step {base} | R Documentation

## Choose a model by AIC in a Stepwise Algorithm

### Description

Select a formula-based model by AIC.

### Usage

    step(object, scope, scale = 0,
         direction = c("both", "backward", "forward"),
         trace = 1, keep = NULL, steps = 1000, k = 2, ...)

### Arguments

`object` | an object representing a model of an appropriate class. This is used as the initial model in the stepwise search.
`scope` | defines the range of models examined in the stepwise search.
`scale` | used in the definition of the AIC statistic for selecting the models, currently only for `lm`, `aov` and `glm` models.
`direction` | the mode of stepwise search, can be one of `"both"`, `"backward"`, or `"forward"`, with a default of `"both"`. If the `scope` argument is missing, the default for `direction` is `"backward"`.
`trace` | if positive, information is printed during the running of `step`. Larger values may give more detailed information.
`keep` | a filter function whose input is a fitted model object and the associated `AIC` statistic, and whose output is arbitrary. Typically `keep` will select a subset of the components of the object and return them. The default is not to keep anything.
`steps` | the maximum number of steps to be considered. The default is 1000 (essentially as many as required). It is typically used to stop the process early.
`k` | the multiple of the number of degrees of freedom used for the penalty. Only `k = 2` gives the genuine AIC: `k = log(n)` is sometimes referred to as BIC or SBC.
`...` | any additional arguments to `extractAIC`.

### Details

`step` uses `add1` and `drop1` repeatedly; it will work for any method for which they work, and that is determined by having a valid method for `extractAIC`. When the additive constant can be chosen so that AIC is equal to Mallows' Cp, this is done and the tables are labelled appropriately.

There is a potential problem in using `glm` fits with a variable `scale`, as in that case the deviance is not simply related to the maximized log-likelihood. The function `extractAIC.glm` makes the appropriate adjustment for a `gaussian` family, but may need to be amended for other cases. (The `binomial` and `poisson` families have fixed `scale` by default and do not correspond to a particular maximum-likelihood problem for variable `scale`.)

### Value

the stepwise-selected model is returned, with up to two additional components. There is an `"anova"` component corresponding to the steps taken in the search, as well as a `"keep"` component if the `keep=` argument was supplied in the call. The `"Resid. Dev"` column of the analysis of deviance table refers to a constant minus twice the maximized log likelihood: it will be a deviance only in cases where a saturated model is well-defined (thus excluding `lm`, `aov` and `survreg` fits, for example).

### Warning

The model fitting must apply the models to the same dataset. This may be a problem if there are missing values and R's default of `na.action = na.omit` is used. We suggest you remove the missing values first.

### Note

This function differs considerably from the function in S, which uses a number of approximations and does not compute the correct AIC.

### Author(s)

B. D. Ripley

### See Also

`add1`, `drop1`

### Examples

    example(lm)
    step(lm.D9)

    data(swiss)
    summary(lm1 <- lm(Fertility ~ ., data = swiss))
    slm1 <- step(lm1)
    summary(slm1)
    slm1$anova

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