library: libHist #include "TPrincipal.h"

# TPrincipal

class description - source file - inheritance tree (.ps)

## class TPrincipal : public TNamed

| Inheritance Chart:

`TObject`

<-

`TNamed`

<-

`TPrincipal`

        protected:

          void MakeNormalised()
          void MakeRealCode(const char* filename, const char* prefix, Option_t* option)

        public:

                          TPrincipal()
                          TPrincipal(Int_t nVariables, Option_t* opt = "ND")
                          TPrincipal(const TPrincipal&)
                  virtual ~TPrincipal()
             virtual void AddRow(const Double_t* x)
             virtual void Browse(TBrowser* b)
           static TClass* Class()
             virtual void Clear(Option_t* option)
          const TMatrixD* GetCovarianceMatrix() const
          const TVectorD* GetEigenValues() const
          const TMatrixD* GetEigenVectors() const
                   TList* GetHistograms() const
          const TVectorD* GetMeanValues() const
          const Double_t* GetRow(Int_t row) const
          const TVectorD* GetSigmas() const
          const TVectorD* GetUserData() const
          virtual TClass* IsA() const
           virtual Bool_t IsFolder() const
             virtual void MakeCode(const char* filename = "pca", Option_t* option)
             virtual void MakeHistograms(const char* name = "pca", Option_t* option = "epsdx")
             virtual void MakeMethods(const char* classname = "PCA", Option_t* option)
             virtual void MakePrincipals()
              TPrincipal& operator=(const TPrincipal&)
             virtual void P2X(const Double_t* p, Double_t* x, Int_t nTest)
             virtual void Print(Option_t* opt = "MSE") const
             virtual void ShowMembers(TMemberInspector& insp, char* parent)
             virtual void Streamer(TBuffer& b)
                     void StreamerNVirtual(TBuffer& b)
             virtual void SumOfSquareResiduals(const Double_t* x, Double_t* s)
                     void Test(Option_t* option)
             virtual void X2P(const Double_t* x, Double_t* p)

### Data Members

        protected:

             Int_t fNumberOfDataPoints  Number of data points
             Int_t fNumberOfVariables   Number of variables
          TVectorD fMeanValues          Mean value over all data points
          TVectorD fSigmas              vector of sigmas
          TMatrixD fCovarianceMatrix    Covariance matrix
          TMatrixD fEigenVectors        Eigenvector matrix of trans
          TVectorD fEigenValues         Eigenvalue vector of trans
          TVectorD fOffDiagonal         elements of the tridiagonal
          TVectorD fUserData            Vector of original data points
          Double_t fTrace               Trace of covarience matrix
            TList* fHistograms          List of histograms
            Bool_t fIsNormalised        Normalize matrix?
            Bool_t fStoreData           Should we store input data?

## Class Description

#
Principal Components Analysis (PCA)

The current implementation is based on the LINTRA package from CERNLIB by R. Brun, H. Hansroul, and J. Kubler. The class has been implemented by Christian Holm Christensen in August 2000.

##
Introduction

In many applications of various fields of research, the treatment of large amounts of data requires powerful techniques capable of rapid data reduction and analysis. Usually, the quantities most conveniently measured by the experimentalist, are not necessarily the most significant for classification and analysis of the data. It is then useful to have a way of selecting an optimal set of variables necessary for the recognition process and reducing the dimensionality of the problem, resulting in an easier classification procedure.

This paper describes the implementation of one such method of feature selection, namely the principal components analysis. This multidimensional technique is well known in the field of pattern recognition and and its use in Particle Physics has been documented elsewhere (cf. H. Wind, Function Parameterization, CERN 72-21).

##
Overview

Suppose we have prototypes which are trajectories of particles, passing through a spectrometer. If one measures the passage of the particle at say 8 fixed planes, the trajectory is described by an 8-component vector:

in 8-dimensional pattern space.

One proceeds by generating a a representative tracks sample and building up the covariance matrix . Its eigenvectors and eigenvalues are computed by standard methods, and thus a new basis is obtained for the original 8-dimensional space the expansion of the prototypes,

allows the study of the behavior of the coefficients for all the tracks of the sample. The eigenvectors which are insignificant for the trajectory description in the expansion will have their corresponding coefficients close to zero for all the prototypes.

On one hand, a reduction of the dimensionality is then obtained by omitting these least significant vectors in the subsequent analysis.

On the other hand, in the analysis of real data, these least significant variables(?) can be used for the pattern recognition problem of extracting the valid combinations of coordinates describing a true trajectory from the set of all possible wrong combinations.

The program described here performs this principal components analysis on a sample of data provided by the user. It computes the covariance matrix, its eigenvalues ands corresponding eigenvectors and exhibits the behavior of the principal components (), thus providing to the user all the means of understanding his data.

A short outline of the method of Principal Components is given in subsection 1.3.

##
Principal Components Method

Let's consider a sample of prototypes each being characterized by variables . Each prototype is a point, or a column vector, in a -dimensional pattern space.

| (1)

where each represents the particular value associated with the -dimension.

Those variables are the quantities accessible to the experimentalist, but are not necessarily the most significant for the classification purpose.

The Principal Components Method consists of applying a linear transformation to the original variables. This transformation is described by an orthogonal matrix and is equivalent to a rotation of the original pattern space into a new set of coordinate vectors, which hopefully provide easier feature identification and dimensionality reduction.

Let's define the covariance matrix:

| (2)

and the brackets indicate mean value over the sample of prototypes.

This matrix is real, positive definite, symmetric, and will have all its eigenvalues greater then zero. It will now be show that among the family of all the complete orthonormal bases of the pattern space, the base formed by the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix and belonging to the largest eigenvalues, corresponds to the most significant features of the description of the original prototypes.

let the prototypes be expanded on into a set of basis vectors ,

| (3)

The `best' feature coordinates , spanning a feature space, will be obtained by minimizing the error due to this truncated expansion, i.e.,

| (4)

with the conditions:

| (5)

Multiplying (3) by using (5), we get

| (6)

so the error becomes

|  |  | (7)

The minimization of the sum in (7) is obtained when each term is minimum, since is positive definite. By the method of Lagrange multipliers, and the condition (5), we get

| (8)

The minimum condition leads to the equation

| (9)

which shows that is an eigenvector of the covariance matrix with eigenvalue . The estimated minimum error is then given by

| (10)

where are the eigenvalues associated with the omitted eigenvectors in the expansion (3). Thus, by choosing the largest eigenvalues, and their associated eigenvectors, the error is minimized.

The transformation matrix to go from the pattern space to the feature space consists of the ordered eigenvectors for its columns

| (11)

This is an orthogonal transformation, or rotation, of the pattern space and feature selection results in ignoring certain coordinates in the transformed space.

Christian Holm
August 2000, CERN

TPrincipal()

     Empty CTOR, Do not use.

TPrincipal(Int_t nVariables, Option_t *opt) : fMeanValues(nVariables), fSigmas(nVariables), fCovarianceMatrix(nVariables,nVariables), fEigenVectors(nVariables,nVariables), fEigenValues(nVariables), fOffDiagonal(nVariables), fStoreData(kFALSE)

     Ctor. Argument is number of variables in the sample of data
     Options are:
       N       Normalize the covariance matrix (default)
       D       Store input data (default)

     The created object is  named "principal" by default.

~TPrincipal()

     destructor

void AddRow(const Double_t *p)

/* Add a data point and update the covariance matrix. The input array must be `fNumberOfVariables` long.

The Covariance matrix and mean values of the input data is caculated on the fly by the following equations:

since this is a really fast method, with no rounding errors (please refer to CERN 72-21 pp. 54-106).

The data is stored internally in a `TVectorD`, in the following way:

With as defined in the class description.

###

      */

    void Browse(TBrowser *b)

     Browse the TPrincipal object in the TBrowser.

    void Clear(Option_t *opt)

     Clear the data in Object. Notice, that's not possible to change
     the dimension of the original data.

    const Double_t* GetRow(Int_t row)

     Return a row of the user supplied data.
     If row is out of bounds, 0 is returned.
     It's up to the user to delete the returned array.
     Row 0 is the first row;

    void MakeCode(const char *filename, Option_t *opt)

     Generates the file <filename>, with .C appended if it does
     argument doesn't end in .cxx or .C.

     The file contains the implementation of two functions

        void X2P(Double_t *x, Double *p)
        void P2X(Double_t *p, Double *x, Int_t nTest)

     which does the same as  TPrincipal::X2P and TPrincipal::P2X
     respectively. Please refer to these methods.

     Further, the static variables:

        Int_t    gNVariables
        Double_t gEigenValues[]
        Double_t gEigenVectors[]
        Double_t gMeanValues[]
        Double_t gSigmaValues[]

     are initialized. The only ROOT header file needed is Rtypes.h

     See TPrincipal::MakeRealCode for a list of options

    void MakeHistograms(const char *name, Option_t *opt)

     Make histograms of the result of the analysis.
     The option string say which histograms to create
          X         Histogram original data
          P         Histogram principal components corresponding to
                    original data
          D         Histogram the difference between the original data
                    and the projection of principal unto a lower
                    dimensional subspace (2D histograms)
          E         Histogram the eigenvalues
          S         Histogram the square of the residues
                    (see TPrincipal::SumOfSquareResidues)
     The histograms will be named <name>_<type><number>, where <name>
     is the first argument, <type> is one of X,P,D,E,S, and <number>
     is the variable.

    void MakeNormalised()

     PRIVATE METHOD: Normalize the covariance matrix

    void MakeMethods(const char *classname, Option_t *opt)

     Generate the file <classname>PCA.cxx which contains the
     implementation of two methods:

        void <classname>::X2P(Double_t *x, Double *p)
        void <classname>::P2X(Double_t *p, Double *x, Int_t nTest)

     which does the same as  TPrincipal::X2P and TPrincipal::P2X
     respectivly. Please refer to these methods.

     Further, the public static members:

        Int_t    <classname>::fgNVariables
        Double_t <classname>::fgEigenValues[]
        Double_t <classname>::fgEigenVectors[]
        Double_t <classname>::fgMeanValues[]
        Double_t <classname>::fgSigmaValues[]

     are initialized, and assumed to exist. The class declaration is
     assumed to be in <classname>.h and assumed to be provided by the
     user.

     See TPrincipal::MakeRealCode for a list of options

     The minimal class definition is:

       class <classname> {
       public:
         static Int_t    fgNVariables;
         static Double_t fgEigenVectors[];
         static Double_t fgEigenValues[];
         static Double_t fgMeanValues[];
         static Double_t fgSigmaValues[];

         void X2P(Double_t *x, Double_t *p);
         void P2X(Double_t *p, Double_t *x, Int_t nTest);
       };

     Whether the methods <classname>::X2P and <classname>::P2X should
     be static or not, is up to the user.

    void MakePrincipals()

     Perform the principal components analysis.
     This is done in several stages in the TMatrix::EigenVectors method:
     * Transform the covariance matrix into a tridiagonal matrix.
     * Find the eigenvalues and vectors of the tridiagonal matrix.

    void MakeRealCode(const char *filename, const char *classname,
                                  Option_t *)

     PRIVATE METHOD:
     This is the method that actually generates the code for the
     transformations to and from feature space and pattern space
     It's called by TPrincipal::MakeCode and TPrincipal::MakeMethods.

     The options are: NONE so far

    void P2X(const Double_t *p, Double_t *x, Int_t nTest)

     Calculate x as a function of nTest of the most significant
     principal components p, and return it in x.
     It's the users responsibility to make sure that both x and p are
     of the right size (i.e., memory must be allocated for x).

    void Print(Option_t *opt) const

     Print the statistics
     Options are
          M            Print mean values of original data
          S            Print sigma values of original data
          E            Print eigenvalues of covarinace matrix
          V            Print eigenvectors of covarinace matrix
     Default is MSE

    void SumOfSquareResiduals(const Double_t *x, Double_t *s)

     PRIVATE METHOD:

      /*

        Calculates the sum of the square residuals, that is

        where

        ,  is the
         component of the principal vector, corresponding to
        , the original data; I.e., the square distance to the space
        spanned by  eigenvectors.

      */

    void Test(Option_t *)

     Test the PCA, bye calculating the sum square of residuals
     (see method SumOfSquareResiduals), and display the histogram

    void X2P(const Double_t *x, Double_t *p)

     Calculate the principal components from the original data vector
     x, and return it in p.
     It's the users responsibility to make sure that both x and p are
     of the right size (i.e., memory must be allocated for p).

    Inline Functions

            const TMatrixD* GetCovarianceMatrix() const
            const TVectorD* GetEigenValues() const
            const TMatrixD* GetEigenVectors() const
                     TList* GetHistograms() const
            const TVectorD* GetMeanValues() const
            const TVectorD* GetSigmas() const
            const TVectorD* GetUserData() const
                     Bool_t IsFolder() const
                    TClass* Class()
                    TClass* IsA() const
                       void ShowMembers(TMemberInspector& insp, char* parent)
                       void Streamer(TBuffer& b)
                       void StreamerNVirtual(TBuffer& b)
                 TPrincipal TPrincipal(const TPrincipal&)
                TPrincipal& operator=(const TPrincipal&)

    Author: Christian Holm Christensen 1/8/2000

    Last update: root/hist:$Name:  $:$Id: TPrincipal.cxx,v 1.27 2004/06/09 13:40:02 brun Exp $

    Copyright  (C) 1995-2004, Rene Brun and Fons Rademakers.               *