This is m68k-rtems-bfd.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.6 from
../.././../binutils-2.13.2.1/bfd/doc/m68k-rtems-bfd.texinfo.

START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Bfd: (m68k-rtems-bfd).                   The Binary File Descriptor library.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the BFD library.

   Copyright (C) 1991, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
     under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
     or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
   with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
    Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Overview,  Prev: (dir),  Up: (dir)

   This file documents the binary file descriptor library libbfd.

* Menu:

* Overview::			Overview of BFD
* BFD front end::		BFD front end
* BFD back ends::		BFD back ends
* GNU Free Documentation License::  GNU Free Documentation License
* Index::			Index


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Overview,  Next: BFD front end,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

Introduction
************

BFD is a package which allows applications to use the same routines to
operate on object files whatever the object file format.  A new object
file format can be supported simply by creating a new BFD back end and
adding it to the library.

   BFD is split into two parts: the front end, and the back ends (one
for each object file format).
   * The front end of BFD provides the interface to the user. It manages
     memory and various canonical data structures. The front end also
     decides which back end to use and when to call back end routines.

   * The back ends provide BFD its view of the real world. Each back
     end provides a set of calls which the BFD front end can use to
     maintain its canonical form. The back ends also may keep around
     information for their own use, for greater efficiency.

* Menu:

* History::			History
* How It Works::		How It Works
* What BFD Version 2 Can Do::	What BFD Version 2 Can Do


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: History,  Next: How It Works,  Prev: Overview,  Up: Overview

History
=======

One spur behind BFD was the desire, on the part of the GNU 960 team at
Intel Oregon, for interoperability of applications on their COFF and
b.out file formats.  Cygnus was providing GNU support for the team, and
was contracted to provide the required functionality.

   The name came from a conversation David Wallace was having with
Richard Stallman about the library: RMS said that it would be quite
hard--David said "BFD".  Stallman was right, but the name stuck.

   At the same time, Ready Systems wanted much the same thing, but for
different object file formats: IEEE-695, Oasys, Srecords, a.out and 68k
coff.

   BFD was first implemented by members of Cygnus Support; Steve
Chamberlain (`sac@cygnus.com'), John Gilmore (`gnu@cygnus.com'), K.
Richard Pixley (`rich@cygnus.com') and David Henkel-Wallace
(`gumby@cygnus.com').


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: How It Works,  Next: What BFD Version 2 Can Do,  Prev: History,  Up: Overview

How To Use BFD
==============

To use the library, include `bfd.h' and link with `libbfd.a'.

   BFD provides a common interface to the parts of an object file for a
calling application.

   When an application sucessfully opens a target file (object,
archive, or whatever), a pointer to an internal structure is returned.
This pointer points to a structure called `bfd', described in `bfd.h'.
Our convention is to call this pointer a BFD, and instances of it
within code `abfd'.  All operations on the target object file are
applied as methods to the BFD.  The mapping is defined within `bfd.h'
in a set of macros, all beginning with `bfd_' to reduce namespace
pollution.

   For example, this sequence does what you would probably expect:
return the number of sections in an object file attached to a BFD
`abfd'.

     #include "bfd.h"
     
     unsigned int number_of_sections(abfd)
     bfd *abfd;
     {
       return bfd_count_sections(abfd);
     }

   The abstraction used within BFD is that an object file has:

   * a header,

   * a number of sections containing raw data (*note Sections::),

   * a set of relocations (*note Relocations::), and

   * some symbol information (*note Symbols::).

Also, BFDs opened for archives have the additional attribute of an index
and contain subordinate BFDs. This approach is fine for a.out and coff,
but loses efficiency when applied to formats such as S-records and
IEEE-695.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: What BFD Version 2 Can Do,  Prev: How It Works,  Up: Overview

What BFD Version 2 Can Do
=========================

When an object file is opened, BFD subroutines automatically determine
the format of the input object file.  They then build a descriptor in
memory with pointers to routines that will be used to access elements of
the object file's data structures.

   As different information from the object files is required, BFD
reads from different sections of the file and processes them.  For
example, a very common operation for the linker is processing symbol
tables.  Each BFD back end provides a routine for converting between
the object file's representation of symbols and an internal canonical
format. When the linker asks for the symbol table of an object file, it
calls through a memory pointer to the routine from the relevant BFD
back end which reads and converts the table into a canonical form.  The
linker then operates upon the canonical form. When the link is finished
and the linker writes the output file's symbol table, another BFD back
end routine is called to take the newly created symbol table and
convert it into the chosen output format.

* Menu:

* BFD information loss::	Information Loss
* Canonical format::		The BFD	canonical object-file format


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: BFD information loss,  Next: Canonical format,  Up: What BFD Version 2 Can Do

Information Loss
----------------

_Information can be lost during output._ The output formats supported
by BFD do not provide identical facilities, and information which can
be described in one form has nowhere to go in another format. One
example of this is alignment information in `b.out'. There is nowhere
in an `a.out' format file to store alignment information on the
contained data, so when a file is linked from `b.out' and an `a.out'
image is produced, alignment information will not propagate to the
output file. (The linker will still use the alignment information
internally, so the link is performed correctly).

   Another example is COFF section names. COFF files may contain an
unlimited number of sections, each one with a textual section name. If
the target of the link is a format which does not have many sections
(e.g., `a.out') or has sections without names (e.g., the Oasys format),
the link cannot be done simply. You can circumvent this problem by
describing the desired input-to-output section mapping with the linker
command language.

   _Information can be lost during canonicalization._ The BFD internal
canonical form of the external formats is not exhaustive; there are
structures in input formats for which there is no direct representation
internally.  This means that the BFD back ends cannot maintain all
possible data richness through the transformation between external to
internal and back to external formats.

   This limitation is only a problem when an application reads one
format and writes another.  Each BFD back end is responsible for
maintaining as much data as possible, and the internal BFD canonical
form has structures which are opaque to the BFD core, and exported only
to the back ends. When a file is read in one format, the canonical form
is generated for BFD and the application. At the same time, the back
end saves away any information which may otherwise be lost. If the data
is then written back in the same format, the back end routine will be
able to use the canonical form provided by the BFD core as well as the
information it prepared earlier.  Since there is a great deal of
commonality between back ends, there is no information lost when
linking or copying big endian COFF to little endian COFF, or `a.out' to
`b.out'.  When a mixture of formats is linked, the information is only
lost from the files whose format differs from the destination.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Canonical format,  Prev: BFD information loss,  Up: What BFD Version 2 Can Do

The BFD canonical object-file format
------------------------------------

The greatest potential for loss of information occurs when there is the
least overlap between the information provided by the source format,
that stored by the canonical format, and that needed by the destination
format. A brief description of the canonical form may help you
understand which kinds of data you can count on preserving across
conversions.

_files_
     Information stored on a per-file basis includes target machine
     architecture, particular implementation format type, a demand
     pageable bit, and a write protected bit.  Information like Unix
     magic numbers is not stored here--only the magic numbers' meaning,
     so a `ZMAGIC' file would have both the demand pageable bit and the
     write protected text bit set.  The byte order of the target is
     stored on a per-file basis, so that big- and little-endian object
     files may be used with one another.

_sections_
     Each section in the input file contains the name of the section,
     the section's original address in the object file, size and
     alignment information, various flags, and pointers into other BFD
     data structures.

_symbols_
     Each symbol contains a pointer to the information for the object
     file which originally defined it, its name, its value, and various
     flag bits.  When a BFD back end reads in a symbol table, it
     relocates all symbols to make them relative to the base of the
     section where they were defined.  Doing this ensures that each
     symbol points to its containing section.  Each symbol also has a
     varying amount of hidden private data for the BFD back end.  Since
     the symbol points to the original file, the private data format
     for that symbol is accessible.  `ld' can operate on a collection
     of symbols of wildly different formats without problems.

     Normal global and simple local symbols are maintained on output,
     so an output file (no matter its format) will retain symbols
     pointing to functions and to global, static, and common variables.
     Some symbol information is not worth retaining; in `a.out', type
     information is stored in the symbol table as long symbol names.
     This information would be useless to most COFF debuggers; the
     linker has command line switches to allow users to throw it away.

     There is one word of type information within the symbol, so if the
     format supports symbol type information within symbols (for
     example, COFF, IEEE, Oasys) and the type is simple enough to fit
     within one word (nearly everything but aggregates), the
     information will be preserved.

_relocation level_
     Each canonical BFD relocation record contains a pointer to the
     symbol to relocate to, the offset of the data to relocate, the
     section the data is in, and a pointer to a relocation type
     descriptor. Relocation is performed by passing messages through
     the relocation type descriptor and the symbol pointer. Therefore,
     relocations can be performed on output data using a relocation
     method that is only available in one of the input formats. For
     instance, Oasys provides a byte relocation format.  A relocation
     record requesting this relocation type would point indirectly to a
     routine to perform this, so the relocation may be performed on a
     byte being written to a 68k COFF file, even though 68k COFF has no
     such relocation type.

_line numbers_
     Object formats can contain, for debugging purposes, some form of
     mapping between symbols, source line numbers, and addresses in the
     output file.  These addresses have to be relocated along with the
     symbol information.  Each symbol with an associated list of line
     number records points to the first record of the list.  The head
     of a line number list consists of a pointer to the symbol, which
     allows finding out the address of the function whose line number
     is being described. The rest of the list is made up of pairs:
     offsets into the section and line numbers. Any format which can
     simply derive this information can pass it successfully between
     formats (COFF, IEEE and Oasys).


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: BFD front end,  Next: BFD back ends,  Prev: Overview,  Up: Top

BFD front end
*************

`typedef bfd'
=============

A BFD has type `bfd'; objects of this type are the cornerstone of any
application using BFD. Using BFD consists of making references though
the BFD and to data in the BFD.

   Here is the structure that defines the type `bfd'.  It contains the
major data about the file and pointers to the rest of the data.


     struct _bfd
     {
       /* The filename the application opened the BFD with.  */
       const char *filename;
     
       /* A pointer to the target jump table.  */
       const struct bfd_target *xvec;
     
       /* To avoid dragging too many header files into every file that
          includes ``bfd.h'', IOSTREAM has been declared as a "char *",
          and MTIME as a "long".  Their correct types, to which they
          are cast when used, are "FILE *" and "time_t".    The iostream
          is the result of an fopen on the filename.  However, if the
          BFD_IN_MEMORY flag is set, then iostream is actually a pointer
          to a bfd_in_memory struct.  */
       PTR iostream;
     
       /* Is the file descriptor being cached?  That is, can it be closed as
          needed, and re-opened when accessed later?  */
       boolean cacheable;
     
       /* Marks whether there was a default target specified when the
          BFD was opened. This is used to select which matching algorithm
          to use to choose the back end.  */
       boolean target_defaulted;
     
       /* The caching routines use these to maintain a
          least-recently-used list of BFDs.  */
       struct _bfd *lru_prev, *lru_next;
     
       /* When a file is closed by the caching routines, BFD retains
          state information on the file here...  */
       ufile_ptr where;
     
       /* ... and here: (``once'' means at least once).  */
       boolean opened_once;
     
       /* Set if we have a locally maintained mtime value, rather than
          getting it from the file each time.  */
       boolean mtime_set;
     
       /* File modified time, if mtime_set is true.  */
       long mtime;
     
       /* Reserved for an unimplemented file locking extension.  */
       int ifd;
     
       /* The format which belongs to the BFD. (object, core, etc.)  */
       bfd_format format;
     
       /* The direction with which the BFD was opened.  */
       enum bfd_direction
         {
           no_direction = 0,
           read_direction = 1,
           write_direction = 2,
           both_direction = 3
         }
       direction;
     
       /* Format_specific flags.  */
       flagword flags;
     
       /* Currently my_archive is tested before adding origin to
          anything. I believe that this can become always an add of
          origin, with origin set to 0 for non archive files.  */
       ufile_ptr origin;
     
       /* Remember when output has begun, to stop strange things
          from happening.  */
       boolean output_has_begun;
     
       /* A hash table for section names.  */
       struct bfd_hash_table section_htab;
     
       /* Pointer to linked list of sections.  */
       struct sec *sections;
     
       /* The place where we add to the section list.  */
       struct sec **section_tail;
     
       /* The number of sections.  */
       unsigned int section_count;
     
       /* Stuff only useful for object files:
          The start address.  */
       bfd_vma start_address;
     
       /* Used for input and output.  */
       unsigned int symcount;
     
       /* Symbol table for output BFD (with symcount entries).  */
       struct symbol_cache_entry  **outsymbols;
     
       /* Used for slurped dynamic symbol tables.  */
       unsigned int dynsymcount;
     
       /* Pointer to structure which contains architecture information.  */
       const struct bfd_arch_info *arch_info;
     
       /* Stuff only useful for archives.  */
       PTR arelt_data;
       struct _bfd *my_archive;     /* The containing archive BFD.  */
       struct _bfd *next;           /* The next BFD in the archive.  */
       struct _bfd *archive_head;   /* The first BFD in the archive.  */
       boolean has_armap;
     
       /* A chain of BFD structures involved in a link.  */
       struct _bfd *link_next;
     
       /* A field used by _bfd_generic_link_add_archive_symbols.  This will
          be used only for archive elements.  */
       int archive_pass;
     
       /* Used by the back end to hold private data.  */
       union
         {
           struct aout_data_struct *aout_data;
           struct artdata *aout_ar_data;
           struct _oasys_data *oasys_obj_data;
           struct _oasys_ar_data *oasys_ar_data;
           struct coff_tdata *coff_obj_data;
           struct pe_tdata *pe_obj_data;
           struct xcoff_tdata *xcoff_obj_data;
           struct ecoff_tdata *ecoff_obj_data;
           struct ieee_data_struct *ieee_data;
           struct ieee_ar_data_struct *ieee_ar_data;
           struct srec_data_struct *srec_data;
           struct ihex_data_struct *ihex_data;
           struct tekhex_data_struct *tekhex_data;
           struct elf_obj_tdata *elf_obj_data;
           struct nlm_obj_tdata *nlm_obj_data;
           struct bout_data_struct *bout_data;
           struct mmo_data_struct *mmo_data;
           struct sun_core_struct *sun_core_data;
           struct sco5_core_struct *sco5_core_data;
           struct trad_core_struct *trad_core_data;
           struct som_data_struct *som_data;
           struct hpux_core_struct *hpux_core_data;
           struct hppabsd_core_struct *hppabsd_core_data;
           struct sgi_core_struct *sgi_core_data;
           struct lynx_core_struct *lynx_core_data;
           struct osf_core_struct *osf_core_data;
           struct cisco_core_struct *cisco_core_data;
           struct versados_data_struct *versados_data;
           struct netbsd_core_struct *netbsd_core_data;
           PTR any;
         }
       tdata;
     
       /* Used by the application to hold private data.  */
       PTR usrdata;
     
       /* Where all the allocated stuff under this BFD goes.  This is a
          struct objalloc *, but we use PTR to avoid requiring the inclusion of
          objalloc.h.  */
       PTR memory;
     };

Error reporting
===============

Most BFD functions return nonzero on success (check their individual
documentation for precise semantics).  On an error, they call
`bfd_set_error' to set an error condition that callers can check by
calling `bfd_get_error'.  If that returns `bfd_error_system_call', then
check `errno'.

   The easiest way to report a BFD error to the user is to use
`bfd_perror'.

Type `bfd_error_type'
---------------------

The values returned by `bfd_get_error' are defined by the enumerated
type `bfd_error_type'.


     typedef enum bfd_error
     {
       bfd_error_no_error = 0,
       bfd_error_system_call,
       bfd_error_invalid_target,
       bfd_error_wrong_format,
       bfd_error_wrong_object_format,
       bfd_error_invalid_operation,
       bfd_error_no_memory,
       bfd_error_no_symbols,
       bfd_error_no_armap,
       bfd_error_no_more_archived_files,
       bfd_error_malformed_archive,
       bfd_error_file_not_recognized,
       bfd_error_file_ambiguously_recognized,
       bfd_error_no_contents,
       bfd_error_nonrepresentable_section,
       bfd_error_no_debug_section,
       bfd_error_bad_value,
       bfd_error_file_truncated,
       bfd_error_file_too_big,
       bfd_error_invalid_error_code
     }
     bfd_error_type;

`bfd_get_error'
...............

*Synopsis*
     bfd_error_type bfd_get_error (void);
   *Description*
Return the current BFD error condition.

`bfd_set_error'
...............

*Synopsis*
     void bfd_set_error (bfd_error_type error_tag);
   *Description*
Set the BFD error condition to be ERROR_TAG.

`bfd_errmsg'
............

*Synopsis*
     const char *bfd_errmsg (bfd_error_type error_tag);
   *Description*
Return a string describing the error ERROR_TAG, or the system error if
ERROR_TAG is `bfd_error_system_call'.

`bfd_perror'
............

*Synopsis*
     void bfd_perror (const char *message);
   *Description*
Print to the standard error stream a string describing the last BFD
error that occurred, or the last system error if the last BFD error was
a system call failure.  If MESSAGE is non-NULL and non-empty, the error
string printed is preceded by MESSAGE, a colon, and a space.  It is
followed by a newline.

BFD error handler
-----------------

Some BFD functions want to print messages describing the problem.  They
call a BFD error handler function.  This function may be overriden by
the program.

   The BFD error handler acts like printf.


     typedef void (*bfd_error_handler_type) PARAMS ((const char *, ...));

`bfd_set_error_handler'
.......................

*Synopsis*
     bfd_error_handler_type bfd_set_error_handler (bfd_error_handler_type);
   *Description*
Set the BFD error handler function.  Returns the previous function.

`bfd_set_error_program_name'
............................

*Synopsis*
     void bfd_set_error_program_name (const char *);
   *Description*
Set the program name to use when printing a BFD error.  This is printed
before the error message followed by a colon and space.  The string
must not be changed after it is passed to this function.

`bfd_get_error_handler'
.......................

*Synopsis*
     bfd_error_handler_type bfd_get_error_handler (void);
   *Description*
Return the BFD error handler function.

`bfd_archive_filename'
......................

*Synopsis*
     const char *bfd_archive_filename (bfd *);
   *Description*
For a BFD that is a component of an archive, returns a string with both
the archive name and file name.  For other BFDs, just returns the file
name.

Symbols
=======

`bfd_get_reloc_upper_bound'
...........................

*Synopsis*
     long bfd_get_reloc_upper_bound(bfd *abfd, asection *sect);
   *Description*
Return the number of bytes required to store the relocation information
associated with section SECT attached to bfd ABFD.  If an error occurs,
return -1.

`bfd_canonicalize_reloc'
........................

*Synopsis*
     long bfd_canonicalize_reloc
        (bfd *abfd,
         asection *sec,
         arelent **loc,
         asymbol **syms);
   *Description*
Call the back end associated with the open BFD ABFD and translate the
external form of the relocation information attached to SEC into the
internal canonical form.  Place the table into memory at LOC, which has
been preallocated, usually by a call to `bfd_get_reloc_upper_bound'.
Returns the number of relocs, or -1 on error.

   The SYMS table is also needed for horrible internal magic reasons.

`bfd_set_reloc'
...............

*Synopsis*
     void bfd_set_reloc
        (bfd *abfd, asection *sec, arelent **rel, unsigned int count);
   *Description*
Set the relocation pointer and count within section SEC to the values
REL and COUNT.  The argument ABFD is ignored.

`bfd_set_file_flags'
....................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_set_file_flags(bfd *abfd, flagword flags);
   *Description*
Set the flag word in the BFD ABFD to the value FLAGS.

   Possible errors are:
   * `bfd_error_wrong_format' - The target bfd was not of object format.

   * `bfd_error_invalid_operation' - The target bfd was open for
     reading.

   * `bfd_error_invalid_operation' - The flag word contained a bit
     which was not applicable to the type of file.  E.g., an attempt
     was made to set the `D_PAGED' bit on a BFD format which does not
     support demand paging.

`bfd_get_arch_size'
...................

*Synopsis*
     int bfd_get_arch_size (bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Returns the architecture address size, in bits, as determined by the
object file's format.  For ELF, this information is included in the
header.

   *Returns*
Returns the arch size in bits if known, `-1' otherwise.

`bfd_get_sign_extend_vma'
.........................

*Synopsis*
     int bfd_get_sign_extend_vma (bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Indicates if the target architecture "naturally" sign extends an
address.  Some architectures implicitly sign extend address values when
they are converted to types larger than the size of an address.  For
instance, bfd_get_start_address() will return an address sign extended
to fill a bfd_vma when this is the case.

   *Returns*
Returns `1' if the target architecture is known to sign extend
addresses, `0' if the target architecture is known to not sign extend
addresses, and `-1' otherwise.

`bfd_set_start_address'
.......................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_set_start_address(bfd *abfd, bfd_vma vma);
   *Description*
Make VMA the entry point of output BFD ABFD.

   *Returns*
Returns `true' on success, `false' otherwise.

`bfd_get_mtime'
...............

*Synopsis*
     long bfd_get_mtime(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return the file modification time (as read from the file system, or
from the archive header for archive members).

`bfd_get_size'
..............

*Synopsis*
     long bfd_get_size(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return the file size (as read from file system) for the file associated
with BFD ABFD.

   The initial motivation for, and use of, this routine is not so we
can get the exact size of the object the BFD applies to, since that
might not be generally possible (archive members for example).  It
would be ideal if someone could eventually modify it so that such
results were guaranteed.

   Instead, we want to ask questions like "is this NNN byte sized
object I'm about to try read from file offset YYY reasonable?"  As as
example of where we might do this, some object formats use string
tables for which the first `sizeof (long)' bytes of the table contain
the size of the table itself, including the size bytes.  If an
application tries to read what it thinks is one of these string tables,
without some way to validate the size, and for some reason the size is
wrong (byte swapping error, wrong location for the string table, etc.),
the only clue is likely to be a read error when it tries to read the
table, or a "virtual memory exhausted" error when it tries to allocate
15 bazillon bytes of space for the 15 bazillon byte table it is about
to read.  This function at least allows us to answer the quesion, "is
the size reasonable?".

`bfd_get_gp_size'
.................

*Synopsis*
     unsigned int bfd_get_gp_size(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP
register under MIPS ECOFF.  This is typically set by the `-G' argument
to the compiler, assembler or linker.

`bfd_set_gp_size'
.................

*Synopsis*
     void bfd_set_gp_size(bfd *abfd, unsigned int i);
   *Description*
Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP register
under ECOFF or MIPS ELF.  This is typically set by the `-G' argument to
the compiler, assembler or linker.

`bfd_scan_vma'
..............

*Synopsis*
     bfd_vma bfd_scan_vma(const char *string, const char **end, int base);
   *Description*
Convert, like `strtoul', a numerical expression STRING into a `bfd_vma'
integer, and return that integer.  (Though without as many bells and
whistles as `strtoul'.)  The expression is assumed to be unsigned
(i.e., positive).  If given a BASE, it is used as the base for
conversion.  A base of 0 causes the function to interpret the string in
hex if a leading "0x" or "0X" is found, otherwise in octal if a leading
zero is found, otherwise in decimal.

   If the value would overflow, the maximum `bfd_vma' value is returned.

`bfd_copy_private_bfd_data'
...........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_copy_private_bfd_data(bfd *ibfd, bfd *obfd);
   *Description*
Copy private BFD information from the BFD IBFD to the the BFD OBFD.
Return `true' on success, `false' on error.  Possible error returns are:

   * `bfd_error_no_memory' - Not enough memory exists to create private
     data for OBFD.

     #define bfd_copy_private_bfd_data(ibfd, obfd) \
          BFD_SEND (obfd, _bfd_copy_private_bfd_data, \
                    (ibfd, obfd))

`bfd_merge_private_bfd_data'
............................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_merge_private_bfd_data(bfd *ibfd, bfd *obfd);
   *Description*
Merge private BFD information from the BFD IBFD to the the output file
BFD OBFD when linking.  Return `true' on success, `false' on error.
Possible error returns are:

   * `bfd_error_no_memory' - Not enough memory exists to create private
     data for OBFD.

     #define bfd_merge_private_bfd_data(ibfd, obfd) \
          BFD_SEND (obfd, _bfd_merge_private_bfd_data, \
                    (ibfd, obfd))

`bfd_set_private_flags'
.......................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_set_private_flags(bfd *abfd, flagword flags);
   *Description*
Set private BFD flag information in the BFD ABFD.  Return `true' on
success, `false' on error.  Possible error returns are:

   * `bfd_error_no_memory' - Not enough memory exists to create private
     data for OBFD.

     #define bfd_set_private_flags(abfd, flags) \
          BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_set_private_flags, \
                    (abfd, flags))

`stuff'
.......

*Description*
Stuff which should be documented:
     #define bfd_sizeof_headers(abfd, reloc) \
          BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_sizeof_headers, (abfd, reloc))
     
     #define bfd_find_nearest_line(abfd, sec, syms, off, file, func, line) \
          BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_find_nearest_line,  (abfd, sec, syms, off, file, func, line))
     
            /* Do these three do anything useful at all, for any back end?  */
     #define bfd_debug_info_start(abfd) \
             BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_debug_info_start, (abfd))
     
     #define bfd_debug_info_end(abfd) \
             BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_debug_info_end, (abfd))
     
     #define bfd_debug_info_accumulate(abfd, section) \
             BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_debug_info_accumulate, (abfd, section))
     
     
     #define bfd_stat_arch_elt(abfd, stat) \
             BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_stat_arch_elt,(abfd, stat))
     
     #define bfd_update_armap_timestamp(abfd) \
             BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_update_armap_timestamp, (abfd))
     
     #define bfd_set_arch_mach(abfd, arch, mach)\
             BFD_SEND ( abfd, _bfd_set_arch_mach, (abfd, arch, mach))
     
     #define bfd_relax_section(abfd, section, link_info, again) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_relax_section, (abfd, section, link_info, again))
     
     #define bfd_gc_sections(abfd, link_info) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_gc_sections, (abfd, link_info))
     
     #define bfd_merge_sections(abfd, link_info) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_merge_sections, (abfd, link_info))
     
     #define bfd_discard_group(abfd, sec) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_discard_group, (abfd, sec))
     
     #define bfd_link_hash_table_create(abfd) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_link_hash_table_create, (abfd))
     
     #define bfd_link_hash_table_free(abfd, hash) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_link_hash_table_free, (hash))
     
     #define bfd_link_add_symbols(abfd, info) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_link_add_symbols, (abfd, info))
     
     #define bfd_link_just_syms(sec, info) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_link_just_syms, (sec, info))
     
     #define bfd_final_link(abfd, info) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_final_link, (abfd, info))
     
     #define bfd_free_cached_info(abfd) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_free_cached_info, (abfd))
     
     #define bfd_get_dynamic_symtab_upper_bound(abfd) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_get_dynamic_symtab_upper_bound, (abfd))
     
     #define bfd_print_private_bfd_data(abfd, file)\
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_print_private_bfd_data, (abfd, file))
     
     #define bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_symtab(abfd, asymbols) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_symtab, (abfd, asymbols))
     
     #define bfd_get_dynamic_reloc_upper_bound(abfd) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_get_dynamic_reloc_upper_bound, (abfd))
     
     #define bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_reloc(abfd, arels, asyms) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_reloc, (abfd, arels, asyms))
     
     extern bfd_byte *bfd_get_relocated_section_contents
            PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *,
                      struct bfd_link_order *, bfd_byte *,
                      boolean, asymbol **));

`bfd_alt_mach_code'
...................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_alt_mach_code(bfd *abfd, int alternative);
   *Description*
When more than one machine code number is available for the same
machine type, this function can be used to switch between the preferred
one (alternative == 0) and any others.  Currently, only ELF supports
this feature, with up to two alternate machine codes.

* Menu:

* Memory Usage::
* Initialization::
* Sections::
* Symbols::
* Archives::
* Formats::
* Relocations::
* Core Files::
* Targets::
* Architectures::
* Opening and Closing::
* Internal::
* File Caching::
* Linker Functions::
* Hash Tables::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Memory Usage,  Next: Initialization,  Prev: BFD front end,  Up: BFD front end

Memory usage
============

BFD keeps all of its internal structures in obstacks. There is one
obstack per open BFD file, into which the current state is stored. When
a BFD is closed, the obstack is deleted, and so everything which has
been allocated by BFD for the closing file is thrown away.

   BFD does not free anything created by an application, but pointers
into `bfd' structures become invalid on a `bfd_close'; for example,
after a `bfd_close' the vector passed to `bfd_canonicalize_symtab' is
still around, since it has been allocated by the application, but the
data that it pointed to are lost.

   The general rule is to not close a BFD until all operations dependent
upon data from the BFD have been completed, or all the data from within
the file has been copied. To help with the management of memory, there
is a function (`bfd_alloc_size') which returns the number of bytes in
obstacks associated with the supplied BFD. This could be used to select
the greediest open BFD, close it to reclaim the memory, perform some
operation and reopen the BFD again, to get a fresh copy of the data
structures.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Initialization,  Next: Sections,  Prev: Memory Usage,  Up: BFD front end

Initialization
==============

These are the functions that handle initializing a BFD.

`bfd_init'
..........

*Synopsis*
     void bfd_init(void);
   *Description*
This routine must be called before any other BFD function to initialize
magical internal data structures.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Sections,  Next: Symbols,  Prev: Initialization,  Up: BFD front end

Sections
========

The raw data contained within a BFD is maintained through the section
abstraction.  A single BFD may have any number of sections.  It keeps
hold of them by pointing to the first; each one points to the next in
the list.

   Sections are supported in BFD in `section.c'.

* Menu:

* Section Input::
* Section Output::
* typedef asection::
* section prototypes::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Section Input,  Next: Section Output,  Prev: Sections,  Up: Sections

Section input
-------------

When a BFD is opened for reading, the section structures are created
and attached to the BFD.

   Each section has a name which describes the section in the outside
world--for example, `a.out' would contain at least three sections,
called `.text', `.data' and `.bss'.

   Names need not be unique; for example a COFF file may have several
sections named `.data'.

   Sometimes a BFD will contain more than the "natural" number of
sections. A back end may attach other sections containing constructor
data, or an application may add a section (using `bfd_make_section') to
the sections attached to an already open BFD. For example, the linker
creates an extra section `COMMON' for each input file's BFD to hold
information about common storage.

   The raw data is not necessarily read in when the section descriptor
is created. Some targets may leave the data in place until a
`bfd_get_section_contents' call is made. Other back ends may read in
all the data at once.  For example, an S-record file has to be read
once to determine the size of the data. An IEEE-695 file doesn't
contain raw data in sections, but data and relocation expressions
intermixed, so the data area has to be parsed to get out the data and
relocations.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Section Output,  Next: typedef asection,  Prev: Section Input,  Up: Sections

Section output
--------------

To write a new object style BFD, the various sections to be written
have to be created. They are attached to the BFD in the same way as
input sections; data is written to the sections using
`bfd_set_section_contents'.

   Any program that creates or combines sections (e.g., the assembler
and linker) must use the `asection' fields `output_section' and
`output_offset' to indicate the file sections to which each section
must be written.  (If the section is being created from scratch,
`output_section' should probably point to the section itself and
`output_offset' should probably be zero.)

   The data to be written comes from input sections attached (via
`output_section' pointers) to the output sections.  The output section
structure can be considered a filter for the input section: the output
section determines the vma of the output data and the name, but the
input section determines the offset into the output section of the data
to be written.

   E.g., to create a section "O", starting at 0x100, 0x123 long,
containing two subsections, "A" at offset 0x0 (i.e., at vma 0x100) and
"B" at offset 0x20 (i.e., at vma 0x120) the `asection' structures would
look like:

        section name          "A"
          output_offset   0x00
          size            0x20
          output_section ----------->  section name    "O"
                                  |    vma             0x100
        section name          "B" |    size            0x123
          output_offset   0x20    |
          size            0x103   |
          output_section  --------|

Link orders
-----------

The data within a section is stored in a "link_order".  These are much
like the fixups in `gas'.  The link_order abstraction allows a section
to grow and shrink within itself.

   A link_order knows how big it is, and which is the next link_order
and where the raw data for it is; it also points to a list of
relocations which apply to it.

   The link_order is used by the linker to perform relaxing on final
code.  The compiler creates code which is as big as necessary to make
it work without relaxing, and the user can select whether to relax.
Sometimes relaxing takes a lot of time.  The linker runs around the
relocations to see if any are attached to data which can be shrunk, if
so it does it on a link_order by link_order basis.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: typedef asection,  Next: section prototypes,  Prev: Section Output,  Up: Sections

typedef asection
----------------

Here is the section structure:


     /* This structure is used for a comdat section, as in PE.  A comdat
        section is associated with a particular symbol.  When the linker
        sees a comdat section, it keeps only one of the sections with a
        given name and associated with a given symbol.  */
     
     struct bfd_comdat_info
     {
       /* The name of the symbol associated with a comdat section.  */
       const char *name;
     
       /* The local symbol table index of the symbol associated with a
          comdat section.  This is only meaningful to the object file format
          specific code; it is not an index into the list returned by
          bfd_canonicalize_symtab.  */
       long symbol;
     };
     
     typedef struct sec
     {
       /* The name of the section; the name isn't a copy, the pointer is
          the same as that passed to bfd_make_section.  */
       const char *name;
     
       /* A unique sequence number.  */
       int id;
     
       /* Which section in the bfd; 0..n-1 as sections are created in a bfd.  */
       int index;
     
       /* The next section in the list belonging to the BFD, or NULL.  */
       struct sec *next;
     
       /* The field flags contains attributes of the section. Some
          flags are read in from the object file, and some are
          synthesized from other information.  */
       flagword flags;
     
     #define SEC_NO_FLAGS   0x000
     
       /* Tells the OS to allocate space for this section when loading.
          This is clear for a section containing debug information only.  */
     #define SEC_ALLOC      0x001
     
       /* Tells the OS to load the section from the file when loading.
          This is clear for a .bss section.  */
     #define SEC_LOAD       0x002
     
       /* The section contains data still to be relocated, so there is
          some relocation information too.  */
     #define SEC_RELOC      0x004
     
       /* ELF reserves 4 processor specific bits and 8 operating system
          specific bits in sh_flags; at present we can get away with just
          one in communicating between the assembler and BFD, but this
          isn't a good long-term solution.  */
     #define SEC_ARCH_BIT_0 0x008
     
       /* A signal to the OS that the section contains read only data.  */
     #define SEC_READONLY   0x010
     
       /* The section contains code only.  */
     #define SEC_CODE       0x020
     
       /* The section contains data only.  */
     #define SEC_DATA       0x040
     
       /* The section will reside in ROM.  */
     #define SEC_ROM        0x080
     
       /* The section contains constructor information. This section
          type is used by the linker to create lists of constructors and
          destructors used by `g++'. When a back end sees a symbol
          which should be used in a constructor list, it creates a new
          section for the type of name (e.g., `__CTOR_LIST__'), attaches
          the symbol to it, and builds a relocation. To build the lists
          of constructors, all the linker has to do is catenate all the
          sections called `__CTOR_LIST__' and relocate the data
          contained within - exactly the operations it would peform on
          standard data.  */
     #define SEC_CONSTRUCTOR 0x100
     
       /* The section has contents - a data section could be
          `SEC_ALLOC' | `SEC_HAS_CONTENTS'; a debug section could be
          `SEC_HAS_CONTENTS'  */
     #define SEC_HAS_CONTENTS 0x200
     
       /* An instruction to the linker to not output the section
          even if it has information which would normally be written.  */
     #define SEC_NEVER_LOAD 0x400
     
       /* The section is a COFF shared library section.  This flag is
          only for the linker.  If this type of section appears in
          the input file, the linker must copy it to the output file
          without changing the vma or size.  FIXME: Although this
          was originally intended to be general, it really is COFF
          specific (and the flag was renamed to indicate this).  It
          might be cleaner to have some more general mechanism to
          allow the back end to control what the linker does with
          sections.  */
     #define SEC_COFF_SHARED_LIBRARY 0x800
     
       /* The section contains thread local data.  */
     #define SEC_THREAD_LOCAL 0x1000
     
       /* The section has GOT references.  This flag is only for the
          linker, and is currently only used by the elf32-hppa back end.
          It will be set if global offset table references were detected
          in this section, which indicate to the linker that the section
          contains PIC code, and must be handled specially when doing a
          static link.  */
     #define SEC_HAS_GOT_REF 0x4000
     
       /* The section contains common symbols (symbols may be defined
          multiple times, the value of a symbol is the amount of
          space it requires, and the largest symbol value is the one
          used).  Most targets have exactly one of these (which we
          translate to bfd_com_section_ptr), but ECOFF has two.  */
     #define SEC_IS_COMMON 0x8000
     
       /* The section contains only debugging information.  For
          example, this is set for ELF .debug and .stab sections.
          strip tests this flag to see if a section can be
          discarded.  */
     #define SEC_DEBUGGING 0x10000
     
       /* The contents of this section are held in memory pointed to
          by the contents field.  This is checked by bfd_get_section_contents,
          and the data is retrieved from memory if appropriate.  */
     #define SEC_IN_MEMORY 0x20000
     
       /* The contents of this section are to be excluded by the
          linker for executable and shared objects unless those
          objects are to be further relocated.  */
     #define SEC_EXCLUDE 0x40000
     
       /* The contents of this section are to be sorted based on the sum of
          the symbol and addend values specified by the associated relocation
          entries.  Entries without associated relocation entries will be
          appended to the end of the section in an unspecified order.  */
     #define SEC_SORT_ENTRIES 0x80000
     
       /* When linking, duplicate sections of the same name should be
          discarded, rather than being combined into a single section as
          is usually done.  This is similar to how common symbols are
          handled.  See SEC_LINK_DUPLICATES below.  */
     #define SEC_LINK_ONCE 0x100000
     
       /* If SEC_LINK_ONCE is set, this bitfield describes how the linker
          should handle duplicate sections.  */
     #define SEC_LINK_DUPLICATES 0x600000
     
       /* This value for SEC_LINK_DUPLICATES means that duplicate
          sections with the same name should simply be discarded.  */
     #define SEC_LINK_DUPLICATES_DISCARD 0x0
     
       /* This value for SEC_LINK_DUPLICATES means that the linker
          should warn if there are any duplicate sections, although
          it should still only link one copy.  */
     #define SEC_LINK_DUPLICATES_ONE_ONLY 0x200000
     
       /* This value for SEC_LINK_DUPLICATES means that the linker
          should warn if any duplicate sections are a different size.  */
     #define SEC_LINK_DUPLICATES_SAME_SIZE 0x400000
     
       /* This value for SEC_LINK_DUPLICATES means that the linker
          should warn if any duplicate sections contain different
          contents.  */
     #define SEC_LINK_DUPLICATES_SAME_CONTENTS 0x600000
     
       /* This section was created by the linker as part of dynamic
          relocation or other arcane processing.  It is skipped when
          going through the first-pass output, trusting that someone
          else up the line will take care of it later.  */
     #define SEC_LINKER_CREATED 0x800000
     
       /* This section should not be subject to garbage collection.  */
     #define SEC_KEEP 0x1000000
     
       /* This section contains "short" data, and should be placed
          "near" the GP.  */
     #define SEC_SMALL_DATA 0x2000000
     
       /* This section contains data which may be shared with other
          executables or shared objects.  */
     #define SEC_SHARED 0x4000000
     
       /* When a section with this flag is being linked, then if the size of
          the input section is less than a page, it should not cross a page
          boundary.  If the size of the input section is one page or more, it
          should be aligned on a page boundary.  */
     #define SEC_BLOCK 0x8000000
     
       /* Conditionally link this section; do not link if there are no
          references found to any symbol in the section.  */
     #define SEC_CLINK 0x10000000
     
       /* Attempt to merge identical entities in the section.
          Entity size is given in the entsize field.  */
     #define SEC_MERGE 0x20000000
     
       /* If given with SEC_MERGE, entities to merge are zero terminated
          strings where entsize specifies character size instead of fixed
          size entries.  */
     #define SEC_STRINGS 0x40000000
     
       /* This section contains data about section groups.  */
     #define SEC_GROUP 0x80000000
     
       /*  End of section flags.  */
     
       /* Some internal packed boolean fields.  */
     
       /* See the vma field.  */
       unsigned int user_set_vma : 1;
     
       /* Whether relocations have been processed.  */
       unsigned int reloc_done : 1;
     
       /* A mark flag used by some of the linker backends.  */
       unsigned int linker_mark : 1;
     
       /* Another mark flag used by some of the linker backends.  Set for
          output sections that have an input section.  */
       unsigned int linker_has_input : 1;
     
       /* A mark flag used by some linker backends for garbage collection.  */
       unsigned int gc_mark : 1;
     
       /* Used by the ELF code to mark sections which have been allocated
          to segments.  */
       unsigned int segment_mark : 1;
     
       /* End of internal packed boolean fields.  */
     
       /*  The virtual memory address of the section - where it will be
           at run time.  The symbols are relocated against this.  The
           user_set_vma flag is maintained by bfd; if it's not set, the
           backend can assign addresses (for example, in `a.out', where
           the default address for `.data' is dependent on the specific
           target and various flags).  */
       bfd_vma vma;
     
       /*  The load address of the section - where it would be in a
           rom image; really only used for writing section header
           information.  */
       bfd_vma lma;
     
       /* The size of the section in octets, as it will be output.
          Contains a value even if the section has no contents (e.g., the
          size of `.bss').  This will be filled in after relocation.  */
       bfd_size_type _cooked_size;
     
       /* The original size on disk of the section, in octets.  Normally this
          value is the same as the size, but if some relaxing has
          been done, then this value will be bigger.  */
       bfd_size_type _raw_size;
     
       /* If this section is going to be output, then this value is the
          offset in *bytes* into the output section of the first byte in the
          input section (byte ==> smallest addressable unit on the
          target).  In most cases, if this was going to start at the
          100th octet (8-bit quantity) in the output section, this value
          would be 100.  However, if the target byte size is 16 bits
          (bfd_octets_per_byte is "2"), this value would be 50.  */
       bfd_vma output_offset;
     
       /* The output section through which to map on output.  */
       struct sec *output_section;
     
       /* The alignment requirement of the section, as an exponent of 2 -
          e.g., 3 aligns to 2^3 (or 8).  */
       unsigned int alignment_power;
     
       /* If an input section, a pointer to a vector of relocation
          records for the data in this section.  */
       struct reloc_cache_entry *relocation;
     
       /* If an output section, a pointer to a vector of pointers to
          relocation records for the data in this section.  */
       struct reloc_cache_entry **orelocation;
     
       /* The number of relocation records in one of the above.  */
       unsigned reloc_count;
     
       /* Information below is back end specific - and not always used
          or updated.  */
     
       /* File position of section data.  */
       file_ptr filepos;
     
       /* File position of relocation info.  */
       file_ptr rel_filepos;
     
       /* File position of line data.  */
       file_ptr line_filepos;
     
       /* Pointer to data for applications.  */
       PTR userdata;
     
       /* If the SEC_IN_MEMORY flag is set, this points to the actual
          contents.  */
       unsigned char *contents;
     
       /* Attached line number information.  */
       alent *lineno;
     
       /* Number of line number records.  */
       unsigned int lineno_count;
     
       /* Entity size for merging purposes.  */
       unsigned int entsize;
     
       /* Optional information about a COMDAT entry; NULL if not COMDAT.  */
       struct bfd_comdat_info *comdat;
     
       /* When a section is being output, this value changes as more
          linenumbers are written out.  */
       file_ptr moving_line_filepos;
     
       /* What the section number is in the target world.  */
       int target_index;
     
       PTR used_by_bfd;
     
       /* If this is a constructor section then here is a list of the
          relocations created to relocate items within it.  */
       struct relent_chain *constructor_chain;
     
       /* The BFD which owns the section.  */
       bfd *owner;
     
       /* A symbol which points at this section only.  */
       struct symbol_cache_entry *symbol;
       struct symbol_cache_entry **symbol_ptr_ptr;
     
       struct bfd_link_order *link_order_head;
       struct bfd_link_order *link_order_tail;
     } asection;
     
     /* These sections are global, and are managed by BFD.  The application
        and target back end are not permitted to change the values in
        these sections.  New code should use the section_ptr macros rather
        than referring directly to the const sections.  The const sections
        may eventually vanish.  */
     #define BFD_ABS_SECTION_NAME "*ABS*"
     #define BFD_UND_SECTION_NAME "*UND*"
     #define BFD_COM_SECTION_NAME "*COM*"
     #define BFD_IND_SECTION_NAME "*IND*"
     
     /* The absolute section.  */
     extern const asection bfd_abs_section;
     #define bfd_abs_section_ptr ((asection *) &bfd_abs_section)
     #define bfd_is_abs_section(sec) ((sec) == bfd_abs_section_ptr)
     /* Pointer to the undefined section.  */
     extern const asection bfd_und_section;
     #define bfd_und_section_ptr ((asection *) &bfd_und_section)
     #define bfd_is_und_section(sec) ((sec) == bfd_und_section_ptr)
     /* Pointer to the common section.  */
     extern const asection bfd_com_section;
     #define bfd_com_section_ptr ((asection *) &bfd_com_section)
     /* Pointer to the indirect section.  */
     extern const asection bfd_ind_section;
     #define bfd_ind_section_ptr ((asection *) &bfd_ind_section)
     #define bfd_is_ind_section(sec) ((sec) == bfd_ind_section_ptr)
     
     #define bfd_is_const_section(SEC)              \
      (   ((SEC) == bfd_abs_section_ptr)            \
       || ((SEC) == bfd_und_section_ptr)            \
       || ((SEC) == bfd_com_section_ptr)            \
       || ((SEC) == bfd_ind_section_ptr))
     
     extern const struct symbol_cache_entry * const bfd_abs_symbol;
     extern const struct symbol_cache_entry * const bfd_com_symbol;
     extern const struct symbol_cache_entry * const bfd_und_symbol;
     extern const struct symbol_cache_entry * const bfd_ind_symbol;
     #define bfd_get_section_size_before_reloc(section) \
          ((section)->reloc_done ? (abort (), (bfd_size_type) 1) \
                                 : (section)->_raw_size)
     #define bfd_get_section_size_after_reloc(section) \
          ((section)->reloc_done ? (section)->_cooked_size \
                                 : (abort (), (bfd_size_type) 1))
     
     /* Macros to handle insertion and deletion of a bfd's sections.  These
        only handle the list pointers, ie. do not adjust section_count,
        target_index etc.  */
     #define bfd_section_list_remove(ABFD, PS) \
       do                                                   \
         {                                                  \
           asection **_ps = PS;                             \
           asection *_s = *_ps;                             \
           *_ps = _s->next;                                 \
           if (_s->next == NULL)                            \
             (ABFD)->section_tail = _ps;                    \
         }                                                  \
       while (0)
     #define bfd_section_list_insert(ABFD, PS, S) \
       do                                                   \
         {                                                  \
           asection **_ps = PS;                             \
           asection *_s = S;                                \
           _s->next = *_ps;                                 \
           *_ps = _s;                                       \
           if (_s->next == NULL)                            \
             (ABFD)->section_tail = &_s->next;              \
         }                                                  \
       while (0)


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: section prototypes,  Prev: typedef asection,  Up: Sections

Section prototypes
------------------

These are the functions exported by the section handling part of BFD.

`bfd_section_list_clear'
........................

*Synopsis*
     void bfd_section_list_clear (bfd *);
   *Description*
Clears the section list, and also resets the section count and hash
table entries.

`bfd_get_section_by_name'
.........................

*Synopsis*
     asection *bfd_get_section_by_name(bfd *abfd, const char *name);
   *Description*
Run through ABFD and return the one of the `asection's whose name
matches NAME, otherwise `NULL'.  *Note Sections::, for more information.

   This should only be used in special cases; the normal way to process
all sections of a given name is to use `bfd_map_over_sections' and
`strcmp' on the name (or better yet, base it on the section flags or
something else) for each section.

`bfd_get_unique_section_name'
.............................

*Synopsis*
     char *bfd_get_unique_section_name(bfd *abfd,
         const char *templat,
         int *count);
   *Description*
Invent a section name that is unique in ABFD by tacking a dot and a
digit suffix onto the original TEMPLAT.  If COUNT is non-NULL, then it
specifies the first number tried as a suffix to generate a unique name.
The value pointed to by COUNT will be incremented in this case.

`bfd_make_section_old_way'
..........................

*Synopsis*
     asection *bfd_make_section_old_way(bfd *abfd, const char *name);
   *Description*
Create a new empty section called NAME and attach it to the end of the
chain of sections for the BFD ABFD. An attempt to create a section with
a name which is already in use returns its pointer without changing the
section chain.

   It has the funny name since this is the way it used to be before it
was rewritten....

   Possible errors are:
   * `bfd_error_invalid_operation' - If output has already started for
     this BFD.

   * `bfd_error_no_memory' - If memory allocation fails.

`bfd_make_section_anyway'
.........................

*Synopsis*
     asection *bfd_make_section_anyway(bfd *abfd, const char *name);
   *Description*
Create a new empty section called NAME and attach it to the end of the
chain of sections for ABFD.  Create a new section even if there is
already a section with that name.

   Return `NULL' and set `bfd_error' on error; possible errors are:
   * `bfd_error_invalid_operation' - If output has already started for
     ABFD.

   * `bfd_error_no_memory' - If memory allocation fails.

`bfd_make_section'
..................

*Synopsis*
     asection *bfd_make_section(bfd *, const char *name);
   *Description*
Like `bfd_make_section_anyway', but return `NULL' (without calling
bfd_set_error ()) without changing the section chain if there is
already a section named NAME.  If there is an error, return `NULL' and
set `bfd_error'.

`bfd_set_section_flags'
.......................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_set_section_flags(bfd *abfd, asection *sec, flagword flags);
   *Description*
Set the attributes of the section SEC in the BFD ABFD to the value
FLAGS. Return `true' on success, `false' on error. Possible error
returns are:

   * `bfd_error_invalid_operation' - The section cannot have one or
     more of the attributes requested. For example, a .bss section in
     `a.out' may not have the `SEC_HAS_CONTENTS' field set.

`bfd_map_over_sections'
.......................

*Synopsis*
     void bfd_map_over_sections(bfd *abfd,
         void (*func) (bfd *abfd,
         asection *sect,
         PTR obj),
         PTR obj);
   *Description*
Call the provided function FUNC for each section attached to the BFD
ABFD, passing OBJ as an argument. The function will be called as if by

            func(abfd, the_section, obj);

   This is the prefered method for iterating over sections; an
alternative would be to use a loop:

               section *p;
               for (p = abfd->sections; p != NULL; p = p->next)
                  func(abfd, p, ...)

`bfd_set_section_size'
......................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_set_section_size(bfd *abfd, asection *sec, bfd_size_type val);
   *Description*
Set SEC to the size VAL. If the operation is ok, then `true' is
returned, else `false'.

   Possible error returns:
   * `bfd_error_invalid_operation' - Writing has started to the BFD, so
     setting the size is invalid.

`bfd_set_section_contents'
..........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_set_section_contents (bfd *abfd, asection *section,
         PTR data, file_ptr offset,
         bfd_size_type count);
   *Description*
Sets the contents of the section SECTION in BFD ABFD to the data
starting in memory at DATA. The data is written to the output section
starting at offset OFFSET for COUNT octets.

   Normally `true' is returned, else `false'. Possible error returns
are:
   * `bfd_error_no_contents' - The output section does not have the
     `SEC_HAS_CONTENTS' attribute, so nothing can be written to it.

   * and some more too
   This routine is front end to the back end function
`_bfd_set_section_contents'.

`bfd_get_section_contents'
..........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_get_section_contents (bfd *abfd, asection *section,
         PTR location, file_ptr offset,
         bfd_size_type count);
   *Description*
Read data from SECTION in BFD ABFD into memory starting at LOCATION.
The data is read at an offset of OFFSET from the start of the input
section, and is read for COUNT bytes.

   If the contents of a constructor with the `SEC_CONSTRUCTOR' flag set
are requested or if the section does not have the `SEC_HAS_CONTENTS'
flag set, then the LOCATION is filled with zeroes. If no errors occur,
`true' is returned, else `false'.

`bfd_copy_private_section_data'
...............................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_copy_private_section_data (bfd *ibfd, asection *isec,
         bfd *obfd, asection *osec);
   *Description*
Copy private section information from ISEC in the BFD IBFD to the
section OSEC in the BFD OBFD.  Return `true' on success, `false' on
error.  Possible error returns are:

   * `bfd_error_no_memory' - Not enough memory exists to create private
     data for OSEC.

     #define bfd_copy_private_section_data(ibfd, isection, obfd, osection) \
          BFD_SEND (obfd, _bfd_copy_private_section_data, \
                    (ibfd, isection, obfd, osection))

`_bfd_strip_section_from_output'
................................

*Synopsis*
     void _bfd_strip_section_from_output
        (struct bfd_link_info *info, asection *section);
   *Description*
Remove SECTION from the output.  If the output section becomes empty,
remove it from the output bfd.

   This function won't actually do anything except twiddle flags if
called too late in the linking process, when it's not safe to remove
sections.

`bfd_generic_discard_group'
...........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_generic_discard_group (bfd *abfd, asection *group);
   *Description*
Remove all members of GROUP from the output.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Symbols,  Next: Archives,  Prev: Sections,  Up: BFD front end

Symbols
=======

BFD tries to maintain as much symbol information as it can when it
moves information from file to file. BFD passes information to
applications though the `asymbol' structure. When the application
requests the symbol table, BFD reads the table in the native form and
translates parts of it into the internal format. To maintain more than
the information passed to applications, some targets keep some
information "behind the scenes" in a structure only the particular back
end knows about. For example, the coff back end keeps the original
symbol table structure as well as the canonical structure when a BFD is
read in. On output, the coff back end can reconstruct the output symbol
table so that no information is lost, even information unique to coff
which BFD doesn't know or understand. If a coff symbol table were read,
but were written through an a.out back end, all the coff specific
information would be lost. The symbol table of a BFD is not necessarily
read in until a canonicalize request is made. Then the BFD back end
fills in a table provided by the application with pointers to the
canonical information.  To output symbols, the application provides BFD
with a table of pointers to pointers to `asymbol's. This allows
applications like the linker to output a symbol as it was read, since
the "behind the scenes" information will be still available.

* Menu:

* Reading Symbols::
* Writing Symbols::
* Mini Symbols::
* typedef asymbol::
* symbol handling functions::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Reading Symbols,  Next: Writing Symbols,  Prev: Symbols,  Up: Symbols

Reading symbols
---------------

There are two stages to reading a symbol table from a BFD: allocating
storage, and the actual reading process. This is an excerpt from an
application which reads the symbol table:

              long storage_needed;
              asymbol **symbol_table;
              long number_of_symbols;
              long i;
     
              storage_needed = bfd_get_symtab_upper_bound (abfd);
     
              if (storage_needed < 0)
                FAIL
     
              if (storage_needed == 0) {
                 return ;
              }
              symbol_table = (asymbol **) xmalloc (storage_needed);
                ...
              number_of_symbols =
                 bfd_canonicalize_symtab (abfd, symbol_table);
     
              if (number_of_symbols < 0)
                FAIL
     
              for (i = 0; i < number_of_symbols; i++) {
                 process_symbol (symbol_table[i]);
              }

   All storage for the symbols themselves is in an objalloc connected
to the BFD; it is freed when the BFD is closed.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Writing Symbols,  Next: Mini Symbols,  Prev: Reading Symbols,  Up: Symbols

Writing symbols
---------------

Writing of a symbol table is automatic when a BFD open for writing is
closed. The application attaches a vector of pointers to pointers to
symbols to the BFD being written, and fills in the symbol count. The
close and cleanup code reads through the table provided and performs
all the necessary operations. The BFD output code must always be
provided with an "owned" symbol: one which has come from another BFD,
or one which has been created using `bfd_make_empty_symbol'.  Here is an
example showing the creation of a symbol table with only one element:

            #include "bfd.h"
            main()
            {
              bfd *abfd;
              asymbol *ptrs[2];
              asymbol *new;
     
              abfd = bfd_openw("foo","a.out-sunos-big");
              bfd_set_format(abfd, bfd_object);
              new = bfd_make_empty_symbol(abfd);
              new->name = "dummy_symbol";
              new->section = bfd_make_section_old_way(abfd, ".text");
              new->flags = BSF_GLOBAL;
              new->value = 0x12345;
     
              ptrs[0] = new;
              ptrs[1] = (asymbol *)0;
     
              bfd_set_symtab(abfd, ptrs, 1);
              bfd_close(abfd);
            }
     
            ./makesym
            nm foo
            00012345 A dummy_symbol

   Many formats cannot represent arbitary symbol information; for
instance, the `a.out' object format does not allow an arbitary number
of sections. A symbol pointing to a section which is not one  of
`.text', `.data' or `.bss' cannot be described.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Mini Symbols,  Next: typedef asymbol,  Prev: Writing Symbols,  Up: Symbols

Mini Symbols
------------

Mini symbols provide read-only access to the symbol table.  They use
less memory space, but require more time to access.  They can be useful
for tools like nm or objdump, which may have to handle symbol tables of
extremely large executables.

   The `bfd_read_minisymbols' function will read the symbols into
memory in an internal form.  It will return a `void *' pointer to a
block of memory, a symbol count, and the size of each symbol.  The
pointer is allocated using `malloc', and should be freed by the caller
when it is no longer needed.

   The function `bfd_minisymbol_to_symbol' will take a pointer to a
minisymbol, and a pointer to a structure returned by
`bfd_make_empty_symbol', and return a `asymbol' structure.  The return
value may or may not be the same as the value from
`bfd_make_empty_symbol' which was passed in.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: typedef asymbol,  Next: symbol handling functions,  Prev: Mini Symbols,  Up: Symbols

typedef asymbol
---------------

An `asymbol' has the form:


     typedef struct symbol_cache_entry
     {
       /* A pointer to the BFD which owns the symbol. This information
          is necessary so that a back end can work out what additional
          information (invisible to the application writer) is carried
          with the symbol.
     
          This field is *almost* redundant, since you can use section->owner
          instead, except that some symbols point to the global sections
          bfd_{abs,com,und}_section.  This could be fixed by making
          these globals be per-bfd (or per-target-flavor).  FIXME.  */
       struct _bfd *the_bfd; /* Use bfd_asymbol_bfd(sym) to access this field.  */
     
       /* The text of the symbol. The name is left alone, and not copied; the
          application may not alter it.  */
       const char *name;
     
       /* The value of the symbol.  This really should be a union of a
          numeric value with a pointer, since some flags indicate that
          a pointer to another symbol is stored here.  */
       symvalue value;
     
       /* Attributes of a symbol.  */
     #define BSF_NO_FLAGS    0x00
     
       /* The symbol has local scope; `static' in `C'. The value
          is the offset into the section of the data.  */
     #define BSF_LOCAL      0x01
     
       /* The symbol has global scope; initialized data in `C'. The
          value is the offset into the section of the data.  */
     #define BSF_GLOBAL     0x02
     
       /* The symbol has global scope and is exported. The value is
          the offset into the section of the data.  */
     #define BSF_EXPORT     BSF_GLOBAL /* No real difference.  */
     
       /* A normal C symbol would be one of:
          `BSF_LOCAL', `BSF_FORT_COMM',  `BSF_UNDEFINED' or
          `BSF_GLOBAL'.  */
     
       /* The symbol is a debugging record. The value has an arbitary
          meaning, unless BSF_DEBUGGING_RELOC is also set.  */
     #define BSF_DEBUGGING  0x08
     
       /* The symbol denotes a function entry point.  Used in ELF,
          perhaps others someday.  */
     #define BSF_FUNCTION    0x10
     
       /* Used by the linker.  */
     #define BSF_KEEP        0x20
     #define BSF_KEEP_G      0x40
     
       /* A weak global symbol, overridable without warnings by
          a regular global symbol of the same name.  */
     #define BSF_WEAK        0x80
     
       /* This symbol was created to point to a section, e.g. ELF's
          STT_SECTION symbols.  */
     #define BSF_SECTION_SYM 0x100
     
       /* The symbol used to be a common symbol, but now it is
          allocated.  */
     #define BSF_OLD_COMMON  0x200
     
       /* The default value for common data.  */
     #define BFD_FORT_COMM_DEFAULT_VALUE 0
     
       /* In some files the type of a symbol sometimes alters its
          location in an output file - ie in coff a `ISFCN' symbol
          which is also `C_EXT' symbol appears where it was
          declared and not at the end of a section.  This bit is set
          by the target BFD part to convey this information.  */
     #define BSF_NOT_AT_END    0x400
     
       /* Signal that the symbol is the label of constructor section.  */
     #define BSF_CONSTRUCTOR   0x800
     
       /* Signal that the symbol is a warning symbol.  The name is a
          warning.  The name of the next symbol is the one to warn about;
          if a reference is made to a symbol with the same name as the next
          symbol, a warning is issued by the linker.  */
     #define BSF_WARNING       0x1000
     
       /* Signal that the symbol is indirect.  This symbol is an indirect
          pointer to the symbol with the same name as the next symbol.  */
     #define BSF_INDIRECT      0x2000
     
       /* BSF_FILE marks symbols that contain a file name.  This is used
          for ELF STT_FILE symbols.  */
     #define BSF_FILE          0x4000
     
       /* Symbol is from dynamic linking information.  */
     #define BSF_DYNAMIC       0x8000
     
       /* The symbol denotes a data object.  Used in ELF, and perhaps
          others someday.  */
     #define BSF_OBJECT        0x10000
     
       /* This symbol is a debugging symbol.  The value is the offset
          into the section of the data.  BSF_DEBUGGING should be set
          as well.  */
     #define BSF_DEBUGGING_RELOC 0x20000
     
       /* This symbol is thread local.  Used in ELF.  */
     #define BSF_THREAD_LOCAL  0x40000
     
       flagword flags;
     
       /* A pointer to the section to which this symbol is
          relative.  This will always be non NULL, there are special
          sections for undefined and absolute symbols.  */
       struct sec *section;
     
       /* Back end special data.  */
       union
         {
           PTR p;
           bfd_vma i;
         }
       udata;
     }
     asymbol;


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: symbol handling functions,  Prev: typedef asymbol,  Up: Symbols

Symbol handling functions
-------------------------

`bfd_get_symtab_upper_bound'
............................

*Description*
Return the number of bytes required to store a vector of pointers to
`asymbols' for all the symbols in the BFD ABFD, including a terminal
NULL pointer. If there are no symbols in the BFD, then return 0.  If an
error occurs, return -1.
     #define bfd_get_symtab_upper_bound(abfd) \
          BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_get_symtab_upper_bound, (abfd))

`bfd_is_local_label'
....................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_is_local_label(bfd *abfd, asymbol *sym);
   *Description*
Return true if the given symbol SYM in the BFD ABFD is a compiler
generated local label, else return false.

`bfd_is_local_label_name'
.........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_is_local_label_name(bfd *abfd, const char *name);
   *Description*
Return true if a symbol with the name NAME in the BFD ABFD is a
compiler generated local label, else return false.  This just checks
whether the name has the form of a local label.
     #define bfd_is_local_label_name(abfd, name) \
          BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_is_local_label_name, (abfd, name))

`bfd_canonicalize_symtab'
.........................

*Description*
Read the symbols from the BFD ABFD, and fills in the vector LOCATION
with pointers to the symbols and a trailing NULL.  Return the actual
number of symbol pointers, not including the NULL.
     #define bfd_canonicalize_symtab(abfd, location) \
          BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_canonicalize_symtab,\
                       (abfd, location))

`bfd_set_symtab'
................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_set_symtab (bfd *abfd, asymbol **location, unsigned int count);
   *Description*
Arrange that when the output BFD ABFD is closed, the table LOCATION of
COUNT pointers to symbols will be written.

`bfd_print_symbol_vandf'
........................

*Synopsis*
     void bfd_print_symbol_vandf(bfd *abfd, PTR file, asymbol *symbol);
   *Description*
Print the value and flags of the SYMBOL supplied to the stream FILE.

`bfd_make_empty_symbol'
.......................

*Description*
Create a new `asymbol' structure for the BFD ABFD and return a pointer
to it.

   This routine is necessary because each back end has private
information surrounding the `asymbol'. Building your own `asymbol' and
pointing to it will not create the private information, and will cause
problems later on.
     #define bfd_make_empty_symbol(abfd) \
          BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_make_empty_symbol, (abfd))

`_bfd_generic_make_empty_symbol'
................................

*Synopsis*
     asymbol *_bfd_generic_make_empty_symbol (bfd *);
   *Description*
Create a new `asymbol' structure for the BFD ABFD and return a pointer
to it.  Used by core file routines, binary back-end and anywhere else
where no private info is needed.

`bfd_make_debug_symbol'
.......................

*Description*
Create a new `asymbol' structure for the BFD ABFD, to be used as a
debugging symbol.  Further details of its use have yet to be worked out.
     #define bfd_make_debug_symbol(abfd,ptr,size) \
             BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_make_debug_symbol, (abfd, ptr, size))

`bfd_decode_symclass'
.....................

*Description*
Return a character corresponding to the symbol class of SYMBOL, or '?'
for an unknown class.

   *Synopsis*
     int bfd_decode_symclass(asymbol *symbol);

`bfd_is_undefined_symclass'
...........................

*Description*
Returns non-zero if the class symbol returned by bfd_decode_symclass
represents an undefined symbol.  Returns zero otherwise.

   *Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_is_undefined_symclass (int symclass);

`bfd_symbol_info'
.................

*Description*
Fill in the basic info about symbol that nm needs.  Additional info may
be added by the back-ends after calling this function.

   *Synopsis*
     void bfd_symbol_info(asymbol *symbol, symbol_info *ret);

`bfd_copy_private_symbol_data'
..............................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_copy_private_symbol_data(bfd *ibfd, asymbol *isym, bfd *obfd, asymbol *osym);
   *Description*
Copy private symbol information from ISYM in the BFD IBFD to the symbol
OSYM in the BFD OBFD.  Return `true' on success, `false' on error.
Possible error returns are:

   * `bfd_error_no_memory' - Not enough memory exists to create private
     data for OSEC.

     #define bfd_copy_private_symbol_data(ibfd, isymbol, obfd, osymbol) \
          BFD_SEND (obfd, _bfd_copy_private_symbol_data, \
                    (ibfd, isymbol, obfd, osymbol))


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Archives,  Next: Formats,  Prev: Symbols,  Up: BFD front end

Archives
========

*Description*
An archive (or library) is just another BFD.  It has a symbol table,
although there's not much a user program will do with it.

   The big difference between an archive BFD and an ordinary BFD is
that the archive doesn't have sections.  Instead it has a chain of BFDs
that are considered its contents.  These BFDs can be manipulated like
any other.  The BFDs contained in an archive opened for reading will
all be opened for reading.  You may put either input or output BFDs
into an archive opened for output; they will be handled correctly when
the archive is closed.

   Use `bfd_openr_next_archived_file' to step through the contents of
an archive opened for input.  You don't have to read the entire archive
if you don't want to!  Read it until you find what you want.

   Archive contents of output BFDs are chained through the `next'
pointer in a BFD.  The first one is findable through the `archive_head'
slot of the archive.  Set it with `bfd_set_archive_head' (q.v.).  A
given BFD may be in only one open output archive at a time.

   As expected, the BFD archive code is more general than the archive
code of any given environment.  BFD archives may contain files of
different formats (e.g., a.out and coff) and even different
architectures.  You may even place archives recursively into archives!

   This can cause unexpected confusion, since some archive formats are
more expressive than others.  For instance, Intel COFF archives can
preserve long filenames; SunOS a.out archives cannot.  If you move a
file from the first to the second format and back again, the filename
may be truncated.  Likewise, different a.out environments have different
conventions as to how they truncate filenames, whether they preserve
directory names in filenames, etc.  When interoperating with native
tools, be sure your files are homogeneous.

   Beware: most of these formats do not react well to the presence of
spaces in filenames.  We do the best we can, but can't always handle
this case due to restrictions in the format of archives.  Many Unix
utilities are braindead in regards to spaces and such in filenames
anyway, so this shouldn't be much of a restriction.

   Archives are supported in BFD in `archive.c'.

`bfd_get_next_mapent'
.....................

*Synopsis*
     symindex bfd_get_next_mapent(bfd *abfd, symindex previous, carsym **sym);
   *Description*
Step through archive ABFD's symbol table (if it has one).  Successively
update SYM with the next symbol's information, returning that symbol's
(internal) index into the symbol table.

   Supply `BFD_NO_MORE_SYMBOLS' as the PREVIOUS entry to get the first
one; returns `BFD_NO_MORE_SYMBOLS' when you've already got the last one.

   A `carsym' is a canonical archive symbol.  The only user-visible
element is its name, a null-terminated string.

`bfd_set_archive_head'
......................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_set_archive_head(bfd *output, bfd *new_head);
   *Description*
Set the head of the chain of BFDs contained in the archive OUTPUT to
NEW_HEAD.

`bfd_openr_next_archived_file'
..............................

*Synopsis*
     bfd *bfd_openr_next_archived_file(bfd *archive, bfd *previous);
   *Description*
Provided a BFD, ARCHIVE, containing an archive and NULL, open an input
BFD on the first contained element and returns that.  Subsequent calls
should pass the archive and the previous return value to return a
created BFD to the next contained element. NULL is returned when there
are no more.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Formats,  Next: Relocations,  Prev: Archives,  Up: BFD front end

File formats
============

A format is a BFD concept of high level file contents type. The formats
supported by BFD are:

   * `bfd_object'
   The BFD may contain data, symbols, relocations and debug info.

   * `bfd_archive'
   The BFD contains other BFDs and an optional index.

   * `bfd_core'
   The BFD contains the result of an executable core dump.

`bfd_check_format'
..................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_check_format(bfd *abfd, bfd_format format);
   *Description*
Verify if the file attached to the BFD ABFD is compatible with the
format FORMAT (i.e., one of `bfd_object', `bfd_archive' or `bfd_core').

   If the BFD has been set to a specific target before the call, only
the named target and format combination is checked. If the target has
not been set, or has been set to `default', then all the known target
backends is interrogated to determine a match.  If the default target
matches, it is used.  If not, exactly one target must recognize the
file, or an error results.

   The function returns `true' on success, otherwise `false' with one
of the following error codes:

   * `bfd_error_invalid_operation' - if `format' is not one of
     `bfd_object', `bfd_archive' or `bfd_core'.

   * `bfd_error_system_call' - if an error occured during a read - even
     some file mismatches can cause bfd_error_system_calls.

   * `file_not_recognised' - none of the backends recognised the file
     format.

   * `bfd_error_file_ambiguously_recognized' - more than one backend
     recognised the file format.

`bfd_check_format_matches'
..........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_check_format_matches(bfd *abfd, bfd_format format, char ***matching);
   *Description*
Like `bfd_check_format', except when it returns false with `bfd_errno'
set to `bfd_error_file_ambiguously_recognized'.  In that case, if
MATCHING is not NULL, it will be filled in with a NULL-terminated list
of the names of the formats that matched, allocated with `malloc'.
Then the user may choose a format and try again.

   When done with the list that MATCHING points to, the caller should
free it.

`bfd_set_format'
................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_set_format(bfd *abfd, bfd_format format);
   *Description*
This function sets the file format of the BFD ABFD to the format
FORMAT. If the target set in the BFD does not support the format
requested, the format is invalid, or the BFD is not open for writing,
then an error occurs.

`bfd_format_string'
...................

*Synopsis*
     const char *bfd_format_string(bfd_format format);
   *Description*
Return a pointer to a const string `invalid', `object', `archive',
`core', or `unknown', depending upon the value of FORMAT.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Relocations,  Next: Core Files,  Prev: Formats,  Up: BFD front end

Relocations
===========

BFD maintains relocations in much the same way it maintains symbols:
they are left alone until required, then read in en-masse and
translated into an internal form.  A common routine
`bfd_perform_relocation' acts upon the canonical form to do the fixup.

   Relocations are maintained on a per section basis, while symbols are
maintained on a per BFD basis.

   All that a back end has to do to fit the BFD interface is to create
a `struct reloc_cache_entry' for each relocation in a particular
section, and fill in the right bits of the structures.

* Menu:

* typedef arelent::
* howto manager::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: typedef arelent,  Next: howto manager,  Prev: Relocations,  Up: Relocations

typedef arelent
---------------

This is the structure of a relocation entry:


     typedef enum bfd_reloc_status
     {
       /* No errors detected.  */
       bfd_reloc_ok,
     
       /* The relocation was performed, but there was an overflow.  */
       bfd_reloc_overflow,
     
       /* The address to relocate was not within the section supplied.  */
       bfd_reloc_outofrange,
     
       /* Used by special functions.  */
       bfd_reloc_continue,
     
       /* Unsupported relocation size requested.  */
       bfd_reloc_notsupported,
     
       /* Unused.  */
       bfd_reloc_other,
     
       /* The symbol to relocate against was undefined.  */
       bfd_reloc_undefined,
     
       /* The relocation was performed, but may not be ok - presently
          generated only when linking i960 coff files with i960 b.out
          symbols.  If this type is returned, the error_message argument
          to bfd_perform_relocation will be set.  */
       bfd_reloc_dangerous
      }
      bfd_reloc_status_type;
     
     
     typedef struct reloc_cache_entry
     {
       /* A pointer into the canonical table of pointers.  */
       struct symbol_cache_entry **sym_ptr_ptr;
     
       /* offset in section.  */
       bfd_size_type address;
     
       /* addend for relocation value.  */
       bfd_vma addend;
     
       /* Pointer to how to perform the required relocation.  */
       reloc_howto_type *howto;
     
     }
     arelent;
   *Description*
Here is a description of each of the fields within an `arelent':

   * `sym_ptr_ptr'
   The symbol table pointer points to a pointer to the symbol
associated with the relocation request.  It is the pointer into the
table returned by the back end's `get_symtab' action. *Note Symbols::.
The symbol is referenced through a pointer to a pointer so that tools
like the linker can fix up all the symbols of the same name by
modifying only one pointer. The relocation routine looks in the symbol
and uses the base of the section the symbol is attached to and the
value of the symbol as the initial relocation offset. If the symbol
pointer is zero, then the section provided is looked up.

   * `address'
   The `address' field gives the offset in bytes from the base of the
section data which owns the relocation record to the first byte of
relocatable information. The actual data relocated will be relative to
this point; for example, a relocation type which modifies the bottom
two bytes of a four byte word would not touch the first byte pointed to
in a big endian world.

   * `addend'
   The `addend' is a value provided by the back end to be added (!)  to
the relocation offset. Its interpretation is dependent upon the howto.
For example, on the 68k the code:

             char foo[];
             main()
                     {
                     return foo[0x12345678];
                     }

   Could be compiled into:

             linkw fp,#-4
             moveb @#12345678,d0
             extbl d0
             unlk fp
             rts

   This could create a reloc pointing to `foo', but leave the offset in
the data, something like:

     RELOCATION RECORDS FOR [.text]:
     offset   type      value
     00000006 32        _foo
     
     00000000 4e56 fffc          ; linkw fp,#-4
     00000004 1039 1234 5678     ; moveb @#12345678,d0
     0000000a 49c0               ; extbl d0
     0000000c 4e5e               ; unlk fp
     0000000e 4e75               ; rts

   Using coff and an 88k, some instructions don't have enough space in
them to represent the full address range, and pointers have to be
loaded in two parts. So you'd get something like:

             or.u     r13,r0,hi16(_foo+0x12345678)
             ld.b     r2,r13,lo16(_foo+0x12345678)
             jmp      r1

   This should create two relocs, both pointing to `_foo', and with
0x12340000 in their addend field. The data would consist of:

     RELOCATION RECORDS FOR [.text]:
     offset   type      value
     00000002 HVRT16    _foo+0x12340000
     00000006 LVRT16    _foo+0x12340000
     
     00000000 5da05678           ; or.u r13,r0,0x5678
     00000004 1c4d5678           ; ld.b r2,r13,0x5678
     00000008 f400c001           ; jmp r1

   The relocation routine digs out the value from the data, adds it to
the addend to get the original offset, and then adds the value of
`_foo'. Note that all 32 bits have to be kept around somewhere, to cope
with carry from bit 15 to bit 16.

   One further example is the sparc and the a.out format. The sparc has
a similar problem to the 88k, in that some instructions don't have room
for an entire offset, but on the sparc the parts are created in odd
sized lumps. The designers of the a.out format chose to not use the
data within the section for storing part of the offset; all the offset
is kept within the reloc. Anything in the data should be ignored.

             save %sp,-112,%sp
             sethi %hi(_foo+0x12345678),%g2
             ldsb [%g2+%lo(_foo+0x12345678)],%i0
             ret
             restore

   Both relocs contain a pointer to `foo', and the offsets contain junk.

     RELOCATION RECORDS FOR [.text]:
     offset   type      value
     00000004 HI22      _foo+0x12345678
     00000008 LO10      _foo+0x12345678
     
     00000000 9de3bf90     ; save %sp,-112,%sp
     00000004 05000000     ; sethi %hi(_foo+0),%g2
     00000008 f048a000     ; ldsb [%g2+%lo(_foo+0)],%i0
     0000000c 81c7e008     ; ret
     00000010 81e80000     ; restore

   * `howto'
   The `howto' field can be imagined as a relocation instruction. It is
a pointer to a structure which contains information on what to do with
all of the other information in the reloc record and data section. A
back end would normally have a relocation instruction set and turn
relocations into pointers to the correct structure on input - but it
would be possible to create each howto field on demand.

`enum complain_overflow'
........................

Indicates what sort of overflow checking should be done when performing
a relocation.


     enum complain_overflow
     {
       /* Do not complain on overflow.  */
       complain_overflow_dont,
     
       /* Complain if the bitfield overflows, whether it is considered
          as signed or unsigned.  */
       complain_overflow_bitfield,
     
       /* Complain if the value overflows when considered as signed
          number.  */
       complain_overflow_signed,
     
       /* Complain if the value overflows when considered as an
          unsigned number.  */
       complain_overflow_unsigned
     };

`reloc_howto_type'
..................

The `reloc_howto_type' is a structure which contains all the
information that libbfd needs to know to tie up a back end's data.

     struct symbol_cache_entry;             /* Forward declaration.  */
     
     struct reloc_howto_struct
     {
       /*  The type field has mainly a documentary use - the back end can
           do what it wants with it, though normally the back end's
           external idea of what a reloc number is stored
           in this field.  For example, a PC relative word relocation
           in a coff environment has the type 023 - because that's
           what the outside world calls a R_PCRWORD reloc.  */
       unsigned int type;
     
       /*  The value the final relocation is shifted right by.  This drops
           unwanted data from the relocation.  */
       unsigned int rightshift;
     
       /*  The size of the item to be relocated.  This is *not* a
           power-of-two measure.  To get the number of bytes operated
           on by a type of relocation, use bfd_get_reloc_size.  */
       int size;
     
       /*  The number of bits in the item to be relocated.  This is used
           when doing overflow checking.  */
       unsigned int bitsize;
     
       /*  Notes that the relocation is relative to the location in the
           data section of the addend.  The relocation function will
           subtract from the relocation value the address of the location
           being relocated.  */
       boolean pc_relative;
     
       /*  The bit position of the reloc value in the destination.
           The relocated value is left shifted by this amount.  */
       unsigned int bitpos;
     
       /* What type of overflow error should be checked for when
          relocating.  */
       enum complain_overflow complain_on_overflow;
     
       /* If this field is non null, then the supplied function is
          called rather than the normal function.  This allows really
          strange relocation methods to be accomodated (e.g., i960 callj
          instructions).  */
       bfd_reloc_status_type (*special_function)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, arelent *, struct symbol_cache_entry *, PTR, asection *,
                  bfd *, char **));
     
       /* The textual name of the relocation type.  */
       char *name;
     
       /* Some formats record a relocation addend in the section contents
          rather than with the relocation.  For ELF formats this is the
          distinction between USE_REL and USE_RELA (though the code checks
          for USE_REL == 1/0).  The value of this field is TRUE if the
          addend is recorded with the section contents; when performing a
          partial link (ld -r) the section contents (the data) will be
          modified.  The value of this field is FALSE if addends are
          recorded with the relocation (in arelent.addend); when performing
          a partial link the relocation will be modified.
          All relocations for all ELF USE_RELA targets should set this field
          to FALSE (values of TRUE should be looked on with suspicion).
          However, the converse is not true: not all relocations of all ELF
          USE_REL targets set this field to TRUE.  Why this is so is peculiar
          to each particular target.  For relocs that aren't used in partial
          links (e.g. GOT stuff) it doesn't matter what this is set to.  */
       boolean partial_inplace;
     
       /* The src_mask selects which parts of the read in data
          are to be used in the relocation sum.  E.g., if this was an 8 bit
          byte of data which we read and relocated, this would be
          0x000000ff.  When we have relocs which have an addend, such as
          sun4 extended relocs, the value in the offset part of a
          relocating field is garbage so we never use it.  In this case
          the mask would be 0x00000000.  */
       bfd_vma src_mask;
     
       /* The dst_mask selects which parts of the instruction are replaced
          into the instruction.  In most cases src_mask == dst_mask,
          except in the above special case, where dst_mask would be
          0x000000ff, and src_mask would be 0x00000000.  */
       bfd_vma dst_mask;
     
       /* When some formats create PC relative instructions, they leave
          the value of the pc of the place being relocated in the offset
          slot of the instruction, so that a PC relative relocation can
          be made just by adding in an ordinary offset (e.g., sun3 a.out).
          Some formats leave the displacement part of an instruction
          empty (e.g., m88k bcs); this flag signals the fact.  */
       boolean pcrel_offset;
     };

`The HOWTO Macro'
.................

*Description*
The HOWTO define is horrible and will go away.
     #define HOWTO(C, R, S, B, P, BI, O, SF, NAME, INPLACE, MASKSRC, MASKDST, PC) \
       { (unsigned) C, R, S, B, P, BI, O, SF, NAME, INPLACE, MASKSRC, MASKDST, PC }

   *Description*
And will be replaced with the totally magic way. But for the moment, we
are compatible, so do it this way.
     #define NEWHOWTO(FUNCTION, NAME, SIZE, REL, IN) \
       HOWTO (0, 0, SIZE, 0, REL, 0, complain_overflow_dont, FUNCTION, \
              NAME, false, 0, 0, IN)

   *Description*
This is used to fill in an empty howto entry in an array.
     #define EMPTY_HOWTO(C) \
       HOWTO ((C), 0, 0, 0, false, 0, complain_overflow_dont, NULL, \
              NULL, false, 0, 0, false)

   *Description*
Helper routine to turn a symbol into a relocation value.
     #define HOWTO_PREPARE(relocation, symbol)               \
       {                                                     \
         if (symbol != (asymbol *) NULL)                     \
           {                                                 \
             if (bfd_is_com_section (symbol->section))       \
               {                                             \
                 relocation = 0;                             \
               }                                             \
             else                                            \
               {                                             \
                 relocation = symbol->value;                 \
               }                                             \
           }                                                 \
       }

`bfd_get_reloc_size'
....................

*Synopsis*
     unsigned int bfd_get_reloc_size (reloc_howto_type *);
   *Description*
For a reloc_howto_type that operates on a fixed number of bytes, this
returns the number of bytes operated on.

`arelent_chain'
...............

*Description*
How relocs are tied together in an `asection':
     typedef struct relent_chain
     {
       arelent relent;
       struct relent_chain *next;
     }
     arelent_chain;

`bfd_check_overflow'
....................

*Synopsis*
     bfd_reloc_status_type
     bfd_check_overflow
        (enum complain_overflow how,
         unsigned int bitsize,
         unsigned int rightshift,
         unsigned int addrsize,
         bfd_vma relocation);
   *Description*
Perform overflow checking on RELOCATION which has BITSIZE significant
bits and will be shifted right by RIGHTSHIFT bits, on a machine with
addresses containing ADDRSIZE significant bits.  The result is either of
`bfd_reloc_ok' or `bfd_reloc_overflow'.

`bfd_perform_relocation'
........................

*Synopsis*
     bfd_reloc_status_type
     bfd_perform_relocation
        (bfd *abfd,
         arelent *reloc_entry,
         PTR data,
         asection *input_section,
         bfd *output_bfd,
         char **error_message);
   *Description*
If OUTPUT_BFD is supplied to this function, the generated image will be
relocatable; the relocations are copied to the output file after they
have been changed to reflect the new state of the world. There are two
ways of reflecting the results of partial linkage in an output file: by
modifying the output data in place, and by modifying the relocation
record.  Some native formats (e.g., basic a.out and basic coff) have no
way of specifying an addend in the relocation type, so the addend has
to go in the output data.  This is no big deal since in these formats
the output data slot will always be big enough for the addend. Complex
reloc types with addends were invented to solve just this problem.  The
ERROR_MESSAGE argument is set to an error message if this return
`bfd_reloc_dangerous'.

`bfd_install_relocation'
........................

*Synopsis*
     bfd_reloc_status_type
     bfd_install_relocation
        (bfd *abfd,
         arelent *reloc_entry,
         PTR data, bfd_vma data_start,
         asection *input_section,
         char **error_message);
   *Description*
This looks remarkably like `bfd_perform_relocation', except it does not
expect that the section contents have been filled in.  I.e., it's
suitable for use when creating, rather than applying a relocation.

   For now, this function should be considered reserved for the
assembler.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: howto manager,  Prev: typedef arelent,  Up: Relocations

The howto manager
=================

When an application wants to create a relocation, but doesn't know what
the target machine might call it, it can find out by using this bit of
code.

`bfd_reloc_code_type'
.....................

*Description*
The insides of a reloc code.  The idea is that, eventually, there will
be one enumerator for every type of relocation we ever do.  Pass one of
these values to `bfd_reloc_type_lookup', and it'll return a howto
pointer.

   This does mean that the application must determine the correct
enumerator value; you can't get a howto pointer from a random set of
attributes.

   Here are the possible values for `enum bfd_reloc_code_real':

 - : BFD_RELOC_64
 - : BFD_RELOC_32
 - : BFD_RELOC_26
 - : BFD_RELOC_24
 - : BFD_RELOC_16
 - : BFD_RELOC_14
 - : BFD_RELOC_8
     Basic absolute relocations of N bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_64_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_24_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_12_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL
     PC-relative relocations.  Sometimes these are relative to the
     address of the relocation itself; sometimes they are relative to
     the start of the section containing the relocation.  It depends on
     the specific target.

     The 24-bit relocation is used in some Intel 960 configurations.

 - : BFD_RELOC_32_GOT_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_16_GOT_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_8_GOT_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_32_GOTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_16_GOTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_LO16_GOTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_HI16_GOTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_HI16_S_GOTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_8_GOTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_64_PLT_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_32_PLT_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_24_PLT_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_16_PLT_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_8_PLT_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_64_PLTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_32_PLTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_16_PLTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_LO16_PLTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_HI16_PLTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_HI16_S_PLTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_8_PLTOFF
     For ELF.

 - : BFD_RELOC_68K_GLOB_DAT
 - : BFD_RELOC_68K_JMP_SLOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_68K_RELATIVE
     Relocations used by 68K ELF.

 - : BFD_RELOC_32_BASEREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_16_BASEREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_LO16_BASEREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_HI16_BASEREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_HI16_S_BASEREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_8_BASEREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_RVA
     Linkage-table relative.

 - : BFD_RELOC_8_FFnn
     Absolute 8-bit relocation, but used to form an address like 0xFFnn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL_S2
 - : BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL_S2
 - : BFD_RELOC_23_PCREL_S2
     These PC-relative relocations are stored as word displacements -
     i.e., byte displacements shifted right two bits.  The 30-bit word
     displacement (<<32_PCREL_S2>> - 32 bits, shifted 2) is used on the
     SPARC.  (SPARC tools generally refer to this as <<WDISP30>>.)  The
     signed 16-bit displacement is used on the MIPS, and the 23-bit
     displacement is used on the Alpha.

 - : BFD_RELOC_HI22
 - : BFD_RELOC_LO10
     High 22 bits and low 10 bits of 32-bit value, placed into lower
     bits of the target word.  These are used on the SPARC.

 - : BFD_RELOC_GPREL16
 - : BFD_RELOC_GPREL32
     For systems that allocate a Global Pointer register, these are
     displacements off that register.  These relocation types are
     handled specially, because the value the register will have is
     decided relatively late.

 - : BFD_RELOC_I960_CALLJ
     Reloc types used for i960/b.out.

 - : BFD_RELOC_NONE
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_WDISP22
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC22
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC13
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_GOT10
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_GOT13
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_GOT22
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_PC10
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_PC22
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_WPLT30
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_COPY
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_GLOB_DAT
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_JMP_SLOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_RELATIVE
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_UA16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_UA32
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_UA64
     SPARC ELF relocations.  There is probably some overlap with other
     relocation types already defined.

 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_BASE13
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_BASE22
     I think these are specific to SPARC a.out (e.g., Sun 4).

 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_64
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_10
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_11
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_OLO10
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_HH22
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_HM10
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_LM22
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_PC_HH22
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_PC_HM10
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_PC_LM22
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_WDISP16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_WDISP19
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_7
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_6
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_5
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_DISP64
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_PLT32
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_PLT64
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_HIX22
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_LOX10
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_H44
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_M44
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_L44
 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_REGISTER
     SPARC64 relocations

 - : BFD_RELOC_SPARC_REV32
     SPARC little endian relocation

 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_GPDISP_HI16
     Alpha ECOFF and ELF relocations.  Some of these treat the symbol or
     "addend" in some special way.  For GPDISP_HI16 ("gpdisp")
     relocations, the symbol is ignored when writing; when reading, it
     will be the absolute section symbol.  The addend is the
     displacement in bytes of the "lda" instruction from the "ldah"
     instruction (which is at the address of this reloc).

 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_GPDISP_LO16
     For GPDISP_LO16 ("ignore") relocations, the symbol is handled as
     with GPDISP_HI16 relocs.  The addend is ignored when writing the
     relocations out, and is filled in with the file's GP value on
     reading, for convenience.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_GPDISP
     The ELF GPDISP relocation is exactly the same as the GPDISP_HI16
     relocation except that there is no accompanying GPDISP_LO16
     relocation.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_LITERAL
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_ELF_LITERAL
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_LITUSE
     The Alpha LITERAL/LITUSE relocs are produced by a symbol reference;
     the assembler turns it into a LDQ instruction to load the address
     of the symbol, and then fills in a register in the real
     instruction.

     The LITERAL reloc, at the LDQ instruction, refers to the .lita
     section symbol.  The addend is ignored when writing, but is filled
     in with the file's GP value on reading, for convenience, as with
     the GPDISP_LO16 reloc.

     The ELF_LITERAL reloc is somewhere between 16_GOTOFF and
     GPDISP_LO16.  It should refer to the symbol to be referenced, as
     with 16_GOTOFF, but it generates output not based on the position
     within the .got section, but relative to the GP value chosen for
     the file during the final link stage.

     The LITUSE reloc, on the instruction using the loaded address,
     gives information to the linker that it might be able to use to
     optimize away some literal section references.  The symbol is
     ignored (read as the absolute section symbol), and the "addend"
     indicates the type of instruction using the register: 1 - "memory"
     fmt insn 2 - byte-manipulation (byte offset reg) 3 - jsr (target
     of branch)

 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_HINT
     The HINT relocation indicates a value that should be filled into
     the "hint" field of a jmp/jsr/ret instruction, for possible branch-
     prediction logic which may be provided on some processors.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_LINKAGE
     The LINKAGE relocation outputs a linkage pair in the object file,
     which is filled by the linker.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_CODEADDR
     The CODEADDR relocation outputs a STO_CA in the object file, which
     is filled by the linker.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_GPREL_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_GPREL_LO16
     The GPREL_HI/LO relocations together form a 32-bit offset from the
     GP register.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_BRSGP
     Like BFD_RELOC_23_PCREL_S2, except that the source and target must
     share a common GP, and the target address is adjusted for
     STO_ALPHA_STD_GPLOAD.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_TLSGD
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_TLSLDM
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_DTPMOD64
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_GOTDTPREL16
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_DTPREL64
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_DTPREL_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_DTPREL_LO16
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_DTPREL16
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_GOTTPREL16
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_TPREL64
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_TPREL_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_TPREL_LO16
 - : BFD_RELOC_ALPHA_TPREL16
     Alpha thread-local storage relocations.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_JMP
     Bits 27..2 of the relocation address shifted right 2 bits; simple
     reloc otherwise.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS16_JMP
     The MIPS16 jump instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS16_GPREL
     MIPS16 GP relative reloc.

 - : BFD_RELOC_HI16
     High 16 bits of 32-bit value; simple reloc.

 - : BFD_RELOC_HI16_S
     High 16 bits of 32-bit value but the low 16 bits will be sign
     extended and added to form the final result.  If the low 16 bits
     form a negative number, we need to add one to the high value to
     compensate for the borrow when the low bits are added.

 - : BFD_RELOC_LO16
     Low 16 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_PCREL_HI16_S
     Like BFD_RELOC_HI16_S, but PC relative.

 - : BFD_RELOC_PCREL_LO16
     Like BFD_RELOC_LO16, but PC relative.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_LITERAL
     Relocation against a MIPS literal section.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_GOT16
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_CALL16
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_GOT_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_GOT_LO16
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_CALL_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_CALL_LO16
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_SUB
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_GOT_PAGE
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_GOT_OFST
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_GOT_DISP
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_SHIFT5
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_SHIFT6
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_INSERT_A
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_INSERT_B
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_DELETE
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_HIGHEST
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_HIGHER
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_SCN_DISP
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_REL16
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_RELGOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_MIPS_JALR
      - : BFD_RELOC_FRV_LABEL16
      - : BFD_RELOC_FRV_LABEL24
      - : BFD_RELOC_FRV_LO16
      - : BFD_RELOC_FRV_HI16
      - : BFD_RELOC_FRV_GPREL12
      - : BFD_RELOC_FRV_GPRELU12
      - : BFD_RELOC_FRV_GPREL32
      - : BFD_RELOC_FRV_GPRELHI
      - : BFD_RELOC_FRV_GPRELLO
          Fujitsu Frv Relocations.
     MIPS ELF relocations.

 - : BFD_RELOC_386_GOT32
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_PLT32
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_COPY
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_GLOB_DAT
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_JUMP_SLOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_RELATIVE
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_GOTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_GOTPC
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_TPOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_IE
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_GOTIE
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_LE
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_GD
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_LDM
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_LDO_32
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_IE_32
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_LE_32
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_DTPMOD32
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_DTPOFF32
 - : BFD_RELOC_386_TLS_TPOFF32
     i386/elf relocations

 - : BFD_RELOC_X86_64_GOT32
 - : BFD_RELOC_X86_64_PLT32
 - : BFD_RELOC_X86_64_COPY
 - : BFD_RELOC_X86_64_GLOB_DAT
 - : BFD_RELOC_X86_64_JUMP_SLOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_X86_64_RELATIVE
 - : BFD_RELOC_X86_64_GOTPCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_X86_64_32S
     x86-64/elf relocations

 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_IMM_8
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_IMM_16
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_IMM_32
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_IMM_8_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_IMM_16_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_IMM_32_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_DISP_8
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_DISP_16
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_DISP_32
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_DISP_8_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_DISP_16_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_NS32K_DISP_32_PCREL
     ns32k relocations

 - : BFD_RELOC_PDP11_DISP_8_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_PDP11_DISP_6_PCREL
     PDP11 relocations

 - : BFD_RELOC_PJ_CODE_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PJ_CODE_LO16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PJ_CODE_DIR16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PJ_CODE_DIR32
 - : BFD_RELOC_PJ_CODE_REL16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PJ_CODE_REL32
     Picojava relocs.  Not all of these appear in object files.

 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_B26
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_BA26
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_TOC16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_B16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_B16_BRTAKEN
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_B16_BRNTAKEN
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_BA16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_BA16_BRTAKEN
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_BA16_BRNTAKEN
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_COPY
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_GLOB_DAT
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_JMP_SLOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_RELATIVE
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_LOCAL24PC
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_NADDR32
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_NADDR16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_NADDR16_LO
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_NADDR16_HI
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_NADDR16_HA
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_SDAI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_SDA2I16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_SDA2REL
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_SDA21
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_MRKREF
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_RELSEC16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_RELST_LO
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_RELST_HI
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_RELST_HA
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_BIT_FLD
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC_EMB_RELSDA
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_HIGHER
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_HIGHER_S
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_HIGHEST
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_HIGHEST_S
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_TOC16_LO
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_TOC16_HI
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_TOC16_HA
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_TOC
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_PLTGOT16
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_PLTGOT16_LO
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_PLTGOT16_HI
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_PLTGOT16_HA
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_ADDR16_DS
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_ADDR16_LO_DS
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_GOT16_DS
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_GOT16_LO_DS
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_PLT16_LO_DS
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_SECTOFF_DS
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_SECTOFF_LO_DS
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_TOC16_DS
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_TOC16_LO_DS
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_PLTGOT16_DS
 - : BFD_RELOC_PPC64_PLTGOT16_LO_DS
     Power(rs6000) and PowerPC relocations.

 - : BFD_RELOC_I370_D12
     IBM 370/390 relocations

 - : BFD_RELOC_CTOR
     The type of reloc used to build a contructor table - at the moment
     probably a 32 bit wide absolute relocation, but the target can
     choose.  It generally does map to one of the other relocation
     types.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_PCREL_BRANCH
     ARM 26 bit pc-relative branch.  The lowest two bits must be zero
     and are not stored in the instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_PCREL_BLX
     ARM 26 bit pc-relative branch.  The lowest bit must be zero and is
     not stored in the instruction.  The 2nd lowest bit comes from a 1
     bit field in the instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_THUMB_PCREL_BLX
     Thumb 22 bit pc-relative branch.  The lowest bit must be zero and
     is not stored in the instruction.  The 2nd lowest bit comes from a
     1 bit field in the instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_IMMEDIATE
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_ADRL_IMMEDIATE
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_OFFSET_IMM
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_SHIFT_IMM
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_SWI
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_MULTI
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_CP_OFF_IMM
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_ADR_IMM
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_LDR_IMM
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_LITERAL
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_IN_POOL
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_OFFSET_IMM8
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_HWLITERAL
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_THUMB_ADD
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_THUMB_IMM
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_THUMB_SHIFT
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_THUMB_OFFSET
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_GOT12
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_GOT32
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_JUMP_SLOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_COPY
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_GLOB_DAT
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_PLT32
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_RELATIVE
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_GOTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_ARM_GOTPC
     These relocs are only used within the ARM assembler.  They are not
     (at present) written to any object files.

 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_PCDISP8BY2
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_PCDISP12BY2
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM4
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM4BY2
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM4BY4
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM8
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM8BY2
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM8BY4
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_PCRELIMM8BY2
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_PCRELIMM8BY4
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_SWITCH16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_SWITCH32
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_USES
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_COUNT
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_ALIGN
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_CODE
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_DATA
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_LABEL
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_LOOP_START
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_LOOP_END
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_COPY
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GLOB_DAT
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_JMP_SLOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_RELATIVE
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPC
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOT_LOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOT_MEDLOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOT_MEDHI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOT_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPLT_LOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPLT_MEDLOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPLT_MEDHI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPLT_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_PLT_LOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_PLT_MEDLOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_PLT_MEDHI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_PLT_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTOFF_LOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTOFF_MEDLOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTOFF_MEDHI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTOFF_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPC_LOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPC_MEDLOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPC_MEDHI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPC_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_COPY64
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GLOB_DAT64
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_JMP_SLOT64
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_RELATIVE64
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOT10BY4
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOT10BY8
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPLT10BY4
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPLT10BY8
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_GOTPLT32
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_SHMEDIA_CODE
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMMU5
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMMS6
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMMS6BY32
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMMU6
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMMS10
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMMS10BY2
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMMS10BY4
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMMS10BY8
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMMS16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMMU16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM_LOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM_LOW16_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM_MEDLOW16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM_MEDLOW16_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM_MEDHI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM_MEDHI16_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM_HI16
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_IMM_HI16_PCREL
 - : BFD_RELOC_SH_PT_16
     Hitachi SH relocs.  Not all of these appear in object files.

 - : BFD_RELOC_THUMB_PCREL_BRANCH9
 - : BFD_RELOC_THUMB_PCREL_BRANCH12
 - : BFD_RELOC_THUMB_PCREL_BRANCH23
     Thumb 23-, 12- and 9-bit pc-relative branches.  The lowest bit must
     be zero and is not stored in the instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ARC_B22_PCREL
     ARC Cores relocs.  ARC 22 bit pc-relative branch.  The lowest two
     bits must be zero and are not stored in the instruction.  The high
     20 bits are installed in bits 26 through 7 of the instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_ARC_B26
     ARC 26 bit absolute branch.  The lowest two bits must be zero and
     are not stored in the instruction.  The high 24 bits are installed
     in bits 23 through 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D10V_10_PCREL_R
     Mitsubishi D10V relocs.  This is a 10-bit reloc with the right 2
     bits assumed to be 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D10V_10_PCREL_L
     Mitsubishi D10V relocs.  This is a 10-bit reloc with the right 2
     bits assumed to be 0.  This is the same as the previous reloc
     except it is in the left container, i.e., shifted left 15 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D10V_18
     This is an 18-bit reloc with the right 2 bits assumed to be 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D10V_18_PCREL
     This is an 18-bit reloc with the right 2 bits assumed to be 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_6
     Mitsubishi D30V relocs.  This is a 6-bit absolute reloc.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_9_PCREL
     This is a 6-bit pc-relative reloc with the right 3 bits assumed to
     be 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_9_PCREL_R
     This is a 6-bit pc-relative reloc with the right 3 bits assumed to
     be 0. Same as the previous reloc but on the right side of the
     container.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_15
     This is a 12-bit absolute reloc with the right 3 bitsassumed to be
     0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_15_PCREL
     This is a 12-bit pc-relative reloc with the right 3 bits assumed
     to be 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_15_PCREL_R
     This is a 12-bit pc-relative reloc with the right 3 bits assumed
     to be 0. Same as the previous reloc but on the right side of the
     container.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_21
     This is an 18-bit absolute reloc with the right 3 bits assumed to
     be 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_21_PCREL
     This is an 18-bit pc-relative reloc with the right 3 bits assumed
     to be 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_21_PCREL_R
     This is an 18-bit pc-relative reloc with the right 3 bits assumed
     to be 0. Same as the previous reloc but on the right side of the
     container.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_32
     This is a 32-bit absolute reloc.

 - : BFD_RELOC_D30V_32_PCREL
     This is a 32-bit pc-relative reloc.

 - : BFD_RELOC_DLX_HI16_S
     DLX relocs

 - : BFD_RELOC_DLX_LO16
     DLX relocs

 - : BFD_RELOC_DLX_JMP26
     DLX relocs

 - : BFD_RELOC_M32R_24
     Mitsubishi M32R relocs.  This is a 24 bit absolute address.

 - : BFD_RELOC_M32R_10_PCREL
     This is a 10-bit pc-relative reloc with the right 2 bits assumed
     to be 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_M32R_18_PCREL
     This is an 18-bit reloc with the right 2 bits assumed to be 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_M32R_26_PCREL
     This is a 26-bit reloc with the right 2 bits assumed to be 0.

 - : BFD_RELOC_M32R_HI16_ULO
     This is a 16-bit reloc containing the high 16 bits of an address
     used when the lower 16 bits are treated as unsigned.

 - : BFD_RELOC_M32R_HI16_SLO
     This is a 16-bit reloc containing the high 16 bits of an address
     used when the lower 16 bits are treated as signed.

 - : BFD_RELOC_M32R_LO16
     This is a 16-bit reloc containing the lower 16 bits of an address.

 - : BFD_RELOC_M32R_SDA16
     This is a 16-bit reloc containing the small data area offset for
     use in add3, load, and store instructions.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_9_PCREL
     This is a 9-bit reloc

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_22_PCREL
     This is a 22-bit reloc

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_SDA_16_16_OFFSET
     This is a 16 bit offset from the short data area pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_SDA_15_16_OFFSET
     This is a 16 bit offset (of which only 15 bits are used) from the
     short data area pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_ZDA_16_16_OFFSET
     This is a 16 bit offset from the zero data area pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_ZDA_15_16_OFFSET
     This is a 16 bit offset (of which only 15 bits are used) from the
     zero data area pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_TDA_6_8_OFFSET
     This is an 8 bit offset (of which only 6 bits are used) from the
     tiny data area pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_TDA_7_8_OFFSET
     This is an 8bit offset (of which only 7 bits are used) from the
     tiny data area pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_TDA_7_7_OFFSET
     This is a 7 bit offset from the tiny data area pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_TDA_16_16_OFFSET
     This is a 16 bit offset from the tiny data area pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_TDA_4_5_OFFSET
     This is a 5 bit offset (of which only 4 bits are used) from the
     tiny data area pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_TDA_4_4_OFFSET
     This is a 4 bit offset from the tiny data area pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_SDA_16_16_SPLIT_OFFSET
     This is a 16 bit offset from the short data area pointer, with the
     bits placed non-contigously in the instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_ZDA_16_16_SPLIT_OFFSET
     This is a 16 bit offset from the zero data area pointer, with the
     bits placed non-contigously in the instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_CALLT_6_7_OFFSET
     This is a 6 bit offset from the call table base pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_V850_CALLT_16_16_OFFSET
     This is a 16 bit offset from the call table base pointer.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MN10300_32_PCREL
     This is a 32bit pcrel reloc for the mn10300, offset by two bytes
     in the instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MN10300_16_PCREL
     This is a 16bit pcrel reloc for the mn10300, offset by two bytes
     in the instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_TIC30_LDP
     This is a 8bit DP reloc for the tms320c30, where the most
     significant 8 bits of a 24 bit word are placed into the least
     significant 8 bits of the opcode.

 - : BFD_RELOC_TIC54X_PARTLS7
     This is a 7bit reloc for the tms320c54x, where the least
     significant 7 bits of a 16 bit word are placed into the least
     significant 7 bits of the opcode.

 - : BFD_RELOC_TIC54X_PARTMS9
     This is a 9bit DP reloc for the tms320c54x, where the most
     significant 9 bits of a 16 bit word are placed into the least
     significant 9 bits of the opcode.

 - : BFD_RELOC_TIC54X_23
     This is an extended address 23-bit reloc for the tms320c54x.

 - : BFD_RELOC_TIC54X_16_OF_23
     This is a 16-bit reloc for the tms320c54x, where the least
     significant 16 bits of a 23-bit extended address are placed into
     the opcode.

 - : BFD_RELOC_TIC54X_MS7_OF_23
     This is a reloc for the tms320c54x, where the most significant 7
     bits of a 23-bit extended address are placed into the opcode.

 - : BFD_RELOC_FR30_48
     This is a 48 bit reloc for the FR30 that stores 32 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_FR30_20
     This is a 32 bit reloc for the FR30 that stores 20 bits split up
     into two sections.

 - : BFD_RELOC_FR30_6_IN_4
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the FR30 that stores a 6 bit word
     offset in 4 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_FR30_8_IN_8
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the FR30 that stores an 8 bit byte
     offset into 8 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_FR30_9_IN_8
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the FR30 that stores a 9 bit short
     offset into 8 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_FR30_10_IN_8
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the FR30 that stores a 10 bit word
     offset into 8 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_FR30_9_PCREL
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the FR30 that stores a 9 bit pc relative
     short offset into 8 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_FR30_12_PCREL
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the FR30 that stores a 12 bit pc
     relative short offset into 11 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MCORE_PCREL_IMM8BY4
 - : BFD_RELOC_MCORE_PCREL_IMM11BY2
 - : BFD_RELOC_MCORE_PCREL_IMM4BY2
 - : BFD_RELOC_MCORE_PCREL_32
 - : BFD_RELOC_MCORE_PCREL_JSR_IMM11BY2
 - : BFD_RELOC_MCORE_RVA
     Motorola Mcore relocations.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_GETA
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_GETA_1
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_GETA_2
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_GETA_3
     These are relocations for the GETA instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_CBRANCH
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_CBRANCH_J
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_CBRANCH_1
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_CBRANCH_2
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_CBRANCH_3
     These are relocations for a conditional branch instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_PUSHJ
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_PUSHJ_1
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_PUSHJ_2
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_PUSHJ_3
     These are relocations for the PUSHJ instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_JMP
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_JMP_1
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_JMP_2
 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_JMP_3
     These are relocations for the JMP instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_ADDR19
     This is a relocation for a relative address as in a GETA
     instruction or a branch.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_ADDR27
     This is a relocation for a relative address as in a JMP
     instruction.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_REG_OR_BYTE
     This is a relocation for an instruction field that may be a general
     register or a value 0..255.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_REG
     This is a relocation for an instruction field that may be a general
     register.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_BASE_PLUS_OFFSET
     This is a relocation for two instruction fields holding a register
     and an offset, the equivalent of the relocation.

 - : BFD_RELOC_MMIX_LOCAL
     This relocation is an assertion that the expression is not
     allocated as a global register.  It does not modify contents.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_7_PCREL
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores 8 bit pc relative
     short offset into 7 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_13_PCREL
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores 13 bit pc relative
     short offset into 12 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_16_PM
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores 17 bit value
     (usually program memory address) into 16 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_LO8_LDI
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores 8 bit value (usually
     data memory address) into 8 bit immediate value of LDI insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_HI8_LDI
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores 8 bit value (high 8
     bit of data memory address) into 8 bit immediate value of LDI insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_HH8_LDI
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores 8 bit value (most
     high 8 bit of program memory address) into 8 bit immediate value
     of LDI insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_LO8_LDI_NEG
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores negated 8 bit value
     (usually data memory address) into 8 bit immediate value of SUBI
     insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_HI8_LDI_NEG
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores negated 8 bit value
     (high 8 bit of data memory address) into 8 bit immediate value of
     SUBI insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_HH8_LDI_NEG
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores negated 8 bit value
     (most high 8 bit of program memory address) into 8 bit immediate
     value of LDI or SUBI insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_LO8_LDI_PM
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores 8 bit value (usually
     command address) into 8 bit immediate value of LDI insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_HI8_LDI_PM
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores 8 bit value (high 8
     bit of command address) into 8 bit immediate value of LDI insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_HH8_LDI_PM
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores 8 bit value (most
     high 8 bit of command address) into 8 bit immediate value of LDI
     insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_LO8_LDI_PM_NEG
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores negated 8 bit value
     (usually command address) into 8 bit immediate value of SUBI insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_HI8_LDI_PM_NEG
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores negated 8 bit value
     (high 8 bit of 16 bit command address) into 8 bit immediate value
     of SUBI insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_HH8_LDI_PM_NEG
     This is a 16 bit reloc for the AVR that stores negated 8 bit value
     (high 6 bit of 22 bit command address) into 8 bit immediate value
     of SUBI insn.

 - : BFD_RELOC_AVR_CALL
     This is a 32 bit reloc for the AVR that stores 23 bit value into
     22 bits.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_12
     Direct 12 bit.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_GOT12
     12 bit GOT offset.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_PLT32
     32 bit PC relative PLT address.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_COPY
     Copy symbol at runtime.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_GLOB_DAT
     Create GOT entry.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_JMP_SLOT
     Create PLT entry.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_RELATIVE
     Adjust by program base.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_GOTPC
     32 bit PC relative offset to GOT.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_GOT16
     16 bit GOT offset.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_PC16DBL
     PC relative 16 bit shifted by 1.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_PLT16DBL
     16 bit PC rel. PLT shifted by 1.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_PC32DBL
     PC relative 32 bit shifted by 1.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_PLT32DBL
     32 bit PC rel. PLT shifted by 1.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_GOTPCDBL
     32 bit PC rel. GOT shifted by 1.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_GOT64
     64 bit GOT offset.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_PLT64
     64 bit PC relative PLT address.

 - : BFD_RELOC_390_GOTENT
     32 bit rel. offset to GOT entry.

 - : BFD_RELOC_VTABLE_INHERIT
 - : BFD_RELOC_VTABLE_ENTRY
     These two relocations are used by the linker to determine which of
     the entries in a C++ virtual function table are actually used.
     When the -gc-sections option is given, the linker will zero out
     the entries that are not used, so that the code for those
     functions need not be included in the output.

     VTABLE_INHERIT is a zero-space relocation used to describe to the
     linker the inheritence tree of a C++ virtual function table.  The
     relocation's symbol should be the parent class' vtable, and the
     relocation should be located at the child vtable.

     VTABLE_ENTRY is a zero-space relocation that describes the use of a
     virtual function table entry.  The reloc's symbol should refer to
     the table of the class mentioned in the code.  Off of that base,
     an offset describes the entry that is being used.  For Rela hosts,
     this offset is stored in the reloc's addend.  For Rel hosts, we
     are forced to put this offset in the reloc's section offset.

 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_IMM14
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_IMM22
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_IMM64
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DIR32MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DIR32LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DIR64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DIR64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_GPREL22
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_GPREL64I
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_GPREL32MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_GPREL32LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_GPREL64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_GPREL64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF22
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF64I
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PLTOFF22
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PLTOFF64I
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PLTOFF64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PLTOFF64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_FPTR64I
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_FPTR32MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_FPTR32LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_FPTR64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_FPTR64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL21B
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL21BI
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL21M
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL21F
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL22
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL60B
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL64I
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL32MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL32LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_PCREL64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF_FPTR22
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF_FPTR64I
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF_FPTR32MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF_FPTR32LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF_FPTR64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF_FPTR64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_SEGREL32MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_SEGREL32LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_SEGREL64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_SEGREL64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_SECREL32MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_SECREL32LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_SECREL64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_SECREL64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_REL32MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_REL32LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_REL64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_REL64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTV32MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTV32LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTV64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTV64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_IPLTMSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_IPLTLSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_COPY
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF22X
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LDXMOV
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_TPREL14
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_TPREL22
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_TPREL64I
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_TPREL64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_TPREL64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF_TPREL22
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DTPMOD64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DTPMOD64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF_DTPMOD22
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DTPREL14
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DTPREL22
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DTPREL64I
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DTPREL32MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DTPREL32LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DTPREL64MSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_DTPREL64LSB
 - : BFD_RELOC_IA64_LTOFF_DTPREL22
     Intel IA64 Relocations.

 - : BFD_RELOC_M68HC11_HI8
     Motorola 68HC11 reloc.  This is the 8 bits high part of an
     absolute address.

 - : BFD_RELOC_M68HC11_LO8
     Motorola 68HC11 reloc.  This is the 8 bits low part of an absolute
     address.

 - : BFD_RELOC_M68HC11_3B
     Motorola 68HC11 reloc.  This is the 3 bits of a value.

 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_BDISP8
 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_UNSIGNED_5
 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_SIGNED_6
 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_UNSIGNED_6
 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_UNSIGNED_4
     These relocs are only used within the CRIS assembler.  They are not
     (at present) written to any object files.

 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_COPY
 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_GLOB_DAT
 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_JUMP_SLOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_RELATIVE
     Relocs used in ELF shared libraries for CRIS.

 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_32_GOT
     32-bit offset to symbol-entry within GOT.

 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_16_GOT
     16-bit offset to symbol-entry within GOT.

 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_32_GOTPLT
     32-bit offset to symbol-entry within GOT, with PLT handling.

 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_16_GOTPLT
     16-bit offset to symbol-entry within GOT, with PLT handling.

 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_32_GOTREL
     32-bit offset to symbol, relative to GOT.

 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_32_PLT_GOTREL
     32-bit offset to symbol with PLT entry, relative to GOT.

 - : BFD_RELOC_CRIS_32_PLT_PCREL
     32-bit offset to symbol with PLT entry, relative to this
     relocation.

 - : BFD_RELOC_860_COPY
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_GLOB_DAT
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_JUMP_SLOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_RELATIVE
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_PC26
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_PLT26
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_PC16
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOW0
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_SPLIT0
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOW1
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_SPLIT1
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOW2
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_SPLIT2
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOW3
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOGOT0
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_SPGOT0
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOGOT1
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_SPGOT1
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOGOTOFF0
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_SPGOTOFF0
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOGOTOFF1
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_SPGOTOFF1
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOGOTOFF2
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOGOTOFF3
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_LOPC
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_HIGHADJ
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_HAGOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_HAGOTOFF
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_HAPC
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_HIGH
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_HIGOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_860_HIGOTOFF
     Intel i860 Relocations.

 - : BFD_RELOC_OPENRISC_ABS_26
 - : BFD_RELOC_OPENRISC_REL_26
     OpenRISC Relocations.

 - : BFD_RELOC_H8_DIR16A8
 - : BFD_RELOC_H8_DIR16R8
 - : BFD_RELOC_H8_DIR24A8
 - : BFD_RELOC_H8_DIR24R8
 - : BFD_RELOC_H8_DIR32A16
     H8 elf Relocations.

 - : BFD_RELOC_XSTORMY16_REL_12
 - : BFD_RELOC_XSTORMY16_24
 - : BFD_RELOC_XSTORMY16_FPTR16
     Sony Xstormy16 Relocations.

 - : BFD_RELOC_VAX_GLOB_DAT
 - : BFD_RELOC_VAX_JMP_SLOT
 - : BFD_RELOC_VAX_RELATIVE
     Relocations used by VAX ELF.


     typedef enum bfd_reloc_code_real bfd_reloc_code_real_type;

`bfd_reloc_type_lookup'
.......................

*Synopsis*
     reloc_howto_type *
     bfd_reloc_type_lookup (bfd *abfd, bfd_reloc_code_real_type code);
   *Description*
Return a pointer to a howto structure which, when invoked, will perform
the relocation CODE on data from the architecture noted.

`bfd_default_reloc_type_lookup'
...............................

*Synopsis*
     reloc_howto_type *bfd_default_reloc_type_lookup
        (bfd *abfd, bfd_reloc_code_real_type  code);
   *Description*
Provides a default relocation lookup routine for any architecture.

`bfd_get_reloc_code_name'
.........................

*Synopsis*
     const char *bfd_get_reloc_code_name (bfd_reloc_code_real_type code);
   *Description*
Provides a printable name for the supplied relocation code.  Useful
mainly for printing error messages.

`bfd_generic_relax_section'
...........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_generic_relax_section
        (bfd *abfd,
         asection *section,
         struct bfd_link_info *,
         boolean *);
   *Description*
Provides default handling for relaxing for back ends which don't do
relaxing - i.e., does nothing.

`bfd_generic_gc_sections'
.........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_generic_gc_sections
        (bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *);
   *Description*
Provides default handling for relaxing for back ends which don't do
section gc - i.e., does nothing.

`bfd_generic_merge_sections'
............................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_generic_merge_sections
        (bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *);
   *Description*
Provides default handling for SEC_MERGE section merging for back ends
which don't have SEC_MERGE support - i.e., does nothing.

`bfd_generic_get_relocated_section_contents'
............................................

*Synopsis*
     bfd_byte *
     bfd_generic_get_relocated_section_contents (bfd *abfd,
         struct bfd_link_info *link_info,
         struct bfd_link_order *link_order,
         bfd_byte *data,
         boolean relocateable,
         asymbol **symbols);
   *Description*
Provides default handling of relocation effort for back ends which
can't be bothered to do it efficiently.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Core Files,  Next: Targets,  Prev: Relocations,  Up: BFD front end

Core files
==========

*Description*
These are functions pertaining to core files.

`bfd_core_file_failing_command'
...............................

*Synopsis*
     const char *bfd_core_file_failing_command(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return a read-only string explaining which program was running when it
failed and produced the core file ABFD.

`bfd_core_file_failing_signal'
..............................

*Synopsis*
     int bfd_core_file_failing_signal(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Returns the signal number which caused the core dump which generated
the file the BFD ABFD is attached to.

`core_file_matches_executable_p'
................................

*Synopsis*
     boolean core_file_matches_executable_p
        (bfd *core_bfd, bfd *exec_bfd);
   *Description*
Return `true' if the core file attached to CORE_BFD was generated by a
run of the executable file attached to EXEC_BFD, `false' otherwise.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Targets,  Next: Architectures,  Prev: Core Files,  Up: BFD front end

Targets
=======

*Description*
Each port of BFD to a different machine requries the creation of a
target back end. All the back end provides to the root part of BFD is a
structure containing pointers to functions which perform certain low
level operations on files. BFD translates the applications's requests
through a pointer into calls to the back end routines.

   When a file is opened with `bfd_openr', its format and target are
unknown. BFD uses various mechanisms to determine how to interpret the
file. The operations performed are:

   * Create a BFD by calling the internal routine `_bfd_new_bfd', then
     call `bfd_find_target' with the target string supplied to
     `bfd_openr' and the new BFD pointer.

   * If a null target string was provided to `bfd_find_target', look up
     the environment variable `GNUTARGET' and use that as the target
     string.

   * If the target string is still `NULL', or the target string is
     `default', then use the first item in the target vector as the
     target type, and set `target_defaulted' in the BFD to cause
     `bfd_check_format' to loop through all the targets.  *Note
     bfd_target::.  *Note Formats::.

   * Otherwise, inspect the elements in the target vector one by one,
     until a match on target name is found. When found, use it.

   * Otherwise return the error `bfd_error_invalid_target' to
     `bfd_openr'.

   * `bfd_openr' attempts to open the file using `bfd_open_file', and
     returns the BFD.
   Once the BFD has been opened and the target selected, the file
format may be determined. This is done by calling `bfd_check_format' on
the BFD with a suggested format.  If `target_defaulted' has been set,
each possible target type is tried to see if it recognizes the
specified format.  `bfd_check_format' returns `true' when the caller
guesses right.

* Menu:

* bfd_target::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: bfd_target,  Prev: Targets,  Up: Targets

bfd_target
----------

*Description*
This structure contains everything that BFD knows about a target. It
includes things like its byte order, name, and which routines to call
to do various operations.

   Every BFD points to a target structure with its `xvec' member.

   The macros below are used to dispatch to functions through the
`bfd_target' vector. They are used in a number of macros further down
in `bfd.h', and are also used when calling various routines by hand
inside the BFD implementation.  The ARGLIST argument must be
parenthesized; it contains all the arguments to the called function.

   They make the documentation (more) unpleasant to read, so if someone
wants to fix this and not break the above, please do.
     #define BFD_SEND(bfd, message, arglist) \
                    ((*((bfd)->xvec->message)) arglist)
     
     #ifdef DEBUG_BFD_SEND
     #undef BFD_SEND
     #define BFD_SEND(bfd, message, arglist) \
       (((bfd) && (bfd)->xvec && (bfd)->xvec->message) ? \
         ((*((bfd)->xvec->message)) arglist) : \
         (bfd_assert (__FILE__,__LINE__), NULL))
     #endif
   For operations which index on the BFD format:
     #define BFD_SEND_FMT(bfd, message, arglist) \
                 (((bfd)->xvec->message[(int) ((bfd)->format)]) arglist)
     
     #ifdef DEBUG_BFD_SEND
     #undef BFD_SEND_FMT
     #define BFD_SEND_FMT(bfd, message, arglist) \
       (((bfd) && (bfd)->xvec && (bfd)->xvec->message) ? \
        (((bfd)->xvec->message[(int) ((bfd)->format)]) arglist) : \
        (bfd_assert (__FILE__,__LINE__), NULL))
     #endif
   This is the structure which defines the type of BFD this is.  The
`xvec' member of the struct `bfd' itself points here.  Each module that
implements access to a different target under BFD, defines one of these.

   FIXME, these names should be rationalised with the names of the
entry points which call them. Too bad we can't have one macro to define
them both!
     enum bfd_flavour
     {
       bfd_target_unknown_flavour,
       bfd_target_aout_flavour,
       bfd_target_coff_flavour,
       bfd_target_ecoff_flavour,
       bfd_target_xcoff_flavour,
       bfd_target_elf_flavour,
       bfd_target_ieee_flavour,
       bfd_target_nlm_flavour,
       bfd_target_oasys_flavour,
       bfd_target_tekhex_flavour,
       bfd_target_srec_flavour,
       bfd_target_ihex_flavour,
       bfd_target_som_flavour,
       bfd_target_os9k_flavour,
       bfd_target_versados_flavour,
       bfd_target_msdos_flavour,
       bfd_target_ovax_flavour,
       bfd_target_evax_flavour,
       bfd_target_mmo_flavour
     };
     
     enum bfd_endian { BFD_ENDIAN_BIG, BFD_ENDIAN_LITTLE, BFD_ENDIAN_UNKNOWN };
     
     /* Forward declaration.  */
     typedef struct bfd_link_info _bfd_link_info;
     
     typedef struct bfd_target
     {
       /* Identifies the kind of target, e.g., SunOS4, Ultrix, etc.  */
       char *name;
     
      /* The "flavour" of a back end is a general indication about
         the contents of a file.  */
       enum bfd_flavour flavour;
     
       /* The order of bytes within the data area of a file.  */
       enum bfd_endian byteorder;
     
      /* The order of bytes within the header parts of a file.  */
       enum bfd_endian header_byteorder;
     
       /* A mask of all the flags which an executable may have set -
          from the set `BFD_NO_FLAGS', `HAS_RELOC', ...`D_PAGED'.  */
       flagword object_flags;
     
      /* A mask of all the flags which a section may have set - from
         the set `SEC_NO_FLAGS', `SEC_ALLOC', ...`SET_NEVER_LOAD'.  */
       flagword section_flags;
     
      /* The character normally found at the front of a symbol.
         (if any), perhaps `_'.  */
       char symbol_leading_char;
     
      /* The pad character for file names within an archive header.  */
       char ar_pad_char;
     
       /* The maximum number of characters in an archive header.  */
       unsigned short ar_max_namelen;
     
       /* Entries for byte swapping for data. These are different from the
          other entry points, since they don't take a BFD asthe first argument.
          Certain other handlers could do the same.  */
       bfd_vma        (*bfd_getx64) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_getx_signed_64) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       void           (*bfd_putx64) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *));
       bfd_vma        (*bfd_getx32) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_getx_signed_32) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       void           (*bfd_putx32) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *));
       bfd_vma        (*bfd_getx16) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_getx_signed_16) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       void           (*bfd_putx16) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *));
     
       /* Byte swapping for the headers.  */
       bfd_vma        (*bfd_h_getx64) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_h_getx_signed_64) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       void           (*bfd_h_putx64) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *));
       bfd_vma        (*bfd_h_getx32) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_h_getx_signed_32) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       void           (*bfd_h_putx32) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *));
       bfd_vma        (*bfd_h_getx16) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       bfd_signed_vma (*bfd_h_getx_signed_16) PARAMS ((const bfd_byte *));
       void           (*bfd_h_putx16) PARAMS ((bfd_vma, bfd_byte *));
     
       /* Format dependent routines: these are vectors of entry points
          within the target vector structure, one for each format to check.  */
     
       /* Check the format of a file being read.  Return a `bfd_target *' or zero.  */
       const struct bfd_target *(*_bfd_check_format[bfd_type_end]) PARAMS ((bfd *));
     
       /* Set the format of a file being written.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_set_format[bfd_type_end]) PARAMS ((bfd *));
     
       /* Write cached information into a file being written, at `bfd_close'.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_write_contents[bfd_type_end]) PARAMS ((bfd *));
   The general target vector.  These vectors are initialized using the
BFD_JUMP_TABLE macros.

       /* Generic entry points.  */
   Do not "beautify" the CONCAT* macro args.  Traditional C will not
remove whitespace added here, and thus will fail to concatenate the
tokens.
     #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_GENERIC(NAME) \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_close_and_cleanup), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_free_cached_info), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_new_section_hook), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_section_contents), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_section_contents_in_window)
     
       /* Called when the BFD is being closed to do any necessary cleanup.  */
       boolean  (*_close_and_cleanup) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       /* Ask the BFD to free all cached information.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_free_cached_info) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       /* Called when a new section is created.  */
       boolean  (*_new_section_hook) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr));
       /* Read the contents of a section.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_get_section_contents) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr, PTR,
                                                      file_ptr, bfd_size_type));
       boolean  (*_bfd_get_section_contents_in_window)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr, bfd_window *, file_ptr, bfd_size_type));
     
       /* Entry points to copy private data.  */
     #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_COPY(NAME) \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_copy_private_bfd_data), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_merge_private_bfd_data), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_copy_private_section_data), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_copy_private_symbol_data), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_set_private_flags), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_print_private_bfd_data) \
       /* Called to copy BFD general private data from one object file
          to another.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_copy_private_bfd_data) PARAMS ((bfd *, bfd *));
       /* Called to merge BFD general private data from one object file
          to a common output file when linking.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_merge_private_bfd_data) PARAMS ((bfd *, bfd *));
       /* Called to copy BFD private section data from one object file
          to another.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_copy_private_section_data) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr,
                                                           bfd *, sec_ptr));
       /* Called to copy BFD private symbol data from one symbol
          to another.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_copy_private_symbol_data) PARAMS ((bfd *, asymbol *,
                                                          bfd *, asymbol *));
       /* Called to set private backend flags.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_set_private_flags) PARAMS ((bfd *, flagword));
     
       /* Called to print private BFD data.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_print_private_bfd_data) PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR));
     
       /* Core file entry points.  */
     #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_CORE(NAME) \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_core_file_failing_command), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_core_file_failing_signal), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_core_file_matches_executable_p)
       char *   (*_core_file_failing_command) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       int      (*_core_file_failing_signal) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       boolean  (*_core_file_matches_executable_p) PARAMS ((bfd *, bfd *));
     
       /* Archive entry points.  */
     #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_ARCHIVE(NAME) \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_slurp_armap), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_slurp_extended_name_table), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_construct_extended_name_table), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_truncate_arname), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_write_armap), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_read_ar_hdr), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_openr_next_archived_file), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_elt_at_index), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_generic_stat_arch_elt), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_update_armap_timestamp)
       boolean  (*_bfd_slurp_armap) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       boolean  (*_bfd_slurp_extended_name_table) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       boolean  (*_bfd_construct_extended_name_table)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, char **, bfd_size_type *, const char **));
       void     (*_bfd_truncate_arname) PARAMS ((bfd *, const char *, char *));
       boolean  (*write_armap)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, unsigned int, struct orl *, unsigned int, int));
       PTR      (*_bfd_read_ar_hdr_fn) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       bfd *    (*openr_next_archived_file) PARAMS ((bfd *, bfd *));
     #define bfd_get_elt_at_index(b,i) BFD_SEND(b, _bfd_get_elt_at_index, (b,i))
       bfd *    (*_bfd_get_elt_at_index) PARAMS ((bfd *, symindex));
       int      (*_bfd_stat_arch_elt) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct stat *));
       boolean  (*_bfd_update_armap_timestamp) PARAMS ((bfd *));
     
       /* Entry points used for symbols.  */
     #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_SYMBOLS(NAME) \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_symtab_upper_bound), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_symtab), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_make_empty_symbol), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_print_symbol), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_symbol_info), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_is_local_label_name), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_lineno), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_find_nearest_line), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_make_debug_symbol), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_read_minisymbols), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_minisymbol_to_symbol)
       long     (*_bfd_get_symtab_upper_bound) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       long     (*_bfd_canonicalize_symtab) PARAMS ((bfd *,
                                                     struct symbol_cache_entry **));
       struct symbol_cache_entry *
                (*_bfd_make_empty_symbol) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       void     (*_bfd_print_symbol) PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR,
                                              struct symbol_cache_entry *,
                                              bfd_print_symbol_type));
     #define bfd_print_symbol(b,p,s,e) BFD_SEND(b, _bfd_print_symbol, (b,p,s,e))
       void     (*_bfd_get_symbol_info) PARAMS ((bfd *,
                                                 struct symbol_cache_entry *,
                                                 symbol_info *));
     #define bfd_get_symbol_info(b,p,e) BFD_SEND(b, _bfd_get_symbol_info, (b,p,e))
       boolean  (*_bfd_is_local_label_name) PARAMS ((bfd *, const char *));
     
       alent *  (*_get_lineno) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct symbol_cache_entry *));
       boolean  (*_bfd_find_nearest_line)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct sec *, struct symbol_cache_entry **, bfd_vma,
                  const char **, const char **, unsigned int *));
      /* Back-door to allow format-aware applications to create debug symbols
         while using BFD for everything else.  Currently used by the assembler
         when creating COFF files.  */
       asymbol *(*_bfd_make_debug_symbol) PARAMS ((bfd *, void *,
                                                   unsigned long size));
     #define bfd_read_minisymbols(b, d, m, s) \
       BFD_SEND (b, _read_minisymbols, (b, d, m, s))
       long     (*_read_minisymbols) PARAMS ((bfd *, boolean, PTR *,
                                              unsigned int *));
     #define bfd_minisymbol_to_symbol(b, d, m, f) \
       BFD_SEND (b, _minisymbol_to_symbol, (b, d, m, f))
       asymbol *(*_minisymbol_to_symbol) PARAMS ((bfd *, boolean, const PTR,
                                                  asymbol *));
     
       /* Routines for relocs.  */
     #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_RELOCS(NAME) \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_reloc_upper_bound), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_canonicalize_reloc), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_reloc_type_lookup)
       long     (*_get_reloc_upper_bound) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr));
       long     (*_bfd_canonicalize_reloc) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr, arelent **,
                                                    struct symbol_cache_entry **));
       /* See documentation on reloc types.  */
       reloc_howto_type *
                (*reloc_type_lookup) PARAMS ((bfd *, bfd_reloc_code_real_type));
     
       /* Routines used when writing an object file.  */
     #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_WRITE(NAME) \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_set_arch_mach), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_set_section_contents)
       boolean  (*_bfd_set_arch_mach) PARAMS ((bfd *, enum bfd_architecture,
                                               unsigned long));
       boolean  (*_bfd_set_section_contents) PARAMS ((bfd *, sec_ptr, PTR,
                                                      file_ptr, bfd_size_type));
     
       /* Routines used by the linker.  */
     #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_LINK(NAME) \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_sizeof_headers), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_get_relocated_section_contents), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_relax_section), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_link_hash_table_create), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_link_hash_table_free), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_link_add_symbols), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_link_just_syms), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_final_link), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_link_split_section), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_gc_sections), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_merge_sections), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_bfd_discard_group)
       int      (*_bfd_sizeof_headers) PARAMS ((bfd *, boolean));
       bfd_byte *(*_bfd_get_relocated_section_contents)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *, struct bfd_link_order *,
                  bfd_byte *, boolean, struct symbol_cache_entry **));
     
       boolean  (*_bfd_relax_section)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct sec *, struct bfd_link_info *, boolean *));
     
       /* Create a hash table for the linker.  Different backends store
          different information in this table.  */
       struct bfd_link_hash_table *(*_bfd_link_hash_table_create) PARAMS ((bfd *));
     
       /* Release the memory associated with the linker hash table.  */
       void (*_bfd_link_hash_table_free) PARAMS ((struct bfd_link_hash_table *));
     
       /* Add symbols from this object file into the hash table.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_link_add_symbols) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *));
     
       /* Indicate that we are only retrieving symbol values from this section.  */
       void     (*_bfd_link_just_syms) PARAMS ((asection *, struct bfd_link_info *));
     
       /* Do a link based on the link_order structures attached to each
          section of the BFD.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_final_link) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *));
     
       /* Should this section be split up into smaller pieces during linking.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_link_split_section) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct sec *));
     
       /* Remove sections that are not referenced from the output.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_gc_sections) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *));
     
       /* Attempt to merge SEC_MERGE sections.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_merge_sections) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *));
     
       /* Discard members of a group.  */
       boolean  (*_bfd_discard_group) PARAMS ((bfd *, struct sec *));
     
       /* Routines to handle dynamic symbols and relocs.  */
     #define BFD_JUMP_TABLE_DYNAMIC(NAME) \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_dynamic_symtab_upper_bound), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_canonicalize_dynamic_symtab), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_get_dynamic_reloc_upper_bound), \
     CONCAT2 (NAME,_canonicalize_dynamic_reloc)
       /* Get the amount of memory required to hold the dynamic symbols.  */
       long     (*_bfd_get_dynamic_symtab_upper_bound) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       /* Read in the dynamic symbols.  */
       long     (*_bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_symtab)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct symbol_cache_entry **));
       /* Get the amount of memory required to hold the dynamic relocs.  */
       long     (*_bfd_get_dynamic_reloc_upper_bound) PARAMS ((bfd *));
       /* Read in the dynamic relocs.  */
       long     (*_bfd_canonicalize_dynamic_reloc)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, arelent **, struct symbol_cache_entry **));
   A pointer to an alternative bfd_target in case the current one is not
satisfactory.  This can happen when the target cpu supports both big
and little endian code, and target chosen by the linker has the wrong
endianness.  The function open_output() in ld/ldlang.c uses this field
to find an alternative output format that is suitable.
       /* Opposite endian version of this target.  */
       const struct bfd_target * alternative_target;
     
       /* Data for use by back-end routines, which isn't
          generic enough to belong in this structure.  */
       PTR backend_data;
     
     } bfd_target;

`bfd_set_default_target'
........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_set_default_target (const char *name);
   *Description*
Set the default target vector to use when recognizing a BFD.  This
takes the name of the target, which may be a BFD target name or a
configuration triplet.

`bfd_find_target'
.................

*Synopsis*
     const bfd_target *bfd_find_target(const char *target_name, bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return a pointer to the transfer vector for the object target named
TARGET_NAME.  If TARGET_NAME is `NULL', choose the one in the
environment variable `GNUTARGET'; if that is null or not defined, then
choose the first entry in the target list.  Passing in the string
"default" or setting the environment variable to "default" will cause
the first entry in the target list to be returned, and
"target_defaulted" will be set in the BFD.  This causes
`bfd_check_format' to loop over all the targets to find the one that
matches the file being read.

`bfd_target_list'
.................

*Synopsis*
     const char **bfd_target_list(void);
   *Description*
Return a freshly malloced NULL-terminated vector of the names of all
the valid BFD targets. Do not modify the names.

`bfd_seach_for_target'
......................

*Synopsis*
     const bfd_target * bfd_search_for_target (int (* search_func) (const bfd_target *, void *), void *);
   *Description*
Return a pointer to the first transfer vector in the list of transfer
vectors maintained by BFD that produces a non-zero result when passed
to the function SEARCH_FUNC.  The parameter DATA is passed, unexamined,
to the search function.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Architectures,  Next: Opening and Closing,  Prev: Targets,  Up: BFD front end

Architectures
=============

BFD keeps one atom in a BFD describing the architecture of the data
attached to the BFD: a pointer to a `bfd_arch_info_type'.

   Pointers to structures can be requested independently of a BFD so
that an architecture's information can be interrogated without access
to an open BFD.

   The architecture information is provided by each architecture
package.  The set of default architectures is selected by the macro
`SELECT_ARCHITECTURES'.  This is normally set up in the
`config/TARGET.mt' file of your choice.  If the name is not defined,
then all the architectures supported are included.

   When BFD starts up, all the architectures are called with an
initialize method.  It is up to the architecture back end to insert as
many items into the list of architectures as it wants to; generally
this would be one for each machine and one for the default case (an
item with a machine field of 0).

   BFD's idea of an architecture is implemented in `archures.c'.

bfd_architecture
----------------

*Description*
This enum gives the object file's CPU architecture, in a global
sense--i.e., what processor family does it belong to?  Another field
indicates which processor within the family is in use.  The machine
gives a number which distinguishes different versions of the
architecture, containing, for example, 2 and 3 for Intel i960 KA and
i960 KB, and 68020 and 68030 for Motorola 68020 and 68030.
     enum bfd_architecture
     {
       bfd_arch_unknown,   /* File arch not known.  */
       bfd_arch_obscure,   /* Arch known, not one of these.  */
       bfd_arch_m68k,      /* Motorola 68xxx */
     #define bfd_mach_m68000 1
     #define bfd_mach_m68008 2
     #define bfd_mach_m68010 3
     #define bfd_mach_m68020 4
     #define bfd_mach_m68030 5
     #define bfd_mach_m68040 6
     #define bfd_mach_m68060 7
     #define bfd_mach_cpu32  8
     #define bfd_mach_mcf5200  9
     #define bfd_mach_mcf5206e 10
     #define bfd_mach_mcf5307  11
     #define bfd_mach_mcf5407  12
       bfd_arch_vax,       /* DEC Vax */
       bfd_arch_i960,      /* Intel 960 */
         /* The order of the following is important.
            lower number indicates a machine type that
            only accepts a subset of the instructions
            available to machines with higher numbers.
            The exception is the "ca", which is
            incompatible with all other machines except
            "core".  */
     
     #define bfd_mach_i960_core      1
     #define bfd_mach_i960_ka_sa     2
     #define bfd_mach_i960_kb_sb     3
     #define bfd_mach_i960_mc        4
     #define bfd_mach_i960_xa        5
     #define bfd_mach_i960_ca        6
     #define bfd_mach_i960_jx        7
     #define bfd_mach_i960_hx        8
     
       bfd_arch_or32,      /* OpenRISC 32 */
     
       bfd_arch_a29k,      /* AMD 29000 */
       bfd_arch_sparc,     /* SPARC */
     #define bfd_mach_sparc                 1
     /* The difference between v8plus and v9 is that v9 is a true 64 bit env.  */
     #define bfd_mach_sparc_sparclet        2
     #define bfd_mach_sparc_sparclite       3
     #define bfd_mach_sparc_v8plus          4
     #define bfd_mach_sparc_v8plusa         5 /* with ultrasparc add'ns.  */
     #define bfd_mach_sparc_sparclite_le    6
     #define bfd_mach_sparc_v9              7
     #define bfd_mach_sparc_v9a             8 /* with ultrasparc add'ns.  */
     #define bfd_mach_sparc_v8plusb         9 /* with cheetah add'ns.  */
     #define bfd_mach_sparc_v9b             10 /* with cheetah add'ns.  */
     /* Nonzero if MACH has the v9 instruction set.  */
     #define bfd_mach_sparc_v9_p(mach) \
       ((mach) >= bfd_mach_sparc_v8plus && (mach) <= bfd_mach_sparc_v9b \
        && (mach) != bfd_mach_sparc_sparclite_le)
       bfd_arch_mips,      /* MIPS Rxxxx */
     #define bfd_mach_mips3000              3000
     #define bfd_mach_mips3900              3900
     #define bfd_mach_mips4000              4000
     #define bfd_mach_mips4010              4010
     #define bfd_mach_mips4100              4100
     #define bfd_mach_mips4111              4111
     #define bfd_mach_mips4300              4300
     #define bfd_mach_mips4400              4400
     #define bfd_mach_mips4600              4600
     #define bfd_mach_mips4650              4650
     #define bfd_mach_mips5000              5000
     #define bfd_mach_mips6000              6000
     #define bfd_mach_mips8000              8000
     #define bfd_mach_mips10000             10000
     #define bfd_mach_mips12000             12000
     #define bfd_mach_mips16                16
     #define bfd_mach_mips5                 5
     #define bfd_mach_mips_sb1              12310201 /* octal 'SB', 01 */
     #define bfd_mach_mipsisa32             32
     #define bfd_mach_mipsisa64             64
       bfd_arch_i386,      /* Intel 386 */
     #define bfd_mach_i386_i386 0
     #define bfd_mach_i386_i8086 1
     #define bfd_mach_i386_i386_intel_syntax 2
     #define bfd_mach_x86_64 3
     #define bfd_mach_x86_64_intel_syntax 4
       bfd_arch_we32k,     /* AT&T WE32xxx */
       bfd_arch_tahoe,     /* CCI/Harris Tahoe */
       bfd_arch_i860,      /* Intel 860 */
       bfd_arch_i370,      /* IBM 360/370 Mainframes */
       bfd_arch_romp,      /* IBM ROMP PC/RT */
       bfd_arch_alliant,   /* Alliant */
       bfd_arch_convex,    /* Convex */
       bfd_arch_m88k,      /* Motorola 88xxx */
       bfd_arch_pyramid,   /* Pyramid Technology */
       bfd_arch_h8300,     /* Hitachi H8/300 */
     #define bfd_mach_h8300   1
     #define bfd_mach_h8300h  2
     #define bfd_mach_h8300s  3
       bfd_arch_pdp11,     /* DEC PDP-11 */
       bfd_arch_powerpc,   /* PowerPC */
     #define bfd_mach_ppc           0
     #define bfd_mach_ppc64         1
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_403       403
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_403gc     4030
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_505       505
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_601       601
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_602       602
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_603       603
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_ec603e    6031
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_604       604
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_620       620
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_630       630
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_750       750
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_860       860
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_a35       35
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_rs64ii    642
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_rs64iii   643
     #define bfd_mach_ppc_7400      7400
       bfd_arch_rs6000,    /* IBM RS/6000 */
     #define bfd_mach_rs6k          0
     #define bfd_mach_rs6k_rs1      6001
     #define bfd_mach_rs6k_rsc      6003
     #define bfd_mach_rs6k_rs2      6002
       bfd_arch_hppa,      /* HP PA RISC */
       bfd_arch_d10v,      /* Mitsubishi D10V */
     #define bfd_mach_d10v          0
     #define bfd_mach_d10v_ts2      2
     #define bfd_mach_d10v_ts3      3
       bfd_arch_d30v,      /* Mitsubishi D30V */
       bfd_arch_dlx,       /* DLX */
       bfd_arch_m68hc11,   /* Motorola 68HC11 */
       bfd_arch_m68hc12,   /* Motorola 68HC12 */
       bfd_arch_z8k,       /* Zilog Z8000 */
     #define bfd_mach_z8001         1
     #define bfd_mach_z8002         2
       bfd_arch_h8500,     /* Hitachi H8/500 */
       bfd_arch_sh,        /* Hitachi SH */
     #define bfd_mach_sh            0
     #define bfd_mach_sh2        0x20
     #define bfd_mach_sh_dsp     0x2d
     #define bfd_mach_sh3        0x30
     #define bfd_mach_sh3_dsp    0x3d
     #define bfd_mach_sh3e       0x3e
     #define bfd_mach_sh4        0x40
     #define bfd_mach_sh5        0x50
       bfd_arch_alpha,     /* Dec Alpha */
     #define bfd_mach_alpha_ev4  0x10
     #define bfd_mach_alpha_ev5  0x20
     #define bfd_mach_alpha_ev6  0x30
       bfd_arch_arm,       /* Advanced Risc Machines ARM.  */
     #define bfd_mach_arm_2         1
     #define bfd_mach_arm_2a        2
     #define bfd_mach_arm_3         3
     #define bfd_mach_arm_3M        4
     #define bfd_mach_arm_4         5
     #define bfd_mach_arm_4T        6
     #define bfd_mach_arm_5         7
     #define bfd_mach_arm_5T        8
     #define bfd_mach_arm_5TE       9
     #define bfd_mach_arm_XScale    10
       bfd_arch_ns32k,     /* National Semiconductors ns32000 */
       bfd_arch_w65,       /* WDC 65816 */
       bfd_arch_tic30,     /* Texas Instruments TMS320C30 */
       bfd_arch_tic54x,    /* Texas Instruments TMS320C54X */
       bfd_arch_tic80,     /* TI TMS320c80 (MVP) */
       bfd_arch_v850,      /* NEC V850 */
     #define bfd_mach_v850          0
     #define bfd_mach_v850e         'E'
     #define bfd_mach_v850ea        'A'
       bfd_arch_arc,       /* ARC Cores */
     #define bfd_mach_arc_5         0
     #define bfd_mach_arc_6         1
     #define bfd_mach_arc_7         2
     #define bfd_mach_arc_8         3
       bfd_arch_m32r,      /* Mitsubishi M32R/D */
     #define bfd_mach_m32r          0 /* For backwards compatibility.  */
     #define bfd_mach_m32rx         'x'
       bfd_arch_mn10200,   /* Matsushita MN10200 */
       bfd_arch_mn10300,   /* Matsushita MN10300 */
     #define bfd_mach_mn10300               300
     #define bfd_mach_am33          330
       bfd_arch_fr30,
     #define bfd_mach_fr30          0x46523330
       bfd_arch_frv,
     #define bfd_mach_frv           0
     #define bfd_mach_frvsimple     1
     #define bfd_mach_fr300         300
     #define bfd_mach_fr400         400
     #define bfd_mach_frvtomcat     499     /* fr500 prototype */
     #define bfd_mach_fr500         500
       bfd_arch_mcore,
       bfd_arch_ia64,      /* HP/Intel ia64 */
     #define bfd_mach_ia64_elf64    0
     #define bfd_mach_ia64_elf32    1
       bfd_arch_pj,
       bfd_arch_avr,       /* Atmel AVR microcontrollers.  */
     #define bfd_mach_avr1          1
     #define bfd_mach_avr2          2
     #define bfd_mach_avr3          3
     #define bfd_mach_avr4          4
     #define bfd_mach_avr5          5
       bfd_arch_cris,      /* Axis CRIS */
       bfd_arch_s390,      /* IBM s390 */
     #define bfd_mach_s390_31       0
     #define bfd_mach_s390_64       1
       bfd_arch_openrisc,  /* OpenRISC */
       bfd_arch_mmix,      /* Donald Knuth's educational processor.  */
       bfd_arch_xstormy16,
     #define bfd_mach_xstormy16     0
       bfd_arch_last
       };

bfd_arch_info
-------------

*Description*
This structure contains information on architectures for use within BFD.

     typedef struct bfd_arch_info
     {
       int bits_per_word;
       int bits_per_address;
       int bits_per_byte;
       enum bfd_architecture arch;
       unsigned long mach;
       const char *arch_name;
       const char *printable_name;
       unsigned int section_align_power;
       /* True if this is the default machine for the architecture.
          The default arch should be the first entry for an arch so that
          all the entries for that arch can be accessed via `next'.  */
       boolean the_default;
       const struct bfd_arch_info * (*compatible)
            PARAMS ((const struct bfd_arch_info *a,
                     const struct bfd_arch_info *b));
     
       boolean (*scan) PARAMS ((const struct bfd_arch_info *, const char *));
     
       const struct bfd_arch_info *next;
     }
     bfd_arch_info_type;

`bfd_printable_name'
....................

*Synopsis*
     const char *bfd_printable_name(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return a printable string representing the architecture and machine
from the pointer to the architecture info structure.

`bfd_scan_arch'
...............

*Synopsis*
     const bfd_arch_info_type *bfd_scan_arch(const char *string);
   *Description*
Figure out if BFD supports any cpu which could be described with the
name STRING.  Return a pointer to an `arch_info' structure if a machine
is found, otherwise NULL.

`bfd_arch_list'
...............

*Synopsis*
     const char **bfd_arch_list(void);
   *Description*
Return a freshly malloced NULL-terminated vector of the names of all
the valid BFD architectures.  Do not modify the names.

`bfd_arch_get_compatible'
.........................

*Synopsis*
     const bfd_arch_info_type *bfd_arch_get_compatible(
         const bfd *abfd,
         const bfd *bbfd);
   *Description*
Determine whether two BFDs' architectures and machine types are
compatible.  Calculates the lowest common denominator between the two
architectures and machine types implied by the BFDs and returns a
pointer to an `arch_info' structure describing the compatible machine.

`bfd_default_arch_struct'
.........................

*Description*
The `bfd_default_arch_struct' is an item of `bfd_arch_info_type' which
has been initialized to a fairly generic state.  A BFD starts life by
pointing to this structure, until the correct back end has determined
the real architecture of the file.
     extern const bfd_arch_info_type bfd_default_arch_struct;

`bfd_set_arch_info'
...................

*Synopsis*
     void bfd_set_arch_info(bfd *abfd, const bfd_arch_info_type *arg);
   *Description*
Set the architecture info of ABFD to ARG.

`bfd_default_set_arch_mach'
...........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_default_set_arch_mach(bfd *abfd,
         enum bfd_architecture arch,
         unsigned long mach);
   *Description*
Set the architecture and machine type in BFD ABFD to ARCH and MACH.
Find the correct pointer to a structure and insert it into the
`arch_info' pointer.

`bfd_get_arch'
..............

*Synopsis*
     enum bfd_architecture bfd_get_arch(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return the enumerated type which describes the BFD ABFD's architecture.

`bfd_get_mach'
..............

*Synopsis*
     unsigned long bfd_get_mach(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return the long type which describes the BFD ABFD's machine.

`bfd_arch_bits_per_byte'
........................

*Synopsis*
     unsigned int bfd_arch_bits_per_byte(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return the number of bits in one of the BFD ABFD's architecture's bytes.

`bfd_arch_bits_per_address'
...........................

*Synopsis*
     unsigned int bfd_arch_bits_per_address(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return the number of bits in one of the BFD ABFD's architecture's
addresses.

`bfd_default_compatible'
........................

*Synopsis*
     const bfd_arch_info_type *bfd_default_compatible
        (const bfd_arch_info_type *a,
         const bfd_arch_info_type *b);
   *Description*
The default function for testing for compatibility.

`bfd_default_scan'
..................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_default_scan(const struct bfd_arch_info *info, const char *string);
   *Description*
The default function for working out whether this is an architecture
hit and a machine hit.

`bfd_get_arch_info'
...................

*Synopsis*
     const bfd_arch_info_type * bfd_get_arch_info(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return the architecture info struct in ABFD.

`bfd_lookup_arch'
.................

*Synopsis*
     const bfd_arch_info_type *bfd_lookup_arch
        (enum bfd_architecture
         arch,
         unsigned long machine);
   *Description*
Look for the architecure info structure which matches the arguments
ARCH and MACHINE. A machine of 0 matches the machine/architecture
structure which marks itself as the default.

`bfd_printable_arch_mach'
.........................

*Synopsis*
     const char *bfd_printable_arch_mach
        (enum bfd_architecture arch, unsigned long machine);
   *Description*
Return a printable string representing the architecture and machine
type.

   This routine is depreciated.

`bfd_octets_per_byte'
.....................

*Synopsis*
     unsigned int bfd_octets_per_byte(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Return the number of octets (8-bit quantities) per target byte (minimum
addressable unit).  In most cases, this will be one, but some DSP
targets have 16, 32, or even 48 bits per byte.

`bfd_arch_mach_octets_per_byte'
...............................

*Synopsis*
     unsigned int bfd_arch_mach_octets_per_byte(enum bfd_architecture arch,
         unsigned long machine);
   *Description*
See bfd_octets_per_byte.

   This routine is provided for those cases where a bfd * is not
available


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Opening and Closing,  Next: Internal,  Prev: Architectures,  Up: BFD front end

Opening and closing BFDs
========================

`bfd_openr'
...........

*Synopsis*
     bfd *bfd_openr(const char *filename, const char *target);
   *Description*
Open the file FILENAME (using `fopen') with the target TARGET.  Return
a pointer to the created BFD.

   Calls `bfd_find_target', so TARGET is interpreted as by that
function.

   If `NULL' is returned then an error has occured.   Possible errors
are `bfd_error_no_memory', `bfd_error_invalid_target' or `system_call'
error.

`bfd_fdopenr'
.............

*Synopsis*
     bfd *bfd_fdopenr(const char *filename, const char *target, int fd);
   *Description*
`bfd_fdopenr' is to `bfd_fopenr' much like `fdopen' is to `fopen'.  It
opens a BFD on a file already described by the FD supplied.

   When the file is later `bfd_close'd, the file descriptor will be
closed.

   If the caller desires that this file descriptor be cached by BFD
(opened as needed, closed as needed to free descriptors for other
opens), with the supplied FD used as an initial file descriptor (but
subject to closure at any time), call bfd_set_cacheable(bfd, 1) on the
returned BFD.  The default is to assume no cacheing; the file
descriptor will remain open until `bfd_close', and will not be affected
by BFD operations on other files.

   Possible errors are `bfd_error_no_memory',
`bfd_error_invalid_target' and `bfd_error_system_call'.

`bfd_openstreamr'
.................

*Synopsis*
     bfd *bfd_openstreamr(const char *, const char *, PTR);
   *Description*
Open a BFD for read access on an existing stdio stream.  When the BFD
is passed to `bfd_close', the stream will be closed.

`bfd_openw'
...........

*Synopsis*
     bfd *bfd_openw(const char *filename, const char *target);
   *Description*
Create a BFD, associated with file FILENAME, using the file format
TARGET, and return a pointer to it.

   Possible errors are `bfd_error_system_call', `bfd_error_no_memory',
`bfd_error_invalid_target'.

`bfd_close'
...........

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_close(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Close a BFD. If the BFD was open for writing, then pending operations
are completed and the file written out and closed. If the created file
is executable, then `chmod' is called to mark it as such.

   All memory attached to the BFD is released.

   The file descriptor associated with the BFD is closed (even if it
was passed in to BFD by `bfd_fdopenr').

   *Returns*
`true' is returned if all is ok, otherwise `false'.

`bfd_close_all_done'
....................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_close_all_done(bfd *);
   *Description*
Close a BFD.  Differs from `bfd_close' since it does not complete any
pending operations.  This routine would be used if the application had
just used BFD for swapping and didn't want to use any of the writing
code.

   If the created file is executable, then `chmod' is called to mark it
as such.

   All memory attached to the BFD is released.

   *Returns*
`true' is returned if all is ok, otherwise `false'.

`bfd_create'
............

*Synopsis*
     bfd *bfd_create(const char *filename, bfd *templ);
   *Description*
Create a new BFD in the manner of `bfd_openw', but without opening a
file. The new BFD takes the target from the target used by TEMPLATE. The
format is always set to `bfd_object'.

`bfd_make_writable'
...................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_make_writable(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Takes a BFD as created by `bfd_create' and converts it into one like as
returned by `bfd_openw'.  It does this by converting the BFD to
BFD_IN_MEMORY.  It's assumed that you will call `bfd_make_readable' on
this bfd later.

   *Returns*
`true' is returned if all is ok, otherwise `false'.

`bfd_make_readable'
...................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_make_readable(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Takes a BFD as created by `bfd_create' and `bfd_make_writable' and
converts it into one like as returned by `bfd_openr'.  It does this by
writing the contents out to the memory buffer, then reversing the
direction.

   *Returns*
`true' is returned if all is ok, otherwise `false'.

`bfd_alloc'
...........

*Synopsis*
     PTR bfd_alloc (bfd *abfd, size_t wanted);
   *Description*
Allocate a block of WANTED bytes of memory attached to `abfd' and
return a pointer to it.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Internal,  Next: File Caching,  Prev: Opening and Closing,  Up: BFD front end

Internal functions
==================

*Description*
These routines are used within BFD.  They are not intended for export,
but are documented here for completeness.

`bfd_write_bigendian_4byte_int'
...............................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_write_bigendian_4byte_int (bfd *, unsigned int);
   *Description*
Write a 4 byte integer I to the output BFD ABFD, in big endian order
regardless of what else is going on.  This is useful in archives.

`bfd_put_size'
..............

`bfd_get_size'
..............

*Description*
These macros as used for reading and writing raw data in sections; each
access (except for bytes) is vectored through the target format of the
BFD and mangled accordingly. The mangling performs any necessary endian
translations and removes alignment restrictions.  Note that types
accepted and returned by these macros are identical so they can be
swapped around in macros--for example, `libaout.h' defines `GET_WORD'
to either `bfd_get_32' or `bfd_get_64'.

   In the put routines, VAL must be a `bfd_vma'.  If we are on a system
without prototypes, the caller is responsible for making sure that is
true, with a cast if necessary.  We don't cast them in the macro
definitions because that would prevent `lint' or `gcc -Wall' from
detecting sins such as passing a pointer.  To detect calling these with
less than a `bfd_vma', use `gcc -Wconversion' on a host with 64 bit
`bfd_vma''s.

     /* Byte swapping macros for user section data.  */
     
     #define bfd_put_8(abfd, val, ptr) \
                     ((void) (*((unsigned char *) (ptr)) = (unsigned char) (val)))
     #define bfd_put_signed_8 \
                    bfd_put_8
     #define bfd_get_8(abfd, ptr) \
                     (*(unsigned char *) (ptr) & 0xff)
     #define bfd_get_signed_8(abfd, ptr) \
                    (((*(unsigned char *) (ptr) & 0xff) ^ 0x80) - 0x80)
     
     #define bfd_put_16(abfd, val, ptr) \
                     BFD_SEND(abfd, bfd_putx16, ((val),(ptr)))
     #define bfd_put_signed_16 \
                     bfd_put_16
     #define bfd_get_16(abfd, ptr) \
                     BFD_SEND(abfd, bfd_getx16, (ptr))
     #define bfd_get_signed_16(abfd, ptr) \
                     BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_getx_signed_16, (ptr))
     
     #define bfd_put_32(abfd, val, ptr) \
                     BFD_SEND(abfd, bfd_putx32, ((val),(ptr)))
     #define bfd_put_signed_32 \
                     bfd_put_32
     #define bfd_get_32(abfd, ptr) \
                     BFD_SEND(abfd, bfd_getx32, (ptr))
     #define bfd_get_signed_32(abfd, ptr) \
                     BFD_SEND(abfd, bfd_getx_signed_32, (ptr))
     
     #define bfd_put_64(abfd, val, ptr) \
                     BFD_SEND(abfd, bfd_putx64, ((val), (ptr)))
     #define bfd_put_signed_64 \
                     bfd_put_64
     #define bfd_get_64(abfd, ptr) \
                     BFD_SEND(abfd, bfd_getx64, (ptr))
     #define bfd_get_signed_64(abfd, ptr) \
                     BFD_SEND(abfd, bfd_getx_signed_64, (ptr))
     
     #define bfd_get(bits, abfd, ptr)                               \
                     ( (bits) ==  8 ? (bfd_vma) bfd_get_8 (abfd, ptr)       \
                     : (bits) == 16 ? bfd_get_16 (abfd, ptr)        \
                     : (bits) == 32 ? bfd_get_32 (abfd, ptr)        \
                     : (bits) == 64 ? bfd_get_64 (abfd, ptr)        \
                     : (abort (), (bfd_vma) - 1))
     
     #define bfd_put(bits, abfd, val, ptr)                          \
                     ( (bits) ==  8 ? bfd_put_8  (abfd, val, ptr)   \
                     : (bits) == 16 ? bfd_put_16 (abfd, val, ptr)   \
                     : (bits) == 32 ? bfd_put_32 (abfd, val, ptr)   \
                     : (bits) == 64 ? bfd_put_64 (abfd, val, ptr)   \
                     : (abort (), (void) 0))

`bfd_h_put_size'
................

*Description*
These macros have the same function as their `bfd_get_x' brethren,
except that they are used for removing information for the header
records of object files. Believe it or not, some object files keep
their header records in big endian order and their data in little
endian order.

     /* Byte swapping macros for file header data.  */
     
     #define bfd_h_put_8(abfd, val, ptr) \
       bfd_put_8 (abfd, val, ptr)
     #define bfd_h_put_signed_8(abfd, val, ptr) \
       bfd_put_8 (abfd, val, ptr)
     #define bfd_h_get_8(abfd, ptr) \
       bfd_get_8 (abfd, ptr)
     #define bfd_h_get_signed_8(abfd, ptr) \
       bfd_get_signed_8 (abfd, ptr)
     
     #define bfd_h_put_16(abfd, val, ptr) \
       BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_putx16, (val, ptr))
     #define bfd_h_put_signed_16 \
       bfd_h_put_16
     #define bfd_h_get_16(abfd, ptr) \
       BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx16, (ptr))
     #define bfd_h_get_signed_16(abfd, ptr) \
       BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx_signed_16, (ptr))
     
     #define bfd_h_put_32(abfd, val, ptr) \
       BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_putx32, (val, ptr))
     #define bfd_h_put_signed_32 \
       bfd_h_put_32
     #define bfd_h_get_32(abfd, ptr) \
       BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx32, (ptr))
     #define bfd_h_get_signed_32(abfd, ptr) \
       BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx_signed_32, (ptr))
     
     #define bfd_h_put_64(abfd, val, ptr) \
       BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_putx64, (val, ptr))
     #define bfd_h_put_signed_64 \
       bfd_h_put_64
     #define bfd_h_get_64(abfd, ptr) \
       BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx64, (ptr))
     #define bfd_h_get_signed_64(abfd, ptr) \
       BFD_SEND (abfd, bfd_h_getx_signed_64, (ptr))
     
     /* Refinements on the above, which should eventually go away.  Save
        cluttering the source with (bfd_vma) and (bfd_byte *) casts.  */
     
     #define H_PUT_64(abfd, val, where) \
       bfd_h_put_64 ((abfd), (bfd_vma) (val), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_PUT_32(abfd, val, where) \
       bfd_h_put_32 ((abfd), (bfd_vma) (val), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_PUT_16(abfd, val, where) \
       bfd_h_put_16 ((abfd), (bfd_vma) (val), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_PUT_8 bfd_h_put_8
     
     #define H_PUT_S64(abfd, val, where) \
       bfd_h_put_signed_64 ((abfd), (bfd_vma) (val), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_PUT_S32(abfd, val, where) \
       bfd_h_put_signed_32 ((abfd), (bfd_vma) (val), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_PUT_S16(abfd, val, where) \
       bfd_h_put_signed_16 ((abfd), (bfd_vma) (val), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_PUT_S8 bfd_h_put_signed_8
     
     #define H_GET_64(abfd, where) \
       bfd_h_get_64 ((abfd), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_GET_32(abfd, where) \
       bfd_h_get_32 ((abfd), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_GET_16(abfd, where) \
       bfd_h_get_16 ((abfd), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_GET_8 bfd_h_get_8
     
     #define H_GET_S64(abfd, where) \
       bfd_h_get_signed_64 ((abfd), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_GET_S32(abfd, where) \
       bfd_h_get_signed_32 ((abfd), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_GET_S16(abfd, where) \
       bfd_h_get_signed_16 ((abfd), (bfd_byte *) (where))
     
     #define H_GET_S8 bfd_h_get_signed_8

`bfd_log2'
..........

*Synopsis*
     unsigned int bfd_log2 (bfd_vma x);
   *Description*
Return the log base 2 of the value supplied, rounded up.  E.g., an X of
1025 returns 11.  A X of 0 returns 0.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: File Caching,  Next: Linker Functions,  Prev: Internal,  Up: BFD front end

File caching
============

The file caching mechanism is embedded within BFD and allows the
application to open as many BFDs as it wants without regard to the
underlying operating system's file descriptor limit (often as low as 20
open files).  The module in `cache.c' maintains a least recently used
list of `BFD_CACHE_MAX_OPEN' files, and exports the name
`bfd_cache_lookup', which runs around and makes sure that the required
BFD is open. If not, then it chooses a file to close, closes it and
opens the one wanted, returning its file handle.

`BFD_CACHE_MAX_OPEN macro'
..........................

*Description*
The maximum number of files which the cache will keep open at one time.
     #define BFD_CACHE_MAX_OPEN 10

`bfd_last_cache'
................

*Synopsis*
     extern bfd *bfd_last_cache;
   *Description*
Zero, or a pointer to the topmost BFD on the chain.  This is used by
the `bfd_cache_lookup' macro in `libbfd.h' to determine when it can
avoid a function call.

`bfd_cache_lookup'
..................

*Description*
Check to see if the required BFD is the same as the last one looked up.
If so, then it can use the stream in the BFD with impunity, since it
can't have changed since the last lookup; otherwise, it has to perform
the complicated lookup function.
     #define bfd_cache_lookup(x) \
         ((x)==bfd_last_cache? \
           (FILE*) (bfd_last_cache->iostream): \
            bfd_cache_lookup_worker(x))

`bfd_cache_init'
................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_cache_init (bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Add a newly opened BFD to the cache.

`bfd_cache_close'
.................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_cache_close (bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Remove the BFD ABFD from the cache. If the attached file is open, then
close it too.

   *Returns*
`false' is returned if closing the file fails, `true' is returned if
all is well.

`bfd_open_file'
...............

*Synopsis*
     FILE* bfd_open_file(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Call the OS to open a file for ABFD.  Return the `FILE *' (possibly
`NULL') that results from this operation.  Set up the BFD so that
future accesses know the file is open. If the `FILE *' returned is
`NULL', then it won't have been put in the cache, so it won't have to
be removed from it.

`bfd_cache_lookup_worker'
.........................

*Synopsis*
     FILE *bfd_cache_lookup_worker(bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Called when the macro `bfd_cache_lookup' fails to find a quick answer.
Find a file descriptor for ABFD.  If necessary, it open it.  If there
are already more than `BFD_CACHE_MAX_OPEN' files open, it tries to
close one first, to avoid running out of file descriptors.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Linker Functions,  Next: Hash Tables,  Prev: File Caching,  Up: BFD front end

Linker Functions
================

The linker uses three special entry points in the BFD target vector.
It is not necessary to write special routines for these entry points
when creating a new BFD back end, since generic versions are provided.
However, writing them can speed up linking and make it use
significantly less runtime memory.

   The first routine creates a hash table used by the other routines.
The second routine adds the symbols from an object file to the hash
table.  The third routine takes all the object files and links them
together to create the output file.  These routines are designed so
that the linker proper does not need to know anything about the symbols
in the object files that it is linking.  The linker merely arranges the
sections as directed by the linker script and lets BFD handle the
details of symbols and relocs.

   The second routine and third routines are passed a pointer to a
`struct bfd_link_info' structure (defined in `bfdlink.h') which holds
information relevant to the link, including the linker hash table
(which was created by the first routine) and a set of callback
functions to the linker proper.

   The generic linker routines are in `linker.c', and use the header
file `genlink.h'.  As of this writing, the only back ends which have
implemented versions of these routines are a.out (in `aoutx.h') and
ECOFF (in `ecoff.c').  The a.out routines are used as examples
throughout this section.

* Menu:

* Creating a Linker Hash Table::
* Adding Symbols to the Hash Table::
* Performing the Final Link::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Creating a Linker Hash Table,  Next: Adding Symbols to the Hash Table,  Prev: Linker Functions,  Up: Linker Functions

Creating a linker hash table
----------------------------

The linker routines must create a hash table, which must be derived
from `struct bfd_link_hash_table' described in `bfdlink.c'.  *Note Hash
Tables::, for information on how to create a derived hash table.  This
entry point is called using the target vector of the linker output file.

   The `_bfd_link_hash_table_create' entry point must allocate and
initialize an instance of the desired hash table.  If the back end does
not require any additional information to be stored with the entries in
the hash table, the entry point may simply create a `struct
bfd_link_hash_table'.  Most likely, however, some additional
information will be needed.

   For example, with each entry in the hash table the a.out linker
keeps the index the symbol has in the final output file (this index
number is used so that when doing a relocateable link the symbol index
used in the output file can be quickly filled in when copying over a
reloc).  The a.out linker code defines the required structures and
functions for a hash table derived from `struct bfd_link_hash_table'.
The a.out linker hash table is created by the function
`NAME(aout,link_hash_table_create)'; it simply allocates space for the
hash table, initializes it, and returns a pointer to it.

   When writing the linker routines for a new back end, you will
generally not know exactly which fields will be required until you have
finished.  You should simply create a new hash table which defines no
additional fields, and then simply add fields as they become necessary.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Adding Symbols to the Hash Table,  Next: Performing the Final Link,  Prev: Creating a Linker Hash Table,  Up: Linker Functions

Adding symbols to the hash table
--------------------------------

The linker proper will call the `_bfd_link_add_symbols' entry point for
each object file or archive which is to be linked (typically these are
the files named on the command line, but some may also come from the
linker script).  The entry point is responsible for examining the file.
For an object file, BFD must add any relevant symbol information to
the hash table.  For an archive, BFD must determine which elements of
the archive should be used and adding them to the link.

   The a.out version of this entry point is
`NAME(aout,link_add_symbols)'.

* Menu:

* Differing file formats::
* Adding symbols from an object file::
* Adding symbols from an archive::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Differing file formats,  Next: Adding symbols from an object file,  Prev: Adding Symbols to the Hash Table,  Up: Adding Symbols to the Hash Table

Differing file formats
......................

Normally all the files involved in a link will be of the same format,
but it is also possible to link together different format object files,
and the back end must support that.  The `_bfd_link_add_symbols' entry
point is called via the target vector of the file to be added.  This
has an important consequence: the function may not assume that the hash
table is the type created by the corresponding
`_bfd_link_hash_table_create' vector.  All the `_bfd_link_add_symbols'
function can assume about the hash table is that it is derived from
`struct bfd_link_hash_table'.

   Sometimes the `_bfd_link_add_symbols' function must store some
information in the hash table entry to be used by the `_bfd_final_link'
function.  In such a case the `creator' field of the hash table must be
checked to make sure that the hash table was created by an object file
of the same format.

   The `_bfd_final_link' routine must be prepared to handle a hash
entry without any extra information added by the
`_bfd_link_add_symbols' function.  A hash entry without extra
information will also occur when the linker script directs the linker
to create a symbol.  Note that, regardless of how a hash table entry is
added, all the fields will be initialized to some sort of null value by
the hash table entry initialization function.

   See `ecoff_link_add_externals' for an example of how to check the
`creator' field before saving information (in this case, the ECOFF
external symbol debugging information) in a hash table entry.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Adding symbols from an object file,  Next: Adding symbols from an archive,  Prev: Differing file formats,  Up: Adding Symbols to the Hash Table

Adding symbols from an object file
..................................

When the `_bfd_link_add_symbols' routine is passed an object file, it
must add all externally visible symbols in that object file to the hash
table.  The actual work of adding the symbol to the hash table is
normally handled by the function `_bfd_generic_link_add_one_symbol'.
The `_bfd_link_add_symbols' routine is responsible for reading all the
symbols from the object file and passing the correct information to
`_bfd_generic_link_add_one_symbol'.

   The `_bfd_link_add_symbols' routine should not use
`bfd_canonicalize_symtab' to read the symbols.  The point of providing
this routine is to avoid the overhead of converting the symbols into
generic `asymbol' structures.

   `_bfd_generic_link_add_one_symbol' handles the details of combining
common symbols, warning about multiple definitions, and so forth.  It
takes arguments which describe the symbol to add, notably symbol flags,
a section, and an offset.  The symbol flags include such things as
`BSF_WEAK' or `BSF_INDIRECT'.  The section is a section in the object
file, or something like `bfd_und_section_ptr' for an undefined symbol
or `bfd_com_section_ptr' for a common symbol.

   If the `_bfd_final_link' routine is also going to need to read the
symbol information, the `_bfd_link_add_symbols' routine should save it
somewhere attached to the object file BFD.  However, the information
should only be saved if the `keep_memory' field of the `info' argument
is true, so that the `-no-keep-memory' linker switch is effective.

   The a.out function which adds symbols from an object file is
`aout_link_add_object_symbols', and most of the interesting work is in
`aout_link_add_symbols'.  The latter saves pointers to the hash tables
entries created by `_bfd_generic_link_add_one_symbol' indexed by symbol
number, so that the `_bfd_final_link' routine does not have to call the
hash table lookup routine to locate the entry.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Adding symbols from an archive,  Prev: Adding symbols from an object file,  Up: Adding Symbols to the Hash Table

Adding symbols from an archive
..............................

When the `_bfd_link_add_symbols' routine is passed an archive, it must
look through the symbols defined by the archive and decide which
elements of the archive should be included in the link.  For each such
element it must call the `add_archive_element' linker callback, and it
must add the symbols from the object file to the linker hash table.

   In most cases the work of looking through the symbols in the archive
should be done by the `_bfd_generic_link_add_archive_symbols' function.
This function builds a hash table from the archive symbol table and
looks through the list of undefined symbols to see which elements
should be included.  `_bfd_generic_link_add_archive_symbols' is passed
a function to call to make the final decision about adding an archive
element to the link and to do the actual work of adding the symbols to
the linker hash table.

   The function passed to `_bfd_generic_link_add_archive_symbols' must
read the symbols of the archive element and decide whether the archive
element should be included in the link.  If the element is to be
included, the `add_archive_element' linker callback routine must be
called with the element as an argument, and the elements symbols must
be added to the linker hash table just as though the element had itself
been passed to the `_bfd_link_add_symbols' function.

   When the a.out `_bfd_link_add_symbols' function receives an archive,
it calls `_bfd_generic_link_add_archive_symbols' passing
`aout_link_check_archive_element' as the function argument.
`aout_link_check_archive_element' calls `aout_link_check_ar_symbols'.
If the latter decides to add the element (an element is only added if
it provides a real, non-common, definition for a previously undefined
or common symbol) it calls the `add_archive_element' callback and then
`aout_link_check_archive_element' calls `aout_link_add_symbols' to
actually add the symbols to the linker hash table.

   The ECOFF back end is unusual in that it does not normally call
`_bfd_generic_link_add_archive_symbols', because ECOFF archives already
contain a hash table of symbols.  The ECOFF back end searches the
archive itself to avoid the overhead of creating a new hash table.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Performing the Final Link,  Prev: Adding Symbols to the Hash Table,  Up: Linker Functions

Performing the final link
-------------------------

When all the input files have been processed, the linker calls the
`_bfd_final_link' entry point of the output BFD.  This routine is
responsible for producing the final output file, which has several
aspects.  It must relocate the contents of the input sections and copy
the data into the output sections.  It must build an output symbol
table including any local symbols from the input files and the global
symbols from the hash table.  When producing relocateable output, it
must modify the input relocs and write them into the output file.
There may also be object format dependent work to be done.

   The linker will also call the `write_object_contents' entry point
when the BFD is closed.  The two entry points must work together in
order to produce the correct output file.

   The details of how this works are inevitably dependent upon the
specific object file format.  The a.out `_bfd_final_link' routine is
`NAME(aout,final_link)'.

* Menu:

* Information provided by the linker::
* Relocating the section contents::
* Writing the symbol table::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Information provided by the linker,  Next: Relocating the section contents,  Prev: Performing the Final Link,  Up: Performing the Final Link

Information provided by the linker
..................................

Before the linker calls the `_bfd_final_link' entry point, it sets up
some data structures for the function to use.

   The `input_bfds' field of the `bfd_link_info' structure will point
to a list of all the input files included in the link.  These files are
linked through the `link_next' field of the `bfd' structure.

   Each section in the output file will have a list of `link_order'
structures attached to the `link_order_head' field (the `link_order'
structure is defined in `bfdlink.h').  These structures describe how to
create the contents of the output section in terms of the contents of
various input sections, fill constants, and, eventually, other types of
information.  They also describe relocs that must be created by the BFD
backend, but do not correspond to any input file; this is used to
support -Ur, which builds constructors while generating a relocateable
object file.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Relocating the section contents,  Next: Writing the symbol table,  Prev: Information provided by the linker,  Up: Performing the Final Link

Relocating the section contents
...............................

The `_bfd_final_link' function should look through the `link_order'
structures attached to each section of the output file.  Each
`link_order' structure should either be handled specially, or it should
be passed to the function `_bfd_default_link_order' which will do the
right thing (`_bfd_default_link_order' is defined in `linker.c').

   For efficiency, a `link_order' of type `bfd_indirect_link_order'
whose associated section belongs to a BFD of the same format as the
output BFD must be handled specially.  This type of `link_order'
describes part of an output section in terms of a section belonging to
one of the input files.  The `_bfd_final_link' function should read the
contents of the section and any associated relocs, apply the relocs to
the section contents, and write out the modified section contents.  If
performing a relocateable link, the relocs themselves must also be
modified and written out.

   The functions `_bfd_relocate_contents' and
`_bfd_final_link_relocate' provide some general support for performing
the actual relocations, notably overflow checking.  Their arguments
include information about the symbol the relocation is against and a
`reloc_howto_type' argument which describes the relocation to perform.
These functions are defined in `reloc.c'.

   The a.out function which handles reading, relocating, and writing
section contents is `aout_link_input_section'.  The actual relocation
is done in `aout_link_input_section_std' and
`aout_link_input_section_ext'.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Writing the symbol table,  Prev: Relocating the section contents,  Up: Performing the Final Link

Writing the symbol table
........................

The `_bfd_final_link' function must gather all the symbols in the input
files and write them out.  It must also write out all the symbols in
the global hash table.  This must be controlled by the `strip' and
`discard' fields of the `bfd_link_info' structure.

   The local symbols of the input files will not have been entered into
the linker hash table.  The `_bfd_final_link' routine must consider
each input file and include the symbols in the output file.  It may be
convenient to do this when looking through the `link_order' structures,
or it may be done by stepping through the `input_bfds' list.

   The `_bfd_final_link' routine must also traverse the global hash
table to gather all the externally visible symbols.  It is possible
that most of the externally visible symbols may be written out when
considering the symbols of each input file, but it is still necessary
to traverse the hash table since the linker script may have defined
some symbols that are not in any of the input files.

   The `strip' field of the `bfd_link_info' structure controls which
symbols are written out.  The possible values are listed in
`bfdlink.h'.  If the value is `strip_some', then the `keep_hash' field
of the `bfd_link_info' structure is a hash table of symbols to keep;
each symbol should be looked up in this hash table, and only symbols
which are present should be included in the output file.

   If the `strip' field of the `bfd_link_info' structure permits local
symbols to be written out, the `discard' field is used to further
controls which local symbols are included in the output file.  If the
value is `discard_l', then all local symbols which begin with a certain
prefix are discarded; this is controlled by the
`bfd_is_local_label_name' entry point.

   The a.out backend handles symbols by calling
`aout_link_write_symbols' on each input BFD and then traversing the
global hash table with the function `aout_link_write_other_symbol'.  It
builds a string table while writing out the symbols, which is written
to the output file at the end of `NAME(aout,final_link)'.

`bfd_link_split_section'
........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean bfd_link_split_section(bfd *abfd, asection *sec);
   *Description*
Return nonzero if SEC should be split during a reloceatable or final
link.
     #define bfd_link_split_section(abfd, sec) \
            BFD_SEND (abfd, _bfd_link_split_section, (abfd, sec))


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Hash Tables,  Prev: Linker Functions,  Up: BFD front end

Hash Tables
===========

BFD provides a simple set of hash table functions.  Routines are
provided to initialize a hash table, to free a hash table, to look up a
string in a hash table and optionally create an entry for it, and to
traverse a hash table.  There is currently no routine to delete an
string from a hash table.

   The basic hash table does not permit any data to be stored with a
string.  However, a hash table is designed to present a base class from
which other types of hash tables may be derived.  These derived types
may store additional information with the string.  Hash tables were
implemented in this way, rather than simply providing a data pointer in
a hash table entry, because they were designed for use by the linker
back ends.  The linker may create thousands of hash table entries, and
the overhead of allocating private data and storing and following
pointers becomes noticeable.

   The basic hash table code is in `hash.c'.

* Menu:

* Creating and Freeing a Hash Table::
* Looking Up or Entering a String::
* Traversing a Hash Table::
* Deriving a New Hash Table Type::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Creating and Freeing a Hash Table,  Next: Looking Up or Entering a String,  Prev: Hash Tables,  Up: Hash Tables

Creating and freeing a hash table
---------------------------------

To create a hash table, create an instance of a `struct bfd_hash_table'
(defined in `bfd.h') and call `bfd_hash_table_init' (if you know
approximately how many entries you will need, the function
`bfd_hash_table_init_n', which takes a SIZE argument, may be used).
`bfd_hash_table_init' returns `false' if some sort of error occurs.

   The function `bfd_hash_table_init' take as an argument a function to
use to create new entries.  For a basic hash table, use the function
`bfd_hash_newfunc'.  *Note Deriving a New Hash Table Type::, for why
you would want to use a different value for this argument.

   `bfd_hash_table_init' will create an objalloc which will be used to
allocate new entries.  You may allocate memory on this objalloc using
`bfd_hash_allocate'.

   Use `bfd_hash_table_free' to free up all the memory that has been
allocated for a hash table.  This will not free up the `struct
bfd_hash_table' itself, which you must provide.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Looking Up or Entering a String,  Next: Traversing a Hash Table,  Prev: Creating and Freeing a Hash Table,  Up: Hash Tables

Looking up or entering a string
-------------------------------

The function `bfd_hash_lookup' is used both to look up a string in the
hash table and to create a new entry.

   If the CREATE argument is `false', `bfd_hash_lookup' will look up a
string.  If the string is found, it will returns a pointer to a `struct
bfd_hash_entry'.  If the string is not found in the table
`bfd_hash_lookup' will return `NULL'.  You should not modify any of the
fields in the returns `struct bfd_hash_entry'.

   If the CREATE argument is `true', the string will be entered into
the hash table if it is not already there.  Either way a pointer to a
`struct bfd_hash_entry' will be returned, either to the existing
structure or to a newly created one.  In this case, a `NULL' return
means that an error occurred.

   If the CREATE argument is `true', and a new entry is created, the
COPY argument is used to decide whether to copy the string onto the
hash table objalloc or not.  If COPY is passed as `false', you must be
careful not to deallocate or modify the string as long as the hash table
exists.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Traversing a Hash Table,  Next: Deriving a New Hash Table Type,  Prev: Looking Up or Entering a String,  Up: Hash Tables

Traversing a hash table
-----------------------

The function `bfd_hash_traverse' may be used to traverse a hash table,
calling a function on each element.  The traversal is done in a random
order.

   `bfd_hash_traverse' takes as arguments a function and a generic
`void *' pointer.  The function is called with a hash table entry (a
`struct bfd_hash_entry *') and the generic pointer passed to
`bfd_hash_traverse'.  The function must return a `boolean' value, which
indicates whether to continue traversing the hash table.  If the
function returns `false', `bfd_hash_traverse' will stop the traversal
and return immediately.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Deriving a New Hash Table Type,  Prev: Traversing a Hash Table,  Up: Hash Tables

Deriving a new hash table type
------------------------------

Many uses of hash tables want to store additional information which
each entry in the hash table.  Some also find it convenient to store
additional information with the hash table itself.  This may be done
using a derived hash table.

   Since C is not an object oriented language, creating a derived hash
table requires sticking together some boilerplate routines with a few
differences specific to the type of hash table you want to create.

   An example of a derived hash table is the linker hash table.  The
structures for this are defined in `bfdlink.h'.  The functions are in
`linker.c'.

   You may also derive a hash table from an already derived hash table.
For example, the a.out linker backend code uses a hash table derived
from the linker hash table.

* Menu:

* Define the Derived Structures::
* Write the Derived Creation Routine::
* Write Other Derived Routines::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Define the Derived Structures,  Next: Write the Derived Creation Routine,  Prev: Deriving a New Hash Table Type,  Up: Deriving a New Hash Table Type

Define the derived structures
.............................

You must define a structure for an entry in the hash table, and a
structure for the hash table itself.

   The first field in the structure for an entry in the hash table must
be of the type used for an entry in the hash table you are deriving
from.  If you are deriving from a basic hash table this is `struct
bfd_hash_entry', which is defined in `bfd.h'.  The first field in the
structure for the hash table itself must be of the type of the hash
table you are deriving from itself.  If you are deriving from a basic
hash table, this is `struct bfd_hash_table'.

   For example, the linker hash table defines `struct
bfd_link_hash_entry' (in `bfdlink.h').  The first field, `root', is of
type `struct bfd_hash_entry'.  Similarly, the first field in `struct
bfd_link_hash_table', `table', is of type `struct bfd_hash_table'.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Write the Derived Creation Routine,  Next: Write Other Derived Routines,  Prev: Define the Derived Structures,  Up: Deriving a New Hash Table Type

Write the derived creation routine
..................................

You must write a routine which will create and initialize an entry in
the hash table.  This routine is passed as the function argument to
`bfd_hash_table_init'.

   In order to permit other hash tables to be derived from the hash
table you are creating, this routine must be written in a standard way.

   The first argument to the creation routine is a pointer to a hash
table entry.  This may be `NULL', in which case the routine should
allocate the right amount of space.  Otherwise the space has already
been allocated by a hash table type derived from this one.

   After allocating space, the creation routine must call the creation
routine of the hash table type it is derived from, passing in a pointer
to the space it just allocated.  This will initialize any fields used
by the base hash table.

   Finally the creation routine must initialize any local fields for
the new hash table type.

   Here is a boilerplate example of a creation routine.  FUNCTION_NAME
is the name of the routine.  ENTRY_TYPE is the type of an entry in the
hash table you are creating.  BASE_NEWFUNC is the name of the creation
routine of the hash table type your hash table is derived from.

     struct bfd_hash_entry *
     FUNCTION_NAME (entry, table, string)
          struct bfd_hash_entry *entry;
          struct bfd_hash_table *table;
          const char *string;
     {
       struct ENTRY_TYPE *ret = (ENTRY_TYPE *) entry;
     
      /* Allocate the structure if it has not already been allocated by a
         derived class.  */
       if (ret == (ENTRY_TYPE *) NULL)
         {
           ret = ((ENTRY_TYPE *)
                  bfd_hash_allocate (table, sizeof (ENTRY_TYPE)));
           if (ret == (ENTRY_TYPE *) NULL)
             return NULL;
         }
     
      /* Call the allocation method of the base class.  */
       ret = ((ENTRY_TYPE *)
             BASE_NEWFUNC ((struct bfd_hash_entry *) ret, table, string));
     
      /* Initialize the local fields here.  */
     
       return (struct bfd_hash_entry *) ret;
     }
   *Description*
The creation routine for the linker hash table, which is in `linker.c',
looks just like this example.  FUNCTION_NAME is
`_bfd_link_hash_newfunc'.  ENTRY_TYPE is `struct bfd_link_hash_entry'.
BASE_NEWFUNC is `bfd_hash_newfunc', the creation routine for a basic
hash table.

   `_bfd_link_hash_newfunc' also initializes the local fields in a
linker hash table entry: `type', `written' and `next'.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Write Other Derived Routines,  Prev: Write the Derived Creation Routine,  Up: Deriving a New Hash Table Type

Write other derived routines
............................

You will want to write other routines for your new hash table, as well.

   You will want an initialization routine which calls the
initialization routine of the hash table you are deriving from and
initializes any other local fields.  For the linker hash table, this is
`_bfd_link_hash_table_init' in `linker.c'.

   You will want a lookup routine which calls the lookup routine of the
hash table you are deriving from and casts the result.  The linker hash
table uses `bfd_link_hash_lookup' in `linker.c' (this actually takes an
additional argument which it uses to decide how to return the looked up
value).

   You may want a traversal routine.  This should just call the
traversal routine of the hash table you are deriving from with
appropriate casts.  The linker hash table uses `bfd_link_hash_traverse'
in `linker.c'.

   These routines may simply be defined as macros.  For example, the
a.out backend linker hash table, which is derived from the linker hash
table, uses macros for the lookup and traversal routines.  These are
`aout_link_hash_lookup' and `aout_link_hash_traverse' in aoutx.h.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: BFD back ends,  Next: GNU Free Documentation License,  Prev: BFD front end,  Up: Top

BFD back ends
*************

* Menu:

* What to Put Where::
* aout ::	a.out backends
* coff ::	coff backends
* elf  ::	elf backends
* mmo  ::	mmo backend


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: What to Put Where,  Next: aout,  Prev: BFD back ends,  Up: BFD back ends

   All of BFD lives in one directory.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: aout,  Next: coff,  Prev: What to Put Where,  Up: BFD back ends

a.out backends
==============

*Description*
BFD supports a number of different flavours of a.out format, though the
major differences are only the sizes of the structures on disk, and the
shape of the relocation information.

   The support is split into a basic support file `aoutx.h' and other
files which derive functions from the base. One derivation file is
`aoutf1.h' (for a.out flavour 1), and adds to the basic a.out functions
support for sun3, sun4, 386 and 29k a.out files, to create a target
jump vector for a specific target.

   This information is further split out into more specific files for
each machine, including `sunos.c' for sun3 and sun4, `newsos3.c' for
the Sony NEWS, and `demo64.c' for a demonstration of a 64 bit a.out
format.

   The base file `aoutx.h' defines general mechanisms for reading and
writing records to and from disk and various other methods which BFD
requires. It is included by `aout32.c' and `aout64.c' to form the names
`aout_32_swap_exec_header_in', `aout_64_swap_exec_header_in', etc.

   As an example, this is what goes on to make the back end for a sun4,
from `aout32.c':

            #define ARCH_SIZE 32
            #include "aoutx.h"

   Which exports names:

            ...
            aout_32_canonicalize_reloc
            aout_32_find_nearest_line
            aout_32_get_lineno
            aout_32_get_reloc_upper_bound
            ...

   from `sunos.c':

            #define TARGET_NAME "a.out-sunos-big"
            #define VECNAME    sunos_big_vec
            #include "aoutf1.h"

   requires all the names from `aout32.c', and produces the jump vector

            sunos_big_vec

   The file `host-aout.c' is a special case.  It is for a large set of
hosts that use "more or less standard" a.out files, and for which
cross-debugging is not interesting.  It uses the standard 32-bit a.out
support routines, but determines the file offsets and addresses of the
text, data, and BSS sections, the machine architecture and machine
type, and the entry point address, in a host-dependent manner.  Once
these values have been determined, generic code is used to handle the
object file.

   When porting it to run on a new system, you must supply:

             HOST_PAGE_SIZE
             HOST_SEGMENT_SIZE
             HOST_MACHINE_ARCH       (optional)
             HOST_MACHINE_MACHINE    (optional)
             HOST_TEXT_START_ADDR
             HOST_STACK_END_ADDR

   in the file `../include/sys/h-XXX.h' (for your host).  These values,
plus the structures and macros defined in `a.out.h' on your host
system, will produce a BFD target that will access ordinary a.out files
on your host. To configure a new machine to use `host-aout.c', specify:

            TDEFAULTS = -DDEFAULT_VECTOR=host_aout_big_vec
            TDEPFILES= host-aout.o trad-core.o

   in the `config/XXX.mt' file, and modify `configure.in' to use the
`XXX.mt' file (by setting "`bfd_target=XXX'") when your configuration
is selected.

Relocations
-----------

*Description*
The file `aoutx.h' provides for both the _standard_ and _extended_
forms of a.out relocation records.

   The standard records contain only an address, a symbol index, and a
type field. The extended records (used on 29ks and sparcs) also have a
full integer for an addend.

Internal entry points
---------------------

*Description*
`aoutx.h' exports several routines for accessing the contents of an
a.out file, which are gathered and exported in turn by various format
specific files (eg sunos.c).

`aout_SIZE_swap_exec_header_in'
...............................

*Synopsis*
     void aout_SIZE_swap_exec_header_in,
        (bfd *abfd,
         struct external_exec *raw_bytes,
         struct internal_exec *execp);
   *Description*
Swap the information in an executable header RAW_BYTES taken from a raw
byte stream memory image into the internal exec header structure EXECP.

`aout_SIZE_swap_exec_header_out'
................................

*Synopsis*
     void aout_SIZE_swap_exec_header_out
        (bfd *abfd,
         struct internal_exec *execp,
         struct external_exec *raw_bytes);
   *Description*
Swap the information in an internal exec header structure EXECP into
the buffer RAW_BYTES ready for writing to disk.

`aout_SIZE_some_aout_object_p'
..............................

*Synopsis*
     const bfd_target *aout_SIZE_some_aout_object_p
        (bfd *abfd,
         const bfd_target *(*callback_to_real_object_p) ());
   *Description*
Some a.out variant thinks that the file open in ABFD checking is an
a.out file.  Do some more checking, and set up for access if it really
is.  Call back to the calling environment's "finish up" function just
before returning, to handle any last-minute setup.

`aout_SIZE_mkobject'
....................

*Synopsis*
     boolean aout_SIZE_mkobject, (bfd *abfd);
   *Description*
Initialize BFD ABFD for use with a.out files.

`aout_SIZE_machine_type'
........................

*Synopsis*
     enum machine_type  aout_SIZE_machine_type
        (enum bfd_architecture arch,
         unsigned long machine));
   *Description*
Keep track of machine architecture and machine type for a.out's. Return
the `machine_type' for a particular architecture and machine, or
`M_UNKNOWN' if that exact architecture and machine can't be represented
in a.out format.

   If the architecture is understood, machine type 0 (default) is
always understood.

`aout_SIZE_set_arch_mach'
.........................

*Synopsis*
     boolean aout_SIZE_set_arch_mach,
        (bfd *,
         enum bfd_architecture arch,
         unsigned long machine));
   *Description*
Set the architecture and the machine of the BFD ABFD to the values ARCH
and MACHINE.  Verify that ABFD's format can support the architecture
required.

`aout_SIZE_new_section_hook'
............................

*Synopsis*
     boolean aout_SIZE_new_section_hook,
        (bfd *abfd,
         asection *newsect));
   *Description*
Called by the BFD in response to a `bfd_make_section' request.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: coff,  Next: elf,  Prev: aout,  Up: BFD back ends

coff backends
=============

BFD supports a number of different flavours of coff format.  The major
differences between formats are the sizes and alignments of fields in
structures on disk, and the occasional extra field.

   Coff in all its varieties is implemented with a few common files and
a number of implementation specific files. For example, The 88k bcs
coff format is implemented in the file `coff-m88k.c'. This file
`#include's `coff/m88k.h' which defines the external structure of the
coff format for the 88k, and `coff/internal.h' which defines the
internal structure. `coff-m88k.c' also defines the relocations used by
the 88k format *Note Relocations::.

   The Intel i960 processor version of coff is implemented in
`coff-i960.c'. This file has the same structure as `coff-m88k.c',
except that it includes `coff/i960.h' rather than `coff-m88k.h'.

Porting to a new version of coff
--------------------------------

The recommended method is to select from the existing implementations
the version of coff which is most like the one you want to use.  For
example, we'll say that i386 coff is the one you select, and that your
coff flavour is called foo.  Copy `i386coff.c' to `foocoff.c', copy
`../include/coff/i386.h' to `../include/coff/foo.h', and add the lines
to `targets.c' and `Makefile.in' so that your new back end is used.
Alter the shapes of the structures in `../include/coff/foo.h' so that
they match what you need. You will probably also have to add `#ifdef's
to the code in `coff/internal.h' and `coffcode.h' if your version of
coff is too wild.

   You can verify that your new BFD backend works quite simply by
building `objdump' from the `binutils' directory, and making sure that
its version of what's going on and your host system's idea (assuming it
has the pretty standard coff dump utility, usually called `att-dump' or
just `dump') are the same.  Then clean up your code, and send what
you've done to Cygnus. Then your stuff will be in the next release, and
you won't have to keep integrating it.

How the coff backend works
--------------------------

File layout
...........

The Coff backend is split into generic routines that are applicable to
any Coff target and routines that are specific to a particular target.
The target-specific routines are further split into ones which are
basically the same for all Coff targets except that they use the
external symbol format or use different values for certain constants.

   The generic routines are in `coffgen.c'.  These routines work for
any Coff target.  They use some hooks into the target specific code;
the hooks are in a `bfd_coff_backend_data' structure, one of which
exists for each target.

   The essentially similar target-specific routines are in
`coffcode.h'.  This header file includes executable C code.  The
various Coff targets first include the appropriate Coff header file,
make any special defines that are needed, and then include `coffcode.h'.

   Some of the Coff targets then also have additional routines in the
target source file itself.

   For example, `coff-i960.c' includes `coff/internal.h' and
`coff/i960.h'.  It then defines a few constants, such as `I960', and
includes `coffcode.h'.  Since the i960 has complex relocation types,
`coff-i960.c' also includes some code to manipulate the i960 relocs.
This code is not in `coffcode.h' because it would not be used by any
other target.

Bit twiddling
.............

Each flavour of coff supported in BFD has its own header file
describing the external layout of the structures. There is also an
internal description of the coff layout, in `coff/internal.h'. A major
function of the coff backend is swapping the bytes and twiddling the
bits to translate the external form of the structures into the normal
internal form. This is all performed in the `bfd_swap'_thing_direction
routines. Some elements are different sizes between different versions
of coff; it is the duty of the coff version specific include file to
override the definitions of various packing routines in `coffcode.h'.
E.g., the size of line number entry in coff is sometimes 16 bits, and
sometimes 32 bits. `#define'ing `PUT_LNSZ_LNNO' and `GET_LNSZ_LNNO'
will select the correct one. No doubt, some day someone will find a
version of coff which has a varying field size not catered to at the
moment. To port BFD, that person will have to add more `#defines'.
Three of the bit twiddling routines are exported to `gdb';
`coff_swap_aux_in', `coff_swap_sym_in' and `coff_swap_lineno_in'. `GDB'
reads the symbol table on its own, but uses BFD to fix things up.  More
of the bit twiddlers are exported for `gas'; `coff_swap_aux_out',
`coff_swap_sym_out', `coff_swap_lineno_out', `coff_swap_reloc_out',
`coff_swap_filehdr_out', `coff_swap_aouthdr_out',
`coff_swap_scnhdr_out'. `Gas' currently keeps track of all the symbol
table and reloc drudgery itself, thereby saving the internal BFD
overhead, but uses BFD to swap things on the way out, making cross
ports much safer.  Doing so also allows BFD (and thus the linker) to
use the same header files as `gas', which makes one avenue to disaster
disappear.

Symbol reading
..............

The simple canonical form for symbols used by BFD is not rich enough to
keep all the information available in a coff symbol table. The back end
gets around this problem by keeping the original symbol table around,
"behind the scenes".

   When a symbol table is requested (through a call to
`bfd_canonicalize_symtab'), a request gets through to
`coff_get_normalized_symtab'. This reads the symbol table from the coff
file and swaps all the structures inside into the internal form. It
also fixes up all the pointers in the table (represented in the file by
offsets from the first symbol in the table) into physical pointers to
elements in the new internal table. This involves some work since the
meanings of fields change depending upon context: a field that is a
pointer to another structure in the symbol table at one moment may be
the size in bytes of a structure at the next.  Another pass is made
over the table. All symbols which mark file names (`C_FILE' symbols)
are modified so that the internal string points to the value in the
auxent (the real filename) rather than the normal text associated with
the symbol (`".file"').

   At this time the symbol names are moved around. Coff stores all
symbols less than nine characters long physically within the symbol
table; longer strings are kept at the end of the file in the string
table. This pass moves all strings into memory and replaces them with
pointers to the strings.

   The symbol table is massaged once again, this time to create the
canonical table used by the BFD application. Each symbol is inspected
in turn, and a decision made (using the `sclass' field) about the
various flags to set in the `asymbol'.  *Note Symbols::. The generated
canonical table shares strings with the hidden internal symbol table.

   Any linenumbers are read from the coff file too, and attached to the
symbols which own the functions the linenumbers belong to.

Symbol writing
..............

Writing a symbol to a coff file which didn't come from a coff file will
lose any debugging information. The `asymbol' structure remembers the
BFD from which the symbol was taken, and on output the back end makes
sure that the same destination target as source target is present.

   When the symbols have come from a coff file then all the debugging
information is preserved.

   Symbol tables are provided for writing to the back end in a vector
of pointers to pointers. This allows applications like the linker to
accumulate and output large symbol tables without having to do too much
byte copying.

   This function runs through the provided symbol table and patches
each symbol marked as a file place holder (`C_FILE') to point to the
next file place holder in the list. It also marks each `offset' field
in the list with the offset from the first symbol of the current symbol.

   Another function of this procedure is to turn the canonical value
form of BFD into the form used by coff. Internally, BFD expects symbol
values to be offsets from a section base; so a symbol physically at
0x120, but in a section starting at 0x100, would have the value 0x20.
Coff expects symbols to contain their final value, so symbols have
their values changed at this point to reflect their sum with their
owning section.  This transformation uses the `output_section' field of
the `asymbol''s `asection' *Note Sections::.

   * `coff_mangle_symbols'
   This routine runs though the provided symbol table and uses the
offsets generated by the previous pass and the pointers generated when
the symbol table was read in to create the structured hierachy required
by coff. It changes each pointer to a symbol into the index into the
symbol table of the asymbol.

   * `coff_write_symbols'
   This routine runs through the symbol table and patches up the
symbols from their internal form into the coff way, calls the bit
twiddlers, and writes out the table to the file.

`coff_symbol_type'
..................

*Description*
The hidden information for an `asymbol' is described in a
`combined_entry_type':


     typedef struct coff_ptr_struct
     {
       /* Remembers the offset from the first symbol in the file for
          this symbol. Generated by coff_renumber_symbols. */
       unsigned int offset;
     
       /* Should the value of this symbol be renumbered.  Used for
          XCOFF C_BSTAT symbols.  Set by coff_slurp_symbol_table.  */
       unsigned int fix_value : 1;
     
       /* Should the tag field of this symbol be renumbered.
          Created by coff_pointerize_aux. */
       unsigned int fix_tag : 1;
     
       /* Should the endidx field of this symbol be renumbered.
          Created by coff_pointerize_aux. */
       unsigned int fix_end : 1;
     
       /* Should the x_csect.x_scnlen field be renumbered.
          Created by coff_pointerize_aux. */
       unsigned int fix_scnlen : 1;
     
       /* Fix up an XCOFF C_BINCL/C_EINCL symbol.  The value is the
          index into the line number entries.  Set by coff_slurp_symbol_table.  */
       unsigned int fix_line : 1;
     
       /* The container for the symbol structure as read and translated
          from the file. */
       union
       {
         union internal_auxent auxent;
         struct internal_syment syment;
       } u;
     } combined_entry_type;
     
     
     /* Each canonical asymbol really looks like this: */
     
     typedef struct coff_symbol_struct
     {
       /* The actual symbol which the rest of BFD works with */
       asymbol symbol;
     
       /* A pointer to the hidden information for this symbol */
       combined_entry_type *native;
     
       /* A pointer to the linenumber information for this symbol */
       struct lineno_cache_entry *lineno;
     
       /* Have the line numbers been relocated yet ? */
       boolean done_lineno;
     } coff_symbol_type;

`bfd_coff_backend_data'
.......................

     /* COFF symbol classifications.  */
     
     enum coff_symbol_classification
     {
       /* Global symbol.  */
       COFF_SYMBOL_GLOBAL,
       /* Common symbol.  */
       COFF_SYMBOL_COMMON,
       /* Undefined symbol.  */
       COFF_SYMBOL_UNDEFINED,
       /* Local symbol.  */
       COFF_SYMBOL_LOCAL,
       /* PE section symbol.  */
       COFF_SYMBOL_PE_SECTION
     };
Special entry points for gdb to swap in coff symbol table parts:
     typedef struct
     {
       void (*_bfd_coff_swap_aux_in)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, int, int, int, int, PTR));
     
       void (*_bfd_coff_swap_sym_in)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       void (*_bfd_coff_swap_lineno_in)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_aux_out)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, int, int, int, int, PTR));
     
       unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_sym_out)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_lineno_out)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_reloc_out)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_out)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_out)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       unsigned int (*_bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_out)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       unsigned int _bfd_filhsz;
       unsigned int _bfd_aoutsz;
       unsigned int _bfd_scnhsz;
       unsigned int _bfd_symesz;
       unsigned int _bfd_auxesz;
       unsigned int _bfd_relsz;
       unsigned int _bfd_linesz;
       unsigned int _bfd_filnmlen;
       boolean _bfd_coff_long_filenames;
       boolean _bfd_coff_long_section_names;
       unsigned int _bfd_coff_default_section_alignment_power;
       boolean _bfd_coff_force_symnames_in_strings;
       unsigned int _bfd_coff_debug_string_prefix_length;
     
       void (*_bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_in)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       void (*_bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_in)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       void (*_bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_in)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       void (*_bfd_coff_swap_reloc_in)
         PARAMS ((bfd *abfd, PTR, PTR));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_bad_format_hook)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_set_arch_mach_hook)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR));
     
       PTR (*_bfd_coff_mkobject_hook)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, PTR));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_styp_to_sec_flags_hook)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, PTR, const char *, asection *, flagword *));
     
       void (*_bfd_set_alignment_hook)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, asection *, PTR));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_slurp_symbol_table)
         PARAMS ((bfd *));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_symname_in_debug)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct internal_syment *));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_pointerize_aux_hook)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, combined_entry_type *, combined_entry_type *,
                 unsigned int, combined_entry_type *));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_print_aux)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, FILE *, combined_entry_type *, combined_entry_type *,
                 combined_entry_type *, unsigned int));
     
       void (*_bfd_coff_reloc16_extra_cases)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *, struct bfd_link_order *, arelent *,
                bfd_byte *, unsigned int *, unsigned int *));
     
       int (*_bfd_coff_reloc16_estimate)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, asection *, arelent *, unsigned int,
                 struct bfd_link_info *));
     
       enum coff_symbol_classification (*_bfd_coff_classify_symbol)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct internal_syment *));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_compute_section_file_positions)
         PARAMS ((bfd *));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_start_final_link)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_relocate_section)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *, bfd *, asection *, bfd_byte *,
                 struct internal_reloc *, struct internal_syment *, asection **));
     
       reloc_howto_type *(*_bfd_coff_rtype_to_howto)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, asection *, struct internal_reloc *,
                 struct coff_link_hash_entry *, struct internal_syment *,
                 bfd_vma *));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_adjust_symndx)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct bfd_link_info *, bfd *, asection *,
                 struct internal_reloc *, boolean *));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_link_add_one_symbol)
         PARAMS ((struct bfd_link_info *, bfd *, const char *, flagword,
                 asection *, bfd_vma, const char *, boolean, boolean,
                 struct bfd_link_hash_entry **));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_link_output_has_begun)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct coff_final_link_info *));
     
       boolean (*_bfd_coff_final_link_postscript)
         PARAMS ((bfd *, struct coff_final_link_info *));
     
     } bfd_coff_backend_data;
     
     #define coff_backend_info(abfd) \
       ((bfd_coff_backend_data *) (abfd)->xvec->backend_data)
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_aux_in(a,e,t,c,ind,num,i) \
       ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_swap_aux_in) (a,e,t,c,ind,num,i))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_sym_in(a,e,i) \
       ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_swap_sym_in) (a,e,i))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_lineno_in(a,e,i) \
       ((coff_backend_info ( a)->_bfd_coff_swap_lineno_in) (a,e,i))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_reloc_out(abfd, i, o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_reloc_out) (abfd, i, o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_lineno_out(abfd, i, o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_lineno_out) (abfd, i, o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_aux_out(a,i,t,c,ind,num,o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_swap_aux_out) (a,i,t,c,ind,num,o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_sym_out(abfd, i,o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_sym_out) (abfd, i, o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_out(abfd, i,o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_out) (abfd, i, o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_out(abfd, i,o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_out) (abfd, i, o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_out(abfd, i,o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_out) (abfd, i, o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_filhsz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_filhsz)
     #define bfd_coff_aoutsz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_aoutsz)
     #define bfd_coff_scnhsz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_scnhsz)
     #define bfd_coff_symesz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_symesz)
     #define bfd_coff_auxesz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_auxesz)
     #define bfd_coff_relsz(abfd)  (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_relsz)
     #define bfd_coff_linesz(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_linesz)
     #define bfd_coff_filnmlen(abfd) (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_filnmlen)
     #define bfd_coff_long_filenames(abfd) \
       (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_long_filenames)
     #define bfd_coff_long_section_names(abfd) \
       (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_long_section_names)
     #define bfd_coff_default_section_alignment_power(abfd) \
       (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_default_section_alignment_power)
     #define bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_in(abfd, i,o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_filehdr_in) (abfd, i, o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_in(abfd, i,o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_aouthdr_in) (abfd, i, o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_in(abfd, i,o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_scnhdr_in) (abfd, i, o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_swap_reloc_in(abfd, i, o) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_swap_reloc_in) (abfd, i, o))
     
     #define bfd_coff_bad_format_hook(abfd, filehdr) \
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_bad_format_hook) (abfd, filehdr))
     
     #define bfd_coff_set_arch_mach_hook(abfd, filehdr)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_set_arch_mach_hook) (abfd, filehdr))
     #define bfd_coff_mkobject_hook(abfd, filehdr, aouthdr)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_mkobject_hook) (abfd, filehdr, aouthdr))
     
     #define bfd_coff_styp_to_sec_flags_hook(abfd, scnhdr, name, section, flags_ptr)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_styp_to_sec_flags_hook)\
        (abfd, scnhdr, name, section, flags_ptr))
     
     #define bfd_coff_set_alignment_hook(abfd, sec, scnhdr)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_set_alignment_hook) (abfd, sec, scnhdr))
     
     #define bfd_coff_slurp_symbol_table(abfd)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_slurp_symbol_table) (abfd))
     
     #define bfd_coff_symname_in_debug(abfd, sym)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_symname_in_debug) (abfd, sym))
     
     #define bfd_coff_force_symnames_in_strings(abfd)\
       (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_force_symnames_in_strings)
     
     #define bfd_coff_debug_string_prefix_length(abfd)\
       (coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_debug_string_prefix_length)
     
     #define bfd_coff_print_aux(abfd, file, base, symbol, aux, indaux)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_print_aux)\
        (abfd, file, base, symbol, aux, indaux))
     
     #define bfd_coff_reloc16_extra_cases(abfd, link_info, link_order, reloc, data, src_ptr, dst_ptr)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_reloc16_extra_cases)\
        (abfd, link_info, link_order, reloc, data, src_ptr, dst_ptr))
     
     #define bfd_coff_reloc16_estimate(abfd, section, reloc, shrink, link_info)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_reloc16_estimate)\
        (abfd, section, reloc, shrink, link_info))
     
     #define bfd_coff_classify_symbol(abfd, sym)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_classify_symbol)\
        (abfd, sym))
     
     #define bfd_coff_compute_section_file_positions(abfd)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_compute_section_file_positions)\
        (abfd))
     
     #define bfd_coff_start_final_link(obfd, info)\
       ((coff_backend_info (obfd)->_bfd_coff_start_final_link)\
        (obfd, info))
     #define bfd_coff_relocate_section(obfd,info,ibfd,o,con,rel,isyms,secs)\
       ((coff_backend_info (ibfd)->_bfd_coff_relocate_section)\
        (obfd, info, ibfd, o, con, rel, isyms, secs))
     #define bfd_coff_rtype_to_howto(abfd, sec, rel, h, sym, addendp)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_rtype_to_howto)\
        (abfd, sec, rel, h, sym, addendp))
     #define bfd_coff_adjust_symndx(obfd, info, ibfd, sec, rel, adjustedp)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_adjust_symndx)\
        (obfd, info, ibfd, sec, rel, adjustedp))
     #define bfd_coff_link_add_one_symbol(info,abfd,name,flags,section,value,string,cp,coll,hashp)\
       ((coff_backend_info (abfd)->_bfd_coff_link_add_one_symbol)\
        (info, abfd, name, flags, section, value, string, cp, coll, hashp))
     
     #define bfd_coff_link_output_has_begun(a,p) \
       ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_link_output_has_begun) (a,p))
     #define bfd_coff_final_link_postscript(a,p) \
       ((coff_backend_info (a)->_bfd_coff_final_link_postscript) (a,p))

Writing relocations
...................

To write relocations, the back end steps though the canonical
relocation table and create an `internal_reloc'. The symbol index to
use is removed from the `offset' field in the symbol table supplied.
The address comes directly from the sum of the section base address and
the relocation offset; the type is dug directly from the howto field.
Then the `internal_reloc' is swapped into the shape of an
`external_reloc' and written out to disk.

Reading linenumbers
...................

Creating the linenumber table is done by reading in the entire coff
linenumber table, and creating another table for internal use.

   A coff linenumber table is structured so that each function is
marked as having a line number of 0. Each line within the function is
an offset from the first line in the function. The base of the line
number information for the table is stored in the symbol associated
with the function.

   Note: The PE format uses line number 0 for a flag indicating a new
source file.

   The information is copied from the external to the internal table,
and each symbol which marks a function is marked by pointing its...

   How does this work ?

Reading relocations
...................

Coff relocations are easily transformed into the internal BFD form
(`arelent').

   Reading a coff relocation table is done in the following stages:

   * Read the entire coff relocation table into memory.

   * Process each relocation in turn; first swap it from the external
     to the internal form.

   * Turn the symbol referenced in the relocation's symbol index into a
     pointer into the canonical symbol table.  This table is the same
     as the one returned by a call to `bfd_canonicalize_symtab'. The
     back end will call that routine and save the result if a
     canonicalization hasn't been done.

   * The reloc index is turned into a pointer to a howto structure, in
     a back end specific way. For instance, the 386 and 960 use the
     `r_type' to directly produce an index into a howto table vector;
     the 88k subtracts a number from the `r_type' field and creates an
     addend field.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: elf,  Next: mmo,  Prev: coff,  Up: BFD back ends



ELF backends

   BFD support for ELF formats is being worked on.  Currently, the best
supported back ends are for sparc and i386 (running svr4 or Solaris 2).

   Documentation of the internals of the support code still needs to be
written.  The code is changing quickly enough that we haven't bothered
yet.

`bfd_elf_find_section'
......................

*Synopsis*
     struct elf_internal_shdr *bfd_elf_find_section (bfd *abfd, char *name);
   *Description*
Helper functions for GDB to locate the string tables.  Since BFD hides
string tables from callers, GDB needs to use an internal hook to find
them.  Sun's .stabstr, in particular, isn't even pointed to by the
.stab section, so ordinary mechanisms wouldn't work to find it, even if
we had some.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: mmo,  Prev: elf,  Up: BFD back ends

mmo backend
===========

The mmo object format is used exclusively together with Professor
Donald E. Knuth's educational 64-bit processor MMIX.  The simulator
`mmix' which is available at
<http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/programs/mmix.tar.gz>
understands this format.  That package also includes a combined
assembler and linker called `mmixal'.  The mmo format has no advantages
feature-wise compared to e.g. ELF.  It is a simple non-relocatable
object format with no support for archives or debugging information,
except for symbol value information and line numbers (which is not yet
implemented in BFD).  See
<http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/mmix.html> for more
information about MMIX.  The ELF format is used for intermediate object
files in the BFD implementation.

* Menu:

* File layout::
* Symbol-table::
* mmo section mapping::


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: File layout,  Next: Symbol-table,  Prev: mmo,  Up: mmo

File layout
-----------

The mmo file contents is not partitioned into named sections as with
e.g. ELF.  Memory areas is formed by specifying the location of the
data that follows.  Only the memory area `0x0000...00' to `0x01ff...ff'
is executable, so it is used for code (and constants) and the area
`0x2000...00' to `0x20ff...ff' is used for writable data.  *Note mmo
section mapping::.

   Contents is entered as 32-bit words, xor:ed over previous contents,
always zero-initialized.  A word that starts with the byte `0x98' forms
a command called a `lopcode', where the next byte distinguished between
the thirteen lopcodes.  The two remaining bytes, called the `Y' and `Z'
fields, or the `YZ' field (a 16-bit big-endian number), are used for
various purposes different for each lopcode.  As documented in
<http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/mmixal-intro.ps.gz>, the
lopcodes are:

   There is provision for specifying "special data" of 65536 different
types.  We use type 80 (decimal), arbitrarily chosen the same as the
ELF `e_machine' number for MMIX, filling it with section information
normally found in ELF objects. *Note mmo section mapping::.

`lop_quote'
     0x98000001.  The next word is contents, regardless of whether it
     starts with 0x98 or not.

`lop_loc'
     0x9801YYZZ, where `Z' is 1 or 2.  This is a location directive,
     setting the location for the next data to the next 32-bit word
     (for Z = 1) or 64-bit word (for Z = 2), plus Y * 2^56.  Normally
     `Y' is 0 for the text segment and 2 for the data segment.

`lop_skip'
     0x9802YYZZ.  Increase the current location by `YZ' bytes.

`lop_fixo'
     0x9803YYZZ, where `Z' is 1 or 2.  Store the current location as 64
     bits into the location pointed to by the next 32-bit (Z = 1) or
     64-bit (Z = 2) word, plus Y * 2^56.

`lop_fixr'
     0x9804YYZZ.  `YZ' is stored into the current location plus 2 - 4 *
     YZ.

`lop_fixrx'
     0x980500ZZ.  `Z' is 16 or 24.  A value `L' derived from the
     following 32-bit word are used in a manner similar to `YZ' in
     lop_fixr: it is xor:ed into the current location minus 4 * L.  The
     first byte of the word is 0 or 1.  If it is 1, then L = (LOWEST 24
     BITS OF WORD) - 2^Z, if 0, then L = (LOWEST 24 BITS OF WORD).

`lop_file'
     0x9806YYZZ.  `Y' is the file number, `Z' is count of 32-bit words.
     Set the file number to `Y' and the line counter to 0.  The next Z
     * 4 bytes contain the file name, padded with zeros if the count is
     not a multiple of four.  The same `Y' may occur multiple times,
     but `Z' must be 0 for all but the first occurrence.

`lop_line'
     0x9807YYZZ.  `YZ' is the line number.  Together with lop_file, it
     forms the source location for the next 32-bit word.  Note that for
     each non-lopcode 32-bit word, line numbers are assumed incremented
     by one.

`lop_spec'
     0x9808YYZZ.  `YZ' is the type number.  Data until the next lopcode
     other than lop_quote forms special data of type `YZ'.  *Note mmo
     section mapping::.

     Other types than 80, (or type 80 with a content that does not
     parse) is stored in sections named `.MMIX.spec_data.N' where N is
     the `YZ'-type.  The flags for such a sections say not to allocate
     or load the data.  The vma is 0.  Contents of multiple occurrences
     of special data N is concatenated to the data of the previous
     lop_spec Ns.  The location in data or code at which the lop_spec
     occurred is lost.

`lop_pre'
     0x980901ZZ.  The first lopcode in a file.  The `Z' field forms the
     length of header information in 32-bit words, where the first word
     tells the time in seconds since `00:00:00 GMT Jan 1 1970'.

`lop_post'
     0x980a00ZZ.  Z > 32.  This lopcode follows after all
     content-generating lopcodes in a program.  The `Z' field denotes
     the value of `rG' at the beginning of the program.  The following
     256 - Z big-endian 64-bit words are loaded into global registers
     `$G' ... `$255'.

`lop_stab'
     0x980b0000.  The next-to-last lopcode in a program.  Must follow
     immediately after the lop_post lopcode and its data.  After this
     lopcode follows all symbols in a compressed format (*note
     Symbol-table::).

`lop_end'
     0x980cYYZZ.  The last lopcode in a program.  It must follow the
     lop_stab lopcode and its data.  The `YZ' field contains the number
     of 32-bit words of symbol table information after the preceding
     lop_stab lopcode.

   Note that the lopcode "fixups"; `lop_fixr', `lop_fixrx' and
`lop_fixo' are not generated by BFD, but are handled.  They are
generated by `mmixal'.

   This trivial one-label, one-instruction file:

      :Main TRAP 1,2,3

   can be represented this way in mmo:

      0x98090101 - lop_pre, one 32-bit word with timestamp.
      <timestamp>
      0x98010002 - lop_loc, text segment, using a 64-bit address.
                   Note that mmixal does not emit this for the file above.
      0x00000000 - Address, high 32 bits.
      0x00000000 - Address, low 32 bits.
      0x98060002 - lop_file, 2 32-bit words for file-name.
      0x74657374 - "test"
      0x2e730000 - ".s\0\0"
      0x98070001 - lop_line, line 1.
      0x00010203 - TRAP 1,2,3
      0x980a00ff - lop_post, setting $255 to 0.
      0x00000000
      0x00000000
      0x980b0000 - lop_stab for ":Main" = 0, serial 1.
      0x203a4040   *Note Symbol-table::.
      0x10404020
      0x4d206120
      0x69016e00
      0x81000000
      0x980c0005 - lop_end; symbol table contained five 32-bit words.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: Symbol-table,  Next: mmo section mapping,  Prev: File layout,  Up: mmo

Symbol table format
-------------------

From mmixal.w (or really, the generated mmixal.tex) in
<http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/programs/mmix.tar.gz>):
"Symbols are stored and retrieved by means of a `ternary search trie',
following ideas of Bentley and Sedgewick. (See ACM-SIAM Symp. on
Discrete Algorithms `8' (1997), 360-369; R.Sedgewick, `Algorithms in C'
(Reading, Mass.  Addison-Wesley, 1998), `15.4'.)  Each trie node stores
a character, and there are branches to subtries for the cases where a
given character is less than, equal to, or greater than the character
in the trie.  There also is a pointer to a symbol table entry if a
symbol ends at the current node."

   So it's a tree encoded as a stream of bytes.  The stream of bytes
acts on a single virtual global symbol, adding and removing characters
and signalling complete symbol points.  Here, we read the stream and
create symbols at the completion points.

   First, there's a control byte `m'.  If any of the listed bits in `m'
is nonzero, we execute what stands at the right, in the listed order:

      (MMO3_LEFT)
      0x40 - Traverse left trie.
             (Read a new command byte and recurse.)
     
      (MMO3_SYMBITS)
      0x2f - Read the next byte as a character and store it in the
             current character position; increment character position.
             Test the bits of `m':
     
             (MMO3_WCHAR)
             0x80 - The character is 16-bit (so read another byte,
                    merge into current character.
     
             (MMO3_TYPEBITS)
             0xf  - We have a complete symbol; parse the type, value
                    and serial number and do what should be done
                    with a symbol.  The type and length information
                    is in j = (m & 0xf).
     
                    (MMO3_REGQUAL_BITS)
                    j == 0xf: A register variable.  The following
                              byte tells which register.
                    j <= 8:   An absolute symbol.  Read j bytes as the
                              big-endian number the symbol equals.
                              A j = 2 with two zero bytes denotes an
                              unknown symbol.
                    j > 8:    As with j <= 8, but add (0x20 << 56)
                              to the value in the following j - 8
                              bytes.
     
                    Then comes the serial number, as a variant of
                    uleb128, but better named ubeb128:
                    Read bytes and shift the previous value left 7
                    (multiply by 128).  Add in the new byte, repeat
                    until a byte has bit 7 set.  The serial number
                    is the computed value minus 128.
     
             (MMO3_MIDDLE)
             0x20 - Traverse middle trie.  (Read a new command byte
                    and recurse.)  Decrement character position.
     
      (MMO3_RIGHT)
      0x10 - Traverse right trie.  (Read a new command byte and
             recurse.)

   Let's look again at the `lop_stab' for the trivial file (*note File
layout::).

      0x980b0000 - lop_stab for ":Main" = 0, serial 1.
      0x203a4040
      0x10404020
      0x4d206120
      0x69016e00
      0x81000000

   This forms the trivial trie (note that the path between ":" and "M"
is redundant):

      203a     ":"
      40       /
      40      /
      10      \
      40      /
      40     /
      204d  "M"
      2061  "a"
      2069  "i"
      016e  "n" is the last character in a full symbol, and
            with a value represented in one byte.
      00    The value is 0.
      81    The serial number is 1.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: mmo section mapping,  Prev: Symbol-table,  Up: mmo

mmo section mapping
-------------------

The implementation in BFD uses special data type 80 (decimal) to
encapsulate and describe named sections, containing e.g. debug
information.  If needed, any datum in the encapsulation will be quoted
using lop_quote.  First comes a 32-bit word holding the number of
32-bit words containing the zero-terminated zero-padded segment name.
After the name there's a 32-bit word holding flags describing the
section type.  Then comes a 64-bit big-endian word with the section
length (in bytes), then another with the section start address.
Depending on the type of section, the contents might follow,
zero-padded to 32-bit boundary.  For a loadable section (such as data
or code), the contents might follow at some later point, not
necessarily immediately, as a lop_loc with the same start address as in
the section description, followed by the contents.  This in effect
forms a descriptor that must be emitted before the actual contents.
Sections described this way must not overlap.

   For areas that don't have such descriptors, synthetic sections are
formed by BFD.  Consecutive contents in the two memory areas
`0x0000...00' to `0x01ff...ff' and `0x2000...00' to `0x20ff...ff' are
entered in sections named `.text' and `.data' respectively.  If an area
is not otherwise described, but would together with a neighboring lower
area be less than `0x40000000' bytes long, it is joined with the lower
area and the gap is zero-filled.  For other cases, a new section is
formed, named `.MMIX.sec.N'.  Here, N is a number, a running count
through the mmo file, starting at 0.

   A loadable section specified as:

      .section secname,"ax"
      TETRA 1,2,3,4,-1,-2009
      BYTE 80

   and linked to address `0x4', is represented by the sequence:

      0x98080050 - lop_spec 80
      0x00000002 - two 32-bit words for the section name
      0x7365636e - "secn"
      0x616d6500 - "ame\0"
      0x00000033 - flags CODE, READONLY, LOAD, ALLOC
      0x00000000 - high 32 bits of section length
      0x0000001c - section length is 28 bytes; 6 * 4 + 1 + alignment to 32 bits
      0x00000000 - high 32 bits of section address
      0x00000004 - section address is 4
      0x98010002 - 64 bits with address of following data
      0x00000000 - high 32 bits of address
      0x00000004 - low 32 bits: data starts at address 4
      0x00000001 - 1
      0x00000002 - 2
      0x00000003 - 3
      0x00000004 - 4
      0xffffffff - -1
      0xfffff827 - -2009
      0x50000000 - 80 as a byte, padded with zeros.

   Note that the lop_spec wrapping does not include the section
contents.  Compare this to a non-loaded section specified as:

      .section thirdsec
      TETRA 200001,100002
      BYTE 38,40

   This, when linked to address `0x200000000000001c', is represented by:

      0x98080050 - lop_spec 80
      0x00000002 - two 32-bit words for the section name
      0x7365636e - "thir"
      0x616d6500 - "dsec"
      0x00000010 - flag READONLY
      0x00000000 - high 32 bits of section length
      0x0000000c - section length is 12 bytes; 2 * 4 + 2 + alignment to 32 bits
      0x20000000 - high 32 bits of address
      0x0000001c - low 32 bits of address 0x200000000000001c
      0x00030d41 - 200001
      0x000186a2 - 100002
      0x26280000 - 38, 40 as bytes, padded with zeros

   For the latter example, the section contents must not be loaded in
memory, and is therefore specified as part of the special data.  The
address is usually unimportant but might provide information for e.g.
the DWARF 2 debugging format.


File: m68k-rtems-bfd.info,  Node: GNU Free Documentation License,  Next: Index,  Prev: BFD back ends,  Up: Top

GNU Free Documentation License
******************************

GNU Free Documentation License

   Version 1.1, March 2000

   Copyright (C) 2000  Free Software Foundation, Inc.    59 Temple
Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

   Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies  of
this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

   0. PREAMBLE

   The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.  Secondarily,
this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit
for their work, while not being considered responsible for
modifications made by others.

   This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license
designed for free software.

   We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals; it
can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

   1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
under the terms of this License.  The "Document", below, refers to any
such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
addressed as "you".

   A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.

   A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject.  (For example, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

   The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.

   The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License.

   A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to
text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent
modification by readers is not Transparent.  A copy that is not
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".

   Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or
XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML
designed for human modification.  Opaque formats include PostScript,
PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

   The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

   2. VERBATIM COPYING

   You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.

   3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than
100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these
Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts
on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present the
full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible.
You may add other material on the covers in addition.  Copying with
changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of
the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
copying in other respects.

   If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

   If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols.  If you use the latter
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
the public.

   It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.

   4. MODIFICATIONS

   You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the
Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of
it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

   A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
  from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.  B. List on
the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).  C.
State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the    Modified
Version, as the publisher.  D. Preserve all the copyright notices of
the Document.  E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your
modifications    adjacent to the other copyright notices.  F. Include,
immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice    giving the
public permission to use the Modified Version under the    terms of
this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.  G. Preserve in
that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections    and
required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.  H.
Include an unaltered copy of this License.  I. Preserve the section
entitled "History", and its title, and add to    it an item stating at
least the title, year, new authors, and    publisher of the Modified
Version as given on the Title Page.  If    there is no section entitled
"History" in the Document, create one    stating the title, year,
authors, and publisher of the Document as    given on its Title Page,
then add an item describing the Modified    Version as stated in the
previous sentence.  J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in
the Document for    public access to a Transparent copy of the
Document, and likewise    the network locations given in the Document
for previous versions    it was based on.  These may be placed in the
"History" section.     You may omit a network location for a work that
was published at    least four years before the Document itself, or if
the original    publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
and/or dedications given therein.  L. Preserve all the Invariant
Sections of the Document,    unaltered in their text and in their
titles.  Section numbers    or the equivalent are not considered part
of the section titles.  M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements".
Such a section    may not be included in the Modified Version.  N. Do
not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"    or to conflict in
title with any Invariant Section.

   If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties-for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.

   You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and
a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already includes
a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you
may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

   5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice.

   The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections
entitled "Endorsements."

   6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that
is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of
this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.

   You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.

   7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of
the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
compilation.  Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are
not themselves derivative works of the Document.

   If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.  Otherwise
they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.

   8. TRANSLATION

   Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
translation of this License provided that you also include the original
English version of this License.  In case of a disagreement between the
translation and the original English version of this License, the
original English version will prevail.

   9. TERMINATION

   You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt
to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
remain in full compliance.

   10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

   The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

   Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

   ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

   To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

         Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
         Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
         under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
         or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
         with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
         Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
         A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
         Free Documentation License".

   If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant.  If you have no Front-Cover
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.

