EXPLAIN(7)

NAME
EXPLAIN - show the execution plan of a statement

SYNOPSIS

EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] query

  INPUTS

ANALYZE
    Flag to carry out the query and show actual run times.

VERBOSE
    Flag to show detailed query plan dump.

query
    Any query.

  OUTPUTS

Query plan
    Explicit query plan from the PostgreSQL planner.

    Note: Prior to PostgreSQL 7.3, the query plan was emitted in the form of a NOTICE message. Now it appears as a query result (formatted like a table with a single text column).

DESCRIPTION

This command displays the execution plan that the PostgreSQL planner generates for the supplied query. The execution plan shows how the table(s) referenced by the query will be scanned---by plain sequential scan, index scan, etc.---and if multiple tables are referenced, what join algorithms will be used to bring together the required tuples from each input table.

The most critical part of the display is the estimated query execution cost, which is the planner's guess at how long it will take to run the query (measured in units of disk page fetches). Actually two numbers are shown: the start-up time before the first tuple can be returned, and the total time to return all the tuples. For most queries the total time is what matters, but in contexts such as an EXISTS sub-query the planner will choose the smallest start-up time instead of the smallest total time (since the executor will stop after getting one tuple, anyway). Also, if you limit the number of tuples to return with a LIMIT clause, the planner makes an appropriate interpolation between the endpoint costs to estimate which plan is really the cheapest.

The ANALYZE option causes the query to be actually executed, not only planned. The total elapsed time expended within each plan node (in milliseconds) and total number of rows it actually returned are added to the display. This is useful for seeing whether the planner's estimates are close to reality.

    Caution: Keep in mind that the query is actually executed when ANALYZE is used. Although EXPLAIN will discard any output that a SELECT would return, other side-effects of the query will happen as usual. If you wish to use EXPLAIN ANALYZE on an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE query without letting the query affect your data, use this approach:

    BEGIN;
    EXPLAIN ANALYZE ...;
    ROLLBACK;

The VERBOSE option emits the full internal representation of the plan tree, rather than just a summary. Usually this option is only useful for debugging PostgreSQL. The VERBOSE dump is either pretty-printed or not, depending on the setting of the EXPLAIN_PRETTY_PRINT configuration parameter.

  NOTES

There is only sparse documentation on the optimizer's use of cost information in PostgreSQL. Refer to the User's Guide and Programmer's Guide for more information.

USAGE

To show a query plan for a simple query on a table with a single int4 column and 10000 rows:

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM foo;
                           QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------
 Seq Scan on foo  (cost=0.00..155.00 rows=10000 width=4)
(1 row)

If there is an index and we use a query with an indexable WHERE condition, EXPLAIN will show a different plan:

EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM foo WHERE i = 4;
                             QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------
 Index Scan using fi on foo  (cost=0.00..5.98 rows=1 width=4)
   Index Cond: (i = 4)
(2 rows)

And here is an example of a query plan for a query using an aggregate function:

EXPLAIN SELECT sum(i) FROM foo WHERE i < 10;
                                 QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------
 Aggregate  (cost=23.93..23.93 rows=1 width=4)
   ->  Index Scan using fi on foo  (cost=0.00..23.92 rows=6 width=4)
         Index Cond: (i < 10)
(3 rows)

Note that the specific numbers shown, and even the selected query strategy, may vary between PostgreSQL releases due to planner improvements.

COMPATIBILITY

  SQL92

There is no EXPLAIN statement defined in SQL92.