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2.2.6.1 String Methods

These are the string methods which both 8-bit strings and Unicode objects support:

`capitalize`( | )

  Return a copy of the string with only its first character capitalized.

`center`( | width)

  Return centered in a string of length width. Padding is done using spaces.

`count`( | sub[, start[, end]])

  Return the number of occurrences of substring sub in string S`[start:end]`. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.

`decode`( | [encoding[, errors]])

  Decodes the string using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the default string encoding. errors may be given to set a different error handling scheme. The default is `'strict'`, meaning that encoding errors raise `ValueError`. Other possible values are `'ignore'` and `replace'`. New in version 2.2.

`encode`( | [encoding[,errors]])

  Return an encoded version of the string. Default encoding is the current default string encoding. errors may be given to set a different error handling scheme. The default for errors is `'strict'`, meaning that encoding errors raise a `ValueError`. Other possible values are `'ignore'` and `'replace'`. New in version 2.0.

`endswith`( | suffix[, start[, end]])

  Return `True` if the string ends with the specified suffix, otherwise return `False`. With optional start, test beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing at that position.

`expandtabs`( | [tabsize])

  Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. If tabsize is not given, a tab size of `8` characters is assumed.

`find`( | sub[, start[, end]])

  Return the lowest index in the string where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained in the range [start, end). Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return `-1` if sub is not found.

`index`( | sub[, start[, end]])

  Like `find()`, but raise `ValueError` when the substring is not found.

`isalnum`( | )

  Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and there is at least one character, false otherwise.

`isalpha`( | )

  Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there is at least one character, false otherwise.

`isdigit`( | )

  Return true if there are only digit characters, false otherwise.

`islower`( | )

  Return true if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.

`isspace`( | )

  Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string and the string is not empty, false otherwise.

`istitle`( | )

  Return true if the string is a titlecased string: uppercase characters may only follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return false otherwise.

`isupper`( | )

  Return true if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.

`join`( | seq)

  Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the sequence seq. The separator between elements is the string providing this method.

`ljust`( | width)

  Return the string left justified in a string of length width. Padding is done using spaces. The original string is returned if width is less than `len(s)`.

`lower`( | )

  Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.

`lstrip`( | [chars])

  Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. If chars is omitted or `None`, whitespace characters are removed. If given and not `None`, chars must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from the beginning of the string this method is called on. Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the chars argument.

`replace`( | old, new[, maxsplit])

  Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new. If the optional argument maxsplit is given, only the first maxsplit occurrences are replaced.

`rfind`( | sub [,start [,end]])

  Return the highest index in the string where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return `-1` on failure.

`rindex`( | sub[, start[, end]])

  Like `rfind()` but raises `ValueError` when the substring sub is not found.

`rjust`( | width)

  Return the string right justified in a string of length width. Padding is done using spaces. The original string is returned if width is less than `len(s)`.

`rstrip`( | [chars])

  Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. If chars is omitted or `None`, whitespace characters are removed. If given and not `None`, chars must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from the end of the string this method is called on. Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the chars argument.

`split`( | [sep [,maxsplit]])

  Return a list of the words in the string, using sep as the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. If sep is not specified or `None`, any whitespace string is a separator.

`splitlines`( | [keepends])

  Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and true.

`startswith`( | prefix[, start[, end]])

  Return `True` if string starts with the prefix, otherwise return `False`. With optional start, test string beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing string at that position.

`strip`( | [chars])

  Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters removed. If chars is omitted or `None`, whitespace characters are removed. If given and not `None`, chars must be a string; the characters in the string will be stripped from the both ends of the string this method is called on. Changed in version 2.2.2: Support for the chars argument.

`swapcase`( | )

  Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa.

`title`( | )

  Return a titlecased version of the string: words start with uppercase characters, all remaining cased characters are lowercase.

`translate`( | table[, deletechars])

  Return a copy of the string where all characters occurring in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the remaining characters have been mapped through the given translation table, which must be a string of length 256.

  For Unicode objects, the `translate()` method does not accept the optional deletechars argument. Instead, it returns a copy of the s where all characters have been mapped through the given translation table which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, Unicode strings or `None`. Unmapped characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to `None` are deleted. Note, a more flexible approach is to create a custom character mapping codec using the `codecs` module (see `encodings.cp1251` for an example).

`upper`( | )

  Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.

`zfill`( | width)

  Return the numeric string left filled with zeros in a string of length width. The original string is returned if width is less than `len(s)`. New in version 2.2.2.