## 9 Orber Examples

### 9.1 A Tutorial on How to Create a SimpleSservice

#### 9.1.1 Interface Design

This example uses a very simple stack server. The specification contains two interfaces: the first is the Stack itself and the other is the StackFactory which is used to create new stacks. The specification is in the file `stack.idl`.

    #ifndef _STACK_IDL
    #define _STACK_IDL

    module StackModule {

      exception EmptyStack {};

      interface Stack {

        long pop() raises(StackModule::EmptyStack);

        void push(in long value);

        void empty();

      };

      interface StackFactory {

        StackModule::Stack create_stack();
        void destroy_stack(in StackModule::Stack s);

      };

    };

    #endif

#### 9.1.2 Generating Erlang Code

Run the IDL compiler on this file by calling the `ic:gen/1` function

            1> ic:gen("stack").

This will produce the client stub and server skeleton. Among other files a stack API module named `StackModule_Stack.erl` will be produced. This will produce among other files a stack API module called `StackModule_Stack.erl` which contains the client stub and the server skeleton.

#### 9.1.3 Implementation of Interface

After generating the API stubs and the server skeletons it is time to implement the servers and if no special options are sent to the IDl compiler the file name should be `<global interface name>_impl.erl`, in our case `StackModule_Stack_impl.erl`.

    %% StackModule_Stack_impl example file.

    -module('StackModule_Stack_impl').
    -include_lib("orber/include/corba.hrl").
    -include_lib("orber/examples/Stack/StackModule.hrl").
    -export([pop/1, push/2, empty/1, init/1, terminate/2]).

    init(_Env) ->
        {ok, []}.

    terminate(_From, _Reason) ->
        ok.

    push(Stack, Val)  ->
        {reply, ok, [Val | Stack]}.

    pop([Val | Stack]) ->
        {reply, Val, Stack};
    pop([]) ->
        corba:raise(#'StackModule_EmptyStack'{}).

    empty(_) ->
        {reply, ok, []}.

We also have the factory interface which is used to create new stacks and that implementation is in the file `StackModule_StackFactory_impl.erl`.

    %% StackModule_StackFactory_impl example file.

    -module('StackModule_StackFactory_impl').
    -include_lib("orber/include/corba.hrl").
    -export([create_stack/1, destroy_stack/2, init/1, terminate/2]).

    init(_Env) ->
        {ok, []}.

    terminate(_From, _Reason) ->
        ok.

    create_stack(State)  ->
        %% Just a create we don't want a link.
        {reply, 'StackModule_Stack':oe_create(), State}.

    destroy_stack(State, Stack)  ->
        {reply, corba:dispose(Stack), State}.

To start the factory server one executes the function `StackModule_StackFactory:oe_create/0` which in this example is done in the module `stack_factory.erl` where the started service is also registered in the name service.

    %% stack_factory example file.

    -module('stack_factory').
    -include_lib("orber/include/corba.hrl").
    -include_lib("orber/COSS/CosNaming/CosNaming.hrl").
    -include_lib("orber/COSS/CosNaming/lname.hrl").

    -export([start/0]).

    start() ->
        SFok = 'StackModule_StackFactory':oe_create(),
        NS = corba:resolve_initial_references("NameService"),
        NC = lname_component:set_id(lname_component:create(), "StackFactory"),
        N = lname:insert_component(lname:create(), 1, NC),
        'CosNaming_NamingContext':bind(NS, N, SFok).

#### 9.1.4 Writing a Client in Erlang

At last we will write a client to access our service.

    %% stack_client example file.

    -module('stack_client').
    -include_lib("orber/include/corba.hrl").
    -include_lib("orber/COSS/CosNaming/CosNaming.hrl").
    -include_lib("orber/COSS/CosNaming/lname.hrl").

    -export([run/0, run/1]).

    run() ->
        NS = corba:resolve_initial_references("NameService"),
        run_1(NS).

    run(HostRef) ->
        NS = corba:resolve_initial_references_remote("NameService", HostRef),
        run_1(NS).

    run_1(NS) ->
        NC = lname_component:set_id(lname_component:create(), "StackFactory"),
        N = lname:insert_component(lname:create(), 1, NC),
        case catch 'CosNaming_NamingContext':resolve(NS, N) of
            {'EXCEPTION', _E} ->
                io:format("The stack factory server is not registered~n",[]);
            SF ->
                %% Create the stack
                SS = 'StackModule_StackFactory':create_stack(SF),

                %% io:format("SS pid ~w~n",[iop_ior:get_key(SS)]),
                'StackModule_Stack':push(SS, 4),
                'StackModule_Stack':push(SS, 7),
                'StackModule_Stack':push(SS, 1),
                'StackModule_Stack':push(SS, 1),
                Res = 'StackModule_Stack':pop(SS),
                io:format("~w~n", [Res]),
                Res1 = 'StackModule_Stack':pop(SS),
                io:format("~w~n", [Res1]),
                Res2 = 'StackModule_Stack':pop(SS),
                io:format("~w~n", [Res2]),
                Res3 = 'StackModule_Stack':pop(SS),
                io:format("~w~n", [Res3]),

                %% Remove the stack
                'StackModule_StackFactory':destroy_stack(SF, SS)

        end.

#### 9.1.5 Writing a Client in Java

To write a Java client for Orber you must have another ORB that uses IIOP for client-server communication and supports a Java language mapping. It must also have support for `IDL:CosNaming/NamingContext` or `IDL:CosNaming/NamingContextExt`. If the client ORB support Interoperable Naming Service the Java Client can look like:

    /*
     * Stack example using Interoperable Naming Service.
     */

    package StackModule;
    import org.omg.CORBA.*;
    import org.omg.CORBA.SystemException;
    import org.omg.CORBA.ORB.*;

    public class StackClient
    {
      public static void main(String args[])
        {
          org.omg.CORBA.Object objRef;
          StackFactory sfRef = null;
          Stack sRef = null;
          // The argument can look like
          // "corbaname::host:4001/#StackFactory"
          String corbaName = new String(args[0]);
          try{
              ORB orb = ORB.init(args, null);

              objRef = orb.string_to_object(corbaName);
              sfRef  = StackFactoryHelper.narrow(objRef);
              sRef   = sfRef.create_stack();

              sRef.push(4);
              sRef.push(7);
              sRef.push(1);
              sRef.push(1);

              try{
                  System.out.println(sRef.pop());
                  System.out.println(sRef.pop());
                  System.out.println(sRef.pop());
                  System.out.println(sRef.pop());
                  // The following operation shall
                  // return an EmptyStack exception
                  System.out.println(sRef.pop());
                }
              catch(EmptyStack es) {
                  System.out.println("Empty stack");
                };

              sfRef.destroy_stack(sRef);
            }
         catch(SystemException se)
           {
             System.out.println("Unexpected exception: " + se.toString());
             return;
           }
        }
    }

If the Client ORB does not support Interoperable Naming Service, a Java package named `Orber` is included with our product. It contains just one class, `InitialReference` which can be used to get the initial reference to Orber's naming service. The Java client will then look like this:

    /*
     * Stack example.
     */

    package StackModule;
    import org.omg.CosNaming.*;
    import org.omg.CORBA.*;
    import org.omg.CORBA.SystemException;
    import org.omg.CORBA.ORB.*;

    public class StackClient
    {
      public static void main(String args[])
        {
          NamingContext nsContext;
          org.omg.CORBA.Object objRef;
          StackFactory sfRef = null;
          Stack sRef = null;
          org.omg.CORBA.Object nsRef, initRef;
          NameComponent[] name = new NameComponent[1];
          Orber.InitialReference ir = new Orber.InitialReference();
          Orber.InitialReferences init;
          String srvHost = new String(args[0]);
          Integer srvPort = new Integer(args[1]);

          try
            {
              ORB orb = ORB.init(args, null);

              // Create Initial reference (objectkey "INIT").
               String s = ir.stringified_ior(srvHost, srvPort.intValue());
               initRef = orb.string_to_object(s);
               init = Orber.InitialReferencesHelper.narrow(initRef);

               // Fetch name service reference.
               nsRef = init.get("NameService");
               nsContext = NamingContextHelper.narrow(nsRef);
               // Create a name
               name[0] = new NameComponent("StackFactory", "");

               try
                 {
                   objRef = nsContext.resolve(name);
                 }
               catch(Exception n)
                 {
                   System.out.println("Unexpected exception: " + n.toString());
                   return;
                 }

              sfRef = StackFactoryHelper.narrow(objRef);
              sRef = sfRef.create_stack();

              sRef.push(4);
              sRef.push(7);
              sRef.push(1);
              sRef.push(1);

              try
                {
                  System.out.println(sRef.pop());
                  System.out.println(sRef.pop());
                  System.out.println(sRef.pop());
                  System.out.println(sRef.pop());
                  // The following operation shall return an EmptyStack exception
                  System.out.println(sRef.pop());
                }
              catch(EmptyStack es)
                {
                  System.out.println("Empty stack");
                };

              sfRef.destroy_stack(sRef);

            }
          catch(SystemException se)
            {
              System.out.println("Unexpected exception: " + se.toString());
              return;
            }
        }
    }

| If an ORB does not support CosNaming at all the `cos_naming.idl` file must be compiled and imported.

#### 9.1.6 Building the Example

To build the example for access from a Java client you need a Java enabled ORB. The build log below, using OrbixWeb's IDL compiler, describes the scenario where the Client ORB does not support Naming Service.

    fingolfin 127> erl
    Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 4.9

    Eshell V4.9  (abort with ^G)
    1> ic:gen(stack).
    Erlang IDL compiler version 20
    ok
    2> make:all().
    Recompile: oe_stack
    Recompile: StackModule_StackFactory
    Recompile: StackModule_Stack
    Recompile: StackModule
    Recompile: stack_client
    Recompile: stack_factory
    Recompile: StackModule_StackFactory_impl
    Recompile: StackModule_Stack_impl
    up_to_date
    3>
    BREAK: (a)bort (c)ontinue (p)roc info (i)nfo (l)oaded
           (v)ersion (k)ill (D)b-tables (d)istribution
    a

    fingolfin 128> idl stack.idl
    fingolfin 129> idl InitialReferences.idl
    fingolfin 130> idl <OTP_INSTALLATIONPATH>/lib/orber-<Orber Version>/COSS/
                       CosNaming/cos_naming.idl
    fingolfin 131>
    fingolfin 132> cd java_output/
    fingolfin 133> javac *.java
    fingolfin 134> cd CosNaming/
    fingolfin 135> javac *.java
    fingolfin 136> cd ../_NamingContext/
    fingolfin 137> cd javac *.java
    fingolfin 138> cd ../../Orber/
    fingolfin 139> javac *.java
    fingolfin 140> cd ../StackModule/
    fingolfin 141> javac *.java
    fingolfin 142> cd ../..
    fingolfin 143> javac *.java
    fingolfin 144> cp StackClient.class java_output/StackModule/.

#### 9.1.7 How to Run Everything

Below is a short transcript on how to run Orber. The commands for starting the new socket communication package will not be necessary when it is used as default in OTP R3A. In R2 it is only available unsupported, and without documentation but Orber uses this for better IIOP performance. An example `.inetrc` can also be found in Orber's example directory and is named `inetrc` (without the starting .).

    fingolfin 143> erl
    Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 4.9

    Eshell V4.9    (abort with ^G)
    1> mnesia:create_schema([]).
    ok
    2> orber:install([]).
    ok
    3> orber:start().
    ok
    4> oe_stack:oe_register().
    ok
    5> stack_factory:start().
    ok
    6> stack_client:run().
    1
    1
    7
    4
    ok
    7>

Before testing the Java part of this example generate and compile Java classes for `orber/examples/stack.idl`, `orber/examples/InitialReferences.idl` and `orber/COSS/CosNaming/cos_naming.idl` as seen in the build example. We have tested with OrbixWeb.

To run the Java client use the following command (the second parameter is the port number for the bootstrap port):

    fingolfin 38> java StackModule.StackClient fingolfin 4001
    [New Connection (fingolfin,4001, null,null,pid=0) ]
    [New Connection (fingolfin.du.etx.ericsson.se,4001, null,null,pid=0) ]
    1
    1
    7
    4
    Empty stack
    fingolfin 39>

### 9.2 A Tutorial on How to Start Orber as Lightweight

#### 9.2.1 Preparation

When starting Erlang the configuration parameter `lightweight` must be used. The value is set to a list of remote modifiers, equal to the `orber:resolve_initial_references_remote/2` argument, i.e., "iiop://host:port". On these given nodes, all necessary `oe_X:oe_register()` calls must be done before running a Orber lightweight.

Lightweight Orber do not allow us to:

- Create objects locally
- Accept incoming requests
- Access local NameService
- Register data in the IFR

With lightweight Orber we do not:

- Start Mnesia
- Run `orber:install/1`

To be able to start objects we must supply a factory on a non-lightweight node(s) which can start necessary objects. One way to accomplish this is:

    smaug 125> erl -orber domain "ORBER_MAIN"
    Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 4.9

    Eshell V4.9    (abort with ^G)
    1> mnesia:create_schema([]).
    2> orber:install([]).
    3> orber:start().
    4> oe_MyFactory:oe_register().
    5> oe_MyObjects:oe_register().  %% Do this for all objects necessary.
    6> Factory=MyFactory_Creater:oe_create().
    7> NS=orber:resolve_initial_references("NameService").
    8> NC=lname_component:set_id(lname_component:create(), "myFactory").
    9> N =lname:insert_component(lname:create(), 1, NC).
    10> 'CosNaming_NamingContext':bind(NS, N, Factory)).

Now we have a factory we can access from, hence, we can now start a lightweight Orber:

    fingolfin 14> erl -orber lightweight [\"iiop://host1:port\",
                                          \"iiop://host2:port\"]
                      -orber domain \"ORBER_LIGHT\"
    Erlang (BEAM) emulator version 4.9

    Eshell V4.9    (abort with ^G)
    1> orber:start_lightweight().
    2> Fac=corba:string_to_object("corbaname::Host:Port/NameService#myFactory"),
    3> Obj=MyFactory_Creater:MyObject(Fac, Args).
    4> MyObject:myFunction(Obj,Args2).

It is not necessary to start both Orber types using the configuration parameter `domain`, but at least one of them.

Copyright © 1991-2006 Ericsson AB