# Keyboard routines

- clear_keybuf
- install_keyboard
- install_keyboard_hooks
- key
- key_led_flag
- key_shifts
- keyboard_callback
- keyboard_lowlevel_callback
- keyboard_needs_poll
- keyboard_ucallback
- keypressed
- poll_keyboard
- readkey
- remove_keyboard
- scancode_to_ascii
- set_keyboard_rate
- set_leds
- simulate_keypress
- simulate_ukeypress
- three_finger_flag
- ureadkey

The Allegro keyboard handler provides both buffered input and a set of flags storing the current state of each key. Note that it is not possible to correctly detect every combination of keys, due to the design of the PC keyboard. Up to two or three keys at a time will work fine, but if you press more than that the extras are likely to be ignored (exactly which combinations are possible seems to vary from one keyboard to another).

int install_keyboard();
Installs the Allegro keyboard interrupt handler. You must call this before using any of the keyboard input routines. Once you have set up the Allegro handler, you can no longer use operating system calls or C library functions to access the keyboard. Returns zero on success, or a negative number on failure (but you may decide not to check the return value as this function is very unlikely to fail). Note that on some platforms the keyboard won't work unless you have set a graphics mode, even if this function returns zero before calling set_gfx_mode.

> See also: remove_keyboard, poll_keyboard, key, keypressed, readkey, ureadkey, keyboard_callback, keyboard_ucallback, keyboard_lowlevel_callback, three_finger_flag, key_led_flag, set_leds, set_keyboard_rate, set_gfx_mode, Standard config variables.

> Examples using this: Available Allegro examples.

void remove_keyboard();
Removes the keyboard handler, returning control to the operating system. You don't normally need to bother calling this, because allegro_exit() will do it for you.

> See also: install_keyboard, allegro_exit.

void install_keyboard_hooks(int (*keypressed)(), int (*readkey)());
You should only use this function if you *aren't* using the rest of the keyboard handler. It should be called in the place of install_keyboard(), and lets you provide callback routines to detect and read keypresses, which will be used by the main keypressed() and readkey() functions. This can be useful if you want to use Allegro's GUI code with a custom keyboard handler, as it provides a way for the GUI to get keyboard input from your own code, bypassing the normal Allegro input system.

> See also: install_keyboard, keypressed, readkey.

int poll_keyboard();
Wherever possible, Allegro will read the keyboard input asynchronously (ie. from inside an interrupt handler), but on some platforms that may not be possible, in which case you must call this routine at regular intervals to update the keyboard state variables. To help you test your keyboard polling code even if you are programming on a platform that doesn't require it, after the first time that you call this function Allegro will switch into polling mode, so from that point onwards you will have to call this routine in order to get any keyboard input at all, regardless of whether the current driver actually needs to be polled or not. The keypressed(), readkey(), and ureadkey() functions call poll_keyboard() automatically, so you only need to use this function when accessing the key[] array and key_shifts variable. Returns zero on success, or a negative number on failure (ie. no keyboard driver installed).

> See also: keyboard_needs_poll, install_keyboard, key, key_shifts.

> Examples using this: excamera, exsample, exstars.

int keyboard_needs_poll();
Returns TRUE if the current keyboard driver is operating in polling mode.

> See also: poll_keyboard, install_keyboard, key.

extern volatile char key[KEY_MAX];
Array of flags indicating the state of each key, ordered by scancode. Wherever possible these values will be updated asynchronously, but if keyboard_needs_poll() returns TRUE, you must manually call poll_keyboard() to update them with the current input state. The scancodes are defined in allegro/keyboard.h as a series of KEY_* constants (and are also listed below). For example, you could write:

>           if (key[KEY_SPACE])
>              printf("Space is pressed\n");

Note that the array is supposed to represent which keys are physically held down and which keys are not, so it is semantically read-only.

These are the keyboard scancodes:

>           KEY_A ... KEY_Z,
>           KEY_0 ... KEY_9,
>           KEY_0_PAD ... KEY_9_PAD,
>           KEY_F1 ... KEY_F12,

>           KEY_ESC, KEY_TILDE, KEY_MINUS, KEY_EQUALS,
>           KEY_BACKSPACE, KEY_TAB, KEY_OPENBRACE, KEY_CLOSEBRACE,
>           KEY_ENTER, KEY_COLON, KEY_QUOTE, KEY_BACKSLASH,
>           KEY_BACKSLASH2, KEY_COMMA, KEY_STOP, KEY_SLASH,
>           KEY_SPACE,

>           KEY_INSERT, KEY_DEL, KEY_HOME, KEY_END, KEY_PGUP,
>           KEY_PGDN, KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN,

>           KEY_SLASH_PAD, KEY_ASTERISK, KEY_MINUS_PAD,
>           KEY_PLUS_PAD, KEY_DEL_PAD, KEY_ENTER_PAD,

>           KEY_PRTSCR, KEY_PAUSE,

>           KEY_ABNT_C1, KEY_YEN, KEY_KANA, KEY_CONVERT, KEY_NOCONVERT,
>           KEY_AT, KEY_CIRCUMFLEX, KEY_COLON2, KEY_KANJI,

>           KEY_LSHIFT, KEY_RSHIFT,
>           KEY_LCONTROL, KEY_RCONTROL,
>           KEY_ALT, KEY_ALTGR,
>           KEY_LWIN, KEY_RWIN, KEY_MENU,
>           KEY_SCRLOCK, KEY_NUMLOCK, KEY_CAPSLOCK

>           KEY_EQUALS_PAD, KEY_BACKQUOTE, KEY_SEMICOLON, KEY_COMMAND

> See also: install_keyboard, poll_keyboard, key_shifts.

> Examples using this: Available Allegro examples.

extern volatile int key_shifts;
Bitmask containing the current state of shift/ctrl/alt, the special Windows keys, and the accent escape characters. Wherever possible this value will be updated asynchronously, but if keyboard_needs_poll() returns TRUE, you must manually call poll_keyboard() to update it with the current input state. This can contain any of the flags:

>           KB_SHIFT_FLAG
>           KB_CTRL_FLAG
>           KB_ALT_FLAG
>           KB_LWIN_FLAG
>           KB_RWIN_FLAG
>           KB_MENU_FLAG
>           KB_COMMAND_FLAG
>           KB_SCROLOCK_FLAG
>           KB_NUMLOCK_FLAG
>           KB_CAPSLOCK_FLAG
>           KB_INALTSEQ_FLAG
>           KB_ACCENT1_FLAG
>           KB_ACCENT2_FLAG
>           KB_ACCENT3_FLAG
>           KB_ACCENT4_FLAG

> See also: install_keyboard, poll_keyboard, key.

> Examples using this: excamera, exkeys.

int keypressed();
Returns TRUE if there are keypresses waiting in the input buffer. This is equivalent to the libc kbhit() function.

> See also: install_keyboard, readkey, ureadkey, clear_keybuf, simulate_keypress, simulate_ukeypress.

> Examples using this: Available Allegro examples.

int readkey();
Returns the next character from the keyboard buffer, in ASCII format. If the buffer is empty, it waits until a key is pressed. The low byte of the return value contains the ASCII code of the key, and the high byte the scancode. The scancode remains the same whatever the state of the shift, ctrl and alt keys, while the ASCII code is affected by shift and ctrl in the normal way (shift changes case, ctrl+letter gives the position of that letter in the alphabet, eg. ctrl+A = 1, ctrl+B = 2, etc). Pressing alt+key returns only the scancode, with a zero ASCII code in the low byte. For example:

>           if ((readkey() & 0xff) == 'd')         // by ASCII code
>              printf("You pressed 'd'\n");

>           if ((readkey() >> 8) == KEY_SPACE)     // by scancode
>              printf("You pressed Space\n");

>           if ((readkey() & 0xff) == 3)           // ctrl+letter
>              printf("You pressed Control+C\n");

>           if (readkey() == (KEY_X << 8))         // alt+letter
>              printf("You pressed Alt+X\n");

This function cannot return character values greater than 255. If you need to read Unicode input, use ureadkey() instead.

> See also: install_keyboard, ureadkey, keypressed, clear_keybuf, simulate_keypress.

> Examples using this: Available Allegro examples.

int ureadkey(int *scancode);
Returns the next character from the keyboard buffer, in Unicode format. If the buffer is empty, it waits until a key is pressed. The return value contains the Unicode value of the key, and if not NULL, the pointer argument will be set to the scancode. Unlike readkey(), this function is able to return character values greater than 255.

> See also: install_keyboard, readkey, keypressed, clear_keybuf, simulate_ukeypress.

> Examples using this: exkeys.

int scancode_to_ascii(int scancode);
Converts the given scancode to an ASCII character for that key, returning the unshifted uncapslocked result of pressing the key, or zero if the key isn't a character-generating key or the lookup can't be done.

void simulate_keypress(int key);
Stuffs a key into the keyboard buffer, just as if the user had pressed it. The parameter is in the same format returned by readkey().

> See also: install_keyboard, simulate_ukeypress, keypressed, readkey.

void simulate_ukeypress(int key, int scancode);
Stuffs a key into the keyboard buffer, just as if the user had pressed it. The parameter is in the same format returned by ureadkey().

> See also: install_keyboard, simulate_keypress, keypressed, ureadkey.

extern int (*keyboard_callback)(int key);
If set, this function is called by the keyboard handler in response to every keypress. It is passed a copy of the value that is about to be added into the input buffer, and can either return this value unchanged, return zero to cause the key to be ignored, or return a modified value to change what readkey() will later return. This routine executes in an interrupt context, so it must be in locked memory.

> See also: install_keyboard, readkey, ureadkey, keyboard_ucallback, keyboard_lowlevel_callback.

extern int (*keyboard_ucallback)(int key, int *scancode);
Unicode-aware version of keyboard_callback(). If set, this function is called by the keyboard handler in response to every keypress. It is passed the character value and scancode that are about to be added into the input buffer, can modify the scancode value, and returns a new or modified key code. If it both sets the scancode to zero and returns zero, the keypress will be ignored. This routine executes in an interrupt context, so it must be in locked memory.

> See also: install_keyboard, readkey, ureadkey, keyboard_callback, keyboard_lowlevel_callback.

extern void (*keyboard_lowlevel_callback)(int scancode);
If set, this function is called by the keyboard handler in response to every keyboard event, both presses and releases. It will be passed a raw keyboard scancode byte, with the top bit clear if the key has been pressed or set if it was released. This routine executes in an interrupt context, so it must be in locked memory.

> See also: install_keyboard, keyboard_callback, keyboard_ucallback.

void set_leds(int leds);
Overrides the state of the keyboard LED indicators. The parameter is a bitmask containing any of the values KB_SCROLOCK_FLAG, KB_NUMLOCK_FLAG, and KB_CAPSLOCK_FLAG, or -1 to restore the default behavior.

> See also: install_keyboard, key_led_flag.

void set_keyboard_rate(int delay, int repeat);
Sets the keyboard repeat rate. Times are given in milliseconds. Passing zero times will disable the key repeat.

> See also: install_keyboard, readkey, ureadkey.

void clear_keybuf();
Empties the keyboard buffer.

> See also: install_keyboard, keypressed, readkey, ureadkey.

> Examples using this: Available Allegro examples.

extern int three_finger_flag;
The djgpp keyboard handler provides an 'emergency exit' sequence which you can use to kill off your program. If you are running under DOS this is the three finger salute, ctrl+alt+del. Most multitasking OS's will trap this combination before it reaches the Allegro handler, in which case you can use the alternative ctrl+alt+end. If you want to disable this behaviour in release versions of your program, set this flag to FALSE.

> See also: install_keyboard.

extern int key_led_flag;
By default, the capslock, numlock, and scroll-lock keys toggle the keyboard LED indicators when they are pressed. If you are using these keys for input in your game (eg. capslock to fire) this may not be desirable, so you can clear this flag to prevent the LED's being updated.

> See also: install_keyboard, set_leds.

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