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Data.Char

Portability | portable
Stability | stable
Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org

Contents

Character classification
Case conversion
Single digit characters
Numeric representations
String representations

Description
The Char type and associated operations.
Synopsis

data Char
type String = [Char]
isAscii :: Char -> Bool
isLatin1 :: Char -> Bool
isControl :: Char -> Bool
isSpace :: Char -> Bool
isLower :: Char -> Bool
isUpper :: Char -> Bool
isAlpha :: Char -> Bool
isAlphaNum :: Char -> Bool
isPrint :: Char -> Bool
isDigit :: Char -> Bool
isOctDigit :: Char -> Bool
isHexDigit :: Char -> Bool
toUpper :: Char -> Char
toLower :: Char -> Char
digitToInt :: Char -> Int
intToDigit :: Int -> Char
ord :: Char -> Int
chr :: Int -> Char
showLitChar :: Char -> ShowS
lexLitChar :: ReadS String
readLitChar :: ReadS Char

Documentation
data Char

The character type `Char` is an enumeration whose values represent Unicode (or equivalently ISO 10646) characters. This set extends the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) character set (the first 256 charachers), which is itself an extension of the ASCII character set (the first 128 characters). A character literal in Haskell has type `Char`.

To convert a `Char` to or from the corresponding `Int` value defined by Unicode, use `toEnum` and `fromEnum` from the `Enum` class respectively (or equivalently `ord` and `chr`).

Instances

Error [Char]
IArray UArray Char
Ix ix => Eq (UArray ix Char)
Ix ix => Ord (UArray ix Char)
(Ix ix, Show ix) => Show (UArray ix Char)
MArray (STUArray s) Char (ST s)
(Ix ix, Show ix) => Show (DiffUArray ix Char)
IArray (IOToDiffArray IOUArray) Char
MArray IOUArray Char IO
Typeable Char
Storable Char
Ix Char
Eq Char
Ord Char
Bounded Char
Enum Char
Read Char
Show Char
Random Char
HTML Char

type String = [Char]
A `String` is a list of characters. String constants in Haskell are values of type `String`.
Character classification
Unicode characters are divided into letters, numbers, marks, punctuation, symbols, separators (including spaces) and others (including control characters). The full set of Unicode character attributes is not accessible in this library.
isAscii :: Char -> Bool
Selects the first 128 characters of the Unicode character set, corresponding to the ASCII character set.
isLatin1 :: Char -> Bool
Selects the first 256 characters of the Unicode character set, corresponding to the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) character set.
isControl :: Char -> Bool
Selects control characters, which are the non-printing characters of the Latin-1 subset of Unicode.
isSpace :: Char -> Bool
Selects white-space characters in the Latin-1 range. (In Unicode terms, this includes spaces and some control characters.)
isLower :: Char -> Bool
Selects lower-case alphabetic Unicode characters (letters).
isUpper :: Char -> Bool
Selects alphabetic Unicode characters (letters) that are not lower-case. (In Unicode terms, this includes letters in upper and title cases, as well as modifier letters and other letters.)
isAlpha :: Char -> Bool
Selects alphabetic Unicode characters (letters).
isAlphaNum :: Char -> Bool
Selects alphabetic or numeric digit Unicode characters. Note that numeric digits outside the ASCII range are selected by this function but not by `isDigit`. Such digits may be part of identifiers but are not used by the printer and reader to represent numbers.
isPrint :: Char -> Bool
Selects printable Unicode characters (letters, numbers, marks, punctuation, symbols and spaces).
isDigit :: Char -> Bool
Selects ASCII digits, i.e. `'0'`..`'9'`.
isOctDigit :: Char -> Bool
Selects ASCII octal digits, i.e. `'0'`..`'7'`.
isHexDigit :: Char -> Bool
Selects ASCII hexadecimal digits, i.e. `'0'`..`'9'`, `'a'`..`'f'`, `'A'`..`'F'`.
Case conversion
toUpper :: Char -> Char
Convert a letter to the corresponding upper-case letter, leaving any other character unchanged. Any Unicode letter which has an upper-case equivalent is transformed.
toLower :: Char -> Char
Convert a letter to the corresponding lower-case letter, leaving any other character unchanged. Any Unicode letter which has a lower-case equivalent is transformed.
Single digit characters
digitToInt :: Char -> Int
Convert a single digit `Char` to the corresponding `Int`. This function fails unless its argument satisfies `isHexDigit`, but recognises both upper and lower-case hexadecimal digits (i.e. `'0'`..`'9'`, `'a'`..`'f'`, `'A'`..`'F'`).
intToDigit :: Int -> Char
Convert an `Int` in the range `0`..`15` to the corresponding single digit `Char`. This function fails on other inputs, and generates lower-case hexadecimal digits.
Numeric representations
ord :: Char -> Int
The `fromEnum` method restricted to the type `Char`.
chr :: Int -> Char
The `toEnum` method restricted to the type `Char`.
String representations
showLitChar :: Char -> ShowS

Convert a character to a string using only printable characters, using Haskell source-language escape conventions. For example:

     showLitChar '\n' s  =  "\\n" ++ s

lexLitChar :: ReadS String

Read a string representation of a character, using Haskell source-language escape conventions. For example:

     lexLitChar  "\\nHello"  =  [("\\n", "Hello")]

readLitChar :: ReadS Char

Read a string representation of a character, using Haskell source-language escape conventions, and convert it to the character that it encodes. For example:

     readLitChar "\\nHello"  =  [('\n', "Hello")]

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