\Header{diag}{Matrix Diagonals}
\alias{diag<\Rdash}{diag}
\keyword{array}{diag}
\begin{Description}\relax
Extract or replace the diagonal of a matrix,
or construct a diagonal matrix.\end{Description}
\begin{Usage}
\begin{verbatim}
diag(x, nrow, ncol)
diag(x) <- value
\end{verbatim}
\end{Usage}
\begin{Value}
If \code{x} is a matrix then \code{diag(x)} returns the diagonal of
\code{x}.  The resulting vector will have \code{\Link{names}} if the
matrix \code{x} has matching column and row names.

If \code{x} is a vector (or a 1-d array) then \code{diag(x)} returns a diagonal
matrix whose diagonal is \code{x}.  If \code{x} is an integer then
\code{diag(x)} returns an identity matrix of order \code{x}.
The dimension of the returned matrix can be specified by
\code{nrow} and \code{ncol} (the default is square).

The assignment form sets the diagonal of the matrix \code{x} to the
given value(s).\end{Value}
\begin{SeeAlso}\relax
\code{\Link{matrix}}.\end{SeeAlso}
\begin{Examples}
\begin{ExampleCode}
dim(diag(3))
diag(10,3,4) # guess what?
all(diag(1:3) == {m <- matrix(0,3,3); diag(m) <- 1:3; m})

diag(var(M <- cbind(X=1:5, Y=rnorm(5))))#-> vector with names "X" and "Y"
rownames(M) <- c(colnames(M),rep("",3));
M; diag(M) #  named as well


\end{ExampleCode}
\end{Examples}

