#This file was created by <pit> Sun Feb  1 14:58:02 1998
#LyX 0.12 (C) 1995-1998 Matthias Ettrich and the LyX Team
\lyxformat 2.15
\textclass book
\begin_preamble
\usepackage{multicol}
\IfFileExists{isolatin.def}
{\usepackage[isolatin]{inputenc}}
{\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}}
\end_preamble
\language default
\inputencoding default
\fontscheme default
\graphics none
\paperfontsize 12
\spacing single 
\papersize letterpaper
\paperpackage a4
\use_geometry 0
\use_amsmath 0
\paperorientation portrait
\secnumdepth 3
\tocdepth 3
\paragraph_separation indent
\defskip medskip
\quotes_language english
\quotes_times 2
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 2
\paperpagestyle headings

\layout Title

Customizing LyX: Features for the Advanced User
\layout Author

by the LyX Team
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents

\end_inset 


\layout Chapter

Introduction
\layout Standard

This manual covers the customization features present in LyX.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top defskip \align center 
WARNING!!!!! WARNING!!!!! WARNING!!!!
\layout Standard
\added_space_bottom defskip \align center 
Danger, Will Robinson, Danger!
\layout Standard

This file is incomplete at the moment! Expect it to be extended!
\layout Standard

Also --- you might not be able to print or preview this file yet.
 It needs a little fixing here and there.
\layout Chapter

LyX configuration files
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:config}

\end_inset 

This chapter aims at helping you to find your way through LyX configuration
 files.
 Before continuing to read this chapter, you should find out where your
 LyX library directory is by using 
\family sans 
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
elp->
\bar under 
V
\bar default 
ersion
\family default 
.
 This directory is the place where LyX places its system-wide configuration
 files, and we will simply name it 
\family typewriter 
LyXDir
\family default 
 in the remainder of this document.
 
\layout Section

What's in 
\family typewriter 
LyXDir
\family default 
?
\layout Standard

Among the files and directories that you will find in a typical LyX installation
, the most interesting one is 
\family typewriter 
\series medium 
lyxrc
\family default 
\series default 
, which is the main configuration file, as described in Chapter
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:lyxrc}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

Most customization that you might want to do to LyX are available through
 this file.
 However, many other inner aspects of LyX can be customized by modifying
 the other files in 
\family typewriter 
LyXDir
\family default 
.
 They fall in different categories, described in the following subsections.
\layout Subsection

Automatically generated files
\layout Standard

These files are generated when you configure LyX.
 They contain various default values that are guessed by inspection.
 In general, it is not a good idea to modify them, since they might be overwritt
en at any time.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
lyxrc.defaults
\family default 
\series default 
 is read just before 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
.
 It contains defaults for various commands.
 If you don't like some values given there, you can override them in 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
packages.lst
\family default 
\series default 
 contains the list of packages that have been recognized by LyX.
 It is currently unused by the LyX program itself, but the information extracted
, and more, is made available with 
\family sans 
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
elp->L
\bar under 
a
\bar default 
TeX
\protected_separator 
Configuration
\family default 
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
textclass.lst
\family default 
\series default 
 is the list of textclasses that have been found in your 
\family typewriter 
layout/
\family default 
 directory, along with the associated LaTeX document class and their description.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
doc/LaTeXConfig.lyx
\family default 
 is automatically generated during configuration from the file 
\family typewriter 
LaTeXConfig.lyx.in
\family default 
.
 Each string of the form 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

@chk_foo@
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 will be replaced by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

yes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

no
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 depending on whether the package 
\family typewriter 
foo
\family default 
 has been found.
\layout Subsection

Directories
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
bind/
\family default 
\series default 
 this directory contains files with the extension .bind that define the keybindin
gs used in LyX (see section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bindings}

\end_inset 

).
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
clipart/
\family default 
\series default 
 contains Postscript® pictures that can be included in documents.
 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
doc/
\family default 
\series default 
 contains LyX documentation files (including the one you are currently reading).
 The file 
\family typewriter 
LaTeXConfig.lyx
\family default 
 deserves special attention, as noted above.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
examples/
\family default 
\series default 
 contains example files that explain how to use some features.
 In the file browser, press the 
\family sans 
Examples
\family default 
 button to get there.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
images/
\family default 
 contains image files that are used by the 
\family sans 
Itemize
\protected_separator 
Bullet
\protected_separator 
Selection
\family default 
 popup.
 It is planned that this directory will be used in future releases to support
 custom icons and banners.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
kbd/
\family default 
\series default 
 contains keyboard keymapping files.
 See Chapter
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:keymap}

\end_inset 

 for details.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
layouts/
\family default 
\series default 
 contains the textclass files described in Chapter
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{chap:textclass}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Subsection

Files you don't want to modify
\layout Standard

These files are used internally by LyX and you generally do not need to
 modify them unless you are a developer.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
CREDITS
\family default 
\series default 
 this file contains the list of LyX developers.
 The contents are displayed with the menu entry 
\family sans 
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
elp->Cr
\bar under 
e
\bar default 
dits
\family default 
.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
chkconfig.ltx
\family default 
\series default 
 this is a LaTeX script used during the configuration process.
 Do not run directly.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
configure
\family default 
\series default 
 this is the script that is used to re-configure LyX.
 It creates configuration files in the directory it was run from.
\layout Section

Your local configuration directory
\layout Standard

Even if you are using LyX as an unprivileged user, you might want to change
 LyX configuration for your own use.
 One new feature of LyX 0.12 is the introduction of a 
\family typewriter 
UserDir
\family default 
 directory that contains all your personal configuration files.
 This is the directory described as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

user directory
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in 
\family sans 
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
elp->
\bar under 
V
\bar default 
ersion
\family default 
.
 This directory is used as a mirror of 
\family typewriter 
LyXDir
\family default 
, which means that every file in 
\family typewriter 
UserDir
\family default 
 is a replacement for the corresponding file in 
\family typewriter 
LyXDir
\family default 
.
 Any configuration file described in the above sections can be placed either
 in the system-wide directory, in which case it will affect all users, or
 in your local directory for your own use.
\layout Standard

To make things clearer, let's provide a few examples:
\layout Itemize

when you reconfigure using 
\family sans 
\bar under 
O
\bar default 
ptions->
\bar under 
R
\bar default 
econfigure
\family default 
, LyX runs 
\family typewriter 
configure
\family default 
 and the resulting files are written in your local configuration directory
 (see section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:autodetected}

\end_inset 

 to have a list of the 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 settings affected by this section).
 This means that any additional textclass file that you might have added
 in 
\family typewriter 
UserDir/layouts
\family default 
 will be added to the list of classes in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
 popup.
\layout Itemize

Similarly, if you have installed some LaTeX document classes in your home
 directory, that LaTeX can find with your 
\family typewriter 
TEXINPUTS
\family default 
 path, they will show up in your list of text classes.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

as long as LyX or yourself have a 
\family typewriter 
.layout
\family default 
 file for it, of course.
\end_float 
\layout Itemize

If you get some updated documentation from LyX ftp site and cannot install
 it because you do not have sysadmin rights on your system, you can just
 copy the files in 
\family typewriter 
UserDir/doc/
\family default 
 and the items in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
elp
\family default 
 menu will open them!
\layout Chapter

The 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 File
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:lyxrc}

\end_inset 


\layout Section

Customization with the 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
-file
\layout Standard

LyX will read the file 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
, when it is invoked.
 This file include various settings that are described below.
 Note that lines beginning with a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
#
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 are just comments and not interpreted.
\layout Standard

According to the file loading scheme described on page
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \pageref{chap:config}

\end_inset 

, if
\family typewriter 
 UserDir/lyxrc
\family default 
 doesn't exist, LyX loads the system default file 
\family typewriter 
LyXDir/lyxrc
\family default 
 instead.
 Only system administrators should edit the global 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file.
 To design your own, copy 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 to 
\family typewriter 
UserDir/
\family default 
 and use it as a template.
\layout Section

Bindings
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bindings}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

command: 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
bind
\family default 

\newline 
format: 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
bind <key combination> <lyx-function>
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
bind
\family default 
 is used to, well, bind a function to a key.
 Both key combination and lyx-function (including any arguments) must be
 enclosed in "double quotes".
 Look in the bind files in 
\family typewriter 
(LyXDir/bind/)
\family default 
 for examples on how to use this command.
 All the LyX functions are listed in the 
\emph on 
Reference Guide
\emph default 
.
\layout Section

Toolbar
\layout Standard

The toolbar is also configurable from 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
.
 This is done inside a 
\emph on 
toolbar section
\emph default 
 surrounded by 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
begin_toolbar
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
end_toolbar
\family default 
 commands.
 The only legal commands inside this section are 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
add
\family default 
, 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
layouts
\family default 
, and 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
separator
\family default 
.
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
add
\family default 
 has this format: 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
add <lyx-function> [<parameters>]
\family default 
 (the parameters are optional) and adds a button for the specified function.
 LyX has icons for a small subset of the functions, but you can bind any
 function.
 If you draw some nice icons, you can submit them to the LyX team, and we'll
 provide support for them in a future release.
 
\layout Standard

The 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
layouts
\family default 
 command adds the paragraph environment drop-down list.
 The 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
separator
\family default 
 command is used to add a little space between entries, and should be used
 to organize the toolbar in a logical way.
 Have a look in your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file to see how the standard toolbar could be declared.
\layout Section

On-screen Previewing
\layout Standard

In addition to viewing documents within LyX, you can also preview your document
 in the form in which it will appear on the paper output.
 By default, LyX uses 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 for on-screen previewing of .
\family typewriter 
dvi
\family default 
 files (the output from LaTeX).
\layout Standard

LyX can also use 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 to convert 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
 files to .
\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 
 files and 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 for previewing.
 A number of options in the 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file can be used to customize these settings.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
view_dvi_command
\family default 
\series default 
 Allows you to replace 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
 by some other 
\family typewriter 
.dvi
\family default 
 previewer, or to supply arguments to 
\family typewriter 
xdvi
\family default 
.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
view_ps_command
\family default 
\series default 
 Allows you to replace 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 with your preferred PostScript previewer, or to provide arguments to 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
view_pspic_command
\family default 
\series default 
 Defines the program used to do full-screen previews of PostScript figures.
 You can not use this setting to include any options.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
ps_command
\family default 
\series default 
 Defines the program to use to embed PostScript figures within a LyX document.
 You can not include any options.
 If you define this to the empty string (""), LyX will not render any figures.
 This can be useful if you have a slow machine and work with lots of figures.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
default_papersize
\family default 
\series default 
 Sets the paper size used by LyX when previewing documents.
 The default value is USletter paper.
 If LaTeX is configured to use a different default size at your site, you
 may wish to change this setting.
\layout Section

Printer
\layout Standard

There are a bunch of commands that help you setup the printer command from
 LyX.
 Normally, you only need to use a few of them, but all are provided for
 completeness.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
printer
\family default 
\series default 
 This setting defines the default name of your printer.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
print_command
\family default 
\series default 
 This setting defines which command, LyX should use to print your document.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
print_evenpage_flag
\family default 
\series default 
 This setting defines which flag to your printer command will trigger printing
 of only the even pages.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
print_oddpage_flag
\family default 
\series default 
 This setting defines which flag to give your printer command to print only
 the odd pages.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
print_reverse_flag
\family default 
\series default 
 With this command, you can define what flag that will cause your printing
 command to print the pages in reverse order.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
print_landscape_flag
\family default 
\series default 
 This command defines what flag is set when you've requested printing of
 your document in landscape.
 No option is passed, if the document is printed in portrait.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
print_to_printer
\family default 
\series default 
 If you specify an explicit name of a printer, you'll typically have to
 prepend this name with a flag on the printing command line.
 This command defines what flag should appear before the printer name.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
print_to_file
\family default 
\series default 
 If you want to print to a file, you have to provide a flag before the filename.
 This command allows you to define how this flag looks.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
print_file_extension
\family default 
\series default 
 When you print to a file, you can define what extension the printed file
 will have with this command.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
print_extra_options
\family default 
\series default 
 With this command, you can define a series of flags that will be put on
 the printing command after the other flags.
 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
print_spool_cmd
\family default 
\series default 
 If you specify something in this command, LyX will print in two steps:
 First, the program specified with the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
print_command
\family default 
 setting will be executed with the directive to print to a file.
 Then, the command specified with 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
print_spool_cmd
\family default 
 will be executed with the output file from the previous command on the
 command line, and if specified, the directive (
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
print_to_printer
\family default 
) to send the output to a named printer before the filename.
\layout Standard

All in all, we hope that this will allow you to be able to print your documents
 without fuss.
\layout Section

Screen & Fonts
\layout Standard

The font used to display your documents on the LyX screen is very important,
 since you'll be reading all your documents with this font.
 Therefor it is important that the font is as readable and good-looking
 as possible.
 The LyX team tried to provide the best possible default font for you, but
 since practically all X11 systems are different, it's very likely that
 the default fonts will be sub-optimal on your system.
 Fortunately, you can do something about this.
 Before we explain how to do this, you should learn a bit more about fonts
 so that you are better prepared for choosing your fonts, because it is
 a trade-off that is individual to your preferences and the capabilities
 of your system.
\layout Standard

Notice that this section only deals with the fonts on the 
\emph on 
screen
\emph default 
 inside the LyX window.
 The fonts that appear on the 
\emph on 
paper
\emph default 
 
\emph on 
output
\emph default 
 are independent from these fonts, and are determined by the document class.
 Read the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 to learn how to change the font of the printed version of your document.
\layout Standard

Basically, screen fonts come in two different kinds: Scalable outline fonts
 and non-scalable bitmap fonts.
 This distinction seems a bit arbitrary, since non-scalable fonts are actually
 scalable in most modern font renderers.
 The difference lies the 
\emph on 
quality
\emph default 
 of the scaling, and the 
\emph on 
speed
\emph default 
 of display.
 The most important decision is thus whether you should use non-scalable
 bitmap fonts or scalable outline fonts.
\layout Standard

The scalable fonts are build from 
\emph on 
outlines
\emph default 
 of the single glyphs (i.e.
 characters) in the font.
 This means that each glyph is defined using mathematical curves that are
 well suited for scaling to any requested size.
 This mathematical definition is interpreted by the font renderer and turned
 into a small picture composed of pixels according to which size and glyph,
 the programmer requests.
 This means that scalable fonts will look pretty good in all sizes.
 Well, almost all sizes.
 Since scalable fonts are defined in an abstract way, it can be hard to
 provide a good rendering at small sizes, where each pixel has to be very
 carefully put to provide a good image.
 Technically it is possible to do this from the mathematical definition,
 but in order to keep the rendering reasonably fast, round-offs have to
 be made, and the result is that scalable fonts can be difficult to read
 at small sizes.
\layout Standard

Bitmap fonts on the other hand, are defined by bitmap graphics from the
 start, so they will look good at all the sizes they are meant for.
 However, they don't scale well, because in order to scale a glyph, each
 pixel is enlarged into several pixels.
 It is the same effect that happens if you try to enlarge a picture in xv
 or any other picture manipulation program.
 In order to relieve this effect, bitmap fonts are typically provided in
 several fixed sizes typically from around 8 pixels high up to 34 pixels
 or so high in steps according to what is believed to be useful.
 The advantage of bitmap fonts is that no complicated computations are necessary
 to display each glyph, so bitmap fonts are thus faster displayed than scalable
 fonts.
 The disadvantage is that sizes that don't exists as fixed versions have
 to be scaled by doubling pixels, and thus look bad.
\layout Standard

The net result of all this, is that bitmap fonts are generally best for
 the small sizes, where they are available, while scalable fonts are generally
 best for large sizes.
 The logical conclusion would thus be to use bitmap fonts for the small
 sizes, and scalable fonts for the large sizes.
 Unfortunately, this is not a good idea, since bitmap fonts and scalable
 fonts are not designed to be used together, so the overall look of such
 a scheme would be bad.
 The best you can do is thus to try both schemes and decide for yourself
 what suits you.
\layout Standard

By default, LyX uses non-scalable bitmap fonts.
 For serif fonts, 
\emph on 
times
\emph default 
 is used, for sans serif fonts, 
\emph on 
helvetica
\emph default 
 is used, while 
\emph on 
courier
\emph default 
 is used as the monospaced/typewriter font.
\layout Standard

In the following, we will describe what to do if the text does not look
 good in LyX.
 We'll start with the most important parameters: DPI and font zoom.
\layout Subsection

DPI setting and Font Zoom
\layout Standard

LyX automatically tries to scale the fonts to look as close as the paper
 output size as possible, except for the so-called font zoom factor.
\layout Standard

In order for this to work on all systems, it relies on the screen DPI (dots
 per inch) setting to be correct.
 The DPI setting for your system is autodetected by LyX using the information
 the X server can provide.
 You can check what LyX autodetects the DPI setting to, by running LyX as
 
\family typewriter 
lyx -dbg 1
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

On many systems, X is not set up correctly, so you should check that it
 is correct by hand.
 Run 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
xdpyinfo | less
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and write down what the DPI is for the resolution, you use (this will be
 close to the value LyX detects).
 It is the number mentioned as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

resolution
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

.
 Also write down the number of pixels you have in the width (the first number
 under 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

dimensions
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

).
\layout Standard

Then get the good old ruler out of the closet, and measure the width of
 the visible screen-image on your monitor.
 Convert this measurement to inches if you used a centimeter ruler by multiplyin
g with 2.54.
 Now you can determine the correct DPI setting for your screen by dividing
 the number of pixels in the width by the width of the screen-image on the
 monitor.
 If this number is more than, say, 5 DPI from the detected value, you should
 either fix the X setup, or at least tell LyX that the DPI is different
 than the detected value.
\layout Standard

If you can't fix the X setup (which of course is best since other programs
 than LyX will benefit from this as well), you can tell LyX the correct
 DPI setting with the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
screen_dpi
\family default 
 command by providing an integer argument, like this:
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
screen_dpi 90
\layout Standard

When you've got the correct DPI setting, restart LyX and see if the text
 looks good.
 (Notice that the DPI value mentioned when you run LyX as 
\family typewriter 
lyx -dbg 1
\family default 
 is the autodetected value, so don't be worried when the figure does not
 change eventhough you use the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
screen_dpi
\family default 
 command.
 LyX will use it even if it is silent about it.)
\layout Standard

If the text is too small or too big for your taste, you should fiddle with
 the font zoom setting.
 This setting is used to scale the point size of the text.
 If your DPI setting is correct, and the font zoom setting is set to 100,
 this means that LyX will try to display the text exactly the same size
 as it will appear on the paper-output.
 If you set the zoom factor to 200, the text will try to be 2 times as big
 as on paper.
 Of course, this will only happen if LyX can find a font that has the appropriat
e size, which you can't count on.
 But since LyX is a WYSIWYM system anyways, this limitation isn't much of
 an issue.
\layout Standard

The default font zoom setting is 150 since a monitor is typically wider
 than a piece of paper, but you should try to fiddle with it through the
 
\family sans 
Font
\protected_separator 

\bar under 
Z
\bar default 
oom
\family default 
 setting in the 
\family sans 
Options->Screen
\protected_separator 
Options
\family default 
 pop-up to find a size that you like.
 When you've found a setting that seems to work nicely for you (tip: use
 the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
A
\bar default 
pply
\family default 
 button to keep the pop-up open while you experiment), you can make this
 setting the default by using the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
screen_zoom
\family default 
 command in your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file.
\layout Standard

While it is often possible to find a suitable size for the text on the screen,
 this doesn't necessarily mean that the fonts are the best ones available
 on your system.
 In order to help you get the most out of your system, you can use the font
 definition commands to fine-tune the look of the text in greater detail
 than merely size.
\layout Subsection

Font definition commands
\layout Standard

As mentioned, LyX uses non-scalable bitmap fonts by default.
 For serif fonts, 
\emph on 
times
\emph default 
 is used, for sans serif fonts, 
\emph on 
helvetica
\emph default 
 is used, while 
\emph on 
courier
\emph default 
 is used as the monospaced/typewriter font.
\layout Standard

You can change this with the following 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 commands:
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
screen_font_roman
\family default 
 
\series default 
defines the font to use for serif text, like this.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
screen_font_sans
\family default 
 
\series default 
defines the font to use for sans serif text, 
\family sans 
like this
\family default 
.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
screen_font_typewriter
\family default 
 
\series default 
defines the font to use for typewriter/monospaced text, 
\family typewriter 
like this
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

The number of fonts that are available on different systems vary, but the
 program 
\family typewriter 
xfontsel
\family default 
 should be available everywhere.
 Use that program to find candidate fonts.
 When you've found a font that you like, try to insert the first two elements
 of the name (called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

fndry
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

fmly
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in 
\family typewriter 
xfontsel
\family default 
) in the appropriate field in the 
\family sans 
Options->Screen
\protected_separator 
Options
\family default 
 pop-up and press 
\family sans 
\bar under 
A
\bar default 
pply
\family default 
.
 LyX will then reformat your document using the new font, and if you like
 the font, you should put it in your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file.
 One place to start for a new font is to see if the scalable font 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

utopia
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is available.
 Tip: You can see whether a font is a bitmap font or a scalable font by
 checking the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

resx
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

resy
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 fields in 
\family typewriter 
xfontsel
\family default 
.
 If the value 0 is available, the font is scalable.
 If the value 0 isn't available, the font is a bitmap font.
\layout Standard

Before you go about scrapping a bitmap font because the larger sizes look
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

blocky
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, you should try to use the following command to make it better:
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
screen_font_scalable
\family default 
\series default 
 is a boolean that defines whether LyX should scale bitmap fonts or not.
\layout Standard

This is only useful if you use bitmap fonts, because only these don't scale
 well.
 If you define this flag, LyX will only use the fixed font sizes that are
 available, and this guarantees that all bitmap fonts look well.
 (You can see which individual font sizes are available with the 
\family typewriter 
xlsfonts
\family default 
 command.
 Try 
\family typewriter 
man xlsfonts
\family default 
.) However, the prize is that the difference between the size of the fonts
 on screen and the size of fonts on paper will be larger because LyX will
 have to be satisfied with the closest available size, and not try to scale
 a size to fit.
 Also, you can risk that some logically different sizes, such as 
\family sans 
Large
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Larger
\family default 
, will be mapped to the same screen font, making it hard for you to see
 the difference on screen.
 We've decided to let this flag be 
\family typewriter 
false
\family default 
 by default because of these artifacts, but since LyX is a WYSIWYM system,
 many people like to use the flag anyways, well-knowing that the font size
 on the screen can't be trusted.
 But remember that this flag only makes a difference when you use bitmap
 fonts.
 Scalable fonts won't be affected for reasons you should understand by now.
\layout Standard

One final note regarding this flag: you should know that there is nothing
 wrong with using bitmap and scalable fonts at the same time for different
 purposes.
 For instance, it's common to use the scalable 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Utopia
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for the serif text together with a bitmap version of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Helvetica
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 And you can safely set the 
\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
screen_font_scalable
\family default 
\series default 
 setting to 
\family typewriter 
true
\family default 
 without worries: It will only apply to the Helvetica font.
\layout Standard

Sometimes the artifacts introduced by use the flag can be relieved by using
 the fine-detail 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 command 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
screen_font_sizes
\family default 
 which defines which point sizes the different logical font sizes correspond
 to.
 Run LyX as 
\family typewriter 
lyx -dbg 513
\family default 
 to see exactly what concrete fonts the logical sizes map to, and try adjusting
 the corresponding entry in 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
screen_font_sizes
\family default 
 in your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file until you've managed to hit the nail and get the fonts you want.
 This can be hard to do, because LyX uses the DPI setting and the font zoom
 settings to calculate which exact screen font size to ask the X server
 for, thus obfuscating the mapping.
 If you can't make it by trial-and-error, you can make the process more
 transparent if you set both the DPI setting and font zoom settings to 100---eve
n when this is known to be wrong.
 This will of course make your scalable fonts look weird, so use with care.
\layout Subsection

Font encoding
\layout Standard

By default, LyX will use fonts meant to write Western European text, including
 all kinds of English.
 This is defined through the so-called 
\emph on 
font
\emph default 
 
\emph on 
encoding
\emph default 
.
 If you want to use LyX to write for instance Eastern European text, Cyrillic
 or any other language not covered by the ISO-8859-1 font encoding, you
 can define a different one with the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
screen_font_encoding
\family default 
 setting.
 This requires you to have special fonts installed.
 You can use 
\family typewriter 
xfontsel
\family default 
 to see whether this is the case: check the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

rgstry
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

encdng
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 fields for ISO-8859-X values different from ISO-8859-1, and search for
 one that contains the national characters of your language.
 If you find any, define this value in your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file.
 If not, go searching the Web for appropriate fonts.
\layout Standard

When you've set LyX up to use a different font encoding, you should also
 consider to change the font used by pop-up windows in LyX.
 For instance, the 
\family sans 
Table
\protected_separator 
of
\protected_separator 
Contents
\family default 
 pop-up will not be understandable unless you tell LyX to use a different
 font for this.
 By default the menu font is set to 
\family typewriter 
-*-helvetica-medium-r
\family default 
, but often Helvetica is not available in the font encoding you need.
 Therefor you can change this font with the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
screen_font_menu
\family default 
 command.
\layout Standard

As you can see, there are quite a few options that can be used to finetune
 the look of your fonts.
 This should not scare you from fiddling with the settings, because after
 all, you will hopefully be using LyX for many hours in the future.
 And contrary to real WYSIWYG word processors where you are tied to use
 fonts that have to look good both on paper and on screen, LyX gives you
 the possibility to use fonts that are designed to look on the screen.
 If you are lucky enough to have that.
\layout Standard

In LyX version 1.0, we will try to support the 
\family typewriter 
T1Lib
\family default 
 font renderer, which provides 
\emph on 
anti-aliased
\emph default 
 text.
 This means that each glyph is built from several color shades rather than
 just two colors, in effect giving what appears to be higher resolution.
 This will not only make the text more readable on screen, but will also
 allow LyX to get really close to the font sizes as they appear on paper,
 since it will be possible for LyX to ask for, say, a point 14.4 font instance,
 contrary to now, where this has to be rounded to point 14.
\layout Section

TeX
\layout Standard

Some sites
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
like my office machine--Dave Johnson
\end_float 
 still have the default LaTeX version as 2.09.
 Though I can't imagine why this should be the default any longer, it will
 be necessary to deal with LyX in such an environment.
 Don't even 
\emph on 
think
\emph default 
 about 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

fixing
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 LyX to run under LaTeX 2.09.
 Upgrading your LaTeX will be easier, and is the right way to go, anyway.
 Most large systems should, even if they default to 2.09, have a version
 of LaTeX2e available, but perhaps using a different executable name.
 You can change the name of the appropriate LaTeX command, say to the name
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
latex2e
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
as it is at my office--Dave Johnson
\end_float 
 by placing the line
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
latex_command latex2e
\layout Standard

in your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file.
 At installation time, LyX will try to autodetect whether this setting is
 needed, so normally, you don't need to worry about it.
\layout Section

The autodetected settings
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:autodetected}

\end_inset 

There are several items that are detected for you when you run 
\family sans 
\bar under 
O
\bar default 
ption->
\bar under 
R
\bar default 
econfigure
\family default 
.
 In this section, we list those which pertain to 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
.
 In what follows, all the 
\family typewriter 
*_command
\family default 
 entries are set to none if no suitable command is found.
 In this case, the corresponding functions are not available.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
latex_command
\family default 
\series default 
 is set to a valid LaTeX2e processor (programs tested are 
\family typewriter 
latex
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 
latex2e
\family default 
);
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
ps_command
\family default 
\series default 
 is set to 
\family typewriter 
gs
\family default 
 if you have Ghostscript installed;
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
view_ps_command
\family default 
\series default 
 is set to 
\family typewriter 
gv
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 
ghostview
\family default 
 if they are found (
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
view_pspic_command
\family default 
 is set to use the same program).
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
ascii_roff_command
\family default 
\series default 
 uses either 
\family typewriter 
groff
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 
nroff
\family default 
+
\family typewriter 
tbl
\family default 
, depending on what is available.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
chktex_command
\family default 
\series default 
 is set to 
\family typewriter 
chktex
\family default 
 plus a bunch of options;
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
fax_command
\family default 
\series default 
 is set to 
\family typewriter 
fax
\protected_separator 
send
\family default 
 of 
\family typewriter 
sendfax
\family default 
, depending on what fax package is found.
 The needed command line options are also added;
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 

\backslash 
font_encoding
\family default 
\series default 
 is set to 
\family typewriter 
T1
\family default 
 if the 
\family typewriter 
ec
\family default 
 fonts are found and LaTeX has support for these fonts built-in.
 You can set it manually if you only have the so-called 
\family typewriter 
dc
\family default 
 fonts.
\layout Section

The rest
\layout Standard

There are a bunch of other 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 commands that can be used to customize LyX behaviour.
 We still need to document that here, but for now, the 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file is richly commented so walk through that to get an idea of what you
 can customize.
 You can also try your luck in the 
\emph on 
Reference guide,
\emph default 
 but no guarantees.
\layout Chapter

The LyX Server
\layout Section

Introduction
\layout Standard

The LyX server is a method implemented into LyX that will enable other programs
 to talk to LyX, invoke LyX commands and retrieve information about the
 LyX internal state.
 This is only intended for advanced users, but those will find it useful.
\layout Section

Starting the LyX Server
\layout Standard

The LyX server works through the use of a pair of named pipes.
 These are usually located in your home directory and have the names 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
.lyxpipe.in
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
.lyxpipe.out
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 External programs write into 
\family typewriter 
.lyxpipe.in
\family default 
 and read back data from 
\family typewriter 
.lyxpipe.out
\family default 
.
 The stem of the pipe names can be defined in the 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file by adding a line like:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
serverpipe "/home/myhome/.lyxpipe"
\layout Standard

LyX will add the '
\family typewriter 
.in
\family default 
' and '
\family typewriter 
.out
\family default 
' to create the pipes.
 The above line also has the effect of activating the LyX server.
 If one of the pipes already exists, LyX will assume that another LyX process
 is already running and will not start the server.
 To have several LyX processes with servers at the same time, you have to
 change the 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 between the start of the programs.
\layout Standard

If you are developing a client program, you might find it useful to enable
 debugging information from the LyX server.
 Do this by starting LyX as 
\family typewriter 
lyx -dbg 8192.
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Note: if LyX crashes, it may not manage to remove the pipes; in this case
 you should remove them manually.
 If LyX starts and the pipes exist already, it will not start any server.
\layout Standard

Other than this, there are a few points to consider:
\layout Itemize

Both server and clients must run on UNIX or OS/2 machines.
 Communications between LyX on UNIX and clients on OS/2 or vice versa is
 not possible right now.
\layout Itemize

On OS/2, only one client can connect to LyXServer at a time.
\layout Itemize

On OS/2, clients must open inpipe with 
\family typewriter 
O_WRONLY
\family default 
 mode.
\layout Standard

You can find a complete example client written in C in the source distribution
 as 
\family typewriter 
development/server_monitor.c
\family default 
.
\layout Section

Normal communication
\layout Standard

To issue a LyX call, the client writes a line of ASCII text into the input
 pipe.
 This line has the following format:
\layout Quote

LYXCMD:
\emph on 
clientname
\emph default 
:
\emph on 
function
\emph default 
:
\emph on 
argument
\layout Standard

Here 
\emph on 
clientname
\emph default 
 is a name that the client can choose arbitrarily.
 Its only use is that LyX will echo it if it sends an answer - so a client
 can dispatch results from different requesters.
\layout Standard


\emph on 
function
\emph default 
 is the function you want LyX to perform.
 It is the same as the commands you'd use in the minibuffer.
\layout Standard


\emph on 
argument
\emph default 
 is an optional argument which is meaningful only to some functions (for
 instance 'self-insert' which will the argument as text at the cursor position.)
\layout Standard

The answer from LyX will arrive in the output pipe and be of the form
\layout Quote

INFO:
\emph on 
clientname
\emph default 
:
\emph on 
function
\emph default 
:
\emph on 
data
\layout Standard

where 
\emph on 
clientname
\emph default 
 and 
\emph on 
function
\emph default 
 are just echoed from the command request, while 
\emph on 
data
\emph default 
 is more or less useful information filled according to how the command
 execution worked out.
 Some commands will return information about the internal state of LyX,
 such as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

font-state
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, while other will return an empty data-response.
 This means that the command execution went fine.
\layout Standard

In case of errors, the response from LyX will have this form
\layout Quote

ERROR:
\emph on 
clientname
\emph default 
:
\emph on 
function
\emph default 
:
\emph on 
error message
\layout Standard

where the 
\emph on 
error message
\emph default 
 should contain an explanation of why the command failed.
\layout Standard

Examples:
\layout LyX-Code

echo "LYXCMD:test:beginning-of-buffer:" >~/.lyxpipe.in
\layout LyX-Code

echo "LYXCMD:test:get-xy:" >~/.lyxpipe.in
\newline 
read a <~/.lyxpipe.out
\newline 
echo $a
\layout Section

Notification
\layout Standard

LyX can notify clients of events going on asynchronously.
 Currently it will only do this if the user binds a key sequence with the
 function 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

notify
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 The format of the string LyX sends is as follows:
\layout Quote


\family typewriter 
NOTIFY:
\family default 
\emph on 
key-sequence
\layout Standard

where 
\emph on 
key-sequence
\emph default 
 is the printed representation of the key sequence that was actually typed
 by the user.
\layout Standard

This mechanism can be used to extend LyX's command set and implement macros:
 bind some key sequence to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

notify
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, start a client that listens on the out pipe, dispatches the command according
 to the sequence and starts a function that may use LyX calls and LyX requests
 to issue a command or a series of commands to LyX.
\layout Section

The simple LyX Server Protocol
\layout Standard

LyX implements a simple protocol that can be used for session management.
 All messages are of the form
\layout Quote

LYXSRV:
\emph on 
clientname
\emph default 
:
\emph on 
protocol message
\layout Standard

where 
\emph on 
protocol message
\emph default 
 can be 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

hello
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

bye
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 If 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

hello
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is received from a client, LyX will report back to inform the client that
 it's listening to it's messages, while 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

bye
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 sent from LyX will inform clients that LyX is closing.
\layout Chapter

Internationalizing LyX
\layout Standard

LyX supports using a translated interface.
 Last time we checked, Norwegian, Danish, Finish, German, Dutch and Swedish
 texts were provided together with the default English text.
 
\layout Standard

Notice that these translations do work not without a few flaws.
 In particular, all pop-ups have been designed with the English text in
 mind, which means that some of the translated text will be too large to
 fit within the space allocated.
 This is only a display problem and will not cause any harm.
 Also, you will find that some of the translations do not define short-cut
 keys for everything.
 Sometimes, there are simply not enough free letters to do it.
 Other times, the translator does didn't get around to doing it yet.
\layout Standard

We'll try to fix these shortcomings in LyX version 1.0.
\layout Section

Selecting an alternative language for the user interface
\layout Standard

This feature is disabled by default, meaning that the text will be English.
 To enable an alternative language, you have to set an appropriate environment
 variable.
 Use 
\family typewriter 
"setenv LANG xx"
\family default 
 
\family roman 
for csh class shells
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 
"export LANG=xx"
\family default 
 
\family roman 
for sh class shells
\family default 
.
 Substitute the 
\family typewriter 
xx
\family default 
 with the two letter code for the language you want.
 For instance, 
\family typewriter 
no
\family default 
 is Norwegian.
\layout Standard

Normally, you'll want to put the appropriate line in 
\family typewriter 
~/.Xsession
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 
~/.xinitrc
\family default 
 such that the translation is on per default.
 Remember that if LyX is configured and compiled with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
--disable-nls
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, this will not work.
\layout Section

Adapting shortcuts for alternative languages
\layout Standard

One main cause for inconsistencies in the translated versions of LyX is
 the fact that all the keyboard shortcuts for the menu functions are based
 on the English version of the text.
 This is, regardless of the entry in the menu, 
\family sans 
M-f t 
\family default 
will open the new-file-from-template popup.
 It is, however, easy to change this, as all the shortcuts for menu operations
 are defined in one file, 
\family typewriter 
LYX-DIR/bind/menus.bind
\family default 
.
 Every user can have his own copy of that file in his private directory,
 
\family typewriter 
~/.lyx/bind
\family default 
, which will then take precedence over the systemwide file.
 In this private copy, one can easily change the definitions, e.g.
 for the German version change 
\family sans 
M-f t
\family default 
 to 
\family sans 
M-d v
\family default 
 (for 
\family sans 
Datei->Vorlage
\family default 
).
 For some languages, examples for adapted 
\family typewriter 
menus.bind
\family default 
 files can be found in 
\family typewriter 
LYX-DIR/bind/menus_
\series bold 
xx
\series default 
.bind 
\family default 
(
\series bold 
xx 
\series default 
denotes the language code).
\layout Standard

You will have to take care that the new definitions for shortcuts do not
 collide with other, previous definitions.
 For example the abovementioned binding 
\family sans 
M-d v
\family default 
 would generate an error for those who use 
\family sans 
(x)emacs.bind
\family default 
, where 
\family sans 
M-d
\family default 
 is bound to 'word-delete-forward'.
 
\layout Standard

Future versions of LyX will most probably have designated files 
\family typewriter 
menus.bind
\family default 
 for each supported language, and use it automatically whenever the respective
 language is selected.
\layout Section

Translating LyX
\layout Standard

LyX uses the GNU gettext-library to handle the internationalization of the
 interface.
 To have LyX speak your favourite language in all menus and dialog boxes,
 you need a po-file for that language.
 When this is available, you'll have to generate a mo-file from it and install
 the mo-file.
 The process of doing all of this is explained in the documentation for
 GNU gettext, but in short, this is what you do (
\series bold 
xx 
\series default 
denotes the language code):
\layout Itemize

Copy 
\family typewriter 
LYX-SOURCE-DIR/po/lyx.pot
\family default 
 to 
\series bold 
xx
\family typewriter 
\series default 
.po
\family default 
 (if 
\family typewriter 
lyx.pot
\family default 
 doesn't exist, it can be remade with
\family typewriter 
 make lyx.pot
\family default 
 in that directory, or you can use an existing po-file for some other language
 as a template).
\layout Itemize

Edit 
\family typewriter 
xx.po
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

We recommend that you use Emacs to do this, since the gettext distribution
 includes a nice mode that supports you in doing this.
\end_float 
.
 For some menu- and widget-labels, there are also shortcut keys that should
 be translated.
 Those keys are marked after a `
\family typewriter 
|
\family default 
', and should be translated according to the words and phrases of the 
\series bold 
xx
\series default 
-language.
 There is a tool named 
\family typewriter 
scgen.pl
\family default 
 written in Prolog in 
\family typewriter 
LYX-SOURCE-DIR/development/tools/
\family default 
 that may be useful to help determine short-cut keys.
 Note that XForms (version 0.86 at least) can't handle anything but 7-bit
 characters as shortcut keys.
 You should also fill also out the information at the beginning of the new
 po-file with your email-address, etc., so people know where to reach you
 with suggestions and entertaining flames.
\layout Itemize

Generate 
\series bold 
xx
\family typewriter 
\series default 
.mo
\family default 
.
 This can be done with
\newline 

\family typewriter 
msgfmt -o 
\family default 
\series bold 
xx
\family typewriter 
\series default 
.mo < 
\family default 
\series bold 
xx
\family typewriter 
\series default 
.po
\layout Itemize

Copy the mo-file to your locale-tree, at the correct directory for application
 messages for the language 
\series bold 
xx
\series default 
, and under the name 
\family typewriter 
lyx.mo
\family default 

\newline 
(e.g.
 
\family typewriter 
/usr/local/share/locale/
\family default 
\series bold 
xx
\family typewriter 
\series default 
/LC_MESSAGES/lyx.mo
\family default 
)
\layout Standard

Adding a new po-file to the 
\emph on 
distribution 
\emph default 
of LyX involves altering the configure scripts and more, but the way gettext
 works, you don't actually need the source-code of LyX to translate it---having
 
\family typewriter 
lyx.pot
\family default 
 (or an existing po-file) and the gettext tools suffices.
\layout Standard

If you've written a translation file for a language that LyX does not currently
 support, feel free to submit it for inclusion by sending a patch.
 In this case, we recommend that you read the README provided in the 
\family typewriter 
LYX-SOURCE-DIR/po/
\family default 
 directory for more instructions.
\layout Section

International Keyboard Support
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Editor's Note: The following section is by Ivan Schreter.
 It needs to be fixed to conform to the new Documentation Style sheet and
 to make use of the new v0.12 features.
 The whole thing also needs to be merged with the section following it.-jw
\layout Subsection

Defining Own Keymaps: Keymap File Format
\layout Standard

Let's look at a keyboard definition file a little closer.
 It is a plain ASCII file defining
\layout Itemize

key-to-key or key-to-string translations
\layout Itemize

dead keys
\layout Itemize

dead keys exceptions
\layout Standard

To define key-to-key or key-to-string translation, use this command:
\layout Quotation


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
kmap
\family default 
 
\emph on 
key
\emph default 
 
\emph on 
outstring
\layout Standard

where 
\emph on 
key
\emph default 
 is the key to be translated and 
\emph on 
outstring
\emph default 
 is the string to be inserted into the document.
 To define dead keys, use:
\layout Quotation


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
kmod
\family default 
 
\family typewriter 
key
\family default 
 
\family typewriter 
deadkey
\layout Standard

where 
\emph on 
key
\emph default 
 is keyboard key and 
\emph on 
deadkey
\emph default 
 is dead key name.
 The following dead keys are supported (shortcut name is in parentheses):
\layout Quotation


\emph on 
Name
\hfill 
Example
\layout Quotation

acute (acu)
\hfill 
áéíóú
\layout Quotation

grave (gra)
\hfill 
àèìòù
\layout Quotation

macron (mac)
\hfill 
 \i \={o}

\layout Quotation

tilde (til)
\hfill 
ñÑ
\layout Quotation

underbar (underb)
\hfill 

\latex latex 

\backslash 
b o
\layout Quotation

cedilla (ced)
\hfill 
çÇ
\layout Quotation

underdot (underd)
\hfill 

\latex latex 

\backslash 
d o
\layout Quotation

circumflex (circu)
\hfill 
âêîôû
\layout Quotation

circle (circl)
\hfill 
Å\i \r{u}
\i \r{U}

\layout Quotation

tie (tie)
\hfill 

\latex latex 

\backslash 
t oo
\layout Quotation

breve (bre)
\hfill 
\i \u{a}

\latex latex 

\backslash 
u o
\layout Quotation

caron (car)
\hfill 
\i \v{c}
\i \v{s}
\i \v{z}

\layout Quotation

hungarian umlaut (hug)
\hfill 
\i \H{o}
\i \H{u}

\layout Quotation

umlaut (uml)
\hfill 
äöü
\layout Quotation

dot (dot)
\hfill 
\i \.{z}

\latex latex 

\backslash 
.s
\layout Standard

Since in many international keyboards there are exceptions to what some
 dead keys should do, you can define them using
\layout Quotation


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
kxmod
\family default 
 
\emph on 
deadkey key outstring
\layout Standard

For example, on Slovak keyboard, if you enter caron-o, it generates circumflex-o
, so you put in
\layout Quotation


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
kxmod
\family default 
 
\family typewriter 
caron o "
\backslash 
^o"
\layout Standard

to make it work correctly.
 Also, you have to define as exceptions dead keys over i and j, to remove
 the dot from them before inserting an accent mark.
 I will change this when the time comes, but so far I didn't have time.
\layout Standard

Oh, and about keys: Backslash is escaped, so to enter it, you'll need double
 backslash.
 Also, quotes and 
\family typewriter 
#
\family default 
 have different meaning.
 
\family typewriter 
#
\family default 
 marks comment, quotes start and end LaTeX-style commands.
 To enter quote, you'll need to use 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
"
\family default 
, to enter 
\family typewriter 
#
\family default 
, use 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
#
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

If you make a keyboard description file that works fort your language, please
 mail it to me, so I can include it in the next keymaps distribution.
\layout Standard

More keywords will be supported in keymap configuration file in future,
 like
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
kinclude 
\family default 
\emph on 
filename
\hfill 
include
\emph default 
 another file
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
kprog
\family default 
 
\emph on 
program
\hfill 
define
\emph default 
 an external keymap translation program 
\layout Standard

Also, it should look into 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file for defaults, too (for example, a 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
kinclude
\family default 
 option to include default keyboard).
\layout Section

International Keymap Stuff
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:keymap}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

The next two sections describe the 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
.kmap
\family default 
\shape default 
 and 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
.cdef
\family default 
\shape default 
 file syntax in detail.
 These sections should help you design your own key map if the ones provided
 do not meet your needs.
\layout Subsubsection

The .kmap File
\layout Standard

A 
\family sans 
\shape up 
.
\family typewriter 
kmap
\family default 
\shape default 
 file maps keystrokes to characters or strings.
 As the name suggests it sets a keyboard mapping.
 The 
\family typewriter 
.kmap
\family default 
 file keywords 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
kmap
\shape default 
,
\shape up 
kmod
\shape default 
,
\shape up 
ksmod
\family default 
\shape default 
, and 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
kcomb
\family default 
\shape default 
 are described in this section.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\shape up 
kmap
\family default 
\shape default 
 Map a character to a string
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
kmap
\protected_separator 

\family roman 
\emph on 
char
\emph default 

\protected_separator 

\emph on 
string
\layout Standard

This will ma
\family roman 
p 
\emph on 
char 
\emph default 
to 
\emph on 
string
\emph default 
.
 Note that in 
\emph on 
string
\emph default 
, 
\shape up 
the double-quote (")
\shape default 
 and 
\shape up 
the backslash (
\backslash 
) 
\shape default 
must be escaped with a preceding backslash (
\shape up 

\backslash 

\shape default 
)
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

An example of a 
\family sans 
\shape up 
kmap
\family default 
\shape default 
 statement to cause the symbol
\family sans 
\shape up 
 / 
\family default 
\shape default 
to be output for the keystroke
\family sans 
\shape up 
 & 
\family default 
\shape default 
is:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
kmap & /
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family typewriter 
\shape up 
kmod
\family default 
\shape default 
 Specify an accent character
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
kmod
\family roman 
 
\emph on 
char accent allowed
\layout Standard

This will make the cha
\family roman 
racter 
\emph on 
char
\shape up 
 be an accent
\emph default 
 on the 
\emph on 
allowed 
\emph default 
cha
\family default 
racter(s).
 This is the dead key 
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

The term 
\family roman 
\emph on 
dead key
\family default 
\emph default 
 refers to a key that does not produce a character by itself, but when followed
 with another key, produces the desired accent character.
 For example, a German characte
\family roman 
r with an umlaut like 
\emph on 
ä
\emph default 
 can be produced in this manner.
\end_float 
 mechanism.
 
\layout Standard

If you 
\family roman 
hit 
\emph on 
char 
\emph default 
and then another key not in 
\emph on 
allowed
\emph default 
, you will get a 
\emph on 
char 
\emph default 
followed by the other, unallowed key, as output.
 
\family default 
Note that a 
\family sans 
\shape up 
Backspace
\family default 
\shape default 
 cancels a dead key, so if 
\family roman 
you hit 
\emph on 
char
\family sans 
 
\shape up 
Backspace
\family default 
\emph default 
, the cursor will not go one position backwards but will instead cancel
 the effect t
\family roman 
hat 
\emph on 
char
\emph default 
 might have had on the next keystroke.
 
\layout Standard

The following example specifies that the character ' is to be an acute accent,
 allowed on the characters a, e, i, o, u, A, E, I, O, and U:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
kmod ' acute aeiouAEIOU
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000

ksmod Specify an exception to the accent character
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
kxmod 
\family sans 
\emph on 

\protected_separator 

\family roman 
accent char result
\layout Standard

This defines an exce
\family roman 
ption for 
\emph on 
accent 
\emph default 
on 
\emph on 
char
\emph default 
.
 T
\shape up 
he
\emph on 
 accent 
\emph default 
must 
\family default 
have been assigned a keystroke with a previous 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
kmo
\shape default 
d
\family default 
 declar
\family roman 
ation and 
\emph on 
char 
\emph default 
must not belong in the 
\emph on 
allowed 
\emph default 
set of 
\emph on 
accent
\emph default 
.
 When 
\shape up 
you enter the 
\emph on 
accent char 
\emph default 
sequence, 
\emph on 
result
\emph default 
  is produced.
 If such a declaration does not exist in
\family default 
 the
\family sans 
 
\family typewriter 
.kmap
\family default 
\shape default 
 file and yo
\family roman 
u enter 
\emph on 
accent  char
\emph default 
, you get 
\emph on 
accent_key char 
\emph default 
 where 
\emph on 
accent_key 
\emph default 
 is the first arg
\family default 
ument of the 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 

\backslash 
kmod
\family default 
\shape default 
 declaration.
 
\layout Standard

The following command produces causes äi to be produced when you enter acute-i
 ('i):
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
kxmod acute i "
\backslash 

\backslash 
'{
\backslash 

\backslash 
i}"
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
\shape up 
kcomb
\family default 
\shape default 
 Combine two accent characters
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
kcomb 
\family roman 
\emph on 
accent1 accent2 allowed
\layout Standard

This one is getting pretty esoteric.
 It allows you to combine the effect
\family roman 
 of 
\emph on 
accent1
\emph default 
 and 
\emph on 
accent2
\emph default 
 (in that order!) on 
\emph on 
allowed
\emph default 
 chars.
 The keystrokes for 
\emph on 
accent1
\emph default 
 and 
\emph on 
accent2
\emph default 
 must have be
\family default 
en set with a 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 

\backslash 
kmod
\family default 
\shape default 
 command at 
\family roman 
a 
\emph on 
previous
\emph default 
 point in the 
\family default 
file.
 
\layout Standard

Consider this example from the 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
greek.kmap
\family default 
\shape default 
 file:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
kmod ; acute aeioyvhAEIOYVH 
\backslash 
kmod : umlaut iyIY 
\backslash 
kcomb acute umlaut iyIY
\layout Standard

This allows you to press 
\family sans 
\shape up 
;:i
\family default 
\shape default 
 and get the effect of 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 

\backslash 
'{
\backslash 
"{i}}
\family default 
\shape default 
.
 
\family roman 
\shape up 
A backspace 
\family default 
\shape default 
in this case cancels the last dead key, so if you press
\family sans 
\shape up 
 ;: Backspace i 
\family default 
\shape default 
you get 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 

\backslash 
'{i}
\family default 
\shape default 
.
\layout Subsubsection

The .cdef File
\layout Standard

After the 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
.kmap
\family sans 
 
\family default 
\shape default 
mapping is performed, a 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
.cde
\shape default 
f
\family default 
 file maps the strings that the symbols generate to characters in the current
 font.
 The LyX distribution currently includes at least the 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
iso8859-1.cdef
\family default 
\shape default 
 and 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
iso8859-2.cdef
\family default 
\shape default 
 files.
\layout Standard

In general the 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
.cdef
\family sans 
 
\family default 
\shape default 
file is a sequence of declarations of the form
\layout LyX-Code


\family roman 
\emph on 
char_index_in_set
\emph default 
 
\emph on 

\protected_separator 
string
\layout Standard

For example, in order to map 
\family sans 
\shape up 

\backslash 
'{e}
\family default 
\shape default 
 to the corresponding character in the iso-8859-1 set (233), the following
 declaration is used
\layout LyX-Code

233 "
\backslash 

\backslash 
'{e}"
\layout Standard

with 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 
"
\family default 
 being escap
\family roman 
ed in 
\emph on 
string
\emph default 
.
 Note that 
\family default 
the same character can apply to more than one string.
 In the 
\family typewriter 
i
\shape up 
so-8859-7.cdef
\family sans 
 
\family default 
\shape default 
file you have
\layout LyX-Code

192 "
\backslash 

\backslash 
'{
\backslash 

\backslash 

\backslash 
"{i}}"
\newline 
192 "
\backslash 

\backslash 

\backslash 
"{
\backslash 

\backslash 
'{i}}" 
\layout Standard

If LyX cannot find a mapping for the string produced by the keystroke or
 a deadkey sequence, it will check if it looks like an accented char and
 try to draw an accent over the character on screen.
\layout Subsubsection

Dead Keys
\layout Standard

There is a second way to add support for international characters through
 so-called dead-keys.
 A dead-key works in combination with a letter to produce an accented character.
 Here, we'll explain how to create a really simple dead-key to illustrate
 how they work.
\layout Standard

Suppose you happen to need the circumflex character, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

\i \^{}

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 You could bind the 
\family sans 
^
\family default 
-key [a.k.a.
\protected_separator 

\family sans 
Shift-6
\family default 
] to the LyX command 
\family typewriter 
accent-circumflex
\family default 
 in your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file.
 Now, whenever you type the 
\family sans 
^
\family default 
-key followed by a letter, that letter will have a circumflex accent on
 it.
 For example, the sequence 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
^e
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 produces the letter: 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

ê
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 If you tried to type 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
^t
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, however, LyX will complain with a beep, since a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
t
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 never takes a circumflex accent.
 Hitting 
\family sans 
Space
\family default 
 after a dead-key produces the bare-accent.
 Please note this last point! If you bind a key to a dead-key, you'll need
 to rebind the character on that key to yet another key.
 Binding the 
\family sans 
,-key
\family default 
 to a cedilla is a bad idea, since you'll only get cedillas instead of commas.
\layout Standard

One common way to bind dead-keys is to use 
\family sans 
Meta-
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Ctrl-
\family default 
, and 
\family sans 
Shift-
\family default 
 in combination with an accent, like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
~
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
,
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
^
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Another way involves using 
\family typewriter 
xmodmap
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 
xkeycaps
\family default 
 [remember them from section?] to set up the special 
\family typewriter 
Mode_Switch
\family default 
 key.
 The 
\family typewriter 
Mode_Switch
\family default 
 acts in some ways just like 
\family sans 
Shift
\family default 
 and permits you to bind keys to accented characters.
 You can also turn keys into dead-keys by binding them to something like
 
\family typewriter 
usldead_cedilla
\family default 
 and then binding this symbolic key to the corresponding LyX command.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note from 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
: This is exactly what I do in my 
\family typewriter 
~/.lyxrc
\family default 
 and my 
\family typewriter 
~/.xmodmap
\family default 
 files.
 I have my 
\family sans 
Scroll
\protected_separator 
Lock
\family default 
 key set up as 
\family typewriter 
Mode_Shift
\family default 
 and a bunch of these 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
usldead_*
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 symbolic keys bound such things as 
\family sans 
Scroll
\protected_separator 
Lock-^
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Scroll
\protected_separator 
Lock-~
\family default 
.
 This is how I produce my accented characters.
\end_float 
 You can make just about anything into the 
\family typewriter 
Mode_Switch
\family default 
 key: One of the 
\family sans 
Ctrl-
\family default 
 keys, a spare function key, etc.
 As for the LyX commands that produce accents, check the entry for 
\family typewriter 
accent-acute
\family default 
 in the 
\emph on 
Reference Manual
\emph default 
.
 You'll find the complete list there.
\layout Subsection

Saving your Language Configuration
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:savlang}

\end_inset 

You can edit your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file so that your desired language environment is automatically configured
 when LyX starts up.
 This section describes 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
lyxrc
\family default 
\shape default 
 commands to specify:
\layout Itemize

default, primary, and secondary keymaps
\layout Itemize

character set
\layout Standard

Look at your 
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
lyxrc
\family default 
\shape default 
 file for the various examples of how to configure it.
 In particular, you can set a keymap like this:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
bind "american" "keymap-primary"
\layout Standard

a dead-key like this:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
bind "M-,"  "accent-cedilla"
\layout Standard

and a font-mapping (
\family typewriter 
\shape up 
.cdef
\family default 
\shape default 
 file) like this:
\layout LyX-Code

# The norm for the screen fonts.
 
\layout LyX-Code

# The default is iso8859-1.
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
font_norm iso8859-2
\layout Chapter

The LyX-textclass format
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:textclass}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

This section describes the LyX textclass format for a LyX 0.12.
 Later versions of LyX will possibly support an enhanced format.
\layout Standard

This is no tutorial but a short reference.
 When you plan to realize a new textclass, it might be very helpful to look
 at the example textclasses contributed with LyX.
 If you use a nice LaTeX textclass that might be of interest for others,
 too, and have a nice corresponding LyX textclass, feel free to contribute
 the stuff to us, so we may put it into the distribution.
\layout Standard

The possible values are printed in brackets after the feature's name.
 The default value if a feature isn't specified inside a textclass-description
 is typeset 
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
emphasized
\family default 
\emph default 
.
 If the argument has a datatype like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

string
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

float
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, the default is shown like this: 
\family typewriter 
float=
\emph on 
default
\family default 
\emph default 
.
\layout Standard

Lines beginning with a 
\family typewriter 
#
\family default 
 are comments.
 There is one exception to this rule: all textclass file should begin with
 lines like:
\layout LyX-Code


\size small 
#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
\newline 
#
\protected_separator 
 
\backslash 
DeclareLaTeXClass{article}
\layout Standard

As stated the second line is used when you configure LyX.
 The textclass file is read by the LaTeX script 
\family typewriter 
chkconfig.ltx
\family default 
, in a special mode where 
\family typewriter 
#
\family default 
 is ignored.
 The first line is just a LaTeX comment, and the second one contains the
 declaration of the textclass.
 If these lines appear in a file named 
\family typewriter 
article.layout
\family default 
, then they define a textclass of name 
\family typewriter 
article
\family default 
 (the name of the textclass file) which uses the LaTeX documentclass 
\family typewriter 
article.cls
\family default 
 (the default is to use the same name as the textclass).
 The string 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

article
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 that appears above is used as a description of the textclass in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
 popup.
\layout Standard

Let's assume that you wrote your own textclass that uses the 
\family typewriter 
article.cls
\family default 
 documentclass, but where you changed the appearance of the section headings.
 If you put it in a file 
\family typewriter 
myarticle.layout
\family default 
, the header of this file should be:
\layout LyX-Code


\size small 
#% Do not delete the line below; configure depends on this
\newline 
#
\protected_separator 
 
\backslash 
DeclareLaTeXClass[article]{article (with my own headings)}
\layout Standard

This declares a textclass 
\family typewriter 
myarticle
\family default 
, associated with the LaTeX documentclass 
\family typewriter 
article.cls
\family default 
 and described as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

article (with my own headings)
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

When the textclass has been modified to your taste, all you have to do is
 to copy it either in 
\family typewriter 
LyXDir/layouts/
\family default 
 or in 
\family typewriter 
UserDir/layouts
\family default 
 and run 
\family sans 
\bar under 
O
\bar default 
ptions->
\bar under 
R
\bar default 
econfigure
\family default 
.
 Then your new textclass should be available along with the others.
\layout Section

General textclass parameters
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Columns
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
1
\emph default 
, 2
\family default 
] Wether the class-default should have or two columns.
 Can be changed in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
\emph on 
 
\emph default 
popup.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Sides
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
1
\emph default 
, 2
\family default 
] Wether the class-default should be printing on one or both sides of the
 paper.
 Can be changed in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
\emph on 
 
\emph default 
popup.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
PageStyle
\series default 
 
\family default 
[
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
plain
\emph default 
, empty, headings
\family default 
] The class default pagestyle.
 Can be changed in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
\emph on 
 
\emph default 
popup.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
MaxCounter
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
Counter_Chapter
\emph default 
, Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection, Counter_Paragraph,
 Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI, Counter_EnumII, Counter_EnumIII, Counter_E
numIV
\family default 
] The highest level of automatic enumeration.
 Useful values are 
\family typewriter 
Counter_Chapter
\family default 
 for a book or report and 
\family typewriter 
Counter_Section
\family default 
 for an article.
 If there is no enumeration needed at all, for example inside a letter class,
 
\family typewriter 
MaxCounter
\family default 
 should be set to 
\family typewriter 
Counter_EnumI
\family default 
.
 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
ClassOptions\SpecialChar \ldots{}
End
\family default 
\series default 
 This section describes various global options supported by the document
 class.
 See Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:classoptions}

\end_inset 

 for a description.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
DefaultFont
\family default 
\series default 
 This is used to describe the default font of the document.
 See Section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}

\end_inset 

 for a description.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{}
EndPreamble
\family default 
\series default 
 A set of macro definitions that will be output at the beginning of the
 LaTeX files.
 Use this for global definitions.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Input
\family default 
\series default 
 As its name implies, this command allows to input another textclass definition
 file to avoid duplicating commands.
 Most standard textclass files, for example, input 
\family typewriter 
stdclass.inc
\family default 
, which contains most of the basic layouts.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
NoStyle
\family default 
\series default 
 This command delete an existing style.
 This is particularly useful when you want to suppress a layout that has
 be defined in an input file.
\layout Section


\family typewriter 
ClassOptions
\family default 
 section
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:classoptions}

\end_inset 

The 
\family typewriter 
ClassOption
\family default 
 section can contain the following entries:
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
FontSize
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
string="10|11|12"
\family default 
] The list of available fontsizes for the document's main font, separated
 by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
|
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
PageStyle
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
string="empty|plain|headings|fancy"
\family default 
] The list of available page styles, separated by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
|
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Other
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
string=""
\family default 
] Some document class options, separated by a comma, that will be added
 to the optional part of the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
documentclass
\family default 
 command.
\layout Section

Specific Layouts
\layout Standard

A layout description looks like this
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note that this will either define a new layout or modify an existing one.
\end_float 
:
\layout LyX-Code

Style 
\family roman 
\emph on 
name
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\layout LyX-Code

End
\layout Standard

where the following commands are allowed:
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
CopyStyle
\family default 
\series default 
 This is used to copy all the features of an existing layout into the current
 one.
 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Margin
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
Static
\emph default 
, Manual, Dynamic, First_Dynamic, Right_Address_Box
\family default 
] The kind of margin the layout has on the left side.
 
\family typewriter 
Static
\family default 
 means just a static margin.
 
\family typewriter 
Manual
\family default 
 means that the left margin depends on the string entered in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aragraph
\family default 
 popup.
 This is used to typeset nice lists without tabulators.
 
\family typewriter 
Dynamic
\family default 
 means that the margin depends on the size of the label.
 This is used for automatic enumerated headlines.
 It is obvious that the headline 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

5.4.3.2.1 Very long headline
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 must have a wider left margin (as wide as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

5.4.3.2.1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) than 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

3.2 Very long headline
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, even if other wordprocessors are not able to do this.
 
\family typewriter 
First_Dynamic
\family default 
 is similar, but only the very first row of the paragraph is dynamic, while
 the others are static.
 Used for example for descriptions.
 
\family typewriter 
Right_Address_Box
\family default 
 means the margin is chosen in a way that the longest row of this paragraph
 fits to the right margin.
 Used to typeset an address on the very right of a paper.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
LatexType
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
Paragraph
\emph default 
, Command, CommandTitle, Environment, Item_Environment, List_Environment
\family default 
] How the layout should be translated into LaTeX.
 
\family typewriter 
Paragraph
\family default 
 means nothing special.
 
\family typewriter 
Command
\family default 
 means 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\emph on 
LatexName
\emph default 
{\SpecialChar \ldots{}
}
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 
Environment
\family default 
 means 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
begin{
\emph on 
LatexName
\emph default 
}\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\backslash 
end{
\emph on 
LatexName
\emph default 
}
\family default 
.
 
\family typewriter 
CommandTitle
\family default 
 is just like 
\family typewriter 
Command
\family default 
, but the layout is marked as needing a 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
maketitle
\family default 
 afterwards.

\family typewriter 
 Item_Environment
\family default 
 is the same than 
\family typewriter 
Environment
\family default 
, except that a 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
item
\family default 
 is generated for each paragraph of this environment.
 
\family typewriter 
List_Environment
\family default 
 is the same than 
\family typewriter 
Item_Environment
\family default 
, except that 
\family typewriter 
LabelWidthString
\family default 
 is passed as an argument to the environment.
 
\family typewriter 
LabelWidthString
\family default 
 can be defined in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aragraph
\family default 
 popup.
 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
LatexName
\family default 
\series default 
 The name of the corresponding LaTeX stuff.
 Either the environment or command name.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
LatexParam
\family default 
\series default 
 The optional parameter for the corresponding 
\family typewriter 
\series medium 
LatexName
\family default 
\series default 
 stuff.
 This parameter cannot be changed from within LyX.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
NextNoIndent
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
1, 
\emph on 
0
\family default 
\emph default 
] Whether the following Paragraph is allowed to indent its very first row.
 
\family typewriter 
1
\family default 
 means that it is not allowed to do so, 
\family typewriter 
0
\family default 
 means it could do so if it wants to.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
ParIndent
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
string=""
\family default 
] The indent of the very first line of a paragraph.
 The argument is passed as a string.
 For example 
\family typewriter 
"MM"
\family default 
 means that the paragraph is indented with the width of 
\family typewriter 
"MM"
\family default 
 in 
\family typewriter 
the
\family default 
 normal font.
 This way was chosen that the look is the same with each used screen font.
 The 
\family typewriter 
Parindent
\family default 
 will be fix for a certain layout.
 The exception is standard layout, since the indentation of a standard layout
 paragraph can be prohibited with 
\family typewriter 
NextNoIndent
\family default 
.
 Also standard layout paragraphs inside environments use the 
\family typewriter 
Parindent
\family default 
 of the environment, not their native one.
 For example standard paragraphs inside an enumeration are not indented.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Parskip
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
float=0
\family default 
] LyX allows to choose either 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

indent
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

skip
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to typeset a document.
 When 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

indent
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is chosen, this value is completely ignored.
 When 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

skip
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is chosen, the parindent of a LaTeXtype 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Paragraph
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 layout is ignored and all paragraphs are additionally separated by this
 parskip argument.
 The vertical space is calculated with 
\family typewriter 
value*DefaultHeight()
\family default 
 where 
\family typewriter 
DefaultHeight()
\family default 
 is the height of a row with the normal font.
 So the look stays the same with different screen fonts.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
TopSep
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
float=0
\family default 
] The vertical space the very first of a chain of paragraphs with this layout
 is separated from the previous one.
 If the previous paragraph has another layout, the separations are not simple
 added, but the maximum is taken.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
BottomSep
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
float=0
\family default 
] The same like 
\family typewriter 
TopSep
\family default 
 for the very last one.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Parsep
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
float=0
\family default 
] The vertical space between two paragraphs of this layout.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Itemsep
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
float=0
\family default 
] This is an extra space between the paragraphs of an environment layout.
 If you put other layouts into an environment, each are separated with the
 environment's 
\family typewriter 
Parsep
\family default 
.
 But the whole items of the environment are additionally separated with
 this 
\family typewriter 
Itemsep
\family default 
.
 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Leftborder
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
string=""
\family default 
] If you put layouts into environments, the leftborders are not simply added,
 but added with a factor 
\begin_inset Formula \( \frac{4}{depth+1}*4 \)
\end_inset 

.
 Note that this parameter is also used when the border is defined as 
\family typewriter 
Manual
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 
Dynamic
\family default 
.
 Then it is added to the manual or dynamic border.
 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Rightborder
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
string=""
\family default 
] Similar to 
\family typewriter 
LeftBorder
\family default 
.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Labeltype
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
No_Label
\emph default 
, Manual, Static, Top_Environment, Centered_Top_Environment, Sensitive,
 Counter_Chapter, Counter_Section, Counter_Subsection, Counter_Subsubsection,
 Counter_Paragraph, Counter_Subparagraph, Counter_EnumI, Counter_EnumII,
 Counter_EnumIII, Counter_EnumIV
\family default 
] 
\family typewriter 
Manual
\family default 
 means the label is the very first word (up to the first real blank).
 
\family typewriter 
Static
\family default 
 means it is defined in the layout (see labelstring).
 
\family typewriter 
Top_Environment
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 
Centered_Top_Environment
\family default 
 are special cases of 
\family typewriter 
Static
\family default 
.
 The label will be printed above the paragraph, but only at the top of an
 environment or the top of a chain of paragraphs with this layout.
 Usage is for example the 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 layout or the 
\family sans 
Bibliography
\family default 
 layout.
 Sensitive is a special case for the caption-labels 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Figure
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Table
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Sensitive means the (hardcoded) labelstring depends on the kind of float.
 The counter labeltypes should be self explanatory.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Labelsep
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
string=""
\family default 
] The horizontal space between the label and the text body.
 Only used for labels that are not above the text body.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
LabelBottomsep
\family default 
\series default 
 [float=0] The vertical space between the label and the text body.
 Only used for labels that are above the text body (
\family typewriter 
Top_Environment
\family default 
, 
\family typewriter 
Centered_Top_Environment
\family default 
).
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Labelstring
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
string=""
\family default 
] The string used a label in 
\family typewriter 
Static
\family default 
 labeltypes.When the border is 
\family typewriter 
Manual
\family default 
 this string is also used as a suggestion for the 
\family typewriter 
LabelWidthString
\family default 
 that can be set in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aragraph
\family default 
 popup.
 When the labeltype is 
\family typewriter 
Counter_
\emph on 
xxx
\family default 
\emph default 
, this string is prepended to the counter.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Align
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
block
\emph default 
, left, right, center
\family default 
] 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
AlignPossible
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
block
\emph default 
, left, right, center
\family default 
] A comma separated 
\emph on 
list
\emph default 
 of possible aligns.
 Some LaTeX styles prohibit certain alignments, since those wouldn't make
 sense.
 For example a right-aligned or centered enumeration isn't possible.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Fill_Top
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
0
\emph default 
,1
\family default 
] With this parameter the 
\family sans 
Fill
\protected_separator 
top
\family default 
 switch of the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
aragraph
\family default 
 popup can be set when initializing a paragraph with this layout.
 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Fill_Bottom
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
0
\emph default 
,1
\family default 
] Similar to 
\family typewriter 
Fill_Top
\family default 
.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
NeedProtect
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
0
\emph default 
,1
\family default 
] Tell whether fragile commands in this layout should be 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
protect
\family default 
'ed.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Newline
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
0, 
\emph on 
1
\family default 
\emph default 
] Wether newlines are translated into LaTeX newlines (
\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\backslash 

\family default 
) or not.
 The translation can be switched off to allow more comfortable LaTeX editing
 inside LyX.
 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
FreeSpacing
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
0
\emph default 
, 1
\family default 
] Usually LyX doesn't allow to insert more than one blank between words,
 since a blank is considered as the separation between two words, not a
 character or symbol of its own.
 This is a very fine thing but sometimes annoying, for example when typing
 program code or plain LaTeX code.
 For this reason 
\family typewriter 
FreeSpacing
\family default 
 could be enabled.
 Note that LyX will create protected blanks for the additional blanks when
 in another mode than LaTeX-mode.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Spacing
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
single
\emph default 
, onehalf, double, other 
\family default 
\emph on 
value
\emph default 
] This defines what the default spacing should be in the layout.
 The arguments 
\family typewriter 
single
\family default 
, 
\family typewriter 
onehalf
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 
double
\family default 
 correspond respectively to a multiplier value of 1, 1.25 and 1.667.
 If you specify the argument 
\family typewriter 
other
\family default 
, then you should also provide a numerical argument which will be the actual
 multiplier value.
 Note that, contrary to other parameters, 
\family typewriter 
Spacing
\family default 
 implies the generation of specific LaTeX code, using the package 
\family typewriter 
setspace.sty
\family roman 
.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Font
\family default 
\series default 
 The font used for both the text body 
\emph on 
and
\emph default 
 the label.
 See section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}

\end_inset 

.
 Note that defining this font automatically defines the 
\family typewriter 
LabelFont
\family default 
 to the same value.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
TextFont
\family default 
\series default 
 The font used for the text body .
 See section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
LabelFont
\family default 
\series default 
 The font used for the label.
 See section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:fonts}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Preamble\SpecialChar \ldots{}
EndPreamble
\family default 
\series default 
 A set of macro definitions that will be output at the beginning of the
 LaTeX files when the layout is used.
 Use this to define the macros needed by this particular layout.
\layout Section

Font description
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:fonts}

\end_inset 

A font description looks like that:
\layout LyX-Code

Font
\family roman 
\emph on 
 or 
\family default 
\emph default 
LabelFont
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 

\emph on 
\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\layout LyX-Code

EndFont
\layout Standard

and the following commands are available:
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Family
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
Roman
\emph default 
, Sans, Typewriter
\family default 
] 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Series
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
Medium
\emph default 
, Bold
\family default 
] 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Shape
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
Up
\emph default 
, Italic, SmallCaps
\family default 
] 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Size
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
tiny, small, 
\emph on 
normal
\emph default 
, large, larger, largest, huge, giant
\family default 
]
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Color
\series default 
 
\series bold 
[
\series default 
\emph on 
none
\emph default 
, black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow
\series bold 
]
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
\series medium 
Latex
\family default 
\series default 
 [
\family typewriter 
\emph on 
no_latex
\emph default 
, latex
\family default 
] 
\family typewriter 
no_latex
\family default 
 means LyX will translate everything into LaTeX.
 
\family typewriter 
Latex
\family default 
 means a red screenprint and no translation at all.
\layout Section

Creating Templates
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:templates}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

Templates are created just like usual documents.
 The only difference is, that usual documents contain all possible setting,
 including the fontscheme and the papersize.
 Usually a user don't want a template to overwrite his defaults in these
 cases.
 For that reason the designer of a template should remove the corresponding
 lyx-commands like 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
fontscheme
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
papersize
\family default 
 from the template lyx-file.
 This can be done with any simple text-editor, for example 
\family typewriter 
vi
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 
xedit
\family default 
.
 
\layout Standard

Put the edited template files you create in 
\family typewriter 
UserDir/templates/
\family default 
, copy the ones you use from the global template directory in 
\family typewriter 
LyXDir/templates/
\family default 
 to the same place, and redefine the template-directory in 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 using the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
template_path
\family default 
 command.
\layout Chapter

A Printer Tutorial
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{chap:printer}

\end_inset 


\layout Section

Introduction
\layout Standard


\size normal 
If you have a Linux system, and need to set up your printer, start by reading
 the file 
\family typewriter 
Printing-HOWTO
\family default 
 [often in the directory 
\family typewriter 
/usr/doc/FAQ/HOWTO/
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 
/usr/doc/HOWTO/
\family default 
 depending on your system].
 Also, you will need to install the Ghostscript package from your Linux
 CD-ROM, if you never did so.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Some Linux distributions now come with so-called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

magic filters
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and automatically set up your system to use them.
 You can use magic filters in place of or in addition to what we describe
 below, but it may be more difficult to take advantage of all of your printer's
 features.
 If your Linux distribution comes with some insta-setup tool for the printer,
 you might just want to use that, then look at the 
\family typewriter 
\size default 
Printing-HOWTO
\family default 
\size normal 
 when you're ready to customize things.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
So if you're feeling adventurous, or have no other choice, read on!
\layout Section

The 
\family typewriter 
/etc/printcap
\family default 
 File
\layout Subsection

Overview
\layout Standard


\size normal 
The 
\family typewriter 
/etc/printcap
\family default 
 file is how you tell Linux about your printer.
 Each entry defines a printer, giving it a name that you and other users
 call it by, and telling Linux how to handle output to it.
 You can actually have multiple 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

printers
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 on your system that all access the same physical printer, but use different
 features to do so.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note from 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
: I do this with my Epson Stylus Color IIs.
 Since you need to change print heads to use color on the Stylus IIs, I
 set up a separate printer, 
\family typewriter 
color
\family default 
, for printing color documents.
 I also created a 
\family typewriter 
draft
\family default 
 printer that uses lower print resolution and less-accurate printing features.
 So you see, there are lots of things you can do with the printcaps.
\end_float 

\size normal 
 Of course, you will need a printcap entry for each physical printer you
 have.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Here's a sample 
\family typewriter 
/etc/printcap
\family default 
 file:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
lp|Text on an Epson:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lp=/dev/lp1:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lf=/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:mx#0:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sh:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sf:
\newline 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
draft|Postscript on an Epson Stylus Color IIs, 180dpi:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lp=/dev/lp1:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sd=/var/spool/lpd/draft:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lf=/var/spool/lpd/draft/errs:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:if=/var/spool/lpd/draft/draft.filter:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:mx#0:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sh:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sf:
\newline 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
ps|Postscript on an Epson Stylus Color IIs, 360dpi:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lp=/dev/lp1:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sd=/var/spool/lpd/ps:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lf=/var/spool/lpd/ps/errs:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:if=/var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:mx#0:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sh:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sf:
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Before we start explaining these heiroglyphs, we have an important message:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.51cm \align center 

\size normal 
WARNING! WARNING! WARNING!
\layout Standard
\align center 

\size normal 
Use only one line between entries!!!
\layout Standard
\added_space_bottom 0.51cm \align center 

\size normal 
Make sure the line between entries is COMPLETELY BLANK!!!
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Even if you leave a space on the blank line between entries, weird things
 can happen, and the system will not parse your 
\family typewriter 
/etc/printcap
\family default 
 correctly.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Take a look at one of the entries in the above example.
 Each part of the entry is followed by a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
:
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 character.
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 character at the end of each line tells Linux that the entry continues
 on the next line.
 Don't put anything after the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, not even a space.
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 should come right after the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
:
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 of the last part of the entry on the line you're breaking.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
If you do choose to break up the 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 entry into multiple lines, be sure to put a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
:
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 at the beginning of the 
\emph on 
text
\emph default 
 of the new line, after any space.
 For example, we could have written the first entry in the previous example
 as:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
lp|Text:lp=/dev/lp1:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp:lf=/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs:
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Notice that there is only one 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
:
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 between each part of the entry.
 If we wanted to break this entry into two lines:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
lp|Text:lp=/dev/lp1:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lf=/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs:
\layout Standard


\size normal 
We break the line at a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
:
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 by adding a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, starting a new line, adding some space, then adding a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
:
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 before continuing.
 It's customary to indent the next line a bit if you break up a 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 entry into multiple lines.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Now we'll explain each part of the 
\family typewriter 
/etc/printcap
\family default 
 entry.
 Note that there are other options you can add to an entry.
 We'll only cover the four basic ones here.
 See the man page for the 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 file for additional information.
\layout Subsection

The Printer Name
\layout Standard


\size normal 
The first line of a 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 entry is the printer name.
 It contains the printer name, followed by a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
|
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 character, followed by a text description of the printer, and ending, of
 course, with a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
:
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 character.
 For example:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
draft|OurPrinter in Draft Mode:
\backslash 

\layout Standard


\size normal 
is a printer called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
draft
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 with the description 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

OurPrinter in Draft Mode
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 [Notice the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 at the end of the line, indicating that we'll continue the entry on a new
 line.] The name 
\family typewriter 
draft
\family default 
 is what you pass to many printing commands using the 
\family typewriter 
-P
\family default 
 option.
 [The 
\family typewriter 
lpr
\family default 
 program is such a command.]
\layout Standard


\size normal 
It's traditional to name your main PostScript® printer 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and to call your text printer 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lp
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Subsection

The Printer Device
\layout Standard


\size normal 
The next part of our sample 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 entries identifies the device to print to.
 In all of the example entries, there is a line:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lp=/dev/lp1:
\backslash 

\layout Standard


\size normal 
[Again, notice the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 at the end of the line, as well as the beginning 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
:
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

 after the space we used to indent the text proper.]
\layout Standard


\size normal 
The tag 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lp=
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 takes the name of the printing device.
 In this case, it is 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp1
\family default 
, the parallel port.
 There are printers that connect to the serial port.
 If you have one, you'd use 
\family typewriter 
/dev/ttyS0
\family default 
 for the first serial port, 
\family typewriter 
/dev/ttyS1
\family default 
 for the second, and so on.
 You'll also want to add other commands the the 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 entry, such as the printer's baud rate.
 See the 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 man page for more information.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Most printers, however, use the parallel port.
 In addition, the printer port on 
\emph on 
most
\emph default 
 PC-compatible computers will be 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp1
\family default 
.
 If you want to know why, look in this footnote.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Why is 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp1
\family default 
 and 
\emph on 
not 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp0
\family default 
\emph default 
 the first printer port? It turns out that the I/O address of each parallel
 port is hard-coded into the Linux kernel.
 Address 
\family typewriter 
0x3BC
\family default 
 is 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp0
\family default 
; address 
\family typewriter 
0x378
\family default 
 is 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp1
\family default 
; and address 
\family typewriter 
0x278
\family default 
 is 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp2
\family default 
.
 Since most PC-compatible computers assign the first parallel port to the
 I/O address 
\family typewriter 
0x378
\family default 
 by default, 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp1
\family default 
 will be the parallel port on most systems.
\layout Standard

If you have more than one parallel port, the situation changes.
 Also, if you altered the I/O address of the parallel port for some reason,
 then one of the other 
\family typewriter 
lp
\family default 
 devices will point to your parallel port.
 Other systems may just simply be weird.
 In any case, you can go into DOS and check out which I/O address your parallel
 port has.
 Then you can use that address to figure out whether your parallel port
 is 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp0
\family default 
, 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp1
\family default 
, or 
\family typewriter 
/dev/lp2
\family default 
.
\end_float 

\size normal 
 Your system may be different, however, so check to be sure which device
 is the parallel port.
\layout Subsection

The Spool Directory and Log File
\layout Standard


\size normal 
In addition to naming your printer and telling Linux which device it is,
 you'll also need a directory for print spooling.
 The tag 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
sd=
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 identifies the spool directory for the printer.
 It's also a good idea to have a log file for errors.
 The tag 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lf=
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 points to that.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Most systems put all of the print spools into the directory 
\family typewriter 
/var/spool/lpd
\family default 
; some use only 
\family typewriter 
/var/spool
\family default 
.
 In any case, each printcap entry traditionally has its own spool directory
 named after the printer.
 You'll need to log on a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

root
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and make these directories yourself.
 You'll also need to change to ownership on these directories, so that their
 group is the 
\family typewriter 
daemon
\family default 
 group.
 You can do this with the command, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
chgrp daemon 
\family default 
\emph on 
dirname
\emph default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, where 
\emph on 
dirname
\emph default 
 is the name of the spool directory.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
For example, look at the entry for the printer 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in the example.
 It contains the lines:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sd=/var/spool/lpd/ps:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lf=/var/spool/lpd/ps/errs:
\backslash 

\layout Standard


\size normal 
This indicates that the spool directory is 
\family typewriter 
/var/spool/lpd/ps
\family default 
 and that the log file is the file 
\family typewriter 
/var/spool/lpd/ps/errs
\family default 
.
 You should 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

create
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 this file using the command 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
touch errs
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in the spool directory.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Similarly, the entry for the printer 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lp
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 contains:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lf=/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs:
\backslash 

\layout Standard


\size normal 
Again, the spool directory is 
\family typewriter 
/var/spool/lpd/lp
\family default 
 and the log file is 
\family typewriter 
/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs
\family default 
.
 
\layout Subsection

The Filter File
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Unlike 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lp
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, which simply passes text to the printer unformatted, the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
draft
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 printers need a filter [that's why they have an additional tag in them].
 The 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 tag for the filter program is 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
if=
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 [stands for 
\family typewriter 
i
\family default 
nput 
\family typewriter 
f
\family default 
ilter, meaning input to the spool].
\layout Standard


\size normal 
There are actually several tags for filter programs, allowing you to specify
 a different filter for different purposes.
 You can also select different filters via options to 
\family typewriter 
lpr
\family default 
, but let's not get into that here.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Let's look at the entry for the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 printer:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:if=/var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter:
\backslash 

\layout Standard


\size normal 
The file 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps.filter
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is actually a shell script that resides in the spool directory for the
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 printer.
 You could also specify the path and filename of a program; however, calling
 a program via a shell script allows you to specify command line options.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
All filters, whether an actual program or a shell script, should take their
 input from 
\family typewriter 
stdin
\family default 
 [the standard input stream] and send their output to 
\family typewriter 
stdout
\family default 
 [the standard output stream].
\layout Subsection

Additional Tags
\layout Standard


\size normal 
There are three additional things you should put in your 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 entries.
 You can see them at the end of all three examples.
 They are:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:mx#0:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sh:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sf:
\layout Standard


\size normal 
The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
mx#0
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 means 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

don't limit the size of the file we can print.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
sf
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 prevents a form-feed from being sent after the document ends.
 Lastly, the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
sh
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 prevents a header page from being sent at the beginning of each job.
 You'll probably always want to add these to your 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 entries.
\layout Section

Creating a Print Filter
\layout Subsection

Printing PostScript® Files Using Ghostscript
\layout Standard


\size normal 
The easiest way to make your printer understand PostScript® is by using
 the Ghostscript program as a print filter.
 There are probably other ways, but this is the most common.
 If, for some reason, you don't want to or can't use Ghostscript, you're
 on your own [see the 
\family typewriter 
Printing-HOWTO
\family default 
 for a start].
\layout Standard


\size normal 
The first thing you should do is install Ghostscript.
 There should be a version in your Linux distribution at the very least.
 If not, you can certainly get one from the Linux FTP archive 
\family typewriter 
sunsite.unc.edu
\family default 
.
 Once you've installed it, execute it using 
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
gs -h | more
\layout Standard


\size normal 
from the command line.
 This lists the available output devices and formats.
 Here's a list to help decipher what Ghostscript device name corresponds
 to which printer:
\layout Itemize


\size normal 
Apple Printers:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description


\size normal 
appledmp Apple dot matrix printers
\layout Description


\size normal 
iwhi Imagewriter in high-res mode
\layout Description


\size normal 
iwlo Imagewriter in low-res mode
\layout Description


\size normal 
iwlq Imagewriter LQ in 
\size default 

\begin_inset Formula \( 320\times 216 \)
\end_inset 


\size normal 
 dpi mode
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\size normal 
Canon Printers:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description


\size normal 
bj10e BubbleJet BJ-10e
\layout Description


\size normal 
bj200 BubbleJet BJ-200
\layout Description


\size normal 
bjc600 Color BubbleJet BJC-600, BJC-4000 and BJC-70.
\begin_float footnote 
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

Also good for Apple printers like the StyleWriter 2x00
\end_float 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description


\size normal 
bjc800 Color BubbleJet BJC-800
\layout Description


\size normal 
lbp8 LBP-II8 laser printer
\layout Description


\size normal 
lips3 LIPS-III laser printer in CaPSL mode
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\size normal 
DEC Printers:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description


\size normal 
la50 LA50
\layout Description


\size normal 
la70 LA70
\layout Description


\size normal 
la70t LA70 with low-res text enhancement
\layout Description


\size normal 
la75 LA75
\layout Description


\size normal 
la75plus LA75 Plus
\layout Description


\size normal 
ln03 LN03
\layout Description


\size normal 
lj250 LJ250 color printer
\layout Description


\size normal 
declj250 Alternate LJ250 driver0
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\size normal 
Epson Printers:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description


\size normal 
ap3250 ActionPrinter AP3250 [and any printer using the ESC/P2 printer language]
\layout Description


\size normal 
escp2 All Epson printers using the ESC/P2 command set [thsi driver is possibly
 defunct.
 Use 
\series bold 
ap3250
\series medium 
 instead.]
\layout Description


\size normal 
epson All 9- and 24-pin dot matrix printers [and compatibles]
\layout Description


\size normal 
eps9mid All 9-pin dot matrix printers [and compatibles] in intermediate
 resolution
\layout Description


\size normal 
eps9hi All 9-pin dot matrix printers [and compatibles] in triple resolution
\layout Description


\size normal 
epsonc LQ-2550 color printer [also works for the Fujitsu 1200, 2400, and
 3400 printers
\size default 
]
\layout Description


\size normal 
st800 Stylus 800 inkjet
\layout Description


\size normal 
stcolor the Stylus Color, Stylus Color Pro, Stylus Color II and IIs color
 inkjet printers
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\size normal 
Hewlet Packard [HP] Printers:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description


\size normal 
lp2563 2563B line printer
\layout Description


\size normal 
cdeskjet DeskJet 500C with 1 bpp color
\layout Description


\size normal 
cdjcolor DeskJet 500C [and 540C] with 24 bpp color and Floyd-Steinberg dithering
\layout Description


\size normal 
cdjmono DeskJet 500C [and 510C, 520C, 540C], monochrome only.
\layout Description


\size normal 
cdj500 same as 
\series bold 
cdjcolor
\layout Description


\size normal 
cdj550 DeskJet 550C and 560C
\layout Description


\size normal 
deskjet DeskJet and DeskJet Plus
\layout Description


\size normal 
djet500 DeskJet 500
\layout Description


\size normal 
djet500c Alternate DeskJet 500C driver [does not work with the 550C or the
 560C]
\layout Description


\size normal 
dnj650c DesignJet 650C
\layout Description


\size normal 
ljet2p LaserJet IId, LaserJet IIp, and LaserJet III* with TIFF compression
\layout Description


\size normal 
ljet3 LaserJet III* with Delta Row compression
\layout Description


\size normal 
ljet3d LaserJet IIID with duplex capability
\layout Description


\size normal 
ljet4 LaserJet 4 [default res=600dpi]
\layout Description


\size normal 
lj4dith LaserJet 4 with Floyd-Steinberg dithering
\layout Description


\size normal 
ljetplus LaserJet Plus
\layout Description


\size normal 
pj PaintJet XL
\layout Description


\size normal 
pjetxl Alternate PaintJet XL driver
\layout Description


\size normal 
pjxl PaintJet XL color
\layout Description


\size normal 
pjxl300 PaintJet XL300 color [and 1200C]
\layout Description


\size normal 
paintjet Alternate PaintJet color driver
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\size normal 
Tektronix Printers:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description


\size normal 
t4693d2 4693d color printer with 2 bits/RGB component [=6 bpp]
\layout Description


\size normal 
t4693d4 4693d color printer with 4 bits/RGB component [=12 bpp]
\layout Description


\size normal 
t4693d8 4693d color printer with 8 bits/RGB component [=24 bpp]
\layout Description


\size normal 
tek4696 4695 and 4696 inkjet plotters
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize


\size normal 
Miscellaneous Printers:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description


\size normal 
cp50 Mitsubishi CP50 color printer
\layout Description


\size normal 
ibmpro IBM 9-pin Proprinter
\layout Description


\size normal 
imagen Imagen ImPress printers
\layout Description


\size normal 
jetp3852 IBM Jetprinter ink-jet color printer (Model #3852)
\layout Description


\size normal 
m8510 C.Itoh M8510 printer
\layout Description


\size normal 
necp6 NEC P6/P6+/P60 printers at 360 dpi 
\layout Description


\size normal 
nwp533 Sony Microsystems NWP533 laser printer [Sony only]
\layout Description


\size normal 
oce9050 OCE 9050 printer
\layout Description


\size normal 
oki182 Okidata MicroLine 182
\layout Description


\size normal 
okiibm Okidata MicroLine IBM-compatible printers
\layout Description


\size normal 
r4081 Ricoh 4081 laser printer
\layout Description


\size normal 
sj48 StarJet 48 inkjet printer
\layout Description


\size normal 
sparc SPARCprinter
\layout Description


\size normal 
xes Xerox XES printers (2700, 3700, 4045, etc.)
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard


\size normal 
If the Ghostscript package that came with your distribution doesn't include
 your printer, you can always hunt down the source code and compile it yourself.
 If your printer isn't 
\emph on 
directly
\emph default 
 supported by Ghostscript at all, try choosing the a printer that's compatible.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Note that some printers require special command line arguments.
 For example, the 
\family typewriter 
stcolor
\family default 
 driver requires that the file 
\family typewriter 
stcolor.ps
\family default 
 be read before the input file.
 You should read the Ghostscript documentation for more details.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Next, create the filter.
 We suggest giving it the name 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\emph on 
pname
\family typewriter 
\emph default 
.filter
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, where 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\emph on 
pname
\emph default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is the name you gave the printer in its 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 entry.
 We also suggest putting the filter script in the printer's spool directory.
 The filter script should contain the following:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
#!/bin/sh
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
/usr/bin/gs -q -dSAFER 
\protected_separator 
-dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=
\family roman 
\emph on 
devname
\family default 
\emph default 

\protected_separator 

\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
[-r
\family roman 
\emph on 
ResNum
\family default 
\emph default 
 
\family roman 
\emph on 
ExtraOptions
\family default 
\emph default 
]
\protected_separator 
-sOutputFile=- [
\family roman 
\emph on 
precmd
\family default 
\emph default 
.ps] -
\layout Standard


\size normal 
where 
\emph on 
devname
\emph default 
 is the name of the Ghostscript device; 
\emph on 
ResNum 
\emph default 
is the resolution you want to use; 
\emph on 
ExtraOptions
\emph default 
 indicates any additional options to pass to Ghostscript; and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\emph on 
precmd
\emph default 
.
\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is the name of a file to be read before the input [like the file 
\family typewriter 
stcolor.ps
\family default 
 for the 
\family typewriter 
stcolor
\family default 
 driver].
 The 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 at the end of the first line is how you break up a command into multiple
 lines in a shell script.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Note that the above example assumes that 
\family typewriter 
gs
\family default 
 is in the directory 
\family typewriter 
/usr/bin
\family default 
.
 Your system may be different.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Different Ghostscript drivers treat the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
-r
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 argument differently.
 Some are looking for a single number, for example, 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
-r600
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Others want separate DPI resultions for the x and y directions, e.g.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
-r360x360
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 The printer driver may take other options, as well.
 You'll need to consult the Ghostscript documentation for more information.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
After you've created the printer filter, use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
chmod a+x
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 on the script file to make it executable.
 [You need to be logged in as root to do this].
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Here's an example of a Ghostscript print filter, used by 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
 for his Epson Stylus Color IIs:
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
#!/bin/sh
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
/usr/bin/gs -q -dSAFER -sDEVICE=stcolor 
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
-r360x360 -sDithering=fsmono 
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
 -dNOPAUSE -dnoWeave 
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
-sOutputFile=- stcolor.ps -
\layout Standard


\size normal 
This filter generates 360dpi monochrome output on an Epson Stylus Color
 IIs.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note from 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
: This is my 
\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 
 printer.
 I also use a similar filter for my 
\family typewriter 
draft
\family default 
 printer, which has the option 
\family typewriter 
-r180x180
\family default 
 instead of what you see above.
 And for my 
\family typewriter 
color
\family default 
 printer, I use a different value for the 
\family typewriter 
-sDithering
\family default 
 option.
\end_float 
\layout Subsection

If You Already Have a PostScript® Printer\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\layout Standard


\size normal 
Many modern laser printers now come with PostScript® built-in.
 On some laser printers, PostScript® is actually the native printer language.
 If you have such a printer, you won't need a filter and can pass a PostScript®
 file directly to the printer.
 In contrast, if you want to print a text file, you'll need to format it
 in PostScript® somehow.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
We know of three programs that translate plain ASCII text to PostScript®:
 
\family typewriter 
nenscript
\family default 
, 
\family typewriter 
a2ps
\family default 
, and 
\family typewriter 
mpage
\family default 
.
 
\family typewriter 
mpage
\family default 
 can also print multiple pages on a single sheet of paper.
 You should create a filter script using one of these programs for the 
\family typewriter 
lp
\family default 
 printer.
 [The 
\family typewriter 
lp
\family default 
 printer is traditionally the name of the printer that prints ASCII text
 files.] Read the 
\family typewriter 
Printing-HOWTO
\family default 
 for more information.
\layout Section

The Print Spool Daemon, 
\family typewriter 
lpd
\layout Standard


\size normal 
The program that actually does the spooling and printing of files is 
\family typewriter 
lpd
\family default 
.
 It's also the program that reads the 
\family typewriter 
/etc/printcap
\family default 
 file.
 Somewhere in your bootup scripts,
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Some machines keep their bootup scripts in the 
\family typewriter 
/etc/rc.d
\family default 
 directory.
 Others use 
\family typewriter 
/etc/init.d
\family default 
.
 You'll need to figure this out on your own.
\end_float 

\size normal 
 you'll need to execute 
\family typewriter 
lpd
\family default 
 to begin print spooling every time you boot your machine.
 You can also execute 
\family typewriter 
lpd
\family default 
 as a background job from the command line if you're logged on as root.
 
\layout Standard


\size normal 
Once 
\family typewriter 
lpd
\family default 
 is running on your system, you can control its behavior and that of the
 print spool using the 
\family typewriter 
lpc
\family default 
 command.
 Again, you'll need to log in as root to do this.
\layout Section

Putting It All Together
\layout Standard


\size normal 
We'll conclude this mini-HOWTO with the steps you need to follow to get
 a minimal setup.
 When finished, you'll have two printers, one named 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lp
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for printing ASCII text, and a second called 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 for printing PostScript® files.
 The filter file for the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 printer [included below] works for any Epson-compatible printer [which
 includes almost all dot-matrix printers these days], using the default
 printing resolution.
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
Log in as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

root
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 or use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
su root
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
Execute the following commands:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\family typewriter 
\size normal 
cd /var/spool
\layout Enumerate


\family typewriter 
\size normal 
mkdir lpd
\family default 
 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard


\size normal 
[if it doesn't already exist]
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\family typewriter 
\size normal 
chgrp lp lpd
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard


\size normal 
[You may need to use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
daemon
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 instead of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lp
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

]
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\family typewriter 
\size normal 
cd lpd
\layout Enumerate


\family typewriter 
\size normal 
mkdir lp ps
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard


\size normal 
[only do this if these directories don't exist yet]
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\family typewriter 
\size normal 
touch lp/errs ps/errs
\layout Enumerate


\family typewriter 
\size normal 
chgrp daemon lp ps lp/errs ps/errs
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
Now edit the file 
\family typewriter 
/etc/printcap
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
If this file exists, either
\size default 
\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\size normal 
rename the old version to something like 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
/etc/printcap.orig
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Enumerate

\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\size normal 
or, comment out everything in the file by putting a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
#
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 character at the beginning of each line.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
Put the following into 
\family typewriter 
/etc/printcap
\family default 
:
\begin_deeper 
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
lp|Text printer:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lp=/dev/lp1:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lf=/var/spool/lpd/lp/errs:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:mx#0:sh:sf:
\newline 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
ps|Postscript printer:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lp=/dev/lp1:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:sd=/var/spool/lpd/ps:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:lf=/var/spool/lpd/ps/errs:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:if=/var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter:
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 
:mx#0:sh:sf:
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
MAKE SURE THAT:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
the blank line between the two entries has nothing in it, not even whitespace
 characters.
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
nothing follows the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 

\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 character at the end of each line.
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
Next, create the filter script for the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 printer.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
Put the following into the file 
\family typewriter 
/var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter
\family default 
:
\begin_deeper 
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
#!/bin/sh
\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 
/usr/bin/gs -q -dSAFER -dNOPAUSE 
\backslash 

\layout LyX-Code


\size normal 

\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 -sDEVICE=epson -sOutputFile=- -
\layout Standard


\size normal 
[If you don't have an Epson-compatible dot-matrix printer, replace the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
epson
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 with the appropriate Ghostscript device name.
 Also, if the program 
\family typewriter 
gs
\family default 
 isn't in 
\family typewriter 
/usr/bin
\family default 
, put in the correct path.]
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
Execute these commands:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\family typewriter 
\size normal 
chmod a+x /var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter
\layout Enumerate


\family typewriter 
\size normal 
chgrp daemon /var/spool/lpd/ps/ps.filter
\end_deeper 
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
Lastly, start up the printer daemon, 
\family typewriter 
lpd
\family default 
:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
If it's not running already, use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lpd &
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to start it.
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
If it is running already, execute 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lpc
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 Then, from within 
\family typewriter 
lpc
\family default 
, do a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
restart all
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
up all
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to activate the new print spools.
 [The command 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
quit
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 leaves 
\family typewriter 
lpc
\family default 
].
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
Be sure to add the appropriate command to your bootup scripts so that 
\family typewriter 
lpd
\family default 
 is executed every time you boot your system.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate


\size normal 
You may now log out as root and test your new printers to make sure they
 work.
 Issue the command 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lpr -Plp
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 followed by the name of a short ASCII text file to verify that the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lp
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 printer works.
 Then use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
lpr -Pps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 followed by the name of a short PostScript® file to test the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 printer.
 
\layout Standard


\size normal 
A word of caution: when testing 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
ps
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, if anything goes wrong, the system may end up passing garbage to your
 printer.
 If that happens, shut off your printer and use the 
\family typewriter 
lpq
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 
lprm
\family default 
 commands to kill the print job.
 After you kill the print job, you can turn your printer back on.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
If either of these printers doesn't work, check everything again, consult
 the 
\family typewriter 
man
\family default 
 pages for 
\family typewriter 
printcap
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 
lpd
\family default 
, and read the 
\family typewriter 
Printing-HOWTO
\family default 
 for help.
\layout Standard


\size normal 
If everything does work, congratulations!
\the_end
