## NAME

r.fill.dir - Filters and generates a depressionless elevation map and a flow direction map from a given elevation layer
(GRASS Raster Program)

## SYNOPSIS

r.fill.dir

r.fill.dir [-f] input=name elevation=name direction=name [areas=name] [type=name]

## OPTIONS

### Flags:

-f
  find unresolved areas only (don't generate filled DEM except 1 pixel sinks)

### Parameters:

input=name
  elevation map
elevation=name
  corrected elevation map (depression less)
direction=name
  flow direction map
type=name
  type of flow direction map to be created
areas=name
  Output raster map of problem areas

## EXAMPLE

  r.fill.dir input=ansi.elev elevation=ansi.fill.elev direction=ansi.asp

  will create a depressionless (sinkless) elevation map ansi.fill.elev and a flow direction map ansi.asp for the type "grass".

## ATTENTION

The type is the type of format at which the user wishes to create the flow direction map. The agnps format gives category values from 1-8, with 1 facing north and increasing values in the clockwise direction. The answers format gives category values from 0-360 degrees, with 0 (360) facing east and values increasing in the counter clockwise direction at 45 degree increments. The grass format gives the same category values as the r.slope.aspect program.

The method adopted to filter the elevation map and rectify it is based on the paper titled "Software Tools to Extract Structure from Digital Elevation Data for Geographic Information System Analysis" by S.K. Jenson and J.O. Domingue (1988).

The procedure takes an elevation layer as input and initially fills all the depressions with one pass across the layer. Next the flow direction algorithm tries to find a unique direction for each cell. If the watershed program detects areas with pothholes, it delineates this area from the rest of the area and once again the depressions are filled using the neighborhood technique used by the flow direction routine. The final output will be a depressionless elevation layer and a unique flow direction layer.

This (D8) flow algorithm performs as follows: At each raster cell the code determines the slope to each of the 8 surrounding cells and assigns the flow direction to the highest slope out of the cell. If there is more than one equal, non-zero slope then the code picks one direction based on preferences that are hard-coded into the program. If the highest slope is flat and in more than one direction then the code first tries to select an alternative based on flow directions in the adjacent cells. It iteratives that process, effectively propagating flow directions from areas where the directions are known into the area where the flow direction can't otherwise be resolved.

The flow direction map can be encoded in either ANSWERS (Beasley et.al, 1982) or AGNPS (Young et.al, 1985) form, so that it can be readily used as input to these hydrologic models. The resulting depressionless elevation layer can further be manipulated for deriving slopes and other attributes required by the hydrologic models.

In case of local problems, those unfilled areas can be stored optionally. Each unfilled area in this maps is numbered. The flag "-f" instructs the program to fill single-cell pits but otherwise to just find the undrained areas and exit. With the "-f" flag set the program writes an elevation map with just single-cell pits filled, a direction map with unresolved problems and a map of the undrained areas that were found but not filled. This option was included because filling DEMs was often not the best way to solve a drainage problem. These options let the user get a partially-fixed elevation map, identify the remaining problems and fix the problems appropriately.

## NOTE

The r.fill.dir program is sensitive to the current window setting. Thus the program can be used to generate a flow direction map for any sub-area within the full map layer. Also, r.fill.dir is sensitive to any mask in effect.

In some cases it may be necessary to run r.fill.dir repeatedly (using output from one run as input to the next run) before all of problem areas are filled.

## SEE ALSO

r.direct, r.fillnulls, r.slope.aspect

Jenson, S.K., and J.O. Domingue. 1988. Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation model data for geographic information system analysis. Photogram. Engr. and Remote Sens. 54: 1593-1600.

Beasley, D.B. and L.F. Huggins. 1982. ANSWERS (areal nonpoint source watershed environmental response simulation): User's manual. U.S. EPA-905/9-82-001, Chicago, IL, 54 p.

Young, R.A., C.A. Onstad, D.D. Bosch and W.P. Anderson. 1985. Agricultural nonpoint surface pollution models (AGNPS) I and II model documentation. St. Paul: Minn. Pollution control Agency and Washington D.C., USDA-Agricultural Research Service.

## AUTHOR

Fortran version: Raghavan Srinivasan, Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue University
Rewrite to C with enhancements: Roger S. Miller

Last changed: $Date: 2002/01/25 05:45:34 $