# Dive Into Python

Python for experienced programmers

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## 2.6. The peculiar nature of `and` and `or`

In Python, `and` and `or` perform boolean logic as you would expect, but they do not return boolean values; they return one of the actual values they are comparing.

### Example 2.16. Introducing `and`

    >>> 'a' and 'b'
    'b'
    >>> '' and 'b'
    ''
    >>> 'a' and 'b' and 'c'
    'c'

| When using `and`, values are evaluated in a boolean context from left to right. `0`, `''`, `[]`, `()`, `{}`, and `None` are false in a boolean context; everything else is true.[3] If all values are true in a boolean context, `and` returns the last value. In this case, `and` evaluates `'a'`, which is true, then `'b'`, which is true, and returns `'b'`.
| If any value is false in a boolean context, `and` returns the first false value. In this case, `''` is the first false value.
| All values are true, so `and` returns the last value, `'c'`.

### Example 2.17. Introducing `or`

    >>> 'a' or 'b'
    'a'
    >>> '' or 'b'
    'b'
    >>> '' or [] or {}
    {}
    >>> def sidefx():
    ...     print "in sidefx()"
    ...     return 1
    >>> 'a' or sidefx()
    'a'

| When using `or`, values are evaluated in a boolean context from left to right, just like `and`. If any value is true, `or` returns that value immediately. In this case, `'a'` is the first true value.
| `or` evaluates `''`, which is false, then `'b'`, which is true, and returns `'b'`.
| If all values are false, `or` returns the last value. `or` evaluates `''`, which is false, then `[]`, which is false, then `{}`, which is false, and returns `{}`.
| Note that `or` only evaluates values until it finds one that is true in a boolean context, and then it ignores the rest. This distinction is important if some values can have side effects. Here, the function `sidefx` is never called, because `or` evaluates `'a'`, which is true, and returns `'a'` immediately.

If you’re a C hacker, you are certainly familiar with the `bool ? `a` : `b`` expression, which evaluates to `a` if `bool` is true, and `b` otherwise. Because of the way `and` and `or` work in Python, you can accomplish the same thing.

### Example 2.18. Introducing the `and-or` trick

    >>> a = "first"
    >>> b = "second"
    >>> 1 and a or b
    'first'
    >>> 0 and a or b
    'second'

| This syntax looks similar to the `bool ? `a` : `b`` expression in C. The entire expression is evaluated from left to right, so the `and` is evaluated first. `1 and 'first'` evalutes to `'first'`, then `'first' or 'second'` evalutes to `'first'`.
| `0 and 'first'` evalutes to `0`, then `0 or 'second'` evaluates to `’second'`.

However, since this Python expression is simply boolean logic, and not a special construct of the language, there is one very, very, very important difference between this `and-or` trick in Python and the `bool ? `a` : `b`` syntax in C. If the value of `a` is false, the expression will not work as you would expect it to. (Can you tell I was bitten by this? More than once?)

### Example 2.19. When the `and-or` trick fails

    >>> a = ""
    >>> b = "second"
    >>> 1 and a or b
    'second'

| Since `a` is an empty string, which Python considers false in a boolean context, `1 and ''` evalutes to `''`, then `'' or 'second'` evalutes to `'second'`. Oops! That’s not what we wanted.

The `and-or` trick, `bool and `a` or `b``, will not work like the C expression `bool ? `a` : `b`` when `a` is false in a boolean context.

The real trick behind the `and-or` trick, then, is to make sure that the value of `a` is never false. One common way of doing this is to turn `a` into `[`a`]` and `b` into `[`b`]`, then taking the first element of the returned list, which will be either `a` or `b`.

### Example 2.20. Using the `and-or` trick safely

    >>> a = ""
    >>> b = "second"
    >>> (1 and [a] or [b])[0]
    ''

| Since `[`a`]` is a non-empty list, it is never false. Even if `a` is `0` or `''` or some other false value, the list `[`a`]` is true because it has one element.

By now, this trick may seem like more trouble than it’s worth. You could, after all, accomplish the same thing with an `if` statement, so why go through all this fuss? Well, in many cases, you are choosing between two constant values, so you can use the simpler syntax and not worry, because you know that the `a` value will always be true. And even if you have to use the more complicated safe form, there are good reasons to do so; there are some cases in Python where `if` statements are not allowed, like `lambda` functions.

### Further reading

- Python Cookbook discusses alternatives to the `and-or` trick.

### Footnotes

[3] Well, almost everything. By default, instances of classes are true in a boolean context, but you can define special methods in your class to make an instance evaluate to false. You’ll learn all about classes and special methods in chapter 3.