Chapter 20. Internationalization and Localization
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## Chapter 20. Internationalization and Localization

`gtkmm` applications can easily support multiple languages, including non-ASCII languages such as Chinese and right-to-left languages such as Arabic. An appropriately-written gtkmm application will use the appropriate language at runtime based on the user's environment.

You might not anticipate the need to support additional languages, but you can never rule it out. And it's easier to develop the application properly in the first place rather than retrofitting later.

The process of writing source code that allows for translation is called `internationalization`, often abbreviated to `i18n`. The `Localization` process provides translated text for other languages, based on that source code.

## English in the source code, translations in the .po files.

String literals should be typed in the source code in english as normal, but they should be surrounded by a call to the gettext() function. These strings will be extracted for translation and the translations may be used at runtime instead of the original english strings.

### gettext

The GNU gettext package allows you to mark strings in source code, extract those strings for translation, and use the translated strings in your application.

Call `gettext()` with the string literals that should be translated. For example:

    window.set_title(gettext("My application"));
    label.set_text(gettext("This is some text"));

Using `gettext()` throughout your source code can make it harder to read, so many projects, such as `GNOME` define the shorter `_()` macro that does the same thing. For instance,

    window.set_title(_("My application"));
    label.set_text(_("This is some text"));

#### How gettext works

`xgettext` script extracts the strings and put them in a `mypackage.pot` file. The translators of your application create their translations by first copying this .pot file to `languagename.po` files. A locale identifies a language and an encoding for that language, including date and numerical formats. Later, when the text in your source code has changed, the `msmerge` script is used to update the `localename.po` files from the regnerated .pot file.

At install time, the `.po` files are converted to a binary format (with the extension `.mo`) and placed in a system-wide directory for locale files.

When the application runs, the gettext library checks the system-wide directory to see if there is a `.mo` file for the user's locale environment (you can set the locale with, for instance, "export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8" from a bash console). Later, when the program reaches a `gettext` call, it looks for a translation. If none is found, the original string is used.

#### gettext and build files

To use gettext, you need to modify your application's build files, to use the gettext library, to generate the .pot file, and to install the translations from the .po files.

1. Run `getttextize --force --copy --intl` - you should add this to your autogen.sh script. This creates the `po` and `intl` subdirectories, among other things.
2. Create po/Makevars, by copying po/Makevars.template and editing it.
3. Add AM_GNU_GETTEXT to your configure.in
4. Define ALL_LINGUAS in your configure.in, listing the locales for which .po translations exist in your po directory.
5. Add intl and po to the SUBDIRS in your top-level Makefile.am

To add a translation for a new locale, just copy po/yourproject.pot to somelocale.po, such as de.po or hu.po. Also add the locale name to ALL_LINGUAS in your configure.in.

This is demonstrated in the `gtkmm_hello` example package, available from the `gtkmm` download page.

See also, the gettext manual.

#### GNOME's intltool

Applications often use text that isn't in their source code. For instance, desktop menu details, and GUI resource files such as Glade files. But gettext() works only with C/C++ source code. Therefore, the GNOME developers created `intltool`. It uses gettext() but combines strings from other files into the gettext .pot/.po files. The `intltool` equivalent of `gettextize` is `intltoolize`. The `intltool` README file tells you what modifications to make to your build files.

This is demonstrated in the `gnomemm_hello` example package, available from the `gtkmm` download page.

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