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# Magic

## Module: `Magic`

Inheritance diagram for `IPython.Magic`:

Magic functions for InteractiveShell.

## Classes

### `Bunch`

class `IPython.Magic.``Bunch`

### `Magic`

class `IPython.Magic.``Magic`(shell)

  Magic functions for InteractiveShell.

  Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg %cd ../ vs. %cd(“../”)

  ALL definitions MUST begin with the prefix magic_. The user won’t need it at the command line, but it is is needed in the definition.

  `__init__`()
  `arg_err`()

    Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed

  `default_option`()

    Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr

  `extract_input_slices`()

    Return as a string a set of input history slices.

    Inputs:

    > - slices: the set of slices is given as a list of strings (like

    > [‘1’,‘4:8’,‘9’], since this function is for use by magic functions which get their arguments as strings.

    Optional inputs:

    > - raw(False): by default, the processed input is used. If this is

    > true, the raw input history is used instead.

    Note that slices can be called with two notations:

    N:M -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).

    N-M -> include items N..M (closed endpoint).

  `format_latex`()

    Format a string for latex inclusion.

  `format_screen`()

    Format a string for screen printing.

    This removes some latex-type format codes.

  `lsmagic`()

    Return a list of currently available magic functions.

    Gives a list of the bare names after mangling ([‘ls’,’cd’, ...], not [‘magic_ls’,’magic_cd’,...]

  `magic_Exit`()

    Exit IPython without confirmation.

  `magic_Pprint`()

    Toggle pretty printing on/off.

  `magic_alias`()

    Define an alias for a system command.

    ‘%alias alias_name cmd’ defines ‘alias_name’ as an alias for ‘cmd’

    Then, typing ‘alias_name params’ will execute the system command ‘cmd params’ (from your underlying operating system).

    Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal variables, so if ‘foo’ is both a Python variable and an alias, the alias can not be executed until ‘del foo’ removes the Python variable.

    You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the whole line when the alias is called. For example:

    > In [2]: alias all echo “Input in brackets: <%l>” In [3]: all hello world Input in brackets: <hello world>

    You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one per parameter):

    > In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s In [2]: %parts A B first A second B In [3]: %parts A Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected. parts is an alias to: ‘echo first %s second %s’

    Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive. You can only use one or the other in your aliases.

    Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !! do: all expressions prefixed with ‘$’ get expanded. For details of the semantic rules, see PEP-215: http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html. This is the library used by IPython for variable expansion. If you want to access a true shell variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by IPython:

    In [6]: alias show echo In [7]: PATH=’A Python string’ In [8]: show $PATH A Python string In [9]: show $$PATH /usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:...

    You can use the alias facility to acess all of $PATH. See the %rehash and %rehashx functions, which automatically create aliases for the contents of your $PATH.

    If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table.

  `magic_autocall`()

    Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.

    Usage:

    > %autocall [mode]

    The mode can be one of: 0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full. If not given, the value is toggled on and off (remembering the previous state).

    In more detail, these values mean:

    0 -> fully disabled

    1 -> active, but do not apply if there are no arguments on the line.

    In this mode, you get:

    In [1]: callable Out[1]: <built-in function callable>

    In [2]: callable ‘hello’ ——> callable(‘hello’) Out[2]: False

    2 -> Active always. Even if no arguments are present, the callable object is called:

    In [2]: float ——> float() Out[2]: 0.0

    Note that even with autocall off, you can still use ‘/’ at the start of a line to treat the first argument on the command line as a function and add parentheses to it:

    In [8]: /str 43 ——> str(43) Out[8]: ‘43’

    # all-random (note for auto-testing)

  `magic_autoindent`()

    Toggle autoindent on/off (if available).

  `magic_automagic`()

    Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.

    Without argumentsl toggles on/off (when off, you must call it as %automagic, of course). With arguments it sets the value, and you can use any of (case insensitive):

    > - on,1,True: to activate
    > - off,0,False: to deactivate.

    Note that magic functions have lowest priority, so if there’s a variable whose name collides with that of a magic fn, automagic won’t work for that function (you get the variable instead). However, if you delete the variable (del var), the previously shadowed magic function becomes visible to automagic again.

  `magic_bg`()

    Run a job in the background, in a separate thread.

    For example,

    > %bg myfunc(x,y,z=1)

    will execute ‘myfunc(x,y,z=1)’ in a background thread. As soon as the execution starts, a message will be printed indicating the job number. If your job number is 5, you can use

    > myvar = jobs.result(5) or myvar = jobs[5].result

    to assign this result to variable ‘myvar’.

    IPython has a job manager, accessible via the ‘jobs’ object. You can type jobs? to get more information about it, and use jobs.<TAB> to see its attributes. All attributes not starting with an underscore are meant for public use.

    In particular, look at the jobs.new() method, which is used to create new jobs. This magic %bg function is just a convenience wrapper around jobs.new(), for expression-based jobs. If you want to create a new job with an explicit function object and arguments, you must call jobs.new() directly.

    The jobs.new docstring also describes in detail several important caveats associated with a thread-based model for background job execution. Type jobs.new? for details.

    You can check the status of all jobs with jobs.status().

    The jobs variable is set by IPython into the Python builtin namespace. If you ever declare a variable named ‘jobs’, you will shadow this name. You can either delete your global jobs variable to regain access to the job manager, or make a new name and assign it manually to the manager (stored in IPython’s namespace). For example, to assign the job manager to the Jobs name, use:

    > Jobs = __builtins__.jobs

  `magic_bookmark`()

    Manage IPython’s bookmark system.

    %bookmark <name> - set bookmark to current dir %bookmark <name> <dir> - set bookmark to <dir> %bookmark -l - list all bookmarks %bookmark -d <name> - remove bookmark %bookmark -r - remove all bookmarks

    You can later on access a bookmarked folder with:
      %cd -b <name>

    or simply ‘%cd <name>’ if there is no directory called <name> AND there is such a bookmark defined.

    Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are associated with each profile.

  `magic_cd`()

    Change the current working directory.

    This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted. You can also do ‘cd -<tab>’ to see directory history conveniently.

    Usage:

    > cd ‘dir’: changes to directory ‘dir’.

    > cd -: changes to the last visited directory.

    > cd -<n>: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history.

    > cd –foo: change to directory that matches ‘foo’ in history

    > cd -b <bookmark_name>: jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark
    >   (note: cd <bookmark_name> is enough if there is no
    >     directory <bookmark_name>, but a bookmark with the name exists.) ‘cd -b <tab>’ allows you to tab-complete bookmark names.

    Options:

    -q: quiet. Do not print the working directory after the cd command is executed. By default IPython’s cd command does print this directory, since the default prompts do not display path information.

    Note that !cd doesn’t work for this purpose because the shell where !command runs is immediately discarded after executing ‘command’.

  `magic_color_info`()

    Toggle color_info.

    The color_info configuration parameter controls whether colors are used for displaying object details (by things like %psource, %pfile or the ‘?’ system). This function toggles this value with each call.

    Note that unless you have a fairly recent pager (less works better than more) in your system, using colored object information displays will not work properly. Test it and see.

  `magic_colors`()

    Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.

    Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.

    Color scheme names are not case-sensitive.

  `magic_cpaste`()

    Allows you to paste & execute a pre-formatted code block from clipboard.

    You must terminate the block with ‘–’ (two minus-signs) alone on the line. You can also provide your own sentinel with ‘%paste -s %%’ (‘%%’ is the new sentinel for this operation)

    The block is dedented prior to execution to enable execution of method definitions. ‘>’ and ‘+’ characters at the beginning of a line are ignored, to allow pasting directly from e-mails, diff files and doctests (the ‘...’ continuation prompt is also stripped). The executed block is also assigned to variable named ‘pasted_block’ for later editing with ‘%edit pasted_block’.

    You can also pass a variable name as an argument, e.g. ‘%cpaste foo’. This assigns the pasted block to variable ‘foo’ as string, without dedenting or executing it (preceding >>> and + is still stripped)

    ‘%cpaste -r’ re-executes the block previously entered by cpaste.

    Do not be alarmed by garbled output on Windows (it’s a readline bug). Just press enter and type – (and press enter again) and the block will be what was just pasted.

    IPython statements (magics, shell escapes) are not supported (yet).

    See also

    `paste`
      automatically pull code from clipboard.
  `magic_debug`()

    Activate the interactive debugger in post-mortem mode.

    If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack frames interactively. Note that this will always work only on the last traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one occurs, it clobbers the previous one.

    If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see the %pdb magic for more details.

  `magic_dhist`()

    Print your history of visited directories.

    %dhist -> print full history%dhist n -> print last n entries only%dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n1 not included)

    This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd -<n> to go to directory number <n>.

    Note that most of time, you should view directory history by entering cd -<TAB>.

  `magic_dirs`()

    Return the current directory stack.

  `magic_doctest_mode`()

    Toggle doctest mode on and off.

    This mode allows you to toggle the prompt behavior between normal IPython prompts and ones that are as similar to the default IPython interpreter as possible.

    It also supports the pasting of code snippets that have leading ‘>>>’ and ‘...’ prompts in them. This means that you can paste doctests from files or docstrings (even if they have leading whitespace), and the code will execute correctly. You can then use ‘%history -tn’ to see the translated history without line numbers; this will give you the input after removal of all the leading prompts and whitespace, which can be pasted back into an editor.

    With these features, you can switch into this mode easily whenever you need to do testing and changes to doctests, without having to leave your existing IPython session.

  `magic_ed`()

    Alias to %edit.

  `magic_edit`()

    Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.

    Usage:
      %edit [options] [args]

    %edit runs IPython’s editor hook. The default version of this hook is set to call the __IPYTHON__.rc.editor command. This is read from your environment variable $EDITOR. If this isn’t found, it will default to vi under Linux/Unix and to notepad under Windows. See the end of this docstring for how to change the editor hook.

    You can also set the value of this editor via the command line option ‘-editor’ or in your ipythonrc file. This is useful if you wish to use specifically for IPython an editor different from your typical default (and for Windows users who typically don’t set environment variables).

    This command allows you to conveniently edit multi-line code right in your IPython session.

    If called without arguments, %edit opens up an empty editor with a temporary file and will execute the contents of this file when you close it (don’t forget to save it!).

    Options:

    -n <number>: open the editor at a specified line number. By default, the IPython editor hook uses the unix syntax ‘editor +N filename’, but you can configure this by providing your own modified hook if your favorite editor supports line-number specifications with a different syntax.

    -p: this will call the editor with the same data as the previous time it was used, regardless of how long ago (in your current session) it was.

    -r: use ‘raw’ input. This option only applies to input taken from the user’s history. By default, the ‘processed’ history is used, so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python. If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is used instead. When you exit the editor, it will be executed by IPython’s own processor.

    -x: do not execute the edited code immediately upon exit. This is mainly useful if you are editing programs which need to be called with command line arguments, which you can then do using %run.

    Arguments:

    If arguments are given, the following possibilites exist:

    - The arguments are numbers or pairs of colon-separated numbers (like

    1 4:8 9). These are interpreted as lines of previous input to be loaded into the editor. The syntax is the same of the %macro command.

    - If the argument doesn’t start with a number, it is evaluated as a

    variable and its contents loaded into the editor. You can thus edit any string which contains python code (including the result of previous edits).

    - If the argument is the name of an object (other than a string),

    IPython will try to locate the file where it was defined and open the editor at the point where it is defined. You can use %edit function to load an editor exactly at the point where ‘function’ is defined, edit it and have the file be executed automatically.

    If the object is a macro (see %macro for details), this opens up your specified editor with a temporary file containing the macro’s data. Upon exit, the macro is reloaded with the contents of the file.

    Note: opening at an exact line is only supported under Unix, and some editors (like kedit and gedit up to Gnome 2.8) do not understand the ‘+NUMBER’ parameter necessary for this feature. Good editors like (X)Emacs, vi, jed, pico and joe all do.

    - If the argument is not found as a variable, IPython will look for a

    file with that name (adding .py if necessary) and load it into the editor. It will execute its contents with execfile() when you exit, loading any code in the file into your interactive namespace.

    After executing your code, %edit will return as output the code you typed in the editor (except when it was an existing file). This way you can reload the code in further invocations of %edit as a variable, via _<NUMBER> or Out[<NUMBER>], where <NUMBER> is the prompt number of the output.

    Note that %edit is also available through the alias %ed.

    This is an example of creating a simple function inside the editor and then modifying it. First, start up the editor:

    In [1]: ed Editing... done. Executing edited code... Out[1]: ‘def foo():n print “foo() was defined in an editing session”n’

    We can then call the function foo():

    In [2]: foo() foo() was defined in an editing session

    Now we edit foo. IPython automatically loads the editor with the (temporary) file where foo() was previously defined:

    In [3]: ed foo Editing... done. Executing edited code...

    And if we call foo() again we get the modified version:

    In [4]: foo() foo() has now been changed!

    Here is an example of how to edit a code snippet successive times. First we call the editor:

    In [5]: ed Editing... done. Executing edited code... hello Out[5]: “print ‘hello’n”

    Now we call it again with the previous output (stored in _):

    In [6]: ed _ Editing... done. Executing edited code... hello world Out[6]: “print ‘hello world’n”

    Now we call it with the output #8 (stored in _8, also as Out[8]):

    In [7]: ed _8 Editing... done. Executing edited code... hello again Out[7]: “print ‘hello again’n”

    Changing the default editor hook:

    If you wish to write your own editor hook, you can put it in a configuration file which you load at startup time. The default hook is defined in the IPython.hooks module, and you can use that as a starting example for further modifications. That file also has general instructions on how to set a new hook for use once you’ve defined it.

  `magic_env`()

    List environment variables.

  `magic_exit`()

    Exit IPython, confirming if configured to do so.

    You can configure whether IPython asks for confirmation upon exit by setting the confirm_exit flag in the ipythonrc file.

  `magic_logoff`()

    Temporarily stop logging.

    You must have previously started logging.

  `magic_logon`()

    Restart logging.

    This function is for restarting logging which you’ve temporarily stopped with %logoff. For starting logging for the first time, you must use the %logstart function, which allows you to specify an optional log filename.

  `magic_logstart`()

    Start logging anywhere in a session.

    %logstart [-o|-r|-t] [log_name [log_mode]]

    If no name is given, it defaults to a file named ‘ipython_log.py’ in your current directory, in ‘rotate’ mode (see below).

    ‘%logstart name’ saves to file ‘name’ in ‘backup’ mode. It saves your history up to that point and then continues logging.

    %logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be one of (note that the modes are given unquoted):

    > append: well, that says it.backup: rename (if exists) to name~ and start name.global: single logfile in your home dir, appended to.over : overwrite existing log.rotate: create rotating logs name.1~, name.2~, etc.

    Options:

    > -o: log also IPython’s output. In this mode, all commands which generate an Out[NN] prompt are recorded to the logfile, right after their corresponding input line. The output lines are always prepended with a ‘#[Out]# ‘ marker, so that the log remains valid Python code.

    > Since this marker is always the same, filtering only the output from a log is very easy, using for example a simple awk call:

    > > awk -F’#[Out]# ‘ ‘{if($2) {print $2}}’ ipython_log.py

    > -r: log ‘raw’ input. Normally, IPython’s logs contain the processed input, so that user lines are logged in their final form, converted into valid Python. For example, %Exit is logged as ‘_ip.magic(“Exit”). If the -r flag is given, all input is logged exactly as typed, with no transformations applied.

    > -t: put timestamps before each input line logged (these are put in comments).

  `magic_logstate`()

    Print the status of the logging system.

  `magic_logstop`()

    Fully stop logging and close log file.

    In order to start logging again, a new %logstart call needs to be made, possibly (though not necessarily) with a new filename, mode and other options.

  `magic_lsmagic`()

    List currently available magic functions.

  `magic_macro`()

    Define a set of input lines as a macro for future re-execution.

    Usage:
      %macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...

    Options:

    > -r: use ‘raw’ input. By default, the ‘processed’ history is used, so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python. If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is used instead.

    This will define a global variable called name which is a string made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers above) from your input history into a single string. This variable acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if you had typed them. You just type ‘name’ at the prompt and the code executes.

    The notation for indicating number ranges is: n1-n2 means ‘use line numbers n1,...n2’ (the endpoint is included). That is, ‘5-7’ means using the lines numbered 5,6 and 7.

    Note: as a ‘hidden’ feature, you can also use traditional python slice notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1.

    For example, if your history contains (%hist prints it):

    > 44: x=1 45: y=3 46: z=x+y 47: print x 48: a=5 49: print ‘x’,x,’y’,y

    you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49 called my_macro with:

    > In [55]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49

    Now, typing my_macro (without quotes) will re-execute all this code in one pass.

    You don’t need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any lines from your input history in any order.

    The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute, but IPython’s display system checks for macros and executes them as code instead of printing them when you type their name.

    You can view a macro’s contents by explicitly printing it with:

    > ‘print macro_name’.

    For one-off cases which DON’T contain magic function calls in them you can obtain similar results by explicitly executing slices from your input history with:

    > In [60]: exec In[44:48]+In[49]

  `magic_magic`()

    Print information about the magic function system.

    Supported formats: -latex, -brief, -rest

  `magic_page`()

    Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.

    %page [options] OBJECT

    If no object is given, use _ (last output).

    Options:

    > -r: page str(object), don’t pretty-print it.

  `magic_paste`()

    Allows you to paste & execute a pre-formatted code block from clipboard.

    The text is pulled directly from the clipboard without user intervention.

    The block is dedented prior to execution to enable execution of method definitions. ‘>’ and ‘+’ characters at the beginning of a line are ignored, to allow pasting directly from e-mails, diff files and doctests (the ‘...’ continuation prompt is also stripped). The executed block is also assigned to variable named ‘pasted_block’ for later editing with ‘%edit pasted_block’.

    You can also pass a variable name as an argument, e.g. ‘%paste foo’. This assigns the pasted block to variable ‘foo’ as string, without dedenting or executing it (preceding >>> and + is still stripped)

    ‘%paste -r’ re-executes the block previously entered by cpaste.

    IPython statements (magics, shell escapes) are not supported (yet).

    See also

    `cpaste`
      manually paste code into terminal until you mark its end.
  `magic_pdb`()

    Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.

    Call as ‘%pdb on’, ‘%pdb 1’, ‘%pdb off’ or ‘%pdb 0’. If called without argument it works as a toggle.

    When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles this feature on and off.

    The initial state of this feature is set in your ipythonrc configuration file (the variable is called ‘pdb’).

    If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired, without having to type ‘%pdb on’ and rerunning your code, you can use the %debug magic.

  `magic_pdef`()

    Print the definition header for any callable object.

    If the object is a class, print the constructor information.

  `magic_pdoc`()

    Print the docstring for an object.

    If the given object is a class, it will print both the class and the constructor docstrings.

  `magic_pfile`()

    Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.

    The file opens at the line where the object definition begins. IPython will honor the environment variable PAGER if set, and otherwise will do its best to print the file in a convenient form.

    If the given argument is not an object currently defined, IPython will try to interpret it as a filename (automatically adding a .py extension if needed). You can thus use %pfile as a syntax highlighting code viewer.

  `magic_pinfo`()

    Provide detailed information about an object.

    ‘%pinfo object’ is just a synonym for object? or ?object.

  `magic_popd`()

    Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.

  `magic_profile`()

    Print your currently active IPyhton profile.

  `magic_prun`()

    Run a statement through the python code profiler.

    > Usage:
    >   %prun [options] statement

    > The given statement (which doesn’t require quote marks) is run via the python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function. Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about namespaces which do not hold under IPython.

    > Options:

    > -l <limit>: you can place restrictions on what or how much of the profile gets printed. The limit value can be:

    > > - A string: only information for function names containing this string

    > > is printed.

    > > - An integer: only these many lines are printed.
    > > - A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed

    > > (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).

    > You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For example, ‘-l __init__ -l 5’ will print only the topmost 5 lines of information about class constructors.

    > -r: return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can later use it for further analysis or in other functions.

    -s <key>: sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key

      by using the option several times: ‘-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...’. The default sorting key is ‘time’.

      The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation referenced below:

      When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected before them.

      Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the abbreviation is unambiguous. The following are the keys currently defined:

      > Valid Arg Meaning
      >   “calls” call count “cumulative” cumulative time “file” file name “module” file name “pcalls” primitive call count “line” line number “name” function name “nfl” name/file/line “stdname” standard name “time” internal time

      Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle distinction between “nfl” and “stdname” is that the standard name is a sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line numbers get compared in an odd way. For example, lines 3, 20, and 40 would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order “20” “3” and “40”. In contrast, “nfl” does a numeric compare of the line numbers. In fact, sort_stats(“nfl”) is the same as sort_stats(“name”, “file”, “line”).

      -T <filename>: save profile results as shown on screen to a text file. The profile is still shown on screen.

      -D <filename>: save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given filename. This data is in a format understod by the pstats module, and is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile objects. The profile is still shown on screen.

      If you want to run complete programs under the profiler’s control, use ‘%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]’ where prof_opts contains profiler specific options as described here.

      You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with:

          In [1]: import profile; profile.help()

  `magic_psearch`()

    Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.

    %psearch [options] PATTERN [OBJECT TYPE]

    Note: ? can be used as a synonym for %psearch, at the beginning or at the end: both a*? and ?a* are equivalent to ‘%psearch a*’. Still, the rest of the command line must be unchanged (options come first), so for example the following forms are equivalent

    %psearch -i a* function -i a* function? ?-i a* function

    Arguments:

    > PATTERN

    > where PATTERN is a string containing * as a wildcard similar to its use in a shell. The pattern is matched in all namespaces on the search path. By default objects starting with a single _ are not matched, many IPython generated objects have a single underscore. The default is case insensitive matching. Matching is also done on the attributes of objects and not only on the objects in a module.

    > [OBJECT TYPE]

    > Is the name of a python type from the types module. The name is given in lowercase without the ending type, ex. StringType is written string. By adding a type here only objects matching the given type are matched. Using all here makes the pattern match all types (this is the default).

    Options:

    > -a: makes the pattern match even objects whose names start with a single underscore. These names are normally ommitted from the search.

    > -i/-c: make the pattern case insensitive/sensitive. If neither of these options is given, the default is read from your ipythonrc file. The option name which sets this value is ‘wildcards_case_sensitive’. If this option is not specified in your ipythonrc file, IPython’s internal default is to do a case sensitive search.

    > -e/-s NAMESPACE: exclude/search a given namespace. The pattern you specifiy can be searched in any of the following namespaces: ‘builtin’, ‘user’, ‘user_global’,’internal’, ‘alias’, where ‘builtin’ and ‘user’ are the search defaults. Note that you should not use quotes when specifying namespaces.

    > ‘Builtin’ contains the python module builtin, ‘user’ contains all user data, ‘alias’ only contain the shell aliases and no python objects, ‘internal’ contains objects used by IPython. The ‘user_global’ namespace is only used by embedded IPython instances, and it contains module-level globals. You can add namespaces to the search with -s or exclude them with -e (these options can be given more than once).

    Examples:

    %psearch a* -> objects beginning with an a %psearch -e builtin a* -> objects NOT in the builtin space starting in a %psearch a* function -> all functions beginning with an a %psearch re.e* -> objects beginning with an e in module re %psearch r*.e* -> objects that start with e in modules starting in r %psearch r*.* string -> all strings in modules beginning with r

    Case sensitve search:

    %psearch -c a* list all object beginning with lower case a

    Show objects beginning with a single _:

    %psearch -a _* list objects beginning with a single underscore

  `magic_psource`()

    Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object.

  `magic_pushd`()

    Place the current dir on stack and change directory.

    Usage:
      %pushd [‘dirname’]
  `magic_pwd`()

    Return the current working directory path.

  `magic_pycat`()

    Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.

    This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting.

  `magic_quickref`()

    Show a quick reference sheet

  `magic_quit`()

    Exit IPython, confirming if configured to do so (like %exit)

  `magic_r`()

    Repeat previous input.

    Note: Consider using the more powerfull %rep instead!

    If given an argument, repeats the previous command which starts with the same string, otherwise it just repeats the previous input.

    Shell escaped commands (with ! as first character) are not recognized by this system, only pure python code and magic commands.

  `magic_rehashx`()

    Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.

    This version explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file with execute access (os.X_OK), so it is much slower than %rehash.

    Under Windows, it checks executability as a match agains a ‘|’-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config variable win_exec_ext. This defaults to ‘exe|com|bat’.

    This function also resets the root module cache of module completer, used on slow filesystems.

  `magic_reset`()

    Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user.

    Input/Output history are left around in case you need them.

    Parameters : | -y : force reset without asking for confirmation.

    Examples

    In [6]: a = 1

    In [7]: a Out[7]: 1

    In [8]: ‘a’ in _ip.user_ns Out[8]: True

    In [9]: %reset -f

    In [10]: ‘a’ in _ip.user_ns Out[10]: False

  `magic_run`()

    Run the named file inside IPython as a program.

    Usage:
      %run [-n -i -t [-N<N>] -d [-b<N>] -p [profile options]] file [args]

    Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython’s prompt.

    This is similar to running at a system prompt:
      $ python file args

    but with the advantage of giving you IPython’s tracebacks, and of loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use (unless -p is used, see below).

    The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of __name__==’__main__’ and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program (except for sharing global objects such as previously imported modules). But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__ and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for interactive work, while giving each program a ‘clean sheet’ to run in.

    Options:

    -n: __name__ is NOT set to ‘__main__’, but to the running file’s name without extension (as python does under import). This allows running scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code protected by an ‘ if __name__ == “__main__” ‘ clause.

    -i: run the file in IPython’s namespace instead of an empty one. This is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor which depends on variables defined interactively.

    -e: ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script being run. This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call. In such cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in seeing a traceback of the unittest module.

    -t: print timing information at the end of the run. IPython will give you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of time.clock(). Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).

    If -t is given, an additional -N<N> option can be given, where <N> must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to run. The final timing report will include total and per run results.

    For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py):

    > In [1]: run -t uniq_stable

    > IPython CPU timings (estimated):
    >   User : 0.19597 s.System: 0.0 s.

    > In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable

    > IPython CPU timings (estimated):Total runs performed: 5

    > > Times : Total Per runUser : 0.910862 s, 0.1821724 s.System: 0.0 s, 0.0 s.

    -d: run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger. This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables, etc. Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling:

    > pdb.run(‘execfile(“YOURFILENAME”)’)

    with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file. You can change the line number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option (where N must be an integer). For example:

    > %run -d -b40 myscript

    will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py. Note that the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.

    When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt. You must first enter ‘c’ (without qoutes) to start execution up to the first breakpoint.

    Entering ‘help’ gives information about the use of the debugger. You can easily see pdb’s full documentation with “import pdb;pdb.help()” at a prompt.

    -p: run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).

    You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.

    In this mode, the program’s variables do NOT propagate back to the IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace where the profiler executes them).

    Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for details on the options available specifically for profiling.

    There is one special usage for which the text above doesn’t apply: if the filename ends with .ipy, the file is run as ipython script, just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt.

  `magic_runlog`()

    Run files as logs.

    Usage:
      %runlog file1 file2 ...

    Run the named files (treating them as log files) in sequence inside the interpreter, and return to the prompt. This is much slower than %run because each line is executed in a try/except block, but it allows running files with syntax errors in them.

    Normally IPython will guess when a file is one of its own logfiles, so you can typically use %run even for logs. This shorthand allows you to force any file to be treated as a log file.

  `magic_save`()

    Save a set of lines to a given filename.

    Usage:
      %save [options] filename n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...

    Options:

    > -r: use ‘raw’ input. By default, the ‘processed’ history is used, so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python. If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is used instead.

    This function uses the same syntax as %macro for line extraction, but instead of creating a macro it saves the resulting string to the filename you specify.

    It adds a ‘.py’ extension to the file if you don’t do so yourself, and it asks for confirmation before overwriting existing files.

  `magic_sc`()

    Shell capture - execute a shell command and capture its output.

    DEPRECATED. Suboptimal, retained for backwards compatibility.

    You should use the form ‘var = !command’ instead. Example:

    > “%sc -l myfiles = ls ~” should now be written as

    > “myfiles = !ls ~”

    myfiles.s, myfiles.l and myfiles.n still apply as documented below.

    – %sc [options] varname=command

    IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and will then update the user’s interactive namespace with a variable called varname, containing the value of the call. Your command can contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc.

    The ‘=’ sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you supply must follow Python’s standard conventions for valid names.

    (A special format without variable name exists for internal use)

    Options:

    > -l: list output. Split the output on newlines into a list before assigning it to the given variable. By default the output is stored as a single string.

    > -v: verbose. Print the contents of the variable.

    In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the returned value is a special type of string which can automatically provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a space-separated string. These are convenient, respectively, either for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command.

    For example:

    # all-random

    > # Capture into variable a In [1]: sc a=ls *py

    > # a is a string with embedded newlines In [2]: a Out[2]: ‘setup.pynwin32_manual_post_install.py’

    > # which can be seen as a list: In [3]: a.l Out[3]: [‘setup.py’, ‘win32_manual_post_install.py’]

    > # or as a whitespace-separated string: In [4]: a.s Out[4]: ‘setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py’

    > # a.s is useful to pass as a single command line: In [5]: !wc -l $a.s

    > > 146 setup.py 130 win32_manual_post_install.py 276 total

    > # while the list form is useful to loop over: In [6]: for f in a.l:

    > > ...: !wc -l $f ...:

    > 146 setup.py 130 win32_manual_post_install.py

    Similiarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents:

    > In [7]: sc -l b=ls *py

    > In [8]: b Out[8]: [‘setup.py’, ‘win32_manual_post_install.py’]

    > In [9]: b.s Out[9]: ‘setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py’

    In summary, both the lists and strings used for ouptut capture have the following special attributes:

    > .l (or .list) : value as list. .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string. .s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string.

  `magic_sx`()

    Shell execute - run a shell command and capture its output.

    %sx command

    IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and return the result formatted as a list (split on ‘n’). Since the output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython’s regular output cache Out[N] and in the ‘_N’ automatic variables.

    Notes:

    1) If an input line begins with ‘!!’, then %sx is automatically invoked. That is, while:

    > !ls

    causes ipython to simply issue system(‘ls’), typing
      !!ls
    is a shorthand equivalent to:
      %sx ls

    2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list, like ‘%sc -l’. The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands. %sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more typing.

    3. Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:

    > .l (or .list) : value as list. .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string. .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.

    This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to system commands.

  `magic_system_verbose`()

    Set verbose printing of system calls.

    If called without an argument, act as a toggle

  `magic_time`()

    Time execution of a Python statement or expression.

    The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the expression (if any) is returned. Note that under Win32, system time is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.

    This function provides very basic timing functionality. In Python 2.3, the timeit module offers more control and sophistication, so this could be rewritten to use it (patches welcome).

    Some examples:

    > In [1]: time 2**128 CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s Wall time: 0.00 Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L

    > In [2]: n = 1000000

    > In [3]: time sum(range(n)) CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s Wall time: 1.37 Out[3]: 499999500000L

    > In [4]: time print ‘hello world’ hello world CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s Wall time: 0.00

    > Note that the time needed by Python to compile the given expression will be reported if it is more than 0.1s. In this example, the actual exponentiation is done by Python at compilation time, so while the expression can take a noticeable amount of time to compute, that time is purely due to the compilation:

    > In [5]: time 3**9999; CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s Wall time: 0.00 s

    > In [6]: time 3**999999; CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s Wall time: 0.00 s Compiler : 0.78 s

  `magic_timeit`()

    Time execution of a Python statement or expression

    Usage:
      %timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c]] statement

    Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit module.

    Options: -n<N>: execute the given statement <N> times in a loop. If this value is not given, a fitting value is chosen.

    -r<R>: repeat the loop iteration <R> times and take the best result. Default: 3

    -t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix. This function measures wall time.

    -c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used instead and returns the CPU user time.

    -p<P>: use a precision of <P> digits to display the timing result. Default: 3

    Examples:

    > In [1]: %timeit pass 10000000 loops, best of 3: 53.3 ns per loop

    > In [2]: u = None

    > In [3]: %timeit u is None 10000000 loops, best of 3: 184 ns per loop

    > In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None 1000000 loops, best of 4: 242 ns per loop

    > In [5]: import time

    > In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2) 1 loops, best of 3: 2 s per loop

    The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with those from %timeit.

  `magic_unalias`()

    Remove an alias

  `magic_upgrade`()

    Upgrade your IPython installation

    This will copy the config files that don’t yet exist in your ipython dir from the system config dir. Use this after upgrading IPython if you don’t wish to delete your .ipython dir.

    Call with -nolegacy to get rid of ipythonrc* files (recommended for new users)

  `magic_who`()

    Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.

    If any arguments are given, only variables whose type matches one of these are printed. For example:

    > %who function str

    will only list functions and strings, excluding all other types of variables. To find the proper type names, simply use type(var) at a command line to see how python prints type names. For example:

    > In [1]: type(‘hello’)Out[1]: <type ‘str’>

    indicates that the type name for strings is ‘str’.

    %who always excludes executed names loaded through your configuration file and things which are internal to IPython.

    This is deliberate, as typically you may load many modules and the purpose of %who is to show you only what you’ve manually defined.

  `magic_who_ls`()

    Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.

    If arguments are given, only variables of types matching these arguments are returned.

  `magic_whos`()

    Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.

    The same type filtering of %who can be applied here.

    For all variables, the type is printed. Additionally it prints:

    > - For {},[],(): their length.
    > - For numpy and Numeric arrays, a summary with shape, number of

    > elements, typecode and size in memory.

    > - Everything else: a string representation, snipping their middle if

    > too long.

  `magic_xmode`()

    Switch modes for the exception handlers.

    Valid modes: Plain, Context and Verbose.

    If called without arguments, acts as a toggle.

  `parse_options`()

    Parse options passed to an argument string.

    The interface is similar to that of getopt(), but it returns back a Struct with the options as keys and the stripped argument string still as a string.

    arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split. This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote arguments, etc.

    Options:

      -mode: default ‘string’. If given as ‘list’, the argument string is returned as a list (split on whitespace) instead of a string.

      -list_all: put all option values in lists. Normally only options appearing more than once are put in a list.

      -posix (True): whether to split the input line in POSIX mode or not, as per the conventions outlined in the shlex module from the standard library.

  `profile_missing_notice`()

## Functions

`IPython.Magic.``compress_dhist`()

`IPython.Magic.``on_off`()

  Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function.

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