## 3 Gen_Fsm Behaviour

This chapter should be read in conjunction with `gen_fsm(3)`, where all interface functions and callback functions are described in detail.

### 3.1 Finite State Machines

A finite state machine, FSM, can be described as a set of relations of the form:

    State(S) x Event(E) -> Actions(A), State(S')

These relations are interpreted as meaning:

> If we are in state `S` and the event `E` occurs, we should perform the actions `A` and make a transition to the state `S'`.

For an FSM implemented using the `gen_fsm` behaviour, the state transition rules are written as a number of Erlang functions which conform to the following convention:

    StateName(Event, StateData) ->
        .. code for actions here ...
        {next_state, StateName', StateData'}

### 3.2 Example

A door with a code lock could be viewed as an FSM. Initially, the door is locked. Anytime someone presses a button, this generates an event. Depending on what buttons have been pressed before, the sequence so far may be correct, incomplete or wrong.

If it is correct, the door is unlocked for 30 seconds (30000 ms). If it is incomplete, we wait for another button to be pressed. If it is is wrong, we start all over, waiting for a new button sequence.

Implementing the code lock FSM using `gen_fsm` results in this callback module:

    -module(code_lock).
    -behaviour(gen_fsm).

    -export([start_link/1]).
    -export([button/1]).
    -export([init/1, locked/2, open/2]).

    start_link(Code) ->
        gen_fsm:start_link({local, code_lock}, code_lock, Code, []).

    button(Digit) ->
        gen_fsm:send_event(code_lock, {button, Digit}).

    init(Code) ->
        {ok, locked, {[], Code}}.

    locked({button, Digit}, {SoFar, Code}) ->
        case [Digit|SoFar] of
            Code ->
                do_unlock(),
                {next_state, open, {[], Code}, 3000};
            Incomplete when length(Incomplete)<length(Code) ->
                {next_state, locked, {Incomplete, Code}};
            _Wrong ->
                {next_state, locked, {[], Code}};
        end.

    open(timeout, State) ->
        do_lock(),
        {next_state, locked, State}.

The code is explained in the next sections.

### 3.3 Starting a Gen_Fsm

In the example in the previous section, the gen_fsm is started by calling `code_lock:start_link(Code)`:

    start_link(Code) ->
        gen_fsm:start_link({local, code_lock}, code_lock, Code, []).

`start_link` calls the function `gen_fsm:start_link/4`. This function spawns and links to a new process, a gen_fsm.

- The first argument `{local, code_lock}` specifies the name. In this case, the gen_fsm will be locally registered as `code_lock`.
  If the name is omitted, the gen_fsm is not registered. Instead its pid must be used. The name could also be given as `{global, Name}`, in which case the gen_fsm is registered using `global:register_name/2`.
- The second argument, `code_lock`, is the name of the callback module, that is the module where the callback functions are located.
  In this case, the interface functions (`start_link` and `button`) are located in the same module as the callback functions (`init`, `locked` and `open`). This is normally good programming practice, to have the code corresponding to one process contained in one module.
- The third argument, `Code`, is a term which is passed as-is to the callback function `init`. Here, `init` gets the correct code for the lock as indata.
- The fourth argument, [], is a list of options. See `gen_fsm(3)` for available options.

If name registration succeeds, the new gen_fsm process calls the callback function `code_lock:init(Code)`. This function is expected to return `{ok, StateName, StateData}`, where `StateName` is the name of the initial state of the gen_fsm. In this case `locked`, assuming the door is locked to begin with. `StateData` is the internal state of the gen_fsm. (For gen_fsms, the internal state is often referred to 'state data' to distinguish it from the state as in states of a state machine.) In this case, the state data is the button sequence so far (empty to begin with) and the correct code of the lock.

    init(Code) ->
        {ok, locked, {[], Code}}.

Note that `gen_fsm:start_link` is synchronous. It does not return until the gen_fsm has been initialized and is ready to receive notifications.

`gen_fsm:start_link` must be used if the gen_fsm is part of a supervision tree, i.e. is started by a supervisor. There is another function `gen_fsm:start` to start a stand-alone gen_fsm, i.e. a gen_fsm which is not part of a supervision tree.

### 3.4 Notifying About Events

The function notifying the code lock about a button event is implemented using `gen_fsm:send_event/2`:

    button(Digit) ->
        gen_fsm:send_event(code_lock, {button, Digit}).

`code_lock` is the name of the gen_fsm and must agree with the name used to start it. `{button, Digit}` is the actual event.

The event is made into a message and sent to the gen_fsm. When the event is received, the gen_fsm calls `StateName(Event, StateData)` which is expected to return a tuple `{next_state, StateName1, StateData1}`. `StateName` is the name of the current state and `StateName1` is the name of the next state to go to. `StateData1` is a new value for the state data of the gen_fsm.

    locked({button, Digit}, {SoFar, Code}) ->
        case [Digit|SoFar] of
            Code ->
                do_unlock(),
                {next_state, open, {[], Code}, 30000};
            Incomplete when length(Incomplete)<length(Code) ->
                {next_state, locked, {Incomplete, Code}};
            _Wrong ->
                {next_state, locked, {[], Code}};
        end.

    open(timeout, State) ->
        do_lock(),
        {next_state, locked, State}.

If the door is locked and a button is pressed, the complete button sequence so far is compared with the correct code for the lock and, depending on the result, the door is either unlocked and the gen_fsm goes to state `open`, or the door remains in state `locked`.

### 3.5 Timeouts

When a correct code has been givened, the door is unlocked and the following tuple is returned from `locked/2`:

    {next_state, open, {[], Code}, 30000};

30000 is a timeout value in milliseconds. After 30000 ms, i.e. 30 seconds, a timeout occurs. Then `StateName(timeout, StateData)` is called. In this case, the timeout occurs when the door has been in state `open` for 30 seconds. After that the door is locked again:

    open(timeout, State) ->
        do_lock(),
        {next_state, locked, State}.

### 3.6 All State Events

Sometimes an event can arrive at any state of the gen_fsm. Instead of sending the message with `gen_fsm:send_event/2` and writing one clause handling the event for each state function, the message can be sent with `gen_fsm:send_all_state_event/2` and handled with `Module:handle_event/3`:

    -module(code_lock).
    ...
    -export([stop/0]).
    ...

    stop() ->
        gen_fsm:send_all_state_event(code_lock, stop).

    ...

    handle_event(stop, _StateName, StateData) ->
        {stop, normal, StateData}.

### 3.7 Stopping

#### 3.7.1 In a Supervision Tree

If the gen_fsm is part of a supervision tree, no stop function is needed. The gen_fsm will automatically be terminated by its supervisor. Exactly how this is done is defined by a shutdown strategy set in the supervisor.

If it is necessary to clean up before termination, the shutdown strategy must be a timeout value and the gen_fsm must be set to trap exit signals in the `init` function. When ordered to shutdown, the gen_fsm will then call the callback function `terminate(shutdown, StateName, StateData)`:

    init(Args) ->
        ...,
        process_flag(trap_exit, true),
        ...,
        {ok, StateName, StateData}.

    ...

    terminate(shutdown, StateName, StateData) ->
        ..code for cleaning up here..
        ok.

#### 3.7.2 Stand-Alone Gen_Fsms

If the gen_fsm is not part of a supervision tree, a stop function may be useful, for example:

    ...
    -export([stop/0]).
    ...

    stop() ->
        gen_fsm:send_all_state_event(code_lock, stop).
    ...

    handle_event(stop, _StateName, StateData) ->
        {stop, normal, StateData}.

    ...

    terminate(normal, _StateName, _StateData) ->
        ok.

The callback function handling the `stop` event returns a tuple `{stop,normal,StateData1}`, where `normal` specifies that it is a normal termination and `StateData1` is a new value for the state data of the gen_fsm. This will cause the gen_fsm to call `terminate(normal,StateName,StateData1)` and then terminate gracefully:

### 3.8 Handling Other Messages

If the gen_fsm should be able to receive other messages than events, the callback function `handle_info(Info, StateName, StateData)` must be implemented to handle them. Examples of other messages are exit messages, if the gen_fsm is linked to other processes (than the supervisor) and trapping exit signals.

    handle_info({'EXIT', Pid, Reason}, StateName, StateData) ->
        ..code to handle exits here..
        {next_state, StateName1, StateData1}.

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