


INTRO(1)                  User Commands                  INTRO(1)



NAME
     intro - introduction to commands

DESCRIPTION
     The Heirloom Toolchest is  a  collection  of  standard  Unix
     utilities  that is intended to provide maximum compatibility
     with  traditional  Unix   while   incorporating   additional
     features  necessary  today.   To achieve this, utilities are
     derived from original  Unix  sources  if  permitted  by  its
     licenses.   This  means that material from Unix 6th Edition,
     Unix 7th Edition, and Unix 32V was used, since these systems
     were  put under an Open Source license by Caldera in January
     2002.   In  addition,   4BSD   source   (governed   by   the
     University’s  copyright  and partially derived from 32V) has
     been  used.   (Other  sources  were   Sun’s   ‘OpenSolaris’,
     Caldera’s  ‘Open  Source  Unix[tm] Tools’, the MINIX utility
     collection, Plan 9, and Info‐ZIP’s compression  codes.)   If
     no  freely  available Unix sources were available (for exam‐
     ple, for tools introduced in System III or System V), utili‐
     ties  were rewritten from scratch.  (The exact license terms
     are provided in a separate document.)

     The tools in this collection are oriented on the  specifica‐
     tions or systems named below.  Since there are some incompa‐
     tibilities between them, some tools are present in more than
     one version.

     –    System V Interface Definition, Third Edition (UNIX Sys‐
          tem  Laboratories,  1992)  (SVID3).  This specification
          corresponds to a System V Release 4 or Solaris  2  sys‐
          tem.   Utilities  in  /usr/5bin  are modeled after this
          specification  and  related  system  environments.   If
          extensions  introduced  in POSIX.2 or POSIX.1‐2001 (see
          below) did not provoke conflicts with the  behavior  at
          this  level,  they were incorporated in these utilities
          as well.  This  is  the  most  traditional  personality
          available  with  the  Heirloom  Toolchest; prominently,
          regular expressions do not have any of the internation‐
          alization features (see ed(1) and egrep(1)), and awk is
          the old version, oawk(1).  Use this personality to  get
          best compatibility with traditional System V behavior.

     –    System V Interface Definition, Fourth Edition  (Novell,
          Inc., 1995) (SVID4).  This specification corresponds to
          a  System  V  Release  4.2  MP  system.   Utilities  in
          /usr/5bin/s42  are modeled after this specification and
          related system environments.  If extensions  introduced
          in  POSIX.2 or POSIX.1‐2001 (see below) did not provoke
          conflicts with the behavior at this  level,  they  were
          incorporated  in  these  utilities  as  well.  The most
          essential difference between this and  the  SVID3  per‐
          sonality  are internationalized regular expressions and



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          the choice of the new awk, nawk(1), for awk.  Use  this
          personality  to  get traditional System V behavior com‐
          bined with internationalized regular expressions.

     –    ISO/IEC  9945‐2:1993  /   ANSI/IEEE   Std   1003.2‐1992
          (POSIX.2),  with  the  extensions  of  The  Single UNIX
          Specification, Version 2 (The Open Group, 1997).  Util‐
          ities  in  /usr/5bin/posix are intended to fully comply
          to this specification even in cases  of  conflict  with
          historical  behavior.   Non‐conflicting  extensions  to
          POSIX.2 found in the environments described  above  are
          also  present in these utilities.  Use this personality
          if you need POSIX.2 features in  preference  to  tradi‐
          tional System V ones.

     –    ISO/IEC  9945‐1:2001  /   ANSI/IEEE   Std   1003.1‐2001
          (POSIX.1‐2001),  with the extensions of The Single UNIX
          Specification, Version 3 (The Open Group, 2001).  Util‐
          ities in /usr/5bin/posix2001 are intended to fully com‐
          ply to this specification even  in  cases  of  conflict
          with  historical  behavior.  Non‐conflicting extensions
          to POSIX.1‐2001 found  in  the  environments  described
          above  are  also  present in these utilities.  Use this
          personality  if  you  need  POSIX.1‐2001  features   in
          preference to traditional System V ones.

     To use the Heirloom Toolchest, select one of these personal‐
     ities  and  put the corresponding directory at the beginning
     of the PATH environment variable,  immediately  followed  by
     the  toolchest base directory, /usr/5bin (which contains the
     tools that are the same for all personalities).   For  exam‐
     ple, to use the toolchest with a SVID4 personality, execute

          PATH=/usr/5bin/s42:/usr/5bin:$PATH export PATH

     You must select exactly one of the personalities above;  you
     do not have access to the complete set of tools otherwise.

     The manual pages generally note which  behavior  corresponds
     to  which  utility  version.  They also mark whether options
     and arguments were part of System V,  were  introduced  with
     POSIX.2  or POSIX.1‐2001, or if they are extensions provided
     by the Heirloom Toolchest, (possibly oriented at  extensions
     introduced  by  other vendors).  Such extensions are subject
     to change without a grace period; they are only intended for
     interactive usage and should not be included in scripts.

     The toolchest also includes some utilities modeled after the
     BSD  Compatibility  environment  of  System V; these roughly
     correspond to 4.3BSD or SunOS 4 systems.  These tools can be
     found in /usr/ucb; since they do not form a full personality
     set as the ones described above,  they  should  be  used  in



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     addition, as e.g.

          PATH=/usr/ucb:/usr/5bin/s42:/usr/5bin:$PATH export PATH

     does.

     While the Heirloom Toolchest is intended to be as compatible
     as  possible  with  historical practice in general, annoying
     static limits of historical implementations are not  present
     any  longer.   Input lines of unlimited length are generally
     accepted (as long as enough memory is available); most util‐
     ities  are also able to handle binary input data (i.e. ASCII
     NUL characters in the input stream).

  Multibyte character encodings
     The Heirloom Toolchest includes support for multibyte  char‐
     acter  encodings;  if the underlying C library supports this
     and the LC_CTYPE locale (see locale(7) for an  introduction)
     is set appropriately, multiple input bytes can form a single
     character and are handled as such  in  regular  expressions,
     display width computations etc.

     Multibyte character support was designed with special regard
     to  the  UTF‐8 encoding.  Additional supported encodings are
     EUC‐JP, EUC‐KR, Big5, Big5‐HKSCS, GB 2312, and  GBK.   Other
     encodings may also work, with the following restrictions:

     – The character set  must  be  a  superset  of  ASCII  (more
       specifically,  of  the  International Reference Version of
       ISO 646).  All ASCII characters must be encoded as a  sin‐
       gle byte with the same value as the ASCII character.  This
       excludes 7‐bit encodings like UTF‐7.  In addition,  the  C
       language implementation must map each ASCII character to a
       wide character with the same value.

     – The first byte of each multibyte character must  have  the
       highest  bit  set, i.e. it must not be an ASCII character.
       This excludes encodings whose sequences start  with  ASCII
       characters like TCVN 5712.

     – Locking‐shift encodings,  like  those  that  use  ISO 2022
       escape sequences, are not supported.

     Character comparison, regular expression matching and  simi‐
     lar tasks are generally performed on the character represen‐
     tation obtained from the locale processing of the C library.
     A glyph formed by the application of combining characters to
     a base character will thus not normally be considered  equal
     to  the  same  glyph represented by a single base character.
     For string comparison, the results depend on  the  collation
     mechanism  of  the  locale, which might or might not respect
     such relations.



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     Processing of multibyte character encodings is often notably
     slower  than  that of singlebyte character encodings.  Since
     many widely‐used languages (especially European  ones  based
     on  Latin  letters)  contain  few  multibyte  characters  if
     encoded in UTF‐8, and  since  experience  shows  that  large
     amounts  of textual data tend to be machine generated and to
     contain mostly ASCII  characters  (e.g.  log  files),  while
     international  language  texts  are mostly created by humans
     and tend to be smaller,  processing  of  text  in  multibyte
     locales  has  generally  been optimized for ASCII text.  The
     performance penalty for using a  multibyte  locale  is  thus
     usually low if no or few multibyte characters actually occur
     in the data processed.

     A problem with multibyte encodings that  does  not  normally
     occur  in  singlebyte  encodings  is  that  of  illegal byte
     sequences.  In a singlebyte locale, each byte is treated  as
     a  character  entity even if its value is not defined in the
     coded character set.  For example, bytes with their  highest
     bit  set  are  simply  passed  through in the default ‘C’ or
     ‘POSIX’ locale, and can appear in option arguments  as  well
     as  in  input  data.   In  multibyte  locales  however, byte
     sequences that do not form a valid character cannot be  han‐
     dled  this  way,  because it is not always clear which bytes
     are to be grouped together.  As an example, suppose that the
     ‘\200’  byte  introduces a multibyte sequence.  If this byte
     occurs in a string to be matched by a  utility  but  is  not
     followed  by  a valid continuation byte, it is unclear if it
     should match any byte sequence containing this byte, includ‐
     ing  valid  ones that form a character, or if matches should
     be restricted to occurences in other  incomplete  sequences.
     For  this reason, this implementation generally treats ille‐
     gal byte sequences in command line arguments or  programming
     scripts  as syntax errors.  Utilities do not issue a warning
     or even terminate with an error if such sequences appear  in
     input data, though, since this frequently occurs in practice
     when processing binary or  foreign‐locale  files.   In  most
     cases,  the  sequences  are  passed to the output unaltered.
     That data is accepted or generated by a utility can thus not
     be taken as an indication for its validity in respect to the
     current character encoding.

  List of commands
     Name      Appears on Page Description
     apropos   apropos(1)      locate commands by keyword lookup
     banner    banner(1)       make posters
     basename  basename(1)     return non‐directory portion of a pathname
     basename  basename(1B)    (BSD) return non‐directory portion of a pathname
     bc        bc(1)           arbitrary‐precision arithmetic language
     bdiff     bdiff(1)        big diff
     bfs       bfs(1)          big file scanner
     cal       cal(1)          print calendar



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     calendar  calendar(1)     reminder service
     cat       cat(1)          concatenate and print files
     catman    catman(8)       create the formatted files for the reference manual
     chgrp     chown(1)        change owner or group
     chmod     chmod(1)        change mode
     chown     chown(1)        change owner or group
     chown     chown(1B)       (BSD) change file ownwer
     cksum     cksum(1)        write file checksums and sizes
     cmp       cmp(1)          compare two files
     col       col(1)          filter reverse line feeds
     comm      comm(1)         select or reject lines common to two sorted files
     copy      copy(1XNX)      (XENIX) copy groups of files
     cp        cp(1)           copy files
     cpio      cpio(1)         copy file archives in and out
     csplit    csplit(1)       context split
     cut       cut(1)          cut out selected fields of each line of a file
     date      date(1)         print or set the date
     dc        dc(1)           desk calculator
     dd        dd(1)           convert and copy a file
     deroff    deroff(1)       remove nroff/troff, tbl, and eqn constructs
     deroff    deroff(1B)      (BSD) remove nroff, troff, tbl and eqn constructs
     df        df(1)           disk free
     df        df(1B)          (BSD) disk free
     dfspace   df(1)           disk free
     diff      diff(1)         differential file comparator
     diff3     diff3(1)        3‐way differential file comparison
     dircmp    dircmp(1)       directory comparison
     dirname   dirname(1)      return the directory portion of a pathname
     du        du(1)           summarize disk usage
     du        du(1B)          (BSD) summarize disk usage
     echo      echo(1)         echo arguments
     echo      echo(1B)        (BSD) echo arguments
     ed        ed(1)           text editor
     egrep     egrep(1)        search a file for a pattern using full regular expressions
     env       env(1)          set environment for command invocation
     expand    expand(1)       convert tabs to spaces
     expr      expr(1)         evaluate arguments as an expression
     factor    factor(1)       factor a number
     false     true(1)         provide truth values
     fgrep     fgrep(1)        search a file for a character string
     file      file(1)         determine file type
     find      find(1)         find files
     fmt       fmt(1)          simple text formatter
     fmtmsg    fmtmsg(1)       display a message in standard format
     fold      fold(1)         fold long lines
     getconf   getconf(1)      get configuration values
     getopt    getopt(1)       parse command options
     grep      grep(1)         search a file for a pattern
     groups    groups(1)       show group memberships
     groups    groups(1B)      (BSD) show group memberships
     hd        hd(1XNX)        (XENIX) display files in hexadecimal format
     head      head(1)         display first few lines of files



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     hostname  hostname(1)     set or print name of current host system
     id        id(1)           print user and group IDs and names
     install   install(1B)     (BSD) install files
     join      join(1)         relational database operator
     kill      kill(1)         terminate a process
     lc        ls(1)           list contents of directory
     line      line(1)         read one line
     listusers listusers(1)    print a list of user logins
     ln        ln(1)           make a link
     ln        ln(1B)          (BSD) make links
     logins    logins(1)       list login information
     logname   logname(1)      get login name
     ls        ls(1)           list contents of directory
     ls        ls(1B)          (BSD) list contents of directory
     mail      mail(1)         send or receive mail among users
     man       man(1)          find and display reference manual pages
     mesg      mesg(1)         permit or deny messages
     mkdir     mkdir(1)        make a directory
     mkfifo    mkfifo(1)       make FIFO special file
     mknod     mknod(1M)       build special file
     more      more(1)         browse or page through a text file
     mt        mt(1)           magnetic tape utility
     mv        mv(1)           move or rename files and directories
     mvdir     mvdir(1)        move a directory
     nawk      nawk(1)         pattern scanning and processing language
     newform   newform(1)      change the format of a text file
     news      news(1)         print news items
     nice      nice(1)         run a command at low priority
     nl        nl(1)           line numbering filter
     nohup     nohup(1)        run a command immune to hangups
     oawk      oawk(1)         pattern scanning and processing language
     od        od(1)           octal dump
     page      more(1)         browse or page through a text file
     paste     paste(1)        merge same lines of several files or subsequent lines of one file
     pathchk   pathchk(1)      check pathnames
     pax       pax(1)          portable archive interchange
     pg        pg(1)           file perusal filter for CRTs
     pgrep     pgrep(1)        find or signal processes by name and other attributes
     pkill     pgrep(1)        find or signal processes by name and other attributes
     pr        pr(1)           print files
     printenv  printenv(1)     print out the environment
     printf    printf(1)       print a text string
     priocntl  priocntl(1)     process scheduler control
     ps        ps(1)           process status
     ps        ps(1B)          (BSD) process status
     psrinfo   psrinfo(1)      displays information about processors
     ptime     time(1)         time a command
     pwd       pwd(1)          working directory name
     random    random(1XNX)    (XENIX) generate a random number
     renice    renice(1)       alter priority of running processes
     rm        rm(1)           remove directory entries
     rmdir     rmdir(1)        remove directories



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     sdiff     sdiff(1)        print file differences side‐by‐side
     sed       sed(1)          stream editor
     setpgrp   setpgrp(1)      set process group ID and session ID
     settime   settime(1XNX)   (XENIX) change the access and modification dates of files
     shl       shl(1)          shell layer manager
     sleep     sleep(1)        suspend execution for an interval
     sort      sort(1)         sort or merge files
     spell     spell(1)        find spelling errors
     split     split(1)        split a file into pieces
     stty      stty(1)         set the options for a terminal
     stty      stty(1B)        (BSD) set the options for a terminal
     su        su(1)           become super‐user or another user
     sum       sum(1)          sum and count blocks in a file
     sum       sum(1B)         (BSD) sum and count blocks in a file
     sync      sync(1M)        update the super block
     tabs      tabs(1)         set terminal tabs
     tail      tail(1)         deliver the last part of a file
     tape      tape(1)         magnetic tape maintenance
     tapecntl  tapecntl(1)     tape control for tape devices
     tar       tar(1)          tape archiver
     tcopy     tcopy(1)        copy a magnetic tape
     tee       tee(1)          pipe fitting
     test      test(1)         condition command
     test      test(1B)        (BSD) condition command
     time      time(1)         time a command
     touch     touch(1)        update file access and modification times
     tr        tr(1)           translate characters
     tr        tr(1B)          (BSD) translate characters
     true      true(1)         provide truth values
     tsort     tsort(1)        topological sort
     tty       tty(1)          get terminal name
     ul        ul(1)           underline
     uname     uname(1)        get system name
     unexpand  unexpand(1)     convert spaces to tabs
     uniq      uniq(1)         report repeated lines in a file
     units     units(1)        conversion program
     uptime    uptime(1)       show how long system has been up
     users     users(1)        display a compact list of users logged in
     w         w(1)            who is on and what they are doing
     wc        wc(1)           word count
     what      what(1)         identify SCCS files
     whatis    whatis(1)       display a one‐line summary about a keyword
     who       who(1)          who is on the system
     whoami    whoami(1)       display the effective current username
     whodo     whodo(1)        who is doing what
     xargs     xargs(1)        construct argument list(s) and execute command
     yes       yes(1XNX)       (XENIX) print strint repeatedly

  Other manual entries
     Page     Description
     fspec(5) format specifications in text files
     intro(1) introduction to commands



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     man(7)   macros to typeset manual






















































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