine to run as
a standard Mac application. This tool, however, is not robust enough
to distribute Python applications to other users.

The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the
Mac is **py2app**. More information on installing and using py2app can
be found at http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.


Application Scripting
=====================

Python can also be used to script other Mac applications via Apple's
Open Scripting Architecture (OSA); see
http://appscript.sourceforge.net. Appscript is a high-level, user-
friendly Apple event bridge that allows you to control scriptable Mac
OS X applications using ordinary Python scripts. Appscript makes
Python a serious alternative to Apple's own *AppleScript* language for
automating your Mac. A related package, *PyOSA*, is an OSA language
component for the Python scripting language, allowing Python code to
be executed by any OSA-enabled application (Script Editor, Mail,
iTunes, etc.). PyOSA makes Python a full peer to AppleScript.


Other Resources
===============

The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python
users and developers on the Mac:

http://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/

Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki:

http://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython
