convolve                package:base                R Documentation

_F_a_s_t _C_o_n_v_o_l_u_t_i_o_n

_D_e_s_c_r_i_p_t_i_o_n:

     Use the Fast Fourier Transform to compute the several kinds of
     convolutions of two sequences.

_U_s_a_g_e:

     convolve(x, y, conj = TRUE, type = c("circular", "open", "filter"))

_A_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s:

     x,y: numeric sequences of the same length to be convolved.

    conj: logical; if `TRUE', take the complex conjugate before
          back-transforming (default, and used for usual convolution).

    type: character; one of `"circular"', `"open"', `"filter"'
          (beginning of word is ok). For `circular', the two sequences
          are treated as circular, i.e., periodic.

          For `open' and `filter', the sequences are padded with `0's
          (from left and right) first; `"filter"' returns the middle
          sub-vector of `"open"', namely, the result of running a
          weighted mean of `x' with weights `y'.

_D_e_t_a_i_l_s:

     The Fast Fourier Transform, `fft', is used for efficiency.

     The input sequences `x' and  `y' must have the same length if
     `circular' is true.

     Note that the usual definition of convolution of two sequences `x'
     and `y' is given by `convolve(x, rev(y), type = "o")'.

_V_a_l_u_e:

     If `r <- convolve(x,y, type = "open")' and `n <- length(x)', `m <-
     length(y)', then

                    r[k] = sum(i; x[k-m+i] * y[i])

     where the sum is over all valid indices i, for k = 1,..., n+m-1

     If `type == "circular"', n = m is required, and the above is true
     for i , k = 1,...,n when x[j] := x[n+j] for j < 1.

_R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e_s:

     Brillinger, D. R. (1981) Time Series: Data Analysis and Theory,
     Second Edition. San Francisco: Holden-Day.

_S_e_e _A_l_s_o:

     `fft', `nextn'.

_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s:

     x <- c(0,0,0,100,0,0,0)
     y <- c(0,0,1, 2 ,1,0,0)/4
     zapsmall(convolve(x,y))         #  *NOT* what you first thought..
     zapsmall(convolve(x, y[3:5], type="f")) # rather
     x <- rnorm(50)
     y <- rnorm(50)
     # Circular convolution *has* this symmetry:
     all.equal(convolve(x,y, conj = FALSE),
               rev(convolve(rev(y),x)))

     n <- length(x <- -20:24)
     y <- (x-10)^2/1000 + rnorm(x)/8

     Han <- function(y) # Hanning
            convolve(y, c(1,2,1)/4, type = "filter")

     plot(x,y, main="Using  convolve(.) for Hanning filters")
     lines(x[-c(1  , n)      ], Han(y), col="red")
     lines(x[-c(1:2, (n-1):n)], Han(Han(y)), lwd=2, col="dark blue")

