## 4 Gen_Event Behaviour

This chapter should be read in conjunction with `gen_event(3)`, where all interface functions and callback functions are described in detail.

### 4.1 Event Handling Principles

In OTP, an event manager is a named object to which events can be sent. An event could be, for example, an error, an alarm or some information that should be logged.

In the event manager, zero, one or several event handlers are installed. When the event manager is notified about an event, the event will be processed by all the installed event handlers. For example, an event manager for handling errors can by default have a handler installed which writes error messages to the terminal. If the error messages during a certain period should be saved to a file as well, the user adds another event handler which does this. When logging to file is no longer necessary, this event handler is deleted.

An event manager is implemented as a process and each event handler is implemented as a callback module.

The event manager essentially maintains a list of `{Module, State}` pairs, where each `Module` is an event handler, and `State` the internal state of that event handler.

### 4.2 Example

The callback module for the event handler writing error messages to the terminal could look like:

    -module(terminal_logger).
    -behaviour(gen_event).

    -export([init/1, handle_event/2, terminate/2]).

    init(_Args) ->
        {ok, []}.

    handle_event(ErrorMsg, State) ->
        io:format("***Error*** ~p~n", [ErrorMsg]),
        {ok, State}.

    terminate(_Args, _State) ->
        ok.

The callback module for the event handler writing error messages to a file could look like:

    -module(file_logger).
    -behaviour(gen_event).

    -export([init/1, handle_event/2, terminate/2]).

    init(File) ->
        {ok, Fd} = file:open(File, read),
        {ok, Fd}.

    handle_event(ErrorMsg, Fd) ->
        io:format(Fd, "***Error*** ~p~n", [ErrorMsg]),
        {ok, Fd}.

    terminate(_Args, Fd) ->
        file:close(Fd).

The code is explained in the next sections.

### 4.3 Starting an Event Manager

To start an event manager for handling errors, as described in the example above, call the following function:

    gen_event:start_link({local, error_man})

This function spawns and links to a new process, an event manager.

The argument, `{local, error_man}` specifies the name. In this case, the event manager will be locally registered as `error_man`.

If the name is omitted, the event manager is not registered. Instead its pid must be used. The name could also be given as `{global, Name}`, in which case the event manager is registered using `global:register_name/2`.

`gen_event:start_link` must be used if the event manager is part of a supervision tree, i.e. is started by a supervisor. There is another function `gen_event:start` to start a stand-alone event manager, i.e. an event manager which is not part of a supervision tree.

### 4.4 Adding an Event Handler

Here is an example using the shell on how to start an event manager and add an event handler to it:

    1> gen_event:start({local, error_man}).
    {ok,<0.31.0>}
    2> gen_event:add_handler(error_man, terminal_logger, []).
    ok

This function sends a message to the event manager registered as `error_man`, telling it to add the event handler `terminal_logger`. The event manager will call the callback function `terminal_logger:init([])`, where the argument [] is the third argument to `add_handler`. `init` is expected to return `{ok, State}`, where `State` is the internal state fo the event handler.

    init(_Args) ->
        {ok, []}.

Here, `init` does not need any indata and ignores its argument. Also, for `terminal_logger` the internal state is not used. For `file_logger`, the internal state is used to save the open file descriptor.

    init(_Args) ->
        {ok, Fd} = file:open(File, read),
        {ok, Fd}.

### 4.5 Notifying About Events

    3> gen_event:notify(error_man, no_reply).
    ***Error*** no_reply
    ok

`error_man` is the name of the event manager and `no_reply` is the event.

The event is made into a message and sent to the event manager. When the event is received, the event manager calls `handle_event(Event, State)` for each installed event handler, in the same order as they were added. The function is expected to return a tuple `{ok, State1}`, where `State1` is a new value for the state of the event handler.

In `terminal_logger`:

    handle_event(ErrorMsg, State) ->
        io:format("***Error*** ~p~n", [ErrorMsg]),
        {ok, State}.

In `file_logger`:

    handle_event(ErrorMsg, Fd) ->
        io:format(Fd, "***Error*** ~p~n", [ErrorMsg]),
        {ok, Fd}.

### 4.6 Deleting an Event Handler

    4> gen_event:delete_handler(error_man, terminal_logger, []).
    ok

This function sends a message to the event manager registered as `error_man`, telling it to delete the event handler `terminal_logger`. The event manager will call the callback function `terminal_logger:terminate([], State)`, where the argument [] is the third argument to `delete_handler`. `terminate` should be the opposite of `init` and do any necessary cleaning up. Its return value is ignored.

For `terminal_logger`, no cleaning up is necessary:

    terminate(_Args, _State) ->
        ok.

For `file_logger`, the file descriptor opened in `init` needs to be closed:

    terminate(_Args, Fd) ->
        file:close(Fd).

### 4.7 Stopping

When an event manager is stopped, it will give each of the installed event handlers the chance to clean up by calling `terminate/2`, the same way as when deleting a handler.

#### 4.7.1 In a Supervision Tree

If the event manager is part of a supervision tree, no stop function is needed. The event manager will automatically be terminated by its supervisor. Exactly how this is done is defined by a shutdown strategy set in the supervisor.

#### 4.7.2 Stand-Alone Event Managers

An event manager can also be stopped by calling:

    > gen_event:stop(error_man).
    ok

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