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# Language Reference

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and constants), and functions.

## Structure setup() loop() #### Control Structures if if...else for switch case while do... while break continue return goto #### Further Syntax ; (semicolon) {} (curly braces) // (single line comment) /* */ (multi-line comment) #define #include #### Arithmetic Operators = (assignment operator) + (addition) - (subtraction) * (multiplication) / (division) % (modulo) #### Comparison Operators == (equal to) != (not equal to) < (less than) > (greater than) <= (less than or equal to) >= (greater than or equal to) #### Boolean Operators && (and) || (or) ! (not) #### Pointer Access Operators * dereference operator & reference operator #### Bitwise Operators & (bitwise and) | (bitwise or) ^ (bitwise xor) ~ (bitwise not) << (bitshift left) >> (bitshift right) #### Compound Operators ++ (increment) -- (decrement) += (compound addition) -= (compound subtraction) *= (compound multiplication) /= (compound division) &= (compound bitwise and) |= (compound bitwise or) | ## Variables #### Constants HIGH | LOW INPUT | OUTPUT true | false integer constants floating point constants #### Data Types void boolean char unsigned char byte int unsigned int word long unsigned long float double string - char arrays String - class array #### Conversion char() byte() int() word() long() float() #### Variable Scope & Qualifiers variable scope static volatile const #### Utilities sizeof() | ## Functions Digital I/O pinMode() digitalWrite() digitalRead() Analog I/O analogReference() analogRead() analogWrite() - PWM Advanced I/O tone() noTone() shiftOut() pulseIn() Time millis() micros() delay() delayMicroseconds() Math min() max() abs() constrain() map() pow() sqrt() Trigonometry sin() cos() tan() Random Numbers randomSeed() random() Bits and Bytes lowByte() highByte() bitRead() bitWrite() bitSet() bitClear() bit() External Interrupts attachInterrupt() detachInterrupt() Interrupts interrupts() noInterrupts() Communication Serial Looking for something else? See the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. Try the list of community-contributed code. The Arduino language is based on C/C++. It links against AVR Libc and allows the use of any of its functions; see its user manual for details.

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The text of the Arduino reference is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Code samples in the reference are released into the public domain.

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