
                                 pestfind 
                                      
   
   
Function

   Finds PEST motifs as potential proteolytic cleavage sites
   
Description

   pestfind allows rapid and objective identification of PEST motifs in
   protein target sequences. Briefly, the PEST hypothesis was based on a
   literature survey that combined both information on protein stability
   as well as protein primary sequence information. Initially, the study
   relied on 12 short-lived proteins with well-known properties [1], but
   was continually extended later [2,3]. The initial group of proteins
   included E1A, c-myc, p53, c-fos, v-myb, P730 phytochrome, heat shock
   protein 70 (HSP 70), HMG-CoA reductase, tyrosine aminotransferase
   (TAT), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), alpha-Casein and beta-Casein.
   Although all these proteins exerted various different cellular
   functions it became apparent that they shared high local
   concentrations of amino acids proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine
   (S), threonine (T) and to a lesser extent aspartic acid (D). From that
   it was concluded that PEST motifs reduce the half-lives of proteins
   dramatically and hence, that they target proteins for proteolytic
   degradation.
   
   PEST means Black Death in German, so that the name of this programme
   sounds a bit strange, at least in our ears.
   
Algorithm

   PEST motifs were defined as hydrophilic stretches of at least 12 amino
   acids length with a high local concentration of critical amino acids.
   Remarkably, negatively charged amino acids are clustered within these
   motifs while positively charged amino acids, arginine (R), histidine
   (H) and lysine (K) are generally forbidden.
   
   The pestfind algorithm defines the last criterion even more
   stringently in that PEST motifs are required to be flanked by
   positively charged amino acids. Though this implication greatly
   facilitates computer scanning, a few PEST sequences might be missed.
   Especially sequences with a high local concentration of critical amino
   acids but with a long distance between positively charged amino acids
   are error prone. Due to their length, these PEST motifs might become
   diluted, which results in scores apparently lower than initially
   expected. Another side effect of scanning for positively charged amino
   acids is that very long PEST motifs are sub-divided into adjacent
   smaller ones. However, identification of PEST motifs is achieved by an
   initial scan for positively charged amino acids arginine (R),
   histidine (H) and lysine (K) within the specified protein sequence.
   All amino acids between the positively charged flanks are counted and
   only those motifs are considered further, which contain a number of
   amino acids equal to or higher than the window-size parameter.
   Additionally, all 'valid' PEST regions are required to contain at
   least one proline (P), one aspartate (D) or glutamate (E) and at least
   one serine (S) or threonine(T). Sequences that do not meet the above
   criteria are classified as 'invalid' PEST motifs and excluded from
   further analysis.
   
   The quality of 'valid' PEST motifs is refined by means of a scoring
   parameter based on the local enrichment of critical amino acids as
   well as the motif's hydrophobicity. Enrichment of D, E, P, S and T is
   expressed in mass percent (w/w) and corrected for one equivalent of D
   or E, one of P and one of S or T. Calculation of hydrophobicity
   follows in principle the method of J. Kyte and R.F. Doolittle [4]. For
   simplified calculations, Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy indices, which
   originally ranged from -4.5 for arginine to +4.5 for isoleucine, were
   converted to positive integers. This was achieved by the following
   linear transformation, which yielded values from 0 for arginine to 90
   for isoleucine.
   
        Hydropathy index = 10 * Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy index + 45
                                      
   The motif's hydrophobicity is calculated as the sum over the products
   of mole percent and hydrophobicity index for each amino acid species.
   The desired PEST score is obtained as combination of local enrichment
   term and hydrophobicity term as expressed by the following equation:
   
          PEST score = 0.55 * DEPST - 0.5 * hydrophobicity index.
                                      
   Although the formula above differs from the publication [1], it is in
   fact the correct one, which was also implemented in the original
   BASICA(R) programme (personal communication). Nevertheless, a (minor)
   deviation from the original programme is still present, as hydropathy
   indices of three amino acids were one unit off the Kyte-Doolittle
   hydropathy scale. A correction of these indices results in calculation
   of slightly lower PEST scores in comparison to the original programme.
   However, PEST scores can range from -45 for poly-isoleucine to about
   +50 for poly-aspartate plus one proline and one serine. 'Valid' PEST
   motifs below the threshold score (5.0) are considered as 'poor', while
   PEST scores above the threshold score are of real biological interest.
   The higher the PEST score, the more likely is degradation of proteins
   mediated via 'potential' PEST motifs in eukaryotic cells.
   
   Presently, all modified Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy indices are
   hard-coded into the programme, which might change in future.
   
   The array of linear transformed Kyte-Doolittle hydropathy indices
   (ltkdhi) is listed in alphabetical order below. (A-M and N-Z as well
   as N-terminus and C-terminus)
   
   63, 10, 70, 10, 10, 72, 41, 13, 90, 0, 6, 82, 64, 10, 0, 29, 10, 0,
   36, 38, 0, 87, 36, 45, 58, 10, 0, 0
   
   The linear transformation was ltkdhi = 10 * kdhi + 45
   All values range from Argine R = 0 to Isoleucine I = 90
   B=(N|D)=10 since N=10 and D=10
   Z=(Q|E)=10 since Q=10 and E=10
   X=10*0+45=45
   
Usage

   Here is a sample session with pestfind
   

% pestfind -graph cps -invalid 
Finds PEST motifs as potential proteolytic cleavage sites
Input sequence: ../../data/exu2_drops.embl
Window length [10]: 
Sort order of results
      1 : length
      2 : position
      3 : score
Sort order of results [score]: 
Output file [exu2_drops.pestfind]: 

Created pestfind.ps
   
   Go to the input files for this example
   Go to the output files for this example
   
Command line arguments

   Standard (Mandatory) qualifiers:
  [-sequence]          sequence   Protein sequence USA to be analysed.
   -window             integer    Minimal distance between positively charged
                                  amino acids.
   -order              selection  Name of the output file which holds the
                                  results of the analysis. Results may be
                                  sorted by length, position and score.
  [-outfile]           outfile    Name of file to which results will be
                                  written.
   -graph              xygraph    Graph type

   Additional (Optional) qualifiers:
   -threshold          float      Threshold value to discriminate weak from
                                  potential PEST motifs. Valid PEST motifs are
                                  discriminated into 'poor' and 'potential'
                                  motifs depending on this threshold score. By
                                  default, the default value is set to +5.0
                                  based on experimental data. Alterations are
                                  not recommended since significance is a
                                  matter of biology, not mathematics.
   -aadata             string     File of amino acid properties and molecular
                                  masses.

   Advanced (Unprompted) qualifiers:
   -[no]potential      boolean    Decide whether potential PEST motifs should
                                  be printed.
   -[no]poor           boolean    Decide whether poor PEST motifs should be
                                  printed.
   -invalid            boolean    Decide whether invalid PEST motifs should be
                                  printed.
   -[no]map            boolean    Decide whether PEST motifs should be mapped
                                  to sequence.

   Associated qualifiers:

   "-sequence" associated qualifiers
   -sbegin1             integer    First base used
   -send1               integer    Last base used, def=seq length
   -sreverse1           boolean    Reverse (if DNA)
   -sask1               boolean    Ask for begin/end/reverse
   -snucleotide1        boolean    Sequence is nucleotide
   -sprotein1           boolean    Sequence is protein
   -slower1             boolean    Make lower case
   -supper1             boolean    Make upper case
   -sformat1            string     Input sequence format
   -sopenfile1          string     Input filename
   -sdbname1            string     Database name
   -sid1                string     Entryname
   -ufo1                string     UFO features
   -fformat1            string     Features format
   -fopenfile1          string     Features file name

   "-outfile" associated qualifiers
   -odirectory2         string     Output directory

   "-graph" associated qualifiers
   -gprompt             boolean    Graph prompting
   -gtitle              string     Graph title
   -gsubtitle           string     Graph subtitle
   -gxtitle             string     Graph x axis title
   -gytitle             string     Graph y axis title
   -goutfile            string     Output file for non interactive displays
   -gdirectory          string     Output directory

   General qualifiers:
   -auto                boolean    Turn off prompts
   -stdout              boolean    Write standard output
   -filter              boolean    Read standard input, write standard output
   -options             boolean    Prompt for standard and additional values
   -debug               boolean    Write debug output to program.dbg
   -verbose             boolean    Report some/full command line options
   -help                boolean    Report command line options. More
                                  information on associated and general
                                  qualifiers can be found with -help -verbose
   -warning             boolean    Report warnings
   -error               boolean    Report errors
   -fatal               boolean    Report fatal errors
   -die                 boolean    Report deaths
   

   Standard (Mandatory) qualifiers Allowed values Default
   [-sequence]
   (Parameter 1) Protein sequence USA to be analysed. Readable sequence
   Required
   -window Minimal distance between positively charged amino acids.
   Integer 2 or more 10
   -order Name of the output file which holds the results of the
   analysis. Results may be sorted by length, position and score. Choose
   from selection list of values score
   [-outfile]
   (Parameter 2) Name of file to which results will be written. Output
   file <sequence>.pestfind
   -graph Graph type EMBOSS has a list of known devices, including
   postscript, ps, hpgl, hp7470, hp7580, meta, colourps, cps, xwindows,
   x11, tektronics, tekt, tek4107t, tek, none, null, text, data, xterm,
   png EMBOSS_GRAPHICS value, or x11
   Additional (Optional) qualifiers Allowed values Default
   -threshold Threshold value to discriminate weak from potential PEST
   motifs. Valid PEST motifs are discriminated into 'poor' and
   'potential' motifs depending on this threshold score. By default, the
   default value is set to +5.0 based on experimental data. Alterations
   are not recommended since significance is a matter of biology, not
   mathematics. Number from -55.00 to 55.00 +5.0
   -aadata File of amino acid properties and molecular masses. Any string
   is accepted Eamino.dat
   Advanced (Unprompted) qualifiers Allowed values Default
   -[no]potential Decide whether potential PEST motifs should be printed.
   Boolean value Yes/No Yes
   -[no]poor Decide whether poor PEST motifs should be printed. Boolean
   value Yes/No Yes
   -invalid Decide whether invalid PEST motifs should be printed. Boolean
   value Yes/No No
   -[no]map Decide whether PEST motifs should be mapped to sequence.
   Boolean value Yes/No Yes
   
Input file format

   pestfind reads any normal protein sequence USA.
   
  Input files for usage example
  
  File: ../../data/exu2_drops.embl
  
ID   EXU2_DROPS     STANDARD;      PRT;   477 AA.
AC   Q24617;
DT   01-NOV-1997 (Rel. 35, Created)
DT   01-NOV-1997 (Rel. 35, Last sequence update)
DT   01-NOV-1997 (Rel. 35, Last annotation update)
DE   Maternal exuperantia 2 protein.
GN   EXU2.
OS   Drosophila pseudoobscura (Fruit fly).
OC   Eukaryota; Metazoa; Arthropoda; Tracheata; Hexapoda; Insecta;
OC   Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Diptera; Brachycera; Muscomorpha;
OC   Ephydroidea; Drosophilidae; Drosophila.
OX   NCBI_TaxID=7237;
RN   [1]
RP   SEQUENCE FROM N.A.
RX   MEDLINE=94350208; PubMed=8070663;
RA   Luk S.K.-S., Kilpatrick M., Kerr K., Macdonald P.M.;
RT   "Components acting in localization of bicoid mRNA are conserved among
RT   Drosophila species.";
RL   Genetics 137:521-530(1994).
CC   -!- FUNCTION: ENSURES THE PROPER LOCALIZATION OF THE MRNA OF THE
CC       BICOID GENE TO THE ANTERIOR REGIONS OF THE OOCYTE THUS PLAYING
CC       A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE POLARITY OF THE
CC       OOCYTE. MAY BIND THE BCD MRNA (BY SIMILARITY).
CC   --------------------------------------------------------------------------
CC   This SWISS-PROT entry is copyright. It is produced through a collaboration
CC   between  the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics  and the  EMBL outstation -
CC   the European Bioinformatics Institute.  There are no  restrictions on  its
CC   use  by  non-profit  institutions as long  as its content  is  in  no  way
CC   modified and this statement is not removed.  Usage  by  and for commercial
CC   entities requires a license agreement (See http://www.isb-sib.ch/announce/
CC   or send an email to license@isb-sib.ch).
CC   --------------------------------------------------------------------------
DR   EMBL; L22553; AAA28523.1; -.
DR   FlyBase; FBgn0014783; Dpse\exu2.
KW   Developmental protein; RNA-binding.
FT   DOMAIN      249    271       GLU/SER/PRO/THR-RICH (PEST REGION).
SQ   SEQUENCE   477 AA;  53194 MW;  8B5334A77DB9467B CRC64;
     MVSAISEDSA SATASGQCEV VKEELPAGNY ILVAVEIDTT GRRLIDEIVQ LAGYTSKGNF
     QQYIMPYMNL NQAARQRHQI RVISIGFYRM LKSMQTYKII KSKSEVAALM DFLNWLETLL
     AKQPNKEGIV MLYHDDRKFI PYMILEALKK YSLIDRFNRS VKAFANTCPM AKTFLGKHGI
     KNCGLRKLSM LLAKSKDGNS TKEDEHENPE GNSSITDNSG HKNQKQGAFE GSANVRAKMV
     YEMALQLIES ESTESPESFE SPESSESSEA EVKLLNAVRP FSQLLSSTIL ELKDQNHSLG
     RQNSFRPVFL NYFRTTLNYR VRAVKYRIGL AEHGFTLKSL KAIWSDKRKP GLELVLTAID
     SLKTEETAEL LDLLDSYYDP SKTTIKPRCK RSGNGTRRRN RAKGAASSKN GAIGAGGDNS
     VPDSATKPGG RPRRKRNNIR NNILGPQNTE KGSPKAEMKT STPKSMSIKP PSEFADI
//
   
Output file format

   pestfind outputs a graph to the specified graphics device.
   
   The output from pestfind is a simple text one. It reports poor and
   potential PEST motifs together with their PEST score, mass percent of
   DEPST and their hydrophobicity index.
   
   'Valid' PEST motifs below the threshold score (5.0) are considered as
   'poor', while PEST scores above the threshold score are of real
   biological interest. The higher the PEST score, the more likely is
   degradation of proteins mediated via 'potential' PEST motifs in
   eukaryotic cells.
   
  Output files for usage example
  
  File: exu2_drops.pestfind
  
PEST-find: Finds PEST motifs as potential proteolytic cleavage sites.

    14 PEST motifs were identified in EXU2_DROPS
       from positions 1 to 477 and sorted by score.

Potential PEST motif with 34 amino acids between position 238 and 273.
   238 KMVYEMALQLIESESTESPESFESPESSESSEAEVK 273
       DEPST: 54.20 % (w/w)
       Hydrophobicity index: 38.12
       PEST score: 10.75

Potential PEST motif with 14 amino acids between position 206 and 221.
   206 HENPEGNSSITDNSGH 221
       DEPST: 35.59 % (w/w)
       Hydrophobicity index: 26.81
       PEST score: 6.17

Poor PEST motif with 18 amino acids between position 363 and 382.
   363 KTEETAELLDLLDSYYDPSK 382
       PEST score: 2.90

Poor PEST motif with 17 amino acids between position 409 and 427.
   409 KNGAIGAGGDNSVPDSATK 427
       PEST score: -9.60

Poor PEST motif with 19 amino acids between position 22 and 42.
    22 KEELPAGNYILVAVEIDTTGR 42
       PEST score: -10.92

Poor PEST motif with 10 amino acids between position 440 and 451.
   440 RNNILGPQNTEK 451
       PEST score: -15.67

Poor PEST motif with 13 amino acids between position 279 and 293.
   279 RPFSQLLSSTILELK 293
       PEST score: -16.51

Poor PEST motif with 13 amino acids between position 349 and 363.
   349 KPGLELVLTAIDSLK 363
       PEST score: -19.67

Invalid PEST motif with 20 amino acids between position 1 and 22.
     1 MVSAISEDSASATASGQCEVVK 22

Invalid PEST motif with 13 amino acids between position 43 and 57.
    43 RLIDEIVQLAGYTSK 57

Invalid PEST motif with 17 amino acids between position 57 and 75.
    57 KGNFQQYIMPYMNLNQAAR 75

Invalid PEST motif with 18 amino acids between position 103 and 122.
   103 KSEVAALMDFLNWLETLLAK 122

Invalid PEST motif with 10 amino acids between position 138 and 149.
   138 KFIPYMILEALK 149

Invalid PEST motif with 10 amino acids between position 225 and 236.
   225 KQGAFEGSANVR 236


       ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

     1 MVSAISEDSASATASGQCEVVKEELPAGNYILVAVEIDTTGRRLIDEIVQLAGYTSKGNF 60
        -------------------- OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO  ------------- ---

    61 QQYIMPYMNLNQAARQRHQIRVISIGFYRMLKSMQTYKIIKSKSEVAALMDFLNWLETLL 120
       --------------                             -----------------

   121 AKQPNKEGIVMLYHDDRKFIPYMILEALKKYSLIDRFNRSVKAFANTCPMAKTFLGKHGI 180
       -                 ----------

   181 KNCGLRKLSMLLAKSKDGNSTKEDEHENPEGNSSITDNSGHKNQKQGAFEGSANVRAKMV 240
                                 ++++++++++++++     ----------   ++

   241 YEMALQLIESESTESPESFESPESSESSEAEVKLLNAVRPFSQLLSSTILELKDQNHSLG 300
       ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++       OOOOOOOOOOOOO

   301 RQNSFRPVFLNYFRTTLNYRVRAVKYRIGLAEHGFTLKSLKAIWSDKRKPGLELVLTAID 360
                                                        OOOOOOOOOOO

   361 SLKTEETAELLDLLDSYYDPSKTTIKPRCKRSGNGTRRRNRAKGAASSKNGAIGAGGDNS 420
       OO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO                            OOOOOOOOOOO

   421 VPDSATKPGGRPRRKRNNIRNNILGPQNTEKGSPKAEMKTSTPKSMSIKPPSEFADI 477
       OOOOOO              OOOOOOOOOO

       Symbols   PEST motifs
       +++++++   potential
       OOOOOOO   poor
       -------   invalid
   
  Graphics File: pestfind.ps
  
   [pestfind results]
   
Data files

   The physico-chemical properties of the residues are read from the
   EMBOSS data file 'Eamino.dat'. This file can be copied into your
   current directory and inspected or altered by using the application
   'embossdata -fetch'. Another file can be specified using the qualifier
   '-aadata'.
   
   EMBOSS data files are distributed with the application and stored in
   the standard EMBOSS data directory, which is defined by the EMBOSS
   environment variable EMBOSS_DATA.
   
   To see the available EMBOSS data files, run:
   
% embossdata -showall

   To fetch one of the data files (for example 'Exxx.dat') into your
   current directory for you to inspect or modify, run:

% embossdata -fetch -file Exxx.dat

   Users can provide their own data files in their own directories.
   Project specific files can be put in the current directory, or for
   tidier directory listings in a subdirectory called ".embossdata".
   Files for all EMBOSS runs can be put in the user's home directory, or
   again in a subdirectory called ".embossdata".
   
   The directories are searched in the following order:
     * . (your current directory)
     * .embossdata (under your current directory)
     * ~/ (your home directory)
     * ~/.embossdata
       
   Here is the default Eamino.dat file:
   
# Molecular weights of amino acids
# Also classified as:
#  Tiny, Small, Aliphatic, Aromatic, Non-polar, Polar, Charge, +ve, -ve
#
A        71.0786         1 1 0 0 1 0 0   0 0
B       114.5960         0 1 0 0 0 0 -.5 0 1
C       103.1386         1 1 0 0 1 0 0   0 0
D       115.0884         0 1 0 0 0 1 -1  0 1
E       129.1152         0 0 0 0 0 1 -1  0 1
F       147.1762         0 0 0 1 1 0 0   0 0
G        57.0518         1 1 0 0 1 0 0   0 0
H       137.1408         0 0 0 1 0 1 .5  1 0
I       113.1590         0 0 1 0 1 0 0   0 0
J         0.0            0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0
K       128.1736         0 0 0 0 0 1 1   1 0
L       113.1590         0 0 1 0 1 0 0   0 0
# If met gets oxidised to the sulphoxide replace by 147.1926
M       131.1926         0 0 0 0 1 0 0   0 0
N       114.1036         0 1 0 0 0 1 0   0 0
O         0.0            0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0
P        97.1164         0 1 0 0 1 0 0   0 0
Q       128.1304         0 0 0 0 0 1 0   0 0
R       156.1870         0 0 0 0 0 1 1   1 0
S        87.0780         1 1 0 0 0 1 0   0 0
T       101.1048         1 1 0 0 0 1 0   0 0
U         0.0            0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0
V        99.1322         0 1 1 0 1 0 0   0 0
W       186.2128         0 0 0 1 1 0 0   0 0
X       144.0000         0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0 0
Y       163.1756         0 0 0 1 1 0 0   0 0
Z       128.6228         0 0 0 0 0 1 -.5 0 1

Notes

   None.
   
References

    1. Rogers S.W., Wells R., Rechsteiner M. Amino acid sequences common
       to rapidly degraded proteins: The PEST hypothesis Science 234,
       364-368 (1986)
    2. Rechsteiner M., Rogers S., Rote K. Protein structure and
       intracellular stability Trends Biochem. Sci. 12, 390-394 (1987)
    3. Rechsteiner M. and Rogers S.W. PEST sequences and regulation by
       proteolysis Trends Biochem. Sci. 21, 267-271 (1996)
    4. J. Kyte and R.F. Dootlittle A simple method for displaying the
       hydropathic character of a protein J. Mol. Biol. 157, 105 (1982)
       
Warnings

   None.
   
Diagnostic Error Messages

   None.
   
Exit status

   It always exits with status 0.
   
Known bugs

   None.
   
See also

    Program name                        Description
   antigenic      Finds antigenic sites in proteins
   digest         Protein proteolytic enzyme or reagent cleavage digest
   fuzzpro        Protein pattern search
   fuzztran       Protein pattern search after translation
   helixturnhelix Report nucleic acid binding motifs
   oddcomp        Finds protein sequence regions with a biased composition
   patmatdb       Search a protein sequence with a motif
   patmatmotifs   Search a PROSITE motif database with a protein sequence
   pepcoil        Predicts coiled coil regions
   preg           Regular expression search of a protein sequence
   pscan          Scans proteins using PRINTS
   sigcleave      Reports protein signal cleavage sites
   
Author(s)

   Michael K. Schuster and Martin Grabner (martin.grabner © univie.ac.at)
   from the Austrian National EMBnet node.
   
   Original program 'pestfind' by Scott Rogers and Martin Rechsteiner
   (C)1986.
   
History

   This is based on the algorithm used in the QuickBasic program by
   Rodgers et al.
   
   Written (March 2002).
   
Target users

   This program is intended to be used by everyone and everything, from
   naive users to embedded scripts.
