# Dive Into Python

Python for experienced programmers

Find:

## 4.7. Quoting attribute values

A common question on comp.lang.python is “I have a bunch of HTML documents with unquoted attribute values, and I want to properly quote them all. How can I do this?”[10] (This is generally precipitated by a project manager who has found the HTML-is-a-standard religion joining a large project and proclaiming that all pages must validate against an HTML validator. Unquoted attribute values are a common violation of the HTML standard.) Whatever the reason, unquoted attribute values are easy to fix by feeding HTML through `BaseHTMLProcessor`.

`BaseHTMLProcessor` consumes HTML (since it’s descended from `SGMLParser`) and produces equivalent HTML, but the HTML output is not identical to the input. Tags and attribute names will end up in lowercase, even if they started in uppercase or mixed case, and attribute values will be enclosed in double quotes, even if they started in single quotes or with no quotes at all. It is this last side effect that we can take advantage of.

### Example 4.15. Quoting attribute values

    >>> htmlSource = """
    ...     <html>
    ...     <head>
    ...     <title>Test page</title>
    ...     </head>
    ...     <body>
    ...     <ul>
    ...     <li><a href=index.html>Home</a></li>
    ...     <li><a href=toc.html>Table of contents</a></li>
    ...     <li><a href=history.html>Revision history</a></li>
    ...     </body>
    ...     </html>
    ...     """
    >>> from BaseHTMLProcessor import BaseHTMLProcessor
    >>> parser = BaseHTMLProcessor()
    >>> parser.feed(htmlSource)
    >>> print parser.output()
    <html>
    <head>
    <title>Test page</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <ul>
    <li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
    <li><a href="toc.html">Table of contents</a></li>
    <li><a href="history.html">Revision history</a></li>
    </body>
    </html>

| Note that the attribute values of the `href` attributes in the `<a>` tags are not properly quoted. (Also note that we’re using triple quotes for something other than a `doc string`. And directly in the IDE, no less. They’re very useful.)
| Feed the parser.

Using the `output` function defined in `BaseHTMLProcessor`, we get the output as a single string, complete with quoted attribute values. While this may seem anti-climactic, think about how much has actually happened here: `SGMLParser` parsed the entire HTML document, breaking it down into tags, refs, data, and so forth; `BaseHTMLProcessor` used those elements to reconstruct pieces of HTML (which are still stored in `parser.pieces`, if you want to see them); finally, we called `parser.output`, which joined all the pieces of HTML into one string.

### Footnotes

[10] All right, it’s not that common a question. It’s not up there with “What editor should I use to write Python code?” (answer: Emacs) or “Is Python better or worse than Perl?” (answer: “Perl is worse than Python because people wanted it worse.” -Larry Wall, 10/14/1998) But questions about HTML processing pop up in one form or another about once a month, and among those questions, this is a popular one.