| Referring to a Type with 'typeof'

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Another way to refer to the type of an expression is with `typeof`. The syntax of using of this keyword looks like `sizeof`, but the construct acts semantically like a type name defined with `typedef`.
There are two ways of writing the argument to `typeof`: with an expression or with a type. Here is an example with an expression:

    typeof (x[0](1))

This assumes that x is an array of pointers to functions; the type described is that of the values of the functions.
Here is an example with a typename as the argument:

    typeof (int *)

Here the type described is that of pointers to `int`.
An alternate keyword for `typeof` is `__typeof__`. See Alternate Keywords.
A `typeof`-construct can be used anywhere a typedef name could be used. For example, you can use it in a declaration, in a cast, or inside of `sizeof` or `typeof`.
`typeof` is often useful in conjunction with the statements-within-expressions feature. Here is how the two together can be used to define a safe "maximum" macro that operates on any arithmetic type and evaluates each of its arguments exactly once:

    #define max(a,b) \
      ({ typeof (a) _a = (a); \
          typeof (b) _b = (b); \
        _a > _b ? _a : _b; })

The reason for using names that start with underscores for the local variables is to avoid conflicts with variable names that occur within the expressions that are substituted for `a` and `b`. Eventually we hope to design a new form of declaration syntax that allows you to declare variables whose scopes start only after their initializers; this will be a more reliable way to prevent such conflicts.
Some more examples of the use of `typeof`:

- This declares y with the type of what x points to.

      typeof (*x) y;

- This declares y as an array of such values.

      typeof (*x) y[4];

- This declares y as an array of pointers to characters:

      typeof (typeof (char *)[4]) y;

  It is equivalent to the following traditional C declaration:

      char *y[4];

  To see the meaning of the declaration using `typeof`, and why it might be a useful way to write, let's rewrite it with these macros:

      #define pointer(T) typeof(T *)
      #define array(T, N) typeof(T [N])

  Now the declaration can be rewritten this way:

      array (pointer (char), 4) y;

  Thus, `array (pointer (char), 4)` is the type of arrays of 4 pointers to `char`.

Compatibility Note: In addition to `typeof`, GCC 2 supported a more limited extension which permitted one to write

    typedef T = expr;

with the effect of declaring T to have the type of the expression expr. This extension does not work with GCC 3 (versions between 3.0 and 3.2 will crash; 3.2.1 and later give an error). Code which relies on it should be rewritten to use `typeof`:

    typedef typeof(expr) T;

This will work with all versions of GCC.