=for rcs $Id: tutorial.pod,v 1.5 2005/03/31 14:09:13 dk Exp $

=head1 NAME

Prima::tutorial - introductory tutorial

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Programming graphic interfaces is often considered somewhat boring, and not
without a cause. It is a small pride in knowing that your buttons and
scrollbars work exactly as millions of others buttons and scrollbars do, so
whichever GUI toolkit is chosen, it is usually regarded as a tool of small
importance, and the less obtrusive, the better. Given that, and trying to live
up to the famous Perl 'making easy things easy and hard things possible' mantra,
this manual page is an introductory tutorial meant to show how to write easy
things easy. The hard things are explained in the other Prima manual pages
( see L<Prima> ).

=head1 Introduction - a "Hello world" program

Prima is written and is expected to be used in some traditions of Perl coding,
such as DWIM ( do what I mean ) or TMTOWTDI ( there are more than one way to do it).
Perl itself is language (arguably) most effective in small programs, as the programmer
doesn't need to include lines and lines of prerequisite code before even getting
to the problem itself. Prima can't compete with that, but the introductory fee
is low; a minimal working 'Hello world' can be written in three lines of code:

	use Prima qw(Application);
	Prima::MainWindow-> new( text => 'Hello world!');
	run Prima;


=for podview <img src="tutorial/hello1.gif">

Line 1 here is the invocation of modules I<Prima> and I<Prima::Application>. Sure,
one can explicitly invoke both C<use Prima> and C<use Prima::Application> etc etc,
but as module Prima doesn't export method names, the exemplified syntax is well-suited
for such a compression.

Line 2 creates a window of I<Prima::MainWindow> class, which is visualized as a
screen window, titled as 'Hello world'. The class terminates the application
when the window is closed; this is the only difference from 'Window' windows,
that do nothing after their closing. From here, C<Prima::> prefix in class names
will be omitted, and will be used only when necessary, such as in code
examples.

Line 3 enters the Prima event loop. The loop is terminated when the only instance
of I<Application> class, created by C<use Prima::Application> invocation and
stored in C<$::application> scalar, is destroyed.

Strictly speaking, a minimal 'hello world' program can be written even in two
lines:

	use Prima;
	Prima::message('Hello world');


=for podview <img src="tutorial/hello2.gif">

but it is not illustrative and not useful. C<Prima::message> is rarely used, 
and is one of few methods contained in C<Prima::> namespace. To display a 
message, the I<MsgBox> module is often preferred, with its control over message
buttons and pre-defined icons. With its use, the code above can be rewritten
as

	use Prima qw(Application MsgBox);
	message('Hello world');


=for podview <img src="tutorial/hello3.gif">

but where C<Prima::message> accepts the only text scalar parameters, C<Prima::MsgBox::message>
can do lot more. For example 

	use Prima qw(Application MsgBox);
	message('Hello world', mb::OkCancel|mb::Information);


=for podview <img src="tutorial/hello4.gif">

displays two buttons and an icon. A small achievement, but the following is a bit more interesting:

	use Prima qw(Application MsgBox);
	message('Hello world', mb::OkCancel|mb::Information, {
		buttons => {
			mb::Cancel => {
				# there are predefined color constants to use
				backColor => cl::LightGreen,
				# but RGB integers are also o.k. 
				color     => 0xFFFFFF,
			},
			mb::Ok => {
				text 	=> 'Indeed',
			},
		}
	});


=for podview <img src="tutorial/hello5.gif">

The definition of many object properties at once is a major feature of Prima, and is seen
throughout the toolkit. Returning back to the very first example, we can demonstrate
the manipulation of the window properties in the same fashion:

	use Prima qw(Application);
	my $window = Prima::MainWindow-> new( 
		text => 'Hello world!',
		backColor => cl::Yellow,
		size => [ 200, 200],
	);
	run Prima;

Note that the C<size> property is a two-integer array, and color constant is registered
in C<cl::> namespace. In Prima there is a number of such two- and three-letter namespaces,
containing usually integer constants for various purposes. The design reason for choosing
such syntax over string constants ( as in Perl-Tk, such as C<< color => 'yellow' >> ) is that
the syntax is checked on the compilation stage, thus narrowing the possibility of a bug.

There are over a hundred properties, such as color, text, or size, defined on descendants
of I<Widget> class. These can be set in C<new> ( alias C<create> ) call, or referred later,
either individually

	$window-> size( 300, 150);

or in a group

	$window-> set(
		text => 'Hello again',
		color => cl::Black,
	);

In addition to these, there are also more than 30 events, called whenever a certain
action is performed; the events have syntax identical to the properties. Changing the code again,
we can catch a mouse click on the window:

	use Prima qw(Application MsgBox);
	my $window = Prima::MainWindow-> new( 
		text => 'Hello world!',
		size => [ 200, 200],
		onMouseDown => sub {
			my ( $self, $button, $mod, $x, $y) = @_;
			message("Aww! You've clicked me right in $x:$y!");
		},
	);
	run Prima;

While an interesting concept, it is not really practical if the only thing
you want is to catch a click, and this is the part where a standard button 
is probably should be preferred:

	use Prima qw(Application Buttons MsgBox);
	my $window = Prima::MainWindow-> new( 
		text     => 'Hello world!',
		size     => [ 200, 200],
	);
	$window-> insert( Button => 
		text     => 'Click me',
		growMode => gm::Center,
		onClick  => sub { message("Hello!") }
	);
	run Prima;


=for podview <img src="tutorial/hello6.gif">

For those who know Perl-Tk and prefer its ways to position a widget, Prima
provides I<pack> and I<place> interfaces. Here one can replace the line

	growMode => gm::Center,
	
to 

	pack     => { expand => 1 },

with exactly the same effect.

=head1 Widgets overview

Prima contains a set of standard ( in GUI terms ) widgets, such as
buttons, input lines, list boxes, scroll bars, etc etc. These are
diluted with the other more exotic widgets, such as POD viewer
or docking windows. Technically, these are collected in C<Prima/*.pm>
modules and each contains its own manual page, but for informational
reasons here is the table of these, an excerpt of C<Prima> manpage:

L<Prima::Buttons> - buttons and button grouping widgets 

L<Prima::Calendar> - calendar widget 

L<Prima::ComboBox> - combo box widget 

L<Prima::DetailedList> - multi-column list viewer with controlling header widget

L<Prima::DetailedOutline> - a multi-column outline viewer with controlling header widget

L<Prima::DockManager> - advanced dockable widgets

L<Prima::Docks> - dockable widgets

L<Prima::Edit> - text editor widget

L<Prima::ExtLists> - listbox with checkboxes

L<Prima::FrameSet> - frameset widget class

L<Prima::Grids> - grid widgets

L<Prima::Header> - a multi-tabbed header widget

L<Prima::ImageViewer> - bitmap viewer

L<Prima::InputLine> - input line widget

L<Prima::Label> - static text widget 

L<Prima::Lists> - user-selectable item list widgets

L<Prima::MDI> - top-level windows emulation classes

L<Prima::Notebooks> - multipage widgets

L<Prima::Outlines> - tree view widgets

L<Prima::PodView> - POD browser widget

L<Prima::ScrollBar> - scroll bars

L<Prima::Sliders> - sliding bars, spin buttons and input lines, dial widget etc.

L<Prima::TextView> - rich text browser widget

=head1 Building a menu

In Prima, a tree-like menu is built by passing a nested set of arrays, where
each array corresponds to a single menu entry. Such as, to modify the
hello-world program to contain a simple menu, it is enough to write this:
	
	use Prima qw(Application MsgBox);
	my $window = Prima::MainWindow-> new( 
		text => 'Hello world!',
		menuItems => [
			[ '~File' => [
				['~Open', 'Ctrl+O', '^O', sub { message('open!') }],
				['~Save as...', sub { message('save as!') }],
				[],
				['~Exit', 'Alt+X', km::Alt | ord('X'), sub { shift-> close } ],
			]],
		],
	);
	run Prima;

=for podview <img src="tutorial/menu1.gif">

Each of five arrays here in the example is written using different semantics, to represent
either a text menu item, a sub-menu entry, or a menu separator. Strictly speaking, menus
can also display images, but that syntax is practically identical to the text item syntax.

The idea behind all this complexity is to be able to tell what exactly the menu item is, just by
looking at the number of items in each array. So, zero or one items are treated as a menu
separator:

	[],
	[ 'my_separator' ]

The one-item syntax is needed when the separator menu item need to be later addressed
explicitly. This means that each menu item after it is created is assigned a 
(unique) identifier, and that identifier looks like C<'#1'>, C<'#2'>, etc,
unless it is given by the programmer. Here, for example, it is possible to delete the
separator, after the menu is created:

	$window-> menu-> remove('my_separator');

It is also possible to assign the identifier to any menu item, not just to a separator.
The other types (text,image,sub-menu) are discerned by looking at the type of scalars they
contain. Thus, a two-item array with the last item an array reference (or, as before,
three-item for the explicit ID set), is clearly a sub-menu. The reference, as in the
example, may contain more menu items, in the recursive fashion:

		menuItems => [
			[ '~File' => [
				[ '~Level1' => [
					[ '~Level2' => [
						[ '~Level3' => [
							[]
						]],
					]],
				]],
			]],
		],

=for podview <img src="tutorial/menu2.gif">

Finally, text items, with the most complex syntax, can be constructed with three to six
items in the array. There can be set the left-aligned text string for the item, the
right-aligned text string for the display of the hot key, if any, the definition of the
hot hey itself, and the action to be taken if the user has pressed either the menu item
or the hot key combination. Also, as in the previous cases, the explicit ID can be set,
and also an arbitrary data scalar, for generic needs. This said, the text item combinations are:

Three items - [ ID, text, action ]

Four items - [ text, hot key text, hot key, action ]

Five items - [ ID, text, hot key text, hot key, action ]

Six items - [ ID, text, hot key text, hot key, action, data ]

Image items are fully analogous to the text items, except that instead of the text 
string, an image object is supplied:

	use Prima qw(Application MsgBox);
	use Prima::Utils qw(find_image);
	
	my $i = Prima::Image-> load( find_image( 'examples/Hand.gif'));
	$i ||= 'No image found or can be loaded';

	my $window = Prima::MainWindow-> new( 
		text => 'Hello world!',
		menuItems => [
			[ '~File' => [
				[ $i, sub {} ],
			]],
		],
	);
	run Prima;

=for podview <img src="tutorial/menu3.gif">

The action item of them menu description array points to the code executed when
the menu item is selected.  It is either an anonymous subroutine, as it is
shown in all the examples above, or a string.  The latter case will cause the
method of the menu owner ( in this example, the window ) to be called. This can
be useful when constructing a generic class with menu actions that can be
overridden:

	package MyWindow;
	use vars qw(@ISA);
	@ISA = qw(Prima::MainWindow);

	sub action 
	{ 
		my ( $self, $menu_item) = @_;
		print "hey! $menu_item called me!\n" 
	}
	
	my $window = MyWindow-> new( 
		menuItems => [
			[ '~File' => [
				['~Action', q(action) ],
			]],
		],
	);

All actions are called with the menu item identifier passed in as a string parameter.

Another trick is to define a hot key. While its description can be arbitrary,
and will be displayed as is, the hot key definition can be constructed in two
ways. It is either a literal such as C<^A> for Control+A, or C<@B> for Alt+B,
or C<^@#F10> for Control+Alt+Shift+F10. Or, alternatively, it is a combination
of C<km::> constants either with ordinal of the character letter or the key
code, where the key code is one of C<kb::> constants. The latter method
produces a less readable code, but is more explicit and powerful:

	[ '~Reboot', 'Ctrl+Alt+Delete', km::Alt | km::Ctrl | kb::Delete, sub {
		print "wow!\n";
	}],
	[ '~Or not reboot?', 'Ctrl+Alt+R', km::Alt | km::Ctrl | ord('R'), sub {}],

This concludes the short tutorial on menus. To read more, see L<Prima::Menu> .

=head1 AUTHOR

Dmitry Karasik, E<lt>dmitry@karasik.eu.orgE<gt>.

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<Prima>

