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The Hessian web services protocol was created as a lightweight binary alternative to the XML-based web services protocols.

The Hessian home page contains the latest information about Hessian.

Unlike older binary protocols, Hessian is both self-describing and portable across languages. The wire protocol for web services should be invisible to application writers. Wire protocols should not require external schema or IDL.

Given the EJB environment, the Hessian protocol has the following requirements:

- It must support XML as a first class object.
- It must not require external IDL or schema definitions; it should be invisible to application writers.
- It must have sufficient power to serialize Java.
- It must have sufficient power to support EJB.
- It must allow non-Java clients to use web services.
- It must allow web services to deployed as a Servlet.
- It must be simple so it can be effectively tested.
- It must be as fast as possible.
- It should support transaction contexts.

Hessian's object serialization has 9 primitive types:

1. boolean
2. 32-bit int
3. 64-bit long
4. 64-bit double
5. 64-bit date
6. UTF8-encoded string
7. UTF8-encoded xml
8. raw binary data
9. remote objects

It has 2 combining constructs:

1. list for lists and arrays
2. map for objects and hash tables.

Finally, it has 2 special contructs:

1. null for null values
2. ref for shared and circular object references.

Null represents a null pointer.

The byte 'N' represents the null pointer.

null values are allowed in place of any string, xml, binary, list, map, or remote.

null ::= N

The byte 'F' represents false and the byte 'T' represents true.

<def> boolean ::= T ::= F </def> T

A 32-bit signed integer. An integer is represented by the byte 'I' followed by the 4-bytes of the integer in big-endian order

<def> int ::= I b32 b24 b16 b8 </def> I x00 x00 x01 x2c

A 64-bit signed integer. An long is represented by the byte 'L' followed by the 8-bytes of the integer in big-endian order

<def> long ::= L b64 b56 b48 b40 b32 b24 b16 b8 </def> L x00 x00 x00 x00 x00 x00 x01 x2c

A 64-bit IEEE floating pointer number.

<def> double ::= D b64 b56 b48 b40 b32 b24 b16 b8 </def> D x40 x28 x80 x00 x00 x00 x00 x00

Date represented by a 64-bits long of milliseconds since the epoch.

<def> date ::= d b64 b56 b48 b40 b32 b24 b16 b8 </def> d x00 x00 x00 xd0 x4b x92 x84 xb8

A 16-bit unicode character string encoded in UTF-8. Strings are encoded in chunks. 'S' represents the final chunk and 's' represents any initial chunk. Each chunk has a 16-bit length value.

The length is the number of characters, which may be different than the number of bytes.

<def> string ::= (s b16 b8 utf-8-data)* S b16 b8 utf-8-data </def> S x00 x05 hello

An XML document encoded as a 16-bit unicode character string encoded in UTF-8. XML data is encoded in chunks. 'X' represents the final chunk and 'x' represents any initial chunk.

Each chunk has a 16-bit length value. The length is the number of characters, which may be different than the number of bytes.

<def> xml ::= (x b16 b8 utf-8-data)* X b16 b8 utf-8-data </def> X x00 x10 <top>hello</top> <note>Because this document does not define the language mapping, implementations are free to return a string when reading an xml entity.</note>

A binary value.

Binary data is encoded in chunks. 'B' represents the final chunk and 'b' represents any initial chunk. Each chunk has a 16-bit length value.

<def> binary ::= (b b16 b8 binary-data)* B b16 b8 binary-data </def>

An ordered list, like an array. All lists have a type string, a length, a list of objects, and a trailing 'z'. The type string may be an arbitrary UTF-8 string understood by the service (often a Java class name, but this isn't required.) The length may be -1 to indicate that the list is variable length.

<def> list ::= V type? length? object* z </def>

Each list item is added to the reference list to handle shared and circular elements. See the ref element.

Any parser expecting a list must also accept a null or a shared ref.

V t x00 x04 [int l x00 x00 x00 x02 I x00 x00 x00 x00 I x00 x00 x00 x01 z V I x00 x00 x00 x00 S x00 x06 foobar z <note>The valid values of type are not specified in this document and may depend on the specific application. For example, a Java EJB server which exposes an Hessian interface can use the type information to instantiate the specific array type. On the other hand, a Perl server would likely ignore the contents of type entirely and create a generic array. </note>

Represents serialized objects and Maps. The type element describes the type of the map. Objects are represented by a map from field names to their values and type is the class of the object itself.

<def> map ::= M t b16 b8 type-string (object, object)* z </def>

The type may be empty, i.e. a zero length. The parser is responsible for choosing a type if one is not specified. For objects, unrecognized keys will be ignored.

Each map is added to the reference list. Any time the parser expects a map, it must also be able to support a null or a ref.

public class Car implements Serializable { String model = "Beetle"; String color = "aquamarine"; int mileage = 65536; } <results> M t x00 x13 com.caucho.test.Car S x00 x05 model S x00 x06 Beetle S x00 x05 color S x00 x0a aquamarine S x00 x07 mileage I x00 x01 x00 x00 z map = new HashMap(); map.put(new Integer(1), "fee"); map.put(new Integer(16), "fie"); map.put(new Integer(256), "foe"); <results> M I x00 x00 x00 x01 S x00 x03 fee I x00 x00 x00 x10 S x00 x03 fie I x00 x00 x01 x00 S x00 x03 foe z <note>The type is chosen by the service. Often it may be the Java classname describing the service.</note>

An integer referring to a previous list or map instance. As each list or map is read from the input stream, it is assigned the integer position in the stream, i.e. the first list or map is '0', the next is '1', etc. A later ref can then use the previous object. Writers are not required to generate refs, but parsers must be able to recognize them.

<def> ref ::= R b32 b24 b16 b8 </def>

ref can refer to incompletely-read items. For example, a circular linked-list will refer to the first link before the entire list has been read.

A possible implementation would add each map and list to an array as it's read. The ref will return the corresponding object from the array. To support circular structures, the implementation would store the map or list immediately, before filling in the object's contents.

Each <list> or <array> is stored into an array as it is parsed. <ref> selects one of the stored objects. The first object is numbered '0'.

list = new LinkedList(); list.head = 1; list.tail = list; <results> M t x00 x0a LinkedList S x00 x04 head I x00 x00 x00 x01 S x00 x04 tail R x00 x00 x00 x00 z <note>ref only refers to list and map elements. string and binary, in particular, will only share references if they're wrapped in a list or map.</note>

A reference to a remote object. The remote has a type and a utf-8 string representing the object's URL.

<def> remote ::= r t b16 b8 type-name S b16 b8 url </def> r t x00 x0c test.TestObj S x00 x24 http://slytherin/ejbhome?id=69Xm8-zW

A Hessian call invokes a method on an object with an argument list. The object is specified by the container, e.g. for a HTTP request, it's the HTTP URL. The arguments are specified by Hessian serialization.

<def> call ::= c x01 x00 header* m b16 b8 method-string (object)* z </def> c x01 x00 m x00 x04 add2 I x00 x00 x00 x02 I x00 x00 x00 x03 z r x01 x00 I x00 x00 x00 x05 z

URLs are flexible enough to encode object instances as well as simple static service locations. The URL uniquely identifies the Hessian object. Thus, Hessian can support object-oriented services, e.g. naming services, entity beans, or session beans, specified by the URL without requiring extra method parameters or headers.

Object naming may use the query string convention that "?id=XXX" names the object "XXX" in the given service. This convention is recommented, but not required.

For example, a stock quote service might have a factory interface like http://foo.com/stock and object instances like http://foo.com?id=PEET. The factory interface would return valid object references through the factory methods.

As an example, the following format is used for EJB:

<def> http://hostname/hessian/ejb-name?id=object-id </def>

http://hostname/hessian identifies the EJB container. In Resin-EJB, this will refer to the EJB Servlet. "/hessian" is the servlet prefix (url-pattern.) HTTP is just used as an example; Hessian does not require the use of HTTP.

/ejb-name, the path info of the request, identifies the EJB name, specifically the home interface. EJB containers can contain several entity and session beans, each with its own EJB home. The ejb-name corresponds to the ejb-name in the deployment descriptor.

object-id identifies the specific object. For entity beans, the object-id encodes the primary key. For session beans, the object-id encodes a unique session identifier. Home interfaces have no ";ejbid=..." portion.

http://localhost/hessian/my-entity-bean http://localhost/hessian/my-entity-bean?ejbid=slytherin http://localhost/hessian/my-session-bean http://localhost/hessian/my-session-bean?ejbid=M9Zs1Zm

Method names must be unique. Two styles of overloading are supported: overloading by number of argumetns and overloading by argument types. Overloading is permitted by encoding the argument types in the method names. The types of the actual arguments must not be used to select the methods.

Method names beginning with _hessian_ are reserved.

Servers should accept calls with either the mangled method name or the unmangled method name. Clients should send the mangled method name.

<note>See the Java binding for a possible overloading scheme.</note> <example>add(int a, int b) <results>add_int_int <example>add(double a, double b) <results>add_double_double <example>add(shopping.Cart cart, shopping.Item item) <results>add_shopping.Cart_shopping.Item

Arguments immediately follow the method in positional order. Argument values use Hessian's serialization.

All arguments share references, i.e. the reference list starts with the first argument and continues for all other arguments. This lets two arguments share values.

bean = new qa.Bean("foo", 13); System.out.println(remote.eq(bean, bean)); <results> c x01 x00 m x00 x02 eq M t x00 x07 qa.Bean S x00 x03 foo I x00 x00 x00 x0d z R x00 x00 x00 x00 z

The number and type of arguments are fixed by the remote method. Variable length arguments are forbidden. Implementations may take advantage of the expected type to improve performance.

Headers are (string, object) pairs that preceed the arguments.

The value of the header can be any serialized object.

For example, a request might include a transaction context in a header.

c x01 x00 H x00 x0b transaction r t x00 x28 com.caucho.hessian.xa.TransactionManager S x00 x23 http://hostname/xa?ejbid=01b8e19a77 m x00 x05 debug I x00 x03 x01 xcb z

The call and response tags include a major and minor byte. The current version is 1.0.

<def> valid-reply ::= r x01 x00 header* object z fault-reply ::= r x01 x00 header* fault z </def>

A successful reply returns a single value and possibly some header information.

r x01 x00 I x00 x00 x00 x05 z

Failed calls return a fault.

Each fault has a number of informative fields, expressed like <map> entries. The defined fields are code, message, and detail. code is one of a short list of strings defined below. message is a user-readable message. detail is an object representing the exception. In Java, detail will be a serialized exception.

r x01 x00 f S x00 x04 code S x00 x10 ServiceException S x00 x07 message S x00 x0e File Not Found S x00 x06 detail M t x00 x1d java.io.FileNotFoundException z z <deftable>
ProtocolException The Hessian request has some sort of syntactic error.
NoSuchObjectException The requested object does not exist.
NoSuchMethodException The requested method does not exist.
RequireHeaderException A required header was not understood by the server.
ServiceException The called method threw an exception.
</deftable>

Metadata is handled by special method calls, methods beginning with _hessian_.

_hessian_getAttribute(String key) returns a string. The following attributes are predefined by this spec:

<deftable>
attribute meaning
java.api.class Java interface for this URL
java.home.class Java interface for this service
java.object.class Java interface for a service object
java.ejb.primary.key.class Java EJB primary key class
</deftable>

"java.api.class" returns the client proxy's Java API class for the current URL. "java.home.class" returns the API class for the factory URL, i.e. without any "?id=XXX" query string. "java.object.class" returns the API class for object instances.

In the case of services with no object instances, i.e. non-factory services, all three attributes will return the same class name.

<deftable>
attribute meaning
home-class Java class for the home interface.
remote-class Java class for the object interface.
primary-key-class Java class for the primary key.
</deftable>

A "Micro Hessian" implementation may omit support for the "double" type.

<def> top ::= call ::= reply call ::= c x01 x00 header* method object* z reply ::= r x01 x00 header* object z ::= r x01 x00 header* fault z object ::= null ::= boolean ::= int ::= long ::= double ::= date ::= string ::= xml ::= binary ::= remote ::= ref ::= list ::= map header ::= H b16 b8 header-string object method ::= m b16 b8 method-string fault ::= f (object object)* z list ::= V type? length? object* z map ::= M type? (object object)* z remote ::= r type? string type ::= t b16 b8 type-string length ::= l b32 b24 b16 b8 null ::= N boolean ::= T ::= F int ::= I b32 b24 b16 b8 long ::= L b64 b56 b48 b40 b32 b24 b16 b8 double ::= D b64 b56 b48 b40 b32 b24 b16 b8 date ::= d b64 b56 b48 b40 b32 b24 b16 b8 string ::= (s b16 b8 string-data)* S b16 b8 string-data xml ::= (x b16 b8 xml-data)* X b16 b8 xml-data binary ::= (b b16 b8 binary-data)* B b16 b8 binary-data ref ::= R b32 b24 b16 b8 </def>

© Copyright 2000-2004 Caucho Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Any party may implement this protocol for any purpose without royalty or license fee, provided that the implementation conforms to this specification. Caucho Technology reserves the right to create a test suite, freely available without royalty or license fee, to validate implementation conformance. The limited permissions granted herein are perpetual and may not be revoked by Caucho Technology or its successors or assigns.

This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and these paragraphs are included on all such copies and derivative works.

This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and CAUCHO TECHNOLOGY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

- Clarified that length of XML and strings is in characters (Petr Gladkikh)

- Removed unidirectional messages.

- Added unidirectional messages
- Removed 'v' from reply
- changed length code to 'l'
- made type and length optional

- EJB naming: clarified examples especially for session beans (John Mitchell)
- Formal definitions: clarified grammar and added missing object (John Mitchell)
- Formal definitions: initial binary should use 'b' (John Mitchell)

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