| # Chapter 20: Scalar Numerical Functions In this chapter we look at built-in scalar functions for computing numbers from numbers. This chapter is a straight catalog of functions, with links to the sections as follows:
Ceiling | Conjugate | cos | cos-1 | cosh | cosh-1

Decrement | divide | Double | Exponential | Factorial | Floor

GCD | Halve | Increment | LCM | Logarithm | Log, Natural

Magnitude | Minus | multiply | Negate | OutOf | PiTimes

Plus | power | Pythagorean | Reciprocal | Residue | Root

Signum | sin | sin-1 | sinh | sinh-1 | Square

SquareRoot | tan | tan-1 | tanh | tanh-1 |
## 20.1 Numbers from Numbers ### 20.1.1 Plus and Conjugate Dyadic `+` is arithmetic addition.
`2 + 2` | `3j4 + 5j4` | `2r3 + 1r6`
    4
    8j8
    5r6
Monadic `+` is "Conjugate". For a real number `y`, the conjugate is `y`. For a complex number `xjy` (that is, `x + 0jy`), the conjugate is `x - 0jy`.
`+ 2` | `+ 3j4`
    2
    3j_4
### 20.1.2 Minus and Negate Dyadic `-` is arithmetic subtraction.
`2 - 2` | `3 - 0j4` | `2r3 - 1r6`
    0
    3j_4
    1r2
Monadic `-` is "Negate".
`- 2` | `- 3j4`
    _2
    _3j_4
### 20.1.3 Increment and Decrement Monadic `>:` is called "Increment". It adds `1` to its argument.
`>: 2` | `>: 2.5` | `>: 2r3` | `>: 2j3`
    3
    3.5
    5r3
    3j3
Monadic `<:` is called "Decrement". It subtracts `1` from its argument.
`<: 3` | `<: 2.5` | `<: 2r3` | `<: 2j3`
    2
    1.5
    _1r3
    1j3
### 20.1.4 Times and Signum Dyadic `*` is multiplication.
`2 * 3` | `3j1 * 2j2`
    6
    4j8
Monadic `*` is called "Signum". For a real number `y`, the value of `(* y)` is `_1` or `0` or `1` as `y` is negative, zero or positive.
`* _2` | `* 0` | `* 2`
    _1
    0
    1
More generally, `y` may be real or complex, and the signum is equivalent to `y % | y`. Hence the signum of a complex number has magnitude 1 and the same angle as the argument.
`y =: 3j4` | `| y` | `y % | y` | `* y` | `| * y`
    3j4
    5
    0.6j0.8
    0.6j0.8
    1
### 20.1.5 Division and Reciprocal Dyadic `%` is division.
`2 % 3` | `3j4 % 2j1` | `12x % 5x`
    0.666667
    2j1
    12r5
`1 % 0` is "infinity" but `0 % 0` is `0`
`1 % 0` | `0 % 0`
    _
    0
Monadic `%` is the "reciprocal" function.
`% 2` | `% 0j1`
    0.5
    0j_1
### 20.1.6 Double and Halve Monadic `+:` is the "double" verb.
`+: 2.5` | `+: 3j4` | `+: 3x`
    5
    6j8
    6
Monadic `-:` is the "halve" verb:
`-: 6` | `-: 6.5` | `-: 3j4` | `-: 3x`
    3
    3.25
    1.5j2
    3r2
### 20.1.7 Floor and Ceiling Monadic `<.` (left-angle-bracket dot) is called "Floor". For real `y` the floor of `y` is `y` rounded downwards to an integer, that is, the largest integer not exceeding `y`.
`<. 2` | `<. 3.2` | `<. _3.2`
    2
    3
    _4
For complex `y`, the floor lies within a unit circle center `y`, that is, the magnitude of (`y - <. y`) is less than `1`.
`y =: 3.4j3.4` | `z =: <. y` | `y - z` | `| y-z`
    3.4j3.4
    3j3
    0.4j0.4
    0.565685
This condition (magnitude less than 1) means that the floor of say `3.8j3.8` is not `3j3` but `4j3` because `3j3` does not satisfy the condition.
`y =: 3.8j3.8` | `z =: <. y` | `| y-z` | `| y - 3j3`
    3.8j3.8
    4j3
    0.824621
    1.13137
Monadic `>.` is called "Ceiling". For real `y` the ceiling of `y` is `y` rounded upwards to an integer, that is, the smallest integer greater than or equal to `y`. For example:
`>. 3.0` | `>. 3.1` | `>. _2.5`
    3
    4
    _2
Ceiling applies to complex `y`
`>. 3.4j3.4` | `>. 3.8j3.8`
    3j4
    4j4
### 20.1.8 Power and Exponential Dyadic `^` is the "power" verb: `(x^y)` is `x` raised-to-the-power `y`
`10 ^ 2` | `10 ^ _2` | `100 ^ 1%2`
    100
    0.01
    10
Monadic `^` is exponentiation (or antilogarithm): `^y` means `(e^y)` where `e` is Euler's constant, `2.71828...`
`^ 1` | `^ 0j1`
    2.71828
    0.540302j0.841471
Euler's equation, supposedly engraved on his tombstone is: e i pi +1 = 0
       (^ 0j1p1) + 1
    0
### 20.1.9 Square Monadic `*:` is "Square".
`*: 4` | `*: 2j1`
    16
    3j4
### 20.1.10 Square Root Monadic `%:` is "Square Root".
`%: 9` | `%: 3j4` | `2j1 * 2j1`
    3
    2j1
    3j4
### 20.1.11 Root If `x` is integral, then `x %: y` is the "x'th root" of `y`:
`3 %: 8` | `_3 %: 8`
    2
    0.5
More generally, `(x %: y)` is an abbreviation for `(y ^ % x)`
`x =: 3 3.1` | `x %: 8` | `8 ^ % x`
    3 3.1
    2 1.95578
    2 1.95578
### 20.1.12 Logarithm and Natural Logarithm Dyadic `^.` is the base-x logarithm function, that is, `(x ^. y)` is the logarithm of `y` to base `x` :
`10 ^. 1000` | `2 ^. 8`
    3
    3
Monadic `^.` is the "natural logarithm" function.
`e =: ^ 1` | `^. e`
    2.71828
    1
### 20.1.13 Factorial and OutOf The factorial function is monadic `!`.
`! 0 1 2 3 4` | `! 5x 6x 7x 8x`
    1 1 2 6 24
    120 720 5040 40320
The number of combinations of `x` objects selected out of `y` objects is given by the expression `x ! y`
`1 ! 4` | `2 ! 4` | `3 ! 4`
    4
    6
    4
### 20.1.14 Magnitude and Residue Monadic `|` is called "Magnitude". For a real number `y` the magnitude of `y` is the absolute value:
`| 2` | `| _2`
    2
    2
More generally, `y` may be real or complex, and the magnitude is equivalent to `(%: y * + y)`.
`y =: 3j4` | `y * + y` | `%: y * + y` | `| y`
    3j4
    25
    5
    5
The dyadic verb `|` is called "Residue". the remainder when `y` is divided by `x` is given by `(x | y)`.
`10 | 12` | `3 | _2 _1 0 1 2 3 4 5` | `1.5 | 3.7`
    2
    1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
    0.7
If `x | y` is zero, then x is a divisor of y:
`4 | 12` | `12 % 4`
    0
    3
The "Residue" function applies to complex numbers:
`a =: 1j2` | `b=: 2j3` | `a | b` | `a | (a*b)` | `(b-1j1) % a`
    1j2
    2j3
    1j1
    0
    1
### 20.1.15 GCD and LCM The greatest common divisor (GCD) of `x` and `y` is given by `(x +. y)`. Reals and rationals in the domain of `+.`.
`6 +. 15` | `_6 +. _15` | `2.5 +. 3.5` | `6r7 +. 15r7`
    3
    3
    0.5
    3r7
Complex numbers are also in the domain of `+.`.
`a=: 1j2` | `b=:2j3` | `c=:3j5` | `(a*b) +. (b*c)`
    1j2
    2j3
    3j5
    2j3
If `x` and `y` are complex, then `x +. y` may differ from `y +. x`.
`1 +. 0j1` | `0j1 +. 1`
    1
    0j1
We can see that the same result is produced by Euclid's algorithm for `(x GCD y)`, which is: if `y=0` then `x`, otherwise `(x|y) GCD x`. Here is a verb `E`, to model the algorithm.
       E  =:  (| E [) ` [ @. (]=0:)
`6 E 15` | `1 +. 0j1` | `1 E 0j1` | `0j1 +. 1` | `0j1 E 1`
    3
    1
    1
    0j1
    0j1
The Least Common Multiple of `x` and `y` is given by `(x *. y)`.
`(2 * 3) *. (3 * 5)` | `2*3*5`
    30
    30
## 20.2 Circle Functions ### 20.2.1 Pi Times There is a built-in verb `o.` (lower-case o dot). Monadic `o.` is called "Pi Times"; it multiplies its argument by 3.14159...
`o. 1` | `o. 2` | `o. 1r6`
    3.14159
    6.28319
    0.523599
### 20.2.2 Trigonometric and Other Functions If `y` is an angle in radians, then the sine of `y` is given by the expression `1 o. y`. The sine of (pi over 6) is 0.5
`y =: o. 1r6` | `1 o. y`
    0.523599
    0.5
The general scheme for dyadic `o.` is that `(k o. y)` means: apply to `y` a function selected by `k`. Giving conventional names to the available functions, we have:
       sin   =:  1 & o.  NB.  sine
       cos   =:  2 & o.  NB.  cosine
       tan   =:  3 & o.  NB.  tangent

       sinh  =:  5 & o.  NB.  hyperbolic sine
       cosh  =:  6 & o.  NB.  hyperbolic cosine
       tanh  =:  7 & o.  NB.  hyperbolic tangent

       asin  =: _1 & o.  NB.  inverse sine
       acos  =: _2 & o.  NB.  inverse cosine
       atan  =: _3 & o.  NB.  inverse tangent

       asinh =: _5 & o.  NB.  inverse hyperbolic sine
       acosh =: _6 & o.  NB.  inverse hyperbolic cosine
       atanh =: _7 & o.  NB.  inverse hyperbolic tangent
`y` | `sin y` | `asin sin y`
    0.523599
    0.5
    0.523599
### 20.2.3 Pythagorean Functions There are also the "pythagorean"functions:
          0 o. y  means   %:   1 - y^2
          4 o. y  means   %:   1 + y^2
          8 o. y  means   %: - 1 + y^2
         _4 o. y  means   %:  _1 + y^2
         _8 o. y  means - %: - 1 + y^2
`y =: 0.6` | `0 o. y` | `%: 1 - y^2`
    0.6
    0.8
    0.8
This is the end of chapter 20

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Copyright © Roger Stokes 2003. This material may be freely reproduced, provided that this copyright notice is also reproduced.

last updated 9 March 2004