##
5.3.1 Minimal example

The `unittest` module provides a rich set of tools for constructing and running tests. This section demonstrates that a small subset of the tools suffice to meet the needs of most users.

Here is a short script to test three functions from the `random` module:

    import random
    import unittest

    class TestSequenceFunctions(unittest.TestCase):

        def setUp(self):
            self.seq = range(10)

        def testshuffle(self):
            # make sure the shuffled sequence does not lose any elements
            random.shuffle(self.seq)
            self.seq.sort()
            self.assertEqual(self.seq, range(10))

        def testchoice(self):
            element = random.choice(self.seq)
            self.assert_(element in self.seq)

        def testsample(self):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, random.sample, self.seq, 20)
            for element in random.sample(self.seq, 5):
                self.assert_(element in self.seq)

    if __name__ == '__main__':
        unittest.main()

A testcase is created by subclassing `unittest.TestCase`. The three individual tests are defined with methods whose names start with the letters `test`. This naming convention informs the test runner about which methods represent tests.

The crux of each test is a call to `assertEqual()` to check for an expected result; `assert_()` to verify a condition; or `assertRaises()` to verify that an expected exception gets raised. These methods are used instead of the `assert` statement so the test runner can accumulate all test results and produce a report.

When a `setUp()` method is defined, the test runner will run that method prior to each test. Likewise, if a `tearDown()` method is defined, the test runner will invoke that method after each test. In the example, `setUp()` was used to create a fresh sequence for each test.

The final block shows a simple way to run the tests. `unittest.main()` provides a command line interface to the test script. When run from the command line, the above script produces an output that looks like this:

    ...
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ran 3 tests in 0.000s

    OK

Instead of `unittest.main()`, there are other ways to run the tests with a finer level of control, less terse output, and no requirement to be run from the command line. For example, the last two lines may be replaced with:

    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
    suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(TestSequenceFunctions))
    unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)

Running the revised script from the interpreter or another script produces the following output:

    testchoice (__main__.TestSequenceFunctions) ... ok
    testsample (__main__.TestSequenceFunctions) ... ok
    testshuffle (__main__.TestSequenceFunctions) ... ok

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ran 3 tests in 0.110s

    OK

The above examples show the most commonly used `unittest` features which are sufficient to meet many everyday testing needs. The remainder of the documentation explores the full feature set from first principles.