▼ |  | DB: Database Connectivity

1 | Using Database Connections
2 | Connections
3 | Queries
4 | SQL Types and Conversions
5 | Utilities
6 | Notes

► | 2 | Connections

2.1 | Base Connections
2.2 | Connection Pooling
2.3 | Virtual Connections
2.4 | Kill-safe Connections
2.5 | Data Source Names
2.6 | Managing Connections
2.7 | System-specific Modules

On this page:

2.1`` Base Connections
postgresql-connect
postgresql-guess-socket-path
mysql-connect
mysql-guess-socket-path
sqlite3-connect
odbc-connect
odbc-driver-connect
odbc-data-sources
odbc-drivers
2.2`` Connection Pooling
connection-pool
connection-pool?
connection-pool-lease
2.3`` Virtual Connections
virtual-connection
2.4`` Kill-safe Connections
kill-safe-connection
2.5`` Data Source Names
data-source
dsn-connect
current-dsn-file
get-dsn
put-dsn
postgresql-data-source
mysql-data-source
sqlite3-data-source
odbc-data-source
2.6`` Managing Connections
connection?
disconnect
connected?
connection-dbsystem
dbsystem?
dbsystem-name
dbsystem-supported-types
2.7`` System-specific Modules

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### 2`` Connections

This section describes functions for creating connections as well as administrative functions for managing connections.

#### 2.1`` Base Connections

There are four kinds of base connection, and they are divided into two groups: wire-based connections and FFI-based connections. PostgreSQL and MySQL connections are wire-based, and SQLite and ODBC connections are FFI-based. See also FFI-Based Connections and Concurrency.

Base connections are made using the following functions.

> > procedure

> > (postgresql-connect |
> > |  | #:user user |
> > |  | #:database database |
> > | [ | #:server server |
> > |  | #:port port |
> > |  | #:socket socket |
> > |  | #:password password |
> > |  | #:allow-cleartext-password? allow-cleartext-password? |
> > |  | #:ssl ssl |
> > |  | #:ssl-context ssl-context |
> > |  | #:notice-handler notice-handler |
> > |  | #:notification-handler notification-handler]) |

> → connection?
> user : string?
> database : string?
> server : string? = "localhost"
> port : exact-positive-integer? = 5432
> socket : (or/c path-string? 'guess #f) = #f
> password : (or/c string? #f) = #f
> allow-cleartext-password? : boolean? = #f
> ssl : (or/c 'yes 'optional 'no) = 'no

> | ssl-context |  | : |  | ssl-client-context?
> |  |  | = |  | (ssl-make-client-context 'sslv3)

> notice-handler

> :

> (or/c 'output 'error output-port?
> (-> string? string? any))

> =

> void

> notification-handler

> :

> (or/c 'output 'error output-port?
> (-> string? any))

> |  |  | = |  | void

Creates a connection to a PostgreSQL server. Only the database and user arguments are mandatory.

By default, the connection is made via TCP to "localhost" at port 5432. To make a different TCP connection, provide one or both of the server and port arguments.

To connect via a local socket, specify the socket path as the socket argument. You must not supply the socket argument if you have also supplied either of the TCP arguments. See also Local Sockets for PostgreSQL and MySQL Servers for notes on socket paths. Supplying a socket argument of 'guess is the same as supplying (postgresql-guess-socket-path). Sockets are only available under Linux (x86) and Mac OS X.

If the server requests password authentication, the password argument must be present; otherwise an exception is raised. If the server does not request password authentication, the password argument is ignored and may be omitted. A connection normally only sends password hashes (using the md5 authentication method). If the server requests a password sent as cleartext (un-hashed), the connection is aborted unless allow-cleartext-password? is true.

If the ssl argument is either 'yes or 'optional, the connection attempts to negotiate an SSL connection. If the server refuses SSL, the connection raises an exception if ssl was set to 'yes or continues with an unencrypted connection if ssl was set to 'optional. By default, SSL provides encryption but does not verify the identity of the server (see this explanation). Host verification can be required via the ssl-context argument; see ssl-set-verify!. Some servers use SSL certificates to authenticate clients; see ssl-load-certificate-chain! and ssl-load-private-key!. SSL may only be used with TCP connections, not with local sockets.

The notice-handler is called on notice messages received asynchronously from the server. A common example is notice of an index created automatically for a table’s primary key. The notice-handler function takes two string arguments: the condition’s SQLSTATE and a message. The notification-handler is called in response to an event notification (see the LISTEN and NOTIFY statements); its argument is the name of the event as a string. An output port may be supplied instead of a procedure, in which case a message is printed to the given port. Finally, the symbol 'output causes the message to be printed to the current output port, and 'error causes the message to be printed to the current error port.

If the connection cannot be made, an exception is raised.

Examples:

> > (postgresql-connect #:server "db.mysite.com"
> #:port 5432
> #:database "webappdb"
> #:user "webapp"
> #:password "ultra5ecret")

> (object:connection% ...)

> > (postgresql-connect #:user "me"
> #:database "me"
> #:password "icecream")

> (object:connection% ...)

> > (postgresql-connect ; Typical socket path
> #:socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"
> #:user "me"
> #:database "me")

> (object:connection% ...)

> > (postgresql-connect #:socket 'guess ; or (postgresql-guess-socket-path)
> #:user "me"
> #:database "me")

> (object:connection% ...)

> > procedure

> > (postgresql-guess-socket-path) → path-string?

Attempts to guess the path for the socket based on conventional locations. This function returns the first such path that exists in the filesystem. It does not check that the path is a socket file, nor that the path is connected to a PostgreSQL server.

If none of the attempted paths exist, an exception is raised.

> > procedure

> > (mysql-connect |  | #:user user |  |  |  |
> > | [ | #:database database |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:server server |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:port port |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:socket socket |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:ssl ssl |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:ssl-context ssl-context |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:password password |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:notice-handler notice-handler]) |  | → |  | connection?

> user : string?
> database : (or/c string? #f) = #f
> server : string? = "localhost"
> port : exact-positive-integer? = 3306
> socket : (or/c path-string? #f) = #f
> ssl : (or/c 'yes 'optional 'no) = 'no

> | ssl-context |  | : |  | ssl-client-context?
> |  |  | = |  | (ssl-make-client-context 'tls)

> password : (or/c string? #f) = #f

> notice-handler

> :

> (or/c 'output 'error output-port?
> (-> exact-nonnegative-integer? string? any))

> |  |  | = |  | void

Creates a connection to a MySQL server. If database is #f, the connection is established without setting the current database; it should be subsequently set with the USE SQL command.

The meaning of the other keyword arguments is similar to those of the postgresql-connect function, except that the first argument to a notice-handler function is a MySQL-specific integer code rather than a SQLSTATE string, and a socket argument of 'guess is the same as supplying (mysql-guess-socket-path).

If the connection cannot be made, an exception is raised.

Examples:

> > (mysql-connect #:server "db.mysite.com"
> #:port 3306
> #:database "webappdb"
> #:user "webapp"
> #:password "ultra5ecret")

> (object:connection% ...)

> > (mysql-connect #:user "me"
> #:database "me"
> #:password "icecream")

> (object:connection% ...)

> > (mysql-connect ; Typical socket path
> #:socket "/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock"
> #:user "me"
> #:database "me")

> (object:connection% ...)

> > (mysql-connect #:socket (mysql-guess-socket-path)
> #:user "me"
> #:database "me")

> (object:connection% ...)

> > procedure

> > (mysql-guess-socket-path) → path-string?

Attempts to guess the path for the socket based on conventional locations. This function returns the first such path that exists in the filesystem. It does not check that the path is a socket file, nor that the path is connected to a MySQL server.

If none of the attempted paths exist, an exception is raised.

> > procedure

> > (sqlite3-connect |  | #:database database |
> > | [ | #:mode mode |
> > |  | #:busy-retry-limit busy-retry-limit |
> > |  | #:busy-retry-delay busy-retry-delay |
> > |  | #:use-place use-place]) |

> → connection?
> database : (or/c path-string? 'memory 'temporary)
> mode : (or/c 'read-only 'read/write 'create) = 'read/write

> | busy-retry-limit |  | : |  | (or/c exact-nonnegative-integer? +inf.0)
> |  |  | = |  | 10

> busy-retry-delay : (and/c rational? (not/c negative?)) = 0.1
> use-place : boolean? = #f

Opens the SQLite database at the file named by database, if database is a string or path. If database is 'temporary, a private disk-based database is created. If database is 'memory, a private memory-based database is created.

If mode is 'read-only, the database is opened in read-only mode. If mode is 'read/write (the default), the database is opened for reading and writing (if filesystem permissions permit). The 'create mode is like 'read/write, except that if the given file does not exist, it is created as a new database.

SQLite uses coarse-grained locking, and many internal operations fail with the SQLITE_BUSY condition when a lock cannot be acquired. When an internal operation fails because the database is busy, the connection sleeps for busy-retry-delay seconds and retries the operation, up to busy-retry-limit additional times. If busy-retry-limit is 0, the operation is only attempted once. If after busy-retry-limit retries the operation still does not succeed, an exception is raised.

If use-place is true, the actual connection is created in a distinct place for database connections and a proxy is returned; see FFI-Based Connections and Concurrency.

If the connection cannot be made, an exception is raised.

Examples:

> > (sqlite3-connect #:database "/path/to/my.db")
> (object:connection% ...)

> > (sqlite3-connect #:database "relpath/to/my.db"
> #:mode 'create)

> (object:connection% ...)

> > procedure

> > (odbc-connect |
> > |  | #:dsn dsn |
> > | [ | #:user user |
> > |  | #:password password |
> > |  | #:notice-handler notice-handler |
> > |  | #:strict-parameter-types? strict-parameter-types? |
> > |  | #:character-mode character-mode |
> > |  | #:use-place use-place]) |

> → connection?
> dsn : string?
> user : (or/c string? #f) = #f
> password : (or/c string? #f) = #f

> notice-handler

> :

> (or/c output-port? 'output 'error
> (-> string? string? any))

> =

> void

> strict-parameter-types? : boolean? = #f
> character-mode : (or/c 'wchar 'utf-8 'latin-1) = 'wchar
> use-place : boolean? = #f

Creates a connection to the ODBC Data Source named dsn. The user and password arguments are optional, since that information may be incorporated into the data source definition, or it might not be relevant to the data source’s driver. The notice-handler argument behaves the same as in postgresql-connect.

If strict-parameter-types? is true, then the connection attempts to determine and enforce specific types for query parameters. See ODBC Types for more details.

By default, connections use ODBC’s SQL_C_WCHAR-based character encoding (as UTF-16) to send and receive Unicode character data. Unfortunately, some drivers’ support for this method is buggy. To use SQL_C_CHAR instead, set character-mode to 'utf-8 or 'latin-1, depending on which encoding the driver uses.

See ODBC Status for notes on specific ODBC drivers and recommendations for connection options.

If use-place is true, the actual connection is created in a distinct place for database connections and a proxy is returned; see FFI-Based Connections and Concurrency.

If the connection cannot be made, an exception is raised.

> > procedure

> > (odbc-driver-connect |
> > |  | connection-string |
> > | [ | #:notice-handler notice-handler |
> > |  | #:strict-parameter-types? strict-parameter-types? |
> > |  | #:character-mode character-mode |
> > |  | #:use-place use-place]) |

> → connection?
> connection-string : string?

> notice-handler

> :

> (or/c output-port? 'output 'error
> (-> string? string? any))

> =

> void

> strict-parameter-types? : boolean? = #f
> character-mode : (or/c 'wchar 'utf-8 'latin-1) = 'wchar
> use-place : boolean? = #f

Creates a connection using an ODBC connection string containing a sequence of keyword and value connection parameters. The syntax of connection strings is described in SQLDriverConnect (see Comments section); supported attributes depend on the driver. The other arguments are the same as in odbc-connect.

If the connection cannot be made, an exception is raised.

> > procedure

> > (odbc-data-sources) → (listof (list/c string? string?))

Returns a list of known ODBC Data Sources. Each data souce is represented by a list of two strings; the first string is the name of the data source, and the second is the name of its associated driver.

> > procedure

> > (odbc-drivers) → (listof (cons/c string? any/c))

Returns a list of known ODBC Drivers. Each driver is represented by a list, the first element of which is the name of the driver. The contents of the rest of each entry is currently undefined.

#### 2.2`` Connection Pooling

Creating a database connection can be a costly operation; it may involve steps such as process creation and SSL negotiation. A connection pool helps reduce connection costs by reusing connections.

> > procedure

> > (connection-pool |  | connect |
> > | [ | #:max-connections max-connections |
> > |  | #:max-idle-connections max-idle-connections]) |

> → connection-pool?
> connect : (-> connection?)
> max-connections : (or/c (integer-in 1 10000) +inf.0) = +inf.0
> max-idle-connections : (or/c (integer-in 1 10000) +inf.0) = 10

Creates a connection pool. The pool consists of up to max-connections, divided between leased connections and up to max-idle-connections idle connections. The pool uses connect to create new connections when needed; the connect function must return a fresh connection each time it is called.

Examples:

> > (define pool
> (connection-pool
> (lambda () (displayln "connecting!") (sqlite3-connect ....))
> #:max-idle-connections 1))

> > (define c1 (connection-pool-lease pool))
> connecting!

> > (define c2 (connection-pool-lease pool))
> connecting!

> > (disconnect c1)

> > (define c3 (connection-pool-lease pool)) ; reuses actual conn. from c1

See also virtual-connection for a mechanism that eliminates the need to explicitly call connection-pool-lease and disconnect.

> > procedure

> > (connection-pool? x) → boolean?

> x : any/c

Returns #t if x is a connection pool, #f otherwise.

> > procedure

> > (connection-pool-lease pool [release]) → connection?

> pool : connection-pool?
> release : (or/c evt? custodian?) = (current-thread)

Obtains a connection from the connection pool, using an existing idle connection in pool if one is available. If no idle connection is available and the pool contains fewer than its maximum allowed connections, a new connection is created; otherwise an exception is raised.

Calling disconnect on the connection obtained causes the connection to be released back to the connection pool. The connection is also released if release becomes available, if it is a synchronizable event, or if release is shutdown, if it is a custodian. The default for release is the current thread, so the resulting connection is released when the thread that requested it terminates.

When a connection is released, it is kept as an idle connection if pool’s idle connection limit would not be exceeded; otherwise, it is disconnected. In either case, if the connection is in a transaction, the transaction is rolled back.

#### 2.3`` Virtual Connections

A virtual connection creates actual connections on demand and automatically releases them when they are no longer needed.

> > procedure

> > (virtual-connection connect) → connection?

> connect : (or/c (-> connection?) connection-pool?)

Creates a virtual connection that creates actual connections on demand using the connect function, or by calling (connection-pool-lease connect) if connect is a connection pool. A virtual connection encapsulates a mapping of threads to actual connections. When a query function is called with a virtual connection, the current thread’s associated actual connection is used to execute the query. If there is no actual connection associated with the current thread, one is obtained by calling connect. An actual connection is disconnected when its associated thread dies.

Virtual connections are especially useful in contexts such as web servlets (see Databases and Web Servlets), where each request is handled in a fresh thread. A single global virtual connection can be defined, freeing each servlet request from explicitly opening and closing its own connections. In particular, a virtual connection backed by a connection pool combines convenience with efficiency:

Example:

> > (define the-connection
> (virtual-connection (connection-pool (lambda () ....))))

The resulting virtual connection leases a connection from the pool on demand for each servlet request thread and releases it when the thread terminates (that is, when the request has been handled).

When given a connection produced by virtual-connection, connected? indicates whether there is an actual connection associated with the current thread. Likewise, disconnect causes the current actual connection associated with the thread (if there is one) to be disconnected, but the connection will be recreated if a query function is executed.

Examples:

> > (define c
> (virtual-connection
> (lambda ()
> (printf "connecting!\n")
> (postgresql-connect ....))))

> > (connected? c)
> #f
> > (query-value c "select 1")
> connecting!
> 1
> > (connected? c)
> #t
> > (void (thread (lambda () (displayln (query-value c "select 2")))))

> connecting!
> 2

> > (disconnect c)

> > (connected? c)
> #f
> > (query-value c "select 3")
> connecting!
> 3

Connections produced by virtual-connection may not be used with the prepare function. However, they may still be used to execute parameterized queries expressed as strings or encapsulated via virtual-statement.

Examples:

> > (prepare c "select 2 + $1")
> prepare: cannot prepare statement with virtual connection
> > (query-value c "select 2 + $1" 2)
> 4
> > (define pst (virtual-statement "select 2 + $1"))

> > (query-value c pst 3)
> 5

#### 2.4`` Kill-safe Connections

> > procedure

> > (kill-safe-connection c) → connection?

> c : connection?

Creates a proxy for connection c. All queries performed through the proxy are kill-safe; that is, if a thread is killed during a call to a query function such as query, the connection will not become locked or damaged. (Connections are normally thread-safe but not kill-safe.)

Note: A kill-safe connection whose underlying connection uses ports to communicate with a database server is not protected from a custodian shutting down its ports.

#### 2.5`` Data Source Names

A DSN (data source name) is a symbol associated with a connection specification in a DSN file. They are inspired by, but distinct from, ODBC’s DSNs.

> > struct

> > (struct |  | data-source (connector args extensions)
> > |  | #:mutable)

> connector : (or/c 'postgresql 'mysql 'sqlite3 'odbc)
> args : list?
> extensions : (listof (list/c symbol? any/c))

Represents a data source. The connector field determines which connection function is used to create the connection. The args field is a partial list of arguments passed to the connection function; additional arguments may be added when dsn-connect is called. The extensions field contains additional information about a connection; for example, this library’s testing framework uses it to store SQL dialect flags.

Data sources can also be created using the postgresql-data-source, etc auxiliary functions.

> > procedure

> > (dsn-connect |  | dsn |  |  |  |
> > | [ | #:dsn-file dsn-file] |  |  |  |
> > |  | arg ... |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:<kw> kw-arg ...) |  | → |  | connection?

> dsn : (or/c symbol? data-source?)
> dsn-file : path-string? = (current-dsn-file)
> arg : any/c
> kw-arg : any/c

Makes a connection using the connection information associated with dsn in dsn-file. The given args and kw-args are added to those specified by dsn to form the complete arguments supplied to the connect function.

If dsn-file does not exist, or if it contains no entry for dsn, an exception is raised. If dsn is a data-source, then dsn-file is ignored.

Examples:

> > (put-dsn 'pg
> (postgresql-data-source #:user "me"
> #:database "mydb"
> #:password "icecream"))

> > (dsn-connect 'pg)
> (object:connection% ...)
> > (dsn-connect 'pg #:notice-handler (lambda (code msg) ....))
> (object:connection% ...)

> > parameter

> > (current-dsn-file) → path-string?

> (current-dsn-file x) → void?
> x : path-string?

A parameter holding the location of the default DSN file. The initial value is a file located immediately within (find-system-path 'prefs-dir).

> > procedure

> > (get-dsn dsn [default #:dsn-file dsn-file])

> → (or/c data-source? any/c)
> dsn : symbol?
> default : any/c = #f
> dsn-file : path-string? = (current-dsn-file)

Returns the data-source associated with dsn in dsn-file.

If dsn-file does not exist, an exception is raised. If dsn-file does not have an entry for dsn, default is called if it is a function or returned otherwise.

> > procedure

> > (put-dsn dsn ds [#:dsn-file dsn-file]) → void?

> dsn : symbol?
> ds : (or/c data-source? #f)
> dsn-file : path-string? = (current-dsn-file)

Associates dsn with the given data source ds in dsn-file, replacing the previous association, if one exists.

> > procedure

> > (postgresql-data-source |
> > | [ | #:user user |
> > |  | #:database database |
> > |  | #:server server |
> > |  | #:port port |
> > |  | #:socket socket |
> > |  | #:password password |
> > |  | #:allow-cleartext-password? allow-cleartext-password? |
> > |  | #:ssl ssl |
> > |  | #:notice-handler notice-handler |
> > |  | #:notification-handler notification-handler]) |

> → data-source?
> user : string? = absent
> database : string? = absent
> server : string? = absent
> port : exact-positive-integer? = absent
> socket : (or/c path-string? 'guess #f) = absent
> password : (or/c string? #f) = absent
> allow-cleartext-password? : boolean? = absent
> ssl : (or/c 'yes 'optional 'no) = absent
> notice-handler : (or/c 'output 'error) = absent
> notification-handler : (or/c 'output 'error) = absent

> > procedure

> > (mysql-data-source | [ | #:user user |
> > |  | #:database database |
> > |  | #:server server |
> > |  | #:port port |
> > |  | #:socket socket |
> > |  | #:ssl ssl |
> > |  | #:password password |
> > |  | #:notice-handler notice-handler]) |

> → data-source?
> user : string? = absent
> database : (or/c string? #f) = absent
> server : string? = absent
> port : exact-positive-integer? = absent
> socket : (or/c path-string? 'guess #f) = absent
> ssl : (or/c 'yes 'optional 'no) = absent
> password : (or/c string? #f) = absent
> notice-handler : (or/c 'output 'error) = absent

> > procedure

> > (sqlite3-data-source | [ | #:database database |
> > |  | #:mode mode |
> > |  | #:busy-retry-limit busy-retry-limit |
> > |  | #:busy-retry-delay busy-retry-delay |
> > |  | #:use-place use-place]) |

> → data-source?
> database : (or/c path-string? 'memory 'temporary) = absent
> mode : (or/c 'read-only 'read/write 'create) = absent

> | busy-retry-limit |  | : |  | (or/c exact-nonnegative-integer? +inf.0)
> |  |  | = |  | absent

> | busy-retry-delay |  | : |  | (and/c rational? (not/c negative?))
> |  |  | = |  | absent

> use-place : boolean? = absent

> > procedure

> > (odbc-data-source |
> > | [ | #:dsn dsn |
> > |  | #:database database |
> > |  | #:user user |
> > |  | #:password password |
> > |  | #:notice-handler notice-handler |
> > |  | #:strict-parameter-types? strict-parameter-types? |
> > |  | #:character-mode character-mode]) |

> → data-source?
> dsn : (or/c string? #f) = absent
> database : (or/c string? #f) = absent
> user : (or/c string? #f) = absent
> password : (or/c string? #f) = absent
> notice-handler : (or/c 'output 'error) = absent
> strict-parameter-types? : boolean? = absent
> character-mode : (or/c 'wchar 'utf-8 'latin-1) = absent

Analogues of postgresql-connect, mysql-connect, sqlite3-connect, and odbc-connect, respectively, that return a data-source describing the (partial) connection information. All arguments are optional, even those that are mandatory in the corresponding connection function; the missing arguments must be supplied when dsn-connect is called.

#### 2.6`` Managing Connections

> > procedure

> > (connection? x) → boolean?

> x : any/c

Returns #t if x is a connection, #f otherwise.

> > procedure

> > (disconnect connection) → void?

> connection : connection?

Closes the connection.

> > procedure

> > (connected? connection) → boolean?

> connection : connection?

Returns #t if connection is connected, #f otherwise.

> > procedure

> > (connection-dbsystem connection) → dbsystem?

> connection : connection?

Gets an object encapsulating information about the database system of connection.

> > procedure

> > (dbsystem? x) → boolean?

> x : any/c

Predicate for objects representing database systems.

> > procedure

> > (dbsystem-name sys) → symbol?

> sys : dbsystem?

Returns a symbol that identifies the database system. Currently one of the following:

- 'postgresql

- 'mysql

- 'sqlite3

- 'odbc

> > procedure

> > (dbsystem-supported-types sys) → (listof symbol?)

> sys : dbsystem?

Returns a list of symbols identifying types supported by the database system. See SQL Type Conversions.

#### 2.7`` System-specific Modules

The db module exports all of the functions listed in this manual except those described in Utilities. The database system-specific connection modules are loaded lazily to avoid unnecessary dependencies on foreign libraries.

The following modules provide subsets of the bindings described in this manual.

(require db/base)

Provides all generic connection operations (those described in Managing Connections and Queries) and SQL data support (SQL Types and Conversions).

(require db/postgresql)

Provides only postgresql-connect and postgresql-guess-socket-path.

(require db/mysql)

Provides only mysql-connect and mysql-guess-socket-path.

(require db/sqlite3)

Provides only sqlite3-connect. In contrast to db, this module immediately attempts to load the SQLite native library when required, and it raises an exception if it cannot be found.

(require db/odbc)

Provides only odbc-connect, odbc-driver-connect, odbc-data-sources, and odbc-drivers. In contrast to db, this module immediately attempts to load the ODBC native library when required, and it raises an exception if it cannot be found.

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