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### Eight node plane stress element (CPS8 and CPS8R)

The eight node plane stress element is a general purpose plane stress element. It is actually a special case of shell element: the structure is assumed to have a symmetry plane parallel to the x-y plane and the loading only acts in-plane. In general, the z-coordinates are zero. Just like in the case of the shell element, the plane stress element is expanded into a C3D20 or C3D20R element. Figures 17 and 18 apply. From the above premises the following conclusions can be drawn:

- The displacement in z-direction of the midplane is zero. This condition is introduced in the form of SPC's. MPC's must not be defined in z-direction!
- The displacements perpendicular to the z-direction of nodes not in the midplane is identical to the displacements of the corresponding nodes in the midplane.
- The normal is by default (0,0,1)
- The thickness can vary. It can be defined in the same way as for the shell element, except that the *SOLID SECTION card is used instead of the *SHELL SECTION card.
- Different offsets do not make sense.
- Point loads are treated in a similar way as for shells.

The use of plane stress elements can also lead to rigid body knots, namely, if the thickness varies in a discontinuous way, or if plane stress elements are combined with other 1D or 2D elements such as axisymmetric elements. The connection with the plane stress elements, however, is modeled as a hinge.

Distributed loading in plane stress elements is different from shell distributed loading: for the plane stress element it is in-plane, for the shell element it is out-of-plane. Distributed loading in plane stress elements is defined on the *DLOAD card with the labels P1 up to P4. The number indicates the face as defined in Figure 20.

Figure 20: Face numbering for quadrilateral elements

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