# Working with Files

In diesem Kapitel wird die Verwendung des Nautilus -Datei-Managers beschrieben.

## Introduction

### File Manager Functionality

The Nautilus file manager provides a simple and integrated way to manage your files and applications. You can use the file manager to do the following:

- Create folders and documents

- Display your files and folders

- Search and manage your files

- Run scripts and launch applications

- Customize the appearance of files and folders

- Open special locations on your computer

- Write data to a CD or DVD

- Install and remove fonts

The file manager lets you organize your files into folders. Folders can contain files and may also contain other folders. Using folders can help you find your files more easily.

Nautilus also manages the desktop. The desktop lies behind all other visible items on your screen. The desktop is an active component of the way you use your computer.

Every user has a Home Folder. The Home Folder contains all of the user's files. The desktop is another folder. The desktop contains special icons allowing easy access to the users Home Folder, Trash, and also removable media such as floppy disks, CDs and USB flashdrives.

Nautilus is always running while you are using GNOME. To open a new Nautilus window, double-click on an appropriate icon on the desktop such as Home or Computer, or choose an item from Places menu on the top panel.

In GNOME many things are files, such as word processor documents, spreadsheets, photos, movies, and music.

### File Manager Presentation

Nautilus provides two modes in which you can interact with your filesystem: spatial and browser mode. You may decide which method your prefer and set Nautilus to always use this by selecting (or deselecting) Always open in browser windows in the Behavior tab of the Nautilus preferences dialog.

Spatial mode is the default in GNOME, but your distributor, vendor, or system administrator may have configured Nautilus to use browser mode by default.

The following explains the difference between the two modes:

Browser mode: browse your files and folders

  The file manager window represents a browser, which can display any location. Opening a folder updates the current file manager window to show the contents of the new folder.

  As well as the folder contents, the browser window displays a toolbar with common actions and locations, a location bar that shows the current location in the hierarchy of folders, and a sidebar that can hold different kinds of information.

  In Browser Mode, you typically have fewer file manager windows open at a time. For more information on using browser mode see .

  #### Nautilus in browser mode.

  Nautilus in browser mode.
Spatial mode: navigate your files and folders as objects

  The file manager window represents a particular folder. Opening a folder opens the new window for that folder. Each time you open a particular folder, you will find its window displayed in the same place on the screen and the same size as the last time you viewed it (this is the reason for the name 'spatial mode').

  Using spatial mode may lead to more open file manager windows on the screen. On the other hand, some users find that representing files and folders as though they were real physical objects with particular locations makes it easier to work with them. For more information on using spatial mode see

  #### Three Folders Opened in Spatial Mode.

  Three Folders Opened in Spatial Mode.

  Notice how, when in spatial mode, Nautilus indicates an open folder with a different icon.

## Spatial Mode

The following section describes how to browse your system using the Nautilus file manager when configured in spatial mode. In spatial mode, each Nautilus window corresponds to a single folder. When you open a folder its window appears at the same place on the screen as the last time you looked at it. This is the default behaviour in Nautilus.

For a comparison of browser mode and spatial mode, see .

### Spatial Windows

A new spatial window opens each time you open a folder. To open a folder, do one of the following:

- Double-click the folder's icon on the desktop or an existing window

- Select the folder, and press Ctrl O.

- Select the folder, and press Alt down arrow

- Choose an item from the Places menu on the top panel. Your Home Folder and folders you have bookmarked are listed here. For more on bookmarks, see .

To close the current folder while opening the new one, hold down Shift when double-clicking, or press Shift Alt down arrow.

shows a spatial mode window that displays the contents of the Computer folder.

#### Contents of a folder in a spatial mode.

Displaying a folder in spatial mode.

In spatial mode each open Nautilus windows shows only one location. Selecting a second location will open a second Nautilus window. Because each location remembers the previous position on screen in which it was opened it allows you to easily recognize folders when many of them are open at once.

Some people consider spatial mode better, particularly for moving files or folders to different location, others find the number of open windows daunting. shows an example of spatial browsing with many open locations.

#### Three Folders Opened in Spatial Mode.

Three Folders Opened in Spatial Mode.

Because spatial mode will fill your screen with Nautilus windows it is important to be able to reposition them effectively. By holding the the Alt and clicking anywhere within the bounds of a Nautilus window you may reposition it simply, instead of the requiring that you reposition it by dragging its title bar.

### Spatial Window Components

describes the components of file object windows.

#### The Spatial Window Components

Komponente | Beschreibung
--- | ---

Menüleiste

Contains menus that you use to perform tasks in the file manager.

You can also open a popup menu from file manager windows. To open this popup menu right-click in a file manager window. The items in this menu depend on where you right-click. For example, when you right-click on a file or folder, you can choose items related to the file or folder. When you right-click on the background of a view pane, you can choose items related to the display of items in the view pane.

Ansichtsteilfenster

Shows the contents of the following:

- Ordner

- FTP-Sites

- Windows shares

- WebDAV servers

- Locations that correspond to special URIs

Statusleiste | Zeigt Statusinformationen an.
Parent folder selector | This drop-down list shows the hierarchy of the folder. Choose a folder from the list to open it. Hold down Shift while choosing from the list to close the current folder as you open the new one.

### Displaying Your Home Folder in a Spatial Window

To display your Home Folder, perform one of the following actions:

- Double-click on the Home object on the desktop.

- From a folder window's menubar, choose Places Home.

- From the top panel menubar, choose Places Home Folder.

The spatial window displays the contents of your Home Folder.

### Displaying a Parent Folder

A parent folder is the folder that contains the current folder. To display the contents of your current folder's parent, do one of the following:

- Choose File Open Parent.

- Press Alt up arrow.

- Choose from the parent folder selector at the bottom left of the window.

To close the current folder while opening the parent, hold down Shift while choosing from the parent folder selector, or press Shift Alt up arrow.

### Closing Folders

To close folders you may simply click on the close window button, this however may not be the most efficient way to close many windows. If you would like to view only the current folder, and not the folders you opened to reach the current folder, choose File Close Parent Folders. If want to close all folders on the screen, choose File Close All Folders.

### Displaying a Folder in a Browser Window

If you wish to display a single folder in browser mode, while otherwise continuing to work in spatial mode, perform the following steps:

1. Select a folder in while in spatial mode.

2. Choose File Browse Folder.

### Opening a Location

You can open a folder or other location in spatial mode by typing its name.

Choose L File Open Location , and type the path or URI of the location you wish to open.

## Browser Mode

The following section describes how to browse your system using the Nautilus file manager when configured in browser mode. In browser mode, opening a folder updates the current file manager to show the contents of the new folder.

For a comparison of browser mode and spatial mode, see .

### The File Browser Window

You can access the file browser in the following ways:

- Choose Applications System Tools File Browser.

- While in spatial mode you may open a folder in browser mode by right clicking on that folder and choosing Browse Folder. A new file browser window will then open and display the contents of the selected folder.

- If Nautilus is set to always open browser windows, double clicking any folder will open a browser window, see .

#### Contents of a Folder in a File Browser Window

A folder in a file browser window.

In some distributions of the GNOME Desktop, the Home toolbar button might have another designation, for example, Documents.

#### The File Browser Window Components

describes the components of a file browser window.

##### File Browser Window Components

Komponente | Beschreibung
--- | ---

Menüleiste

Contains menus that you use to perform tasks in the file manager.

You can also open a popup menu from file manager windows. To open this popup menu right-click in a file manager window. The items in this menu depend on where you right-click. For example, when you right-click on a file or folder, you can choose items related to the file or folder. When you right-click on the background of a view pane, you can choose items related to the display of items in the view pane.

Symbolleiste

Contains buttons that you use to perform tasks in the file manager.

- Back Returns to the previously visited location. The adjacent drop down list also contains a list of the most recently visited locations to allow you to return to them faster.

- Forward Performs the opposite function to the Back toolbar item. If you have previously navigated back in time then this button returns you to the present.

- Up Moves up one level to the parent of the current folder.

- Reload Refreshes the contents of the current folder.

- Home Opens your Home Folder.

- Computer Opens your Computer folder.

- Search Opens the search bar.

Verzeichnisleiste

The location bar is a very powerful tool for navigating your computer. It can appear in three different ways depending on your selection. For more on using the location bar see . In all three configurations the location bar always contains the following items.

- Zoom-Schaltflächen:Ermöglicht das Ändern der Größe von Objekten im Ansichtsteilfenster.

- View as drop-down list: Enables you to choose how to show items in your view pane.

Seitenteilfenster

Besitzt folgende Funktionen:

- Shows information about the current file or folder.

- Ermöglicht die Navigation durch die Dateien.

To display the side pane, choose View Side Pane. The side pane contains a drop-down list that enables you to choose what to show in the side pane. You can choose from the following options:

- Places

  Displays places of particular interest.

- Information

  Displays the icon and information about the current folder. Buttons may appear in the side pane, these buttons enable you to perform actions on the current folder, other than the default action.

- Tree

  Displays a hierarchical representation of your file system. You can use the Tree to navigate through your files.

- Protokoll

  Contains a history list of files, folders, FTP sites, and URIs that you have recently visited.

- Anmerkungen

  Enables you to add notes to your files and folders.

- Emblems

  Contains emblems that you can add to a file or folder.

To close the side pane, click on the X button at the top right of the side pane.

Ansichtsteilfenster

Shows the contents of the following:

- Ordner

- FTP-Sites

- Windows shares

- WebDAV servers

- Locations that correspond to special URIs

Statusleiste | Zeigt Statusinformationen an.

### Showing and Hiding File Browser Window Components

To show or hide any of the components of the file browser described in select any of the following items from the menu:

- To hide the side pane, choose View Side Pane. To display the side pane again, choose View Side Pane again. Alternatively you may press F9 to toggle the visibility of the side pane.

- To hide the toolbar, choose View Main Toolbar. To display the toolbar again, choose View Main Toolbar again.

- Zum Ausblenden der Verzeichnisleiste wählen Sie Ansicht Verzeichnisleiste. Um die Verzeichnisleiste wieder einzublenden, wählen Sie erneut Ansicht Adressleiste.

- Zum Ausblenden der Statusleiste wählen Sie Ansicht Statusleiste. Um die Statusleiste wieder einzublenden, wählen Sie erneut Ansicht Statusleiste.

### Using the Location Bar

The file browser's location bar can show either a location field, a button bar, or a search field. Each is useful in different situations.

- Button bar

  By default the button bar is shown. This shows a row of buttons representing the current location's hierarchy, with a button for each containing folder. Click on the button to jump between folders in the hierarchy. You can return to the original folder, which is shown as the last button in the row.

  You can also drag buttons, for example to another location, in order to copy a folder.

  #### The button bar.

  The button bar.

- Text Location Bar

  The text location bar shows the current location as a text path, for example: '/home/user/Documents'. The location field is particularly useful for jumping to a known folder very quickly.

  To go to a new location, type a new path or edit the current one, then press Enter. The path field automatically completes what you are typing when there is only one possibility. To accept the suggested completion, press Tab.

  To always use the text location bar, click on the toggle button at the left of the location bar.

  To quickly switch to the text location bar while using the button bar, press Ctrl L, choose Go Location, or press Leading Slash (/) to type a path from the root directory. The location bar shows the location buttons again after you press Enter or cancel with Escape.

  #### The location bar.

  The location bar.

- Search bar

  By pressing Ctrl F or selecting the Search toolbar button the search bar appears. For more information on searching see . The search bar is excellent for locating files of folders when you are not sure of their exact location.

  #### The button bar.

  The search bar.

### Displaying Your Home Folder

To quickly display your Home Folder, perform one of the following actions from a file browser window:

- Choose Go Home.

- Click on the Home toolbar button.

- Click on the Home button in the Places side pane.

The file browser window displays the contents of your Home Folder.

### Displaying a Folder

The contents of a folder can be displayed in either list or icon view by selecting the appropriate item in the location bar View as menu. For more information on the list and icon view see

- Doppelklicken Sie auf den Ordner im Ansichtsteilfenster.

- Verwenden Sie das Registerteilfenster Baum. Weitere Informationen finden Sie im Abschnitt .

- Click on the Location buttons in the location bar.

- Press Ctrl L to show the text Location field, type the path of the folder that you want to display, then press Return. The Location field includes an autocomplete feature. As you type a path, the file manager reads your file system. When you type enough characters to uniquely identify a directory, the file manager completes the name of the directory in the Location field.

- Verwenden Sie die Symbolleistenschaltflächen Zurück und Vorwärts, um sich im Navigationsprotokoll zu bewegen.

Wenn Sie vom aktuellen Ordner zum übergeordneten Ordner wechseln möchten, wählen Sie Wechseln zu Nach oben. Alternativ können Sie auch auf die Symbolleistenschaltfläche Nach oben klicken.

### Displaying a Parent Folder

The parent folder of the current folder which you are browsing is the one which exists, in a hierarchical representation, one level above the current. To display the contents of parent folder, perform one of the following steps:

- Press the Up button on the toolbar.

- Choose Go Open Parent from the menubar.

- Press the Backspace key.

### Verwenden des Registerteilfensters "Baum"

The Tree view is one of the most useful features of the side pane. It displays a hierarchical representation of your file system and provides a convenient way to browse and to navigate your file system. To display the Tree in the side pane, choose Tree from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane.

In the Treeview, open folders are represented as downwards facing arrows.

describes tasks you can perform with the Tree, and how to do so.

#### Schritte im Registerteilfenster "Baum"

Schritt | Aktion
--- | ---
Öffnen des Registerteilfensters Baum | Klicken Sie auf das Register Baum.
Schließen des Registerteilfensters Baum | Klicken Sie auf das Register Baum.
Expand a folder in the Tree. | Klicken Sie auf den Pfeil neben dem Ordner im Registerteilfenster Baum.
Collapse a folder in the Tree. | Klicken Sie auf den Pfeil neben dem Ordner im Registerteilfenster Baum.
Anzeigen des Inhalts eines Ordners im Ansichtsteilfenster | Wählen Sie den Ordner im Registerteilfenster Baum aus.
Open a file. | Wählen Sie die Datei im Registerteilfenster Baum aus.

In den Einstellungen können Sie festlegen, dass das Registerteilfenster Baum keine Dateien anzeigen soll. Weitere Informationen finden Sie im Abschnitt .

### Verwenden des Navigationsprotokolls

The file browser window maintains a history list of files, folders, FTP sites, and URI locations you have recently visited. You can use the history list to navigate to quickly return to these places. Your history list contains the last ten items that you viewed.

Wenn Sie die Protokollliste löschen möchten, wählen Sie Wechseln zu Protokoll löschen.

#### Navigating Your History List Using the Go Menu

To display a list of previously-viewed items, choose the Go menu. Your history list is displayed in the lower part of the Go menu. To open an item in your history list, simply click on the item.

#### Navigating Your History List Using the Toolbar

Wenn Sie mit der Symbolleiste in der Protokollliste navigieren möchten, führen Sie eine der folgenden Aktionen aus:

- To open the folder or URI in your history list, click on the Back toolbar button.

- To open the folder or URI in your history list, click on the Forward toolbar button.

- Um eine Liste zuvor angezeigter Objekte aufzurufen, klicken Sie auf die Nach-Unten-Taste rechts neben der Symbolleistenschaltfläche Zurück. Wenn Sie ein Objekt aus dieser Liste öffnen möchten, klicken Sie auf das Objekt.

- Um eine Liste der Objekte aufzurufen, die Sie nach dem aktuellen Objekt angezeigt haben, klicken Sie auf die Nach-Unten-Taste rechts neben der Symbolleistenschaltfläche Vorwärts. Wenn Sie ein Objekt aus dieser Liste öffnen möchten, klicken Sie auf das Objekt.

#### Navigating Your History List Using History in the Side Pane

Zur Anzeige des Registerteilfensters Protokoll klicken Sie im Seitenteilfenster auf das Register Protokoll. Im Registerteilfenster Protokoll erscheint eine Liste zuvor angezeigter Objekte.

To display an item from your history list in the view pane, double-click on the item in the History list.

## Öffnen von Dateien

When you open a file, the file manager performs the default action for that file type.

For example, opening a music file will play it with the default music playing application, opening a text file will allow you to read and edit it in a text editor, and opening an image file will display the image.

The file manager checks the contents of a file to determine the type of a file. If the first lines do not determine the type of the file, then the file manager checks the file extension.

If you open an executable text file, that is, one that Nautilus considers can be run as a program, then you will be asked what you want to do: run it, or display it in a text editor. You can modify this behaviour in the File Management preferences.

### Executing the Default Action

To execute the default action for a file, double-click on the file. For example, the default action for plain text documents is to display the file in a text viewer. In this case, you can double-click on the file to display the file in a text viewer.

In den Nautilus-Einstellungen können Sie festlegen, dass Sie nur einmal auf eine Datei klicken müssen, um die Standardaktion auszuführen. Weitere Informationen finden Sie im Abschnitt .

### Executing Non-Default Actions

To execute actions other than the default action for a file, select the file that you want to perform an action on. In the File menu you will either have "Open with" choices, or an Open With submenu. Select the desired option from this list.

### Adding Actions

To add actions associated with a file type, perform the following steps:

1. In the view pane, select a file of the type to which you want to add an action.

2. Choose File Open with Other Application.

3. Either choose an application in the open with dialog or browse to the program with which you wish to open this type.

The action you have chosen is now added to the list of actions for that particular file type. If there was no prior action associated with the type, the newly added action is the default.

You may also add actions in the Open With tabbed section under File Properties.

### Modifying Actions

Zum Ändern der mit einer Datei oder einem Dateityp verknüpften Aktionen führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:

1. In the view pane, select a file of the type to which you want to modify the action.

2. Choose File Properties.

3. Choose Open With tabbed section.

4. Use Add or Remove buttons to tailor the list of actions. Select the default action with the option to the left of the list.

## Searching For Files

The Nautilus file manager includes an easy and simple to use way search for your files and folders. To begin a search press Ctrl F or select the Search toolbar button. The search bar should appear as in

### The search bar.

The search bar.

Enter characters present in the name or contents of the file or folder you wish to find and press Enter. The results of your search should appear in the view pane as illustrated in

### The result of a search.

The result of a search.

If you are not happy with your search you can refine it by adding addition conditions. This allows you to restrict the search to a specific file type or location. To add search conditions click the + icon. shows a search which has been restricted to the users home directory and to only search for text files.

### Restricting a search.

Restricting a search.

### Saving Searches

Nautilus searches can also be saved for future use. Once saved, searches may be reopened later. shows a user with three saved searches, browsing one of them.

#### Browsing the results of a saved search.

Browsing the results of a saved search.

Saved searches behave exactly like regular folders, for example you can open, move or delete files from within a saved search.

## Verwalten von Dateien und Ordnern

In diesem Abschnitt wird die Arbeit mit den Dateien und Ordnern beschrieben.

### Directories and File Systems

Linux and Unix file systems are organised in a hierarchical, tree-like structure. The highest level of the file system is the `/` or root directory. In the Unix and Linux design philosophy, everything is considered a file - including hard disks, partitions and removable media. This means that all files and directories (including other disks and partitions) exist under the root directory.

For example, `/home/jebediah/cheeses.odt` shows the correct full path to the `cheeses.odt` file that exists in the `jebediah` directory which is under the `home` directory, which in turn, is under the root (`/`) directory.

Underneath the root (`/`) directory, there is a set of important system directories that are commonly used across most Linux distributions. The following is a listing of common directories that are directly under the root (`/`) directory:

- `/bin` - important binary applications

- `/boot` - files that are required to boot the computer

- `/dev` - the device files

- `/etc` - configuration files, startup scripts, etc...

- `/home` - local users' home directories

- `/lib` - system libraries

- `/lost+found` - provides a lost+found system for files that exist under the root (`/`) directory

- `/media` - mounted (loaded) removable media such as CDs, digital cameras, etc...

- `/mnt` - mounted filesystems

- `/opt` - provides a location for optional applications to be installed

- `/proc` - special dynamic directory that maintains information about the state of the system, including currently running processes

- `/root` - root user home directory, pronounced 'slash-root'

- `/sbin` - important system binaries

- `/srv` - provides a location for data used by servers

- `/sys` - contains information about the system

- `/tmp` - temporary files

- `/usr` - applications and files that are mostly available for all users to access

- `/var` - variable files such as logs and databases

### Verwenden von Ansichten zum Anzeigen der Dateien und Ordner

The file manager includes views that enable you to show the contents of your folders in different ways, icon view, and list view.

- Symbolansicht

  Shows the items in the folder as icons.

  #### The Home Folder displayed in a icon view.

  Your Home Folder displayed in a icon view.

- Listenansicht

  Shows the items in the folder as a list.

  #### The Home Folder displayed in a list view.

  Your Home Folder displayed in a list view.

You may use the View menu, or the View as drop-down list to choose between icon or list view. You can specify how you want to arrange or sort items in the folder and modify the size of the items in the view pane. The following sections describe how to work with icon view and list view.

#### So ordnen Sie die Dateien in der Symbolansicht an

Wenn Sie den Inhalt eines Ordners in der Symbolansicht anzeigen, können Sie festlegen, wie die Objekte im Ordner angeordnet werden sollen. Dazu wählen Sie Ansicht Elemente anordnen. Das Untermenü Elemente anordnen enthält die folgenden Abschnitte:

- At the top is an option that enables you to arrange your files manually.

- Der mittlere Abschnitt enthält Optionen, mit denen Sie die Dateien automatisch sortieren können.

- Der untere Abschnitt enthält Optionen, mit denen Sie die Anordnungsmethode für die Dateien ändern können.

Wählen Sie die entsprechenden Optionen im Untermenü, wie in der folgenden Tabelle beschrieben:

Option | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Manuell | Wählen Sie diese Option, um die Objekt manuell anzuordnen. Dazu ziehen Sie die Objekte an die gewünschte Position im Ansichtsteilfenster.
Nach Name | Select this option to sort the items alphabetically by name. The order of the items is not case sensitive. If the file manager is set to display hidden files, the hidden files are shown last.
Nach Größe | Wählen Sie diese Option, um die Objekte nach Größe zu ordnen, beginnend mit dem größten Objekt. Wenn Sie Objekte nach Größe ordnen, werden die Ordner nach der Anzahl der darin enthaltenen Objekte sortiert. Die Ordner werden nicht nach der Gesamtgröße aller darin enthaltenen Objekte sortiert.
Nach Typ | Select this option to sort the items alphabetically by object type. The items are sorted alphabetically by the description of their MIME type. The MIME type identifies the format of a file, and enables applications to read the file. For example, an email application can use the `image/png` MIME type to detect that a PNG file is attached to an email.
Nach Änderungsdatum | Wählen Sie diese Option, um die Objekte nach dem Datum zu sortieren, an dem sie zuletzt geändert wurden. Das zuletzt geänderte Objekt steht an erster Stelle.
Nach Emblemen | Wählen Sie diese Option, um die Objekte nach ihren Emblemen zu sortieren. Die Objekte werden alphabetisch nach Emblemnamen geordnet. Objekte ohne Embleme stehen am Ende der Liste.
Kompaktes Layout | Wählen Sie diese Option, um die Objekte dichter aneinander zu platzieren.
Umgekehrte Reihenfolge | Wählen Sie diese Option, um die Reihenfolge der Option umzukehren, nach der Sie die Objekte sortiert haben. Wenn Sie die Objekte beispielsweise nach Namen sortiert haben, wählen Sie die Option Umgekehrte Reihenfolge, um die Objekte in umgekehrter alphabetischer Reihenfolge zu sortieren.

#### To Arrange Your Files in List View

When you display the contents of a folder in list view, you can specify how to arrange the items in the folder. To specify how to arrange items in list view, click on the header of the column specifying the property by which you wish to arrange the items. To inverse the sorting order click on the same column header again.

To add or remove columns from the list view choose View Visible Columns

The file manager remembers how you arrange the items in a particular folder. The next time that you display the folder, the items are arranged in the way that you selected. In other words, when you specify how to arrange the items in a folder, you customize the folder to display the items in that way. To return the arrangement settings of the folder to the default arrangement settings specified in your preferences, choose View Reset View to Defaults.

#### So ändern Sie die Größe des Objekts in einer Ansicht

Sie können die Größe von Objekten in einer Ansicht ändern. Dies ist möglich, wenn in der Ansicht eine Datei oder ein Ordner angezeigt wird. Folgende Methoden stehen zur Auswahl:

- Um Objekte in einer Ansicht zu vergrößern, wählen Sie Ansicht Vergrößern.

- Um Objekte in einer Ansicht zu verkleinern, wählen Sie Ansicht Verkleinern.

- Um die normale Größe von Objekten in einer Ansicht wiederherzustellen, wählen Sie Ansicht Normalgröße.

You can also use the zoom buttons on the location bar in a browser window to change the size of items in a view. describes how to use the zoom buttons.

##### Zoom-Schaltflächen

Schaltfläche | Schaltflächenname | Beschreibung
--- | --- | ---
Schaltfl�che "Verkleinern". | Schaltfläche Verkleinern | Klicken Sie auf diese Schaltfläche, um Objekte in einer Ansicht zu verkleinern.
Schaltfl�che "Normalgr��e". | Schaltfläche Normalgröße | Klicken Sie auf diese Schaltfläche, um die normale Größe von Objekten in einer Ansicht wiederherzustellen.
Schaltfl�che "Vergr��ern". | Schaltfläche Vergrößern | Klicken Sie auf diese Schaltfläche, um Objekte in einer Ansicht zu vergrößern.

The file manager remembers the size of items in a particular folder. The next time that you display the folder, the items are displayed in the size that you selected. In other words, when you change the size of items in a folder, you customize the folder to display the items at that size. To return the size of the items to the default size specified in your preferences, choose View Reset View to Defaults.

### Selecting Files and Folders

You can select files and folders in several ways in the file manager. Typically this is achieved by clicking on the files using the mouse, as explained in . In addition describes how to select a group of files matching a specific pattern.

#### Selecting Items in the File Manager

Schritt | Aktion
--- | ---
Objekt auswählen | Klicken Sie auf das Objekt.
Gruppe aufeinander folgender Objekte auswählen | In der Symbolansicht ziehen Sie einen Rahmen um die auszuwählenden Dateien. In list view, click on the first item in the group. Press-and-hold Shift, then click on the last item in the group.
Mehrere Objekte auswählen | Halten Sie die Taste Strg gedrückt. Klicken Sie auf die auszuwählenden Objekte. Alternativ können Sie die Taste Strg gedrückt halten und einen Rahmen um die auszuwählenden Dateien ziehen.
Alle Objekte in einem Ordner auswählen | Wählen Sie Bearbeiten Alle Dateien auswählen.

Wenn Sie die Standardaktion für ein Objekt ausführen möchten, doppelklicken Sie auf das Objekt. In den Nautilus-Einstellungen können Sie folgende Vorgehensweisen für Nautilus festlegen: Einmal auf eine Datei klicken, um die Standardaktion auszuführen. Weitere Informationen finden Sie im Abschnitt .

#### Selecting Files Matching a Specific Pattern

Nautilus allows you to select all files matching a pattern based upon their filename and an optional number of wildcards. This can be useful if, for example, you wish to select all files which contain the phrase "memo" in their filename. gives some examples of possible patterns and the resulting files they would match.

##### Selecting Items in the File Manager

Pattern | Files Matched
--- | ---
note.* | This pattern would match files called note, with any extension.
*.ogg | This pattern would match all files with the .ogg extension
*memo* | This pattern would match all files or folders whose name contains the word memo.

To perform the Select Pattern command Choose Edit Select Patterns from the menu. After entering the desired pattern you are left with those files or folders which matched the pattern selected. You may then do with the selected files or folders what you choose.

### Drag-and-Drop in the File Manager

You can use drag-and-drop to perform several tasks in the file manager. When you drag-and-drop, the mouse pointer provides feedback about the task that you perform. describes the tasks that you can perform with drag-and-drop. The table also shows the mouse pointers that appear when you drag-and-drop.

#### Drag-and-Drop in the File Manager

Schritt | Aktion | Mauszeiger
--- | --- | ---
Objekt verschieben | Ziehen Sie das Objekt an die neue Position. | Mauszeiger f�r Verschieben.
Objekt kopieren | Grab the item, then press-and-hold Ctrl. Drag the item to the location where you want the copy to reside. | Mauszeiger f�r Kopieren
Erstellen eines symbolischen Links für ein Objekt | Greifen Sie das Objekt mit der Maus, und halten Sie anschließend die Tastenkombination Strg Umschalttaste gedrückt. Ziehen Sie das Objekt an die Position, an der Sie den symbolischen Link platzieren möchten. | Mauszeiger f�r symbolische Links.

Erfragen, was mit dem gezogenen Objekt geschehen soll

Grab the item, then press-and-hold Alt. You may also use the middle mouse button to perform the same operation. Drag the item to the location where you want the item to reside. Release the mouse button. A popup menu appears. Choose one of the following items from the popup menu:

- Hierher verschieben

  Verschiebt das Objekt an die Position.

- Hierher kopieren

  Kopiert das Objekt an die Position.

- Verknüpfung hier

  Erstellt einen symbolischen Link zum Objekt an dieser Position.

- Als Hintergrund einrichten

  If the item is an image, sets the image to be the background. You can use this command to set the background of the desktop, the side pane or the view pane.

- Abbrechen

  Bricht die Drag-and-Drop-Operation ab.

Mauszeiger f�r Erfragen

### Moving a File or Folder

You can move a file or folder by dragging it with the mouse, or with the cut and paste commands. The following sections describe these two methods.

#### Drag to the New Location

To drag a file or folder to a new location, perform the following steps:

1. Open two file manager windows:

   - The window containing the item you want to move.

   - The window you want to move it to, or the window containing the folder you want to move it to.

2. Drag the file or folder that you want to move to the new location. If the new location is a window, drop it anywhere in the window. If the new location is a folder icon, drop the item you are dragging on the folder.

Wenn Sie die Datei oder den Ordner in einen Ordner eine Ebene unterhalb der aktuellen Position verschieben möchten, öffnen Sie kein neues Fenster. Ziehen Sie die Datei oder den Ordner stattdessen im selben Fenster an die neue Position.

For more on dragging items, see .

#### Ausschneiden und an der neuen Position einfügen

Sie können eine Datei oder einen Ordner ausschneiden und in einem anderen Ordner wie folgt einfügen:

1. Wählen Sie die zu verschiebende Datei oder den Ordner aus, und klicken Sie anschließend auf Bearbeiten Datei ausschneiden.

2. Öffnen Sie den Ordner, in den die Datei oder der Ordner verschoben werden soll, und wählen Sie dann Bearbeiten Dateien einfügen.

### Copying a File or Folder

You can copy a file or folder by dragging it with the mouse, or with the copy and paste commands. The following sections describe these two methods.

#### Drag to the New Location

To copy a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Open two file manager windows:

   - The window containing the item you want to move.

   - The window you want to move it to, or the window containing the folder you want to move it to.

2. Drag the file or folder that you want to move to the new location. Press-and-hold Ctrl either before or during the drag. If the new location is a window, drop it anywhere in the window. If the new location is a folder icon, drop the item you are dragging on the folder.

Wenn Sie die Datei oder den Ordner in einen Ordner eine Ebene unterhalb der aktuellen Position kopieren möchten, öffnen Sie kein neues Fenster. Greifen Sie stattdessen die Datei oder den Ordner mit der Maus, und halten Sie die Taste Strg gedrückt. Ziehen Sie die Datei oder den Ordner im selben Fenster an die neue Position.

For more on dragging items, see .

#### Kopieren und an der neuen Position einfügen

Sie können eine Datei oder einen Ordner kopieren und in einem anderen Ordner wie folgt einfügen:

1. Wählen Sie die zu kopierende Datei oder den Ordner aus, und klicken Sie anschließend auf Bearbeiten Datei kopieren.

2. Öffnen Sie den Ordner, in den die Datei oder der Ordner kopiert werden soll, und wählen Sie dann Bearbeiten Dateien einfügen.

### Duplicating a File or Folder

To create a copy of a file or folder in the current folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to duplicate.

2. Choose Edit Duplicate.

   Eine Kopie der Datei oder des Ordners erscheint im aktuellen Ordner.

### Creating a Folder

To create a folder, perform the following steps:

1. Open the folder where you want to create the new folder.

2. Choose File Create Folder. Alternatively, right-click on the background of the window, then choose Create Folder.

   An untitled folder is added to the location. The name of the folder is selected.

3. Geben Sie einen Namen für den Ordner ein, und drücken Sie die Return-Taste.

### Templates and Documents

You can create templates from documents that you frequently create. For example, if you often create invoices, you can create an empty invoice document and save the document as `invoice.doc` in the `$HOME/Templates` folder.

You can also access the templates folder from a file browser window. Choose Go Templates.

The template name is displayed as a submenu item in the Create Document menu.

You can also create subfolders in the template folder. Subfolders display as submenus in the menu.

You can also share templates. Create a symbolic link from the template folder to the folder containing the shared templates.

#### To Create a Document

If you have document templates, you can choose to create a document from one of the installed templates.

To create a document perform the following steps:

1. Select the folder where you want to create the new document.

2. Choose File Create Document. Alternatively, right-click on the background of the view pane, then choose Create Document.

   The names of any available templates are displayed as submenu items from the Create Document menu.

3. Double-click on the template name for the document that you want to create.

4. Rename the document before saving to the appropriate folder.

### Renaming a File or Folder

Zum Umbenennen einer Datei oder eines Ordners führen Sie die folgende Schritte aus:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to rename.

2. Choose Edit Rename. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder, then choose Rename.

   Der Name der Datei oder des Ordners wird ausgewählt.

3. Geben Sie einen neuen Namen für die Datei oder den Ordner ein, und drücken Sie dann die Return-Taste.

### Moving a File or Folder to Trash

Zum Verschieben einer Datei oder Ordners in den Papierkorb führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to move to Trash.

2. Choose Edit Move to Trash. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder, then choose Move to Trash.

Alternatively, you can drag the file or folder to the Trash object on the desktop.

When you move a file or folder from a removable media to Trash, the file or folder is stored in a Trash location on the removable media. To remove the file or folder permanently from the removable media, you must empty Trash.

### Deleting a File or Folder

Wenn Sie eine Datei oder einen Ordner löschen, wird die Datei oder der Ordner nicht in den Papierkorb verschoben, sondern sofort aus dem Dateisystem gelöscht. Der Menüpunkt Löschen ist nur verfügbar, wenn Sie die Option Einen Löschbefehl bereitstellen, der den Papierkorb umgeht im Dialogfeld Einstellungen auswählen.

Zum Löschen einer Datei oder eines Ordners führen Sie die folgende Schritte aus:

1. Select the file or folder that you want to delete.

2. Choose Edit Delete. Alternatively, right-click on the file or folder, then choose Delete.

Alternatively, select the file or folder you want to delete, and press Shift Del.

This shortcut is independent from the Include a Delete command that bypasses Trash option.

### Creating a Symbolic Link to a File or Folder

Ein symbolischer Link ist eine besondere Art von Datei, die auf eine andere Datei oder einen Ordner verweist. Aktionen an einem symbolischen Link werden in Wirklichkeit an der Datei oder an dem Ordner ausgeführt, auf die bzw. den der symbolische Link verweist. Wenn Sie jedoch einen symbolischen Link löschen, wird nur die Link-Datei, nicht aber die Datei gelöscht, auf die der symbolische Link verweist.

Um einen symbolischen Link zu einer Datei oder einem Ordner zu erstellen, müssen Sie die entsprechende Datei bzw. den Ordner auswählen. Wählen Sie Bearbeiten Link erstellen. Im aktuellen Ordner wird ein Link zu dieser Datei oder diesem Ordner hinzugefügt.

Alternativ können Sie das Objekt, zu dem der Link führen soll, mit der Maus greifen und anschließend die Tastenkombination Strg Umschalttaste gedrückt halten. Ziehen Sie das Objekt an die Position, an der Sie den Link platzieren möchten.

By default, the file manager adds an emblem to symbolic links.

The permissions of a symbolic link are determined by the file or folder to which a symbolic link points.

For more on dragging items, see .

### Viewing the Properties of a File or Folder

To view the properties of a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder whose properties you want to view.

2. Wählen Sie Datei Eigenschaften. Es erscheint ein Eigenschaftsdialogfeld.

3. Use the properties dialog to view the properties of the file or folder.

4. Klicken Sie auf Schließen, um das Eigenschaftsdialogfeld zu schließen.

The following table lists the properties that you can view or set for files and folders, the exact information shown depends on the object type:

Property | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Name | The name of the file or folder. You can change the name here and the file or folder will be renamed when you click on Close.
Hintergrundtyp | The type of object, file or folder for example.
Ortsangabe | The system path for the object. This represents where the object is situated on your computer, relative to the system root.
Volume | The volume on which a folder resides. This is the physical location of the folder, on which media it resides, for example which hard disk or CDROM drive.
Free space | The amount of free space on the media upon which a folder resides. This represents the maximum amount of data you can copy to this folder.
MIME Type | The official naming of the type of file.
Modified | The date and time at which the object was last changed.
Accessed | The date and time at which the object was last viewed.

### File Permissions

Permissions are settings assigned to each file and folder that determine what type of access users can have to the file or folder. For example, you can determine whether other users can read and edit a file that belongs to you, or only have access to read it but not make changes to it.

Each file belongs to a particular user, and is associated with a group that the owner belongs to. The super user "root" has the ability to access any file on the system.

You can set permissions for three categories of users:

Owner

  The user that created the file or folder.

Group

  A group of users to which the owner belongs.

Others

  All other users not already included.

For each category of user, different permissions can be set. These behave differently for files and folders, as follows:

read

  Files can be opened

  Directory contents can be displayed

write

  Files can be edited or deleted

  Directory contents can be modified

execute

  Executable files can be run as a program

  Directories can be entered

For more on changing the permissions for a file or folder, see .

### Changing Permissions

#### Changing Permissions for a File

To change the permissions of a file, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file that you want to change.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Permissions tab.

4. To change the file's group, choose from the groups the user belongs to in the drop-down selector.

5. For each of the owner, the group, and all other users, choose from these permissions for the file:

   None

     No access to the file is possible. (You can't set this for the owner.)

   Read-only

     The users can open a file to see its contents, but not make any changes.

   Read and write

     Normal access to a file is possible: it can be opened and saved.

6. To allow a file to be run as a program, select Execute

#### Changing Permissions for a Folder

To change the permissions of a folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the folder that you want to change.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Permissions tab.

4. To change the folder's group, choose from the groups the user belongs to in the drop-down selector.

5. For each of the owner, the group, and all other users, choose from these folder access permissions:

   None

     No access to the folder is possible. (You can't set this for the owner.)

   List files only

     The users can see the items in the folder, but not open any of them.

   Access files

     Items in the folder can be opened and modified, provided their own permissions allow it.

   Create and delete files

     The user can create new files and delete files in the folder, in addition to being able to access existing files.

To set permissions for all the items contained in a folder, set the File Access and Execute properties and click on Apply permissions to enclosed files.

### Adding Notes to Files and Folders

You can add notes to files or folders. You can add notes to files or folders in the following ways:

- From the properties dialog

- From Notes in the side pane

#### To Add a Note Using the Properties Dialog

To add a note to a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Select the file or folder to which you want to add a note.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Click on the Notes tab. In the Notes tabbed section, type the note.

4. Click Close to close the properties dialog. A note emblem is added to the file or folder.

To delete a note, delete the note text from the Notes tabbed section.

#### To Add a Note Using Notes in the Side Pane

To add a note to a file or folder, perform the following steps:

1. Open the file or folder to which you want to add a note in the view pane.

2. Choose Notes from the drop-down list at the top of the side pane. To display the side pane, choose View Side Pane.

3. Type the note in the side pane. A note emblem is added to the file or folder in the view pane, and a note icon is added to the side pane. You can click on this icon to display the note.

To delete a note, delete the note text from Notes in the side pane.

### Using Bookmarks For Your Favorite Locations

You can keep a list of bookmarks in Nautilus: folders and other locations that you frequently need to open.

Your bookmarks are listed in the following places:

- The Places menu on the top panel.

- The Places menu in a folder window.

- The Bookmarks menu in a Nautilus browser window.

- The side pane in the Open File dialog. This allows you to quickly open a file that is in one of your bookmarked locations.

- The list of commonly used locations in the Save File dialog. This allows you to quickly save a file to a location you have in your bookmarks.

To open an item that is in your bookmarks, choose the item from a menu.

#### Adding a Bookmark

To add a bookmark, open the folder or location that you want to bookmark, then choose Places Add Bookmark.

If you are using a Nautilus browser window, choose Bookmarks Add Bookmark.

#### So bearbeiten Sie ein Lesezeichen

Wenn Sie Ihre Lesezeichen bearbeiten möchten, führen Sie folgende Schritte aus:

1. Choose Places Edit Bookmarks, or in a browser window, Bookmarks Edit Bookmarks. An Edit Bookmarks dialog is displayed.

2. Select the bookmark on the left side of the Edit Bookmarks dialog. Edit the details for the bookmark on the right side of the Edit Bookmarks dialog, as follows:

   Dialogfeldelement | Beschreibung
   --- | ---
   Name | Use this text box to specify the name that identifies the bookmark in the menus.
   Ortsangabe | Verwenden Sie dieses Feld, um das Verzeichnis des Lesezeichens festzulegen. Folders on your system use the `file:///` URI.

3. Wenn Sie ein Lesezeichen löschen möchten, wählen Sie es auf der linken Seite des Dialogfelds aus. Klicken Sie auf Löschen.

### Verwenden des Papierkorbs

Trash icon, empty.

Trash is a special folder that holds files that you no longer want to keep. Files in the Trash are not deleted permanently until you empty the trash. This two-stage process is in case you change your mind, or accidentally remove the wrong file.

Folgende Objekte können in den Papierkorb verschoben werden:

- Dateien

- Ordner

- Desktop objects

Wenn Sie eine Datei aus dem Papierkorb aufrufen möchten, können Sie den Papierkorb anzeigen und die Datei aus dem Papierkorb verschieben. Wenn Sie den Papierkorb leeren, löschen Sie den Inhalt des Papierkorbs unwiderruflich.

#### So zeigen Sie den Papierkorb an

Sie haben folgende Möglichkeiten, den Inhalt des Papierkorbs anzuzeigen:

- From a file browser window

  Wählen Sie Wechseln zu Papierkorb. Der Inhalt des Papierkorbs wird im Fenster angezeigt.

- From a spatial window

  Choose Places Trash. The contents of Trash are displayed in the window.

- From the desktop

  Double-click on the Trash object on the desktop.

#### So leeren Sie den Papierkorb

Sie haben folgende Möglichkeiten, den Inhalt des Papierkorbs zu leeren:

- From a file browser window

  Wählen Sie Datei Papierkorb leeren.

- From the desktop

  Klicken Sie mit der rechten Maustaste auf das Objekt Papierkorb, und wählen Sie dann Papierkorb leeren.

When you empty trash, you destroy all files in the trash. Be sure that the trash only contains files you no longer need.

### Hidden Files

By default, Nautilus does not display certain system and backup files in folders. This prevents accidental modification or deletion of them, which can impair the operation of your computer, and also reduces clutter in locations such as your Home Folder. Nautilus does not display:

- Hidden files, whose filename begins with a period (.),

- Backup files, whose filename ends with a tilde (~)

- Files that are listed in a particular folder's `.hidden` file.

You may hide or show hidden files in a particular folder by selecting View Show Hidden Files.

To set Nautilus to always show hidden files, see .

#### Hiding a File or Folder

To hide a file or folder in Nautilus, either rename the file so its name begins with the period (.) character, or create a text file named `.hidden` in the same folder, and add its name to it, as in the example below:

    filename
    foldername

You may need to refresh the relevant Nautilus window to see the change: press Ctrl R.

## Item Properties

The Item Properties window shows more information about any file, folder, or other item in the file manager. With this window, you can also do the following:

- Change the icon for an item: see .

- Add or remove emblems for an item: see .

- Change the UNIX file permissions for an item: see .

- Choose which application is used to open an item, and others of the same type.

- Add notes to an item: see .

To open the item properties window, perform the following steps:

1. Select the item whose properties you want to examine or change. If you select more than one item, the properties window will show the properties that are in common to all items.

2. Do one of the following:

   - Choose File Properties.

   - Right-click on the selected item and choose Properties.

   - Press Alt Return.

## Ändern des Erscheinungsbildes von Dateien und Ordnern

The Nautilus file manager enables you to modify the appearance of your files and folders in several ways. You may customize the way files or folders look by attaching emblems or backgrounds to them. You can also change format in which Nautilus displays these items to you. The following sections describe how to do so.

### Symbole und Embleme

The file manager displays your files and folders as icons. Depending on the type of the file the icon may be a image representative of the file type, a small thumbnail or preview showing the files contents. You can also add emblems to your file and folder icons. Such emblems appear in addition to the file icon and provide another means to manage your files. For example you can mark a file as important by adding an Important emblem to it, creating the following visual effect:

Dateisymbol mit dem Emblem "Wichtig".

Notice how the file on the left is distinguished from the file on the right by the addition of the Important (!) emblem to its icon. See for more on adding emblems.

The file manager automatically applies emblems for the following types of files:

- Symbolische Links

- Items for which you have the following permissions:

  - No read permission

  - No write permission

The following table shows the default emblems:

Emblem "Standard" | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Emblem "symbolischer Link". | Symbolic link
No write permission emblem. | No write permission
No read permission emblem. | No read permission

### Changing the Icon for a File or Folder

Zum Ändern des Symbols, das eine einzelne Datei oder einen Ordner repräsentiert, führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:

1. Wählen Sie die zu ändernde Datei oder den Ordner aus.

2. Choose File Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. On the Basic tabbed section, click on the current Icon. A Select custom icon dialog is displayed.

4. Use the Select custom icon dialog to choose the icon to represent the file or folder.

5. Klicken Sie auf Schließen, um das Eigenschaftsdialogfeld zu schließen.

To restore an icon from a custom icon to the default icon, Select the file or folder that you want to change, choose File Properties. click on the Icon button, in the Select custom icon dialog click Revert.

### Adding an Emblem to a File or Folder

Wenn Sie einem Objekt ein Emblem hinzufügen möchten, führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:

1. Wählen Sie das Objekt aus, dem Sie ein Emblem hinzufügen möchten.

2. Right-click on the item, then choose Properties. The properties window for the item is displayed.

3. Klicken Sie auf das Register Embleme, um das Registerteilfenster Embleme anzuzeigen.

4. Wählen Sie das Emblem aus, das dem Objekt hinzugefügt werden soll.

5. Klicken Sie auf Schließen, um das Eigenschaftsdialogfeld zu schließen.

In browser windows you may also add emblems to items by dragging them from the emblem side pane.

### Creating a New Emblem

To Create a new emblem, perform the following steps:

1. Choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems.

2. Click on the Emblem button, then click on the Add a New Emblem button. A Create a New Emblem dialog is displayed.

3. Type a name for the emblem in the Keyword text box.

4. Click on the Image button. A dialog is displayed, click Browse. When you choose an emblem, click OK.

5. Click OK on the Create a New Emblem dialog.

### Ändern des Hintergrunds

The file manager includes backgrounds that you can use to change the look-and-feel of the following screen components:

- Desktop

- Side pane and view pane of a file browser window

- Spatial mode windows

- Panels

Zum Ändern des Hintergrunds einer Bildschirmkomponente führen Sie die folgenden Schritte aus:

1. Wählen Sie Bearbeiten Hintergründe und Embleme. Es erscheint das Dialogfeld Hintergründe und Embleme.

2. Um eine Liste der Muster anzuzeigen, die Sie für den Hintergrund verwenden können, klicken Sie auf die Schaltfläche Muster. Um eine Liste der Farben anzuzeigen, die Sie für den Hintergrund verwenden können, klicken Sie auf die Schaltfläche Farben.

3. Wenn Sie ein neues Muster für den Hintergrund einstellen möchten, ziehen Sie das Muster auf die Bildschirmkomponente. Wenn Sie eine neue Farbe für den Hintergrund einstellen möchten, ziehen Sie die Farbe auf die Bildschirmkomponente.

4. Klicken Sie auf Schließen, um das Dialogfeld zu schließen.

To reset the background of the view pane or side pane to the default background, right-click on the background of the pane, then choose Use Default Background.

#### So fügen Sie ein Muster hinzu

To add a pattern to the patterns that you can use on your screen components, choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems. Click on the Patterns button, then click on the Add a New Pattern button. A dialog is displayed. Use the dialog to find the new pattern. Click OK to add the new pattern to the Backgrounds and Emblems dialog.

#### So fügen Sie eine Farbe hinzu

To add a color to the colors that you can use on your screen components, choose Edit Backgrounds and Emblems. Click on the Colors button, then click on the Add a New Color button. A color selector dialog is displayed. Use the color wheel or the sliders to choose the color. Click OK to add the new color to the Backgrounds and Emblems dialog.

## Verwenden von Wechselmedien

The file manager supports all removable media that have the following characteristics:

- The removable media has an entry in the `/etc/fstab` file. The `/etc/fstab` file describes the file systems that the computer uses.

- The `user` option is specified in the entry for the removable media in the `/etc/fstab` file.

### To Mount Media

To mount media is to make the file system of the media available for access. When you mount media, the file system of the media is attached as a subdirectory to your file system.

To mount media, insert the media in the appropriate device. An object that represents the media is added to the desktop. The object is added only if your system is configured to mount the device automatically when media is detected.

If your system is not configured to mount the device automatically, you must mount the device manually. Double-click on the Computer icon from the desktop. A Computer dialog is displayed. Double-click on the object that represents the media. For example, to mount a floppy diskette, double-click on the Floppy object. An object that represents the media is added to the desktop.

You cannot change the name of a removable media object.

### So zeigen Sie den Inhalt eines Mediums an

Es gibt verschiedene Möglichkeiten, den Inhalt von Wechselmedien anzuzeigen:

- Double-click on the object that represents the media on the desktop.

- Right-click on the object that represents the media on the desktop, then choose Open.

A file manager window displays the contents of the media. To reload the display, click on the Reload button.

### So zeigen Sie die Eigenschaften eines Mediums an

To display the properties of removable media, right-click on the object that represents the media on the desktop, then choose Properties. A dialog displays the properties of the media.

To close the properties dialog, click Close.

### To Format a Floppy Disk

To format media is to prepare the media for use. You can use the file manager to format floppy disks.

#### Warning

When you format, you destroy all files on your floppy disk. Do not format floppies containing files you wish to keep.

To format a floppy disk, right-click on the object that represents the floppy on the desktop, then choose Format. A Floppy Formatter dialog is displayed. See the Floppy Formatter documentation for more details.

### So nehmen Sie Medien aus dem Laufwerk

To eject media, right-click on the media object on the desktop, then choose Eject. If the drive for the media is a motorized drive, the media is ejected from the drive. If the drive for the media is not motorized, wait until the desktop object for the media disappears, then eject the media manually.

You cannot eject media from a motorized drive when the media is mounted. To eject media, first unmount the media. To remove a floppy diskette from the drive, perform the following steps:

1. Close all file manager windows, Terminal windows, and any other windows that access the diskette.

2. Right-click on the object that represents the diskette on the desktop, then choose Eject. The desktop object for the diskette disappears.

3. Eject the diskette from the drive.

You must unmount removable media before ejecting. Do not eject a diskette from the drive before you unmount the diskette. Do not remove a USB flash drive before you unmount the flash drive. If you do not unmount the media first you might lose data.

## Writing CDs or DVDs

Writing to a CD or DVD may be useful for backing up your important documents. To do this, your computer must have a CD or DVD writer.

A simple way to check what sort of CD or DVD drive your computer has is to choose Places Computer from the top panel menubar. If the icon for your CD drive has terms like "CD-RW" or "DVD(+-)R" in its label, then your computer is able to write discs.

You can start choosing files to burn to a disc at any time. The file manager provides a special folder for files and folders that you wish to write to a CD or DVD. From there you can easily write all of the content (which you place in this special folder) to a CD or DVD.

### Creating Data Discs

To write a CD or DVD, perform the following steps:

1. In a folder window menubar, choose Places CD/DVD Creator. The file manager opens the CD/DVD Creator folder.

   In a File Browser window, this item is in the Go menu.

2. Drag the files and folders that you want to write to CD or DVD to the CD/DVD Creator folder.

3. Insert a writable CD or DVD into the CD/DVD writer device on your system.

4. Press the Write to Disc button, or choose File Write to CD/DVD. A Write to Disc dialog is displayed.

5. Use the Write to Disc dialog to specify how you want to write the CD, as follows:

   Dialogfeldelement | Beschreibung
   --- | ---
   Write disc to | Select the device to which you want to write the CD from the drop-down list. To create an CD image file, select the File image option. A CD image file is a normal file that contains all of the data in the same format as a CD, that you can write to a CD later.
   Disc name | Type a name for the CD in the text box.
   Data size | Shows the size of the data to be written to disc. The blank disk must be at least this size.
   Write speed | Select the speed at which you want to write the CD from the drop-down list.

6. Click on the Write button.

   If you selected the File image option from the Target to write to drop-down list, a Choose a filename for the disc image dialog is displayed. Use the dialog to specify the location where you want to save the disc image file. By default, disc image files have a `.iso` file extension.

   A Writing disc dialog is displayed. This process takes some time. When the disc is written or when the disc image file is created, a message to indicate that the process is complete is displayed in the dialog.

You can set the CD/DVD Creator folder to open automatically when you instert a blank disc. See Removable Drives and Media Preferences.

The filesystem written to the CD will be readable with long filenames on all recent operating systems. Both the Joliet and the Rock Ridge CD-ROM filesystem extensions are used.

### Copying CDs or DVDs

You can create a copy of a CD or DVD, either to another disc or to an image file stored on your computer. To create a copy, perform the following steps:

1. Insert the disc you want to copy.

2. Choose Places Computer from the top panel menubar.

3. Right-click on the CD icon, and choose Copy Disc.

4. The Write to Disc dialog is displayed.

If you have only one drive with write capabilities, the process will first create a disc image file on your computer. It will then eject the original disk, and ask you to change it for a blank disk on which to write the copy.

If you want to create more than one copy, choose the Image File option on the Write to Disc and then write the disc image: see .

### Creating a Disc from an Image File

You can write a disc image to a CD or DVD. For example, you may have downloaded a disc image from the internet, or previously created one yourself. Disc images usually have a `.iso` file extension and are sometimes called iso files.

To write a disc image, right-click on the disc image file, then choose Write to Disc from the popup menu.

## Navigating Remote Servers

The Nautilus file manager provides an integrated access point to your files, applications, FTP sites, Windows shares, WebDav servers and SSH servers.

### To Access a remote server

You can use the file manager to access a remote server, be it an FTP site, a Windows share, a WebDav server or an SSH server.

To access a remote server, choose File Connect to Server. You may also access this dialog from the menubar by choosing Places Connect to Server.

In the Connect to Server dialog, you may click on the Browse network button to close this dialog and view services available on your network in a Nautilus window.

To connect to a remote server, start by choosing the service type, then enter the server address.

If required by your server, you may provide the following optional information :

Dialogfeldelement | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Port | Port to connect to on the server. This should only be used if it is necessary to change the default port, you would normally leave this blank.
Ordner | Folder to open upon connecting to server.
User Name | The user name of the account used to connect to the server. This should be supplied with the connexion information if needed. The user name information is not appropriate for a public FTP connexion.
Name to use for connection | The designation of the connexion as it will appear in the file manager.
Share | Name of desired windows share. This is only applicable to Windows shares.
Domain name | Windows domain. This is only applicable to Windows shares.

If the server information is provided in the form of a URI, or you require a specialized connection, choose Custom Location as the service type.

Once you have filled in the information, click on the Connect button. When the connection succeeds, the contents of the site are displayed and you may drag and drop files to and from the remote server.

### To Access Network Places

If your system is configured to access places on a network, you can use the file manager to access the network places.

To access network places, open the file manager and choose Places Network Servers. A window opens that displays the network places that you can access. Double-click on the network that you want to access.

To access UNIX shares, double-click on the Unix Network (NFS) object. A list of the UNIX shares available to you is displayed in the file manager window.

To access Windows shares, double-click on the Windows Network (SMB) object. A list of the Windows shares available to you is displayed in the file manager window.

### Accessing Special URI Locations

Nautilus has certain special URI locations that enable you to access particular functions from the file manager. For example, to access fonts, you can access the `fonts:///` URI in a file manager window.

These are intended for advanced users: in most cases, an easier method of accessing the function or location exists.

lists the special URI locations that you can use with the file manager.

#### Special URI Locations

URI Location | Beschreibung
--- | ---
`fonts:///` | Displays all the fonts that are available in your system. To preview a font, double-click on the font. You can also use this location to add fonts to the GNOME Desktop.
`burn:///` | This is a special location where you can copy files and folders that you want to write to a CD. From here you can write the contents of the location to a CD easily. See also .
`network:///` | Displays network locations to which you can connect, if your system is configured to access locations on a network. To access a network location, double-click on the network location. You can also use this URI to add network locations to your system. See also .
`themes:///` | Displays all the themes that are available in the GNOME Desktop. To apply a theme to the GNOME Desktop, double-click on the theme. You can also use this location to add themes to the GNOME Desktop. Alternatively, set a theme with the Theme preference tool.

## Nautilus Preferences

Use the File Management Preferences dialog to customize the file manager to suit your requirements and preferences.

To display the File Management Preferences dialog, choose Edit Preferences. You can also access this dialog directly from the top panel Menubar by choosing System Preferences File Management.

Sie können Einstellungen in den folgenden Kategorien einstellen:

- Die Standardeinstellungen für Ansichten.

- The behavior of files and folders, executable text files, and Trash.

- The information that is displayed in icon captions and the date format.

- The columns that appear in the list view and their order.

- Preview options to improve the performance of the file manager.

### Einstellungen für Ansichten

You can specify a default view, and select sort options and display options. You can also specify default settings for icon views and list views.

To specify your default view settings, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Views tab to display the Views tabbed section.

lists the views preferences that you can modify.

#### Einstellungen für Ansichten

Dialogfeldelement | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Neue Ordner anzeigen mit | Select the default view for folders. When you open a folder, the folder is displayed in the view that you select. This can be either the icon view or the list view.
Arrange items | Wählen Sie das Merkmal aus, nach dem die Objekte in den Ordnern sortiert werden sollen, die in dieser Ansicht angezeigt werden.
Sort folders before files | Select this option to list folders before files when you sort a folder.
Show hidden and backup files | Select this option to display files that are normally not shown in folders. For more on hidden files, see .
Icon View Default zoom level | There are two settings, one for the icon view and one for the list view. Select the default zoom level for folders that are displayed in this view. The zoom level specifies the size of items in a view.
Kompaktes Layout verwenden | Nur in der Symbolansicht. Wählen Sie diese Option aus, um die Objekte in den Ordnern näher aneinander zu platzieren.
Text beside icons | Select this option to place the icon captions for items beside the icon rather than under the icon.
Show only folders | Select this option to display only folders in the Tree in the side pane.

### Behavior Preferences

To set your preferences for files and folders, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Behavior tab to display the Behavior tabbed section. You can set the following preferences:

Single click to activate items

  Select this option to perform the default action for an item when you click on the item. When this option is selected, and you point to an item, the title of the item is underlined.

Double click to activate items

  Select this option to perform the default action for an item when you double-click on the item.

Always open in browser windows

  Select this option to use Nautilus in browser mode rather than spatial mode. Selecting this lets you browse your files and folders in the same window, otherwise you will navigate your files and folders as objects.

Run executable text files when they are clicked

  Select this option to run an text executable file when you choose the file. An executable text file is a text file that can execute, that is, a shell script.

View executable text files when they are clicked

  Select this option to display the contents of an executable text file when you choose the executable text file.

Ask each time

  Select this option to display a dialog when you choose an executable text file. The dialog asks whether you want to execute the file or display the file.

Ask before emptying the Trash or deleting files

  Select this option to display a confirmation message before Trash is emptied, or files are deleted. Leave this selected unless you have good reason not to.

Include a Delete command that bypasses Trash

  Select this option to add a Delete menu item to the following menus:

  - The Edit menu.

  - The popup menu that is displayed when you right-click on a file, folder, or desktop object.

  When you select an item then choose the Delete menu item, the item is deleted from your file system immediately. There is no way to recover a deleted file. Do not select this unless you have good reason to.

### Display Preferences

An icon caption displays the name of a file or folder in an icon view. The icon caption also includes three additional items of information on the file or folder. The additional information is displayed after the file name. Normally only one item of information is visible, but when you zoom in on an icon, more of the information is displayed. You can modify what additional information is displayed in icon captions.

To set your preferences for icon captions, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Display tab to display the Display tabbed section.

Select the items of information that you want to display in the icon caption from the three drop-down lists. Select the first item from the first drop-down list, select the second item from the second drop-down list, and so on. The following table describes the items of information that you can select:

Information | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Größe | Choose this option to display the size of the item.
Hintergrundtyp | Choose this option to display the description of the MIME type of the item.
Date modified | Choose this option to display the last modification date of the item.
Date accessed | Choose this option to display the date that the item was last accessed.
Owner | Choose this option to display the owner of the item.
Group | Choose this option to display the group to which the item belongs.
Permissions | Choose this option to display the permissions of the item as three sets of three characters, for example `-rwxrw-r--`.
Octal permissions | Choose this option to display the permissions of the item in octal notation, for example `764`.
MIME-Typ | Choose this option to display the MIME type of the item.
None | Choose this option to display no information for the item.

The date Format option lets you choose how the date is displayed throughout Nautilus.

### List Columns Preferences

You can specify what information is displayed in list view in file manager windows. You can specify which columns are displayed in list view, and the order in which the columns are displayed.

To set your preferences for list columns, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the List Columns tab to display the List Columns tabbed section.

To specify a column to display in list view, select the option that corresponds to the column, then click on the Show button. To remove a column from the list view, select the option that corresponds to the column, then click on the Hide button.

Use the Move Up and Move Down buttons to specify the position of columns in list view.

To use the default columns and column positions, click on the Use Default button.

The following table describes the columns that you can display:

Information | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Name | Choose this option to display the name of the item.
Größe | Choose this option to display the size of the item.
Hintergrundtyp | Choose this option to display the description of the MIME type of the item from the File Types and Programs preference tool.
Date Modified | Choose this option to display the last modification date of the item.
Date Accessed | Choose this option to display the date that the item was last accessed.
Group | Choose this option to display the group to which the item belongs.
MIME-Typ | Choose this option to display the MIME type of the item.
Octal Permissions | Choose this option to display the permissions of the item in octal notation, for example `764`.
Owner | Choose this option to display the owner of the item.
Permissions | Choose this option to display the permissions of the item as three sets of three characters, for example `-rwxrw-r--`.

### Leistungsparameter-Einstellungen

Einige Nautilus-Funktionen beeinflussen die Geschwindigkeit, mit der Nautilus auf Anforderungen reagiert. Sie können das Verhalten einiger dieser Funktionen ändern, um die Geschwindigkeit von Nautilus zu erhöhen. Für jede Leistungsparameter-Einstellung können Sie eine der in der folgenden Tabelle beschriebenen Optionen auswählen:

Option | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Immer | Führt die Aktion für lokale Dateien und Dateien in anderen Dateisystemen aus.
Local Files Only | Führt die Aktion nur für lokale Dateien aus.
Nie | Führt die Aktion nie aus.

To set your preview preferences, choose Edit Preferences. Click on the Preview tab dialog to display the Preview tabbed section.

lists the preview preferences that you can modify.

#### Leistungsparameter-Einstellungen

Dialogfeldelement | Beschreibung
--- | ---
Text in Symbolen anzeigen | Wählen Sie eine Option, um festzulegen, wann im Symbol für die Textdatei eine Vorschau des Inhalts angezeigt werden soll.
Miniaturansichten für Bilddateien anzeigen | Select an option to specify when to show thumbnails of image files. The file manager stores the thumbnail files for each folder in a `.thumbnails` directory in the user's Home Folder.
Only for files smaller than | Specify the maximum file size for files for which the file manager creates a thumbnail.
Vorschau für Sound-Dateien | Wählen Sie eine Option, um festzulegen, wann Sound-Dateien angespielt werden sollen.
Count number of items | Select an option to specify when to show the number of items in folders. When in icon view, you might need to increase your zoom level to see the number of items in each folder.

## Extending Nautilus

Nautilus can be extended in two main ways. Through Nautilus extensions, and through scrips. This section explains the difference between the two and how to install.

### Nautilus Scripts

Nautilus can run scripts. Scripts are typically simpler in operation than full Nautilus extensions and can be written in any scripted language capable of being executed on your computer. To run a script choose File Scripts, then choose the script that you want to run from the submenu.

Um ein Skript für eine bestimmte Datei auszuführen, wählen Sie die Datei im Ansichtsteilfenster aus. Wählen Sie Datei Skripte und anschließend im Untermenü das Skript, das Sie für die Datei ausführen möchten. Sie können auch mehrere Dateien auswählen, für die das Skript ausgeführt werden soll.

You may also access scripts from the context menu.

If you do not have any scripts installed, the script menu will not appear.

#### Installing File Manager Scripts

The file manager includes a special folder where you can store your scripts. All executable files in this folder will appear in the Scripts menu. The script folder is located at $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts.

To install a script, simply copy the script to the script folder and give it the user executable permission.

To view the contents of your scripts folder, if you already have scripts installed, choose File Scripts Open Scripts Folder. You will have to navigate to the scripts folder with the file manager if you do not yet have any scripts. You may need to show hidden files for this, use View Show Hidden Files

A good source to download Nautilus scripts is from the G-Scripts website.

#### Writing File Manager Scripts

When executed from a local folder, scripts will be passed the selected file names. When executed from a remote folder (e.g. a folder showing web or ftp content), scripts will be passed no parameters.

The following table shows variables passed to the script :

Environment variable | Beschreibung
--- | ---
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_FILE_PATHS | newline-delimited paths for selected files (only if local)
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS | newline-delimited URIs for selected files
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_CURRENT_URI | URI for current location
NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_WINDOW_GEOMETRY | position and size of current window

### Nautilus Extensions

Nautilus extensions are far more powerful than Nautilus scripts, allowing more freedom where and how they extend Nautilus. Nautilus extensions are typically installed by your system administrator.

Some popular Nautilus extensions include:

1. nautilus-actions

   This extension allows you to easily assign actions based on file type

2. nautilus-send-to

   This extension provides a simple way to send a file or folder to another using email, instant messaging, or Bluetooth.

3. nautilus-open-terminal.

   This extension provides an easy way to open a terminal at the selected starting location.

If you are looking for the Open Terminal command which used to exist in the Nautilus right click menu by default then you should install the nautilus-open-terminal extension.