#This file was created by <lasgoutt> Thu Jan 29 17:39:17 1998
#LyX 0.12 (C) 1995-1998 Matthias Ettrich and the LyX Team
\lyxformat 2.15
\textclass book
\begin_preamble
\usepackage{multicol}
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\language default
\inputencoding latin1
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\paperpackage a4
\use_geometry 0
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\quotes_language english
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\layout Title

Advanced Editing Tools
\layout Author

by the LyX Team
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \tableofcontents

\end_inset 


\layout Chapter

Advanced Document Preparation Tools
\layout Section

Introduction
\layout Standard

The 
\emph on 
Advanced Editing Tools
\emph default 
 manual, which you are now reading, covers all of the features of LyX not
 documented in the 
\emph on 
User's Guide\SpecialChar \@.

\emph default 
 The reasons why we've done this is simple.
 The 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 is already huge, and it contains all of the basic features.
 The LyX Team has a long-term goal of making LyX extensible through various
 configuration files.
 That means that if you want to support the Fizzwizzle LaTeX package, you
 can create a layout-file for it without having to alter LyX itself.
 We've already had contributions of several new features this way.
 This is the place where all of that gets documented.
\layout Standard

This manual also documents some special features, like fax support, version
 control, and 
\family typewriter 
SGML-Tools
\family default 
 support, which require additional software to work properly.
 Lastly, there's a chapter of LaTeX tools and tips, things you can use to
 spruce up your documents by directly using the powerful features of LaTeX.
 After all, LyX 
\emph on 
is
\emph default 
 only WYSIWYM, and will only ever interface to certain LaTeX features.
\layout Standard

If you haven't read the 
\emph on 
Introduction 
\emph default 
yet, you're in the wrong manual.
 The 
\emph on 
Introduction
\emph default 
 is the first place to go, since it will direct you to the correct manual,
 and also describes the notation and format of all of the manuals.
 You should also be familiar with the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
 and all of the basic features of LyX.
 We're not going to go duplicating what's in the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
.
\layout Standard

For this document, each chapter, or each section of a chapter, is an independent
 article contributed by someone.
 In this case, the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

someone
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is whoever wrote the layout-file for the new document class or LaTeX package.
 If there is no mention of an author to a chapter [or chapter sections],
 that means it was written by the LyX Team as a whole.
\layout Standard

This first chapter covers 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

advanced
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 document-editing features of LyX.
 I.
\protected_separator 
e.
\protected_separator 
it's stuff that didn't fit in the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
, and is for more seasoned LyX users.
\layout Section

Ascii-Export Support in LyX
\layout Standard

by 
\noun on 
Juergen Vigna
\layout Subsection

Description
\layout Standard

This gives you the possibility to export your files as Ascii Text in order
 to be able to import this text into other applications, or to simply view
 and print it as is.
 The only thing which needs to be documented for good measure, are the 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
-commands you can set for this feature.
 Notice that LyX automatically will detect and use the best settings for
 your system at installation time, but here goes anyways in case you have
 unforeseen problems:
\layout Description


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
ascii_roff_command:
\family default 
 With this command you can set the command to produce better ascii tables
 with the groff/troff/nroff UNIX-commands (refer to their manpage for more
 information about them).
 Not defining it at all tells LyX to use the internal (inferior) formater.
\layout Paragraph

Example:
\layout LyX-Code

# This let's you generate ascii tables with latin1
\newline 
# characters, using the groff formater 
\newline 
#
\newline 

\backslash 
ascii_roff_command 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

groff -t -ms -Tlatin1
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 
\newline 

\protected_separator 

\newline 
# This let's you generate ascii tables using the
\newline 
# nroff formater
\newline 
#
\newline 

\backslash 
ascii_roff_command 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

nroff
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Description


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
ascii_linelen:
\family default 
 With this command you can set the default line length of the ascii-file
 which should be created.
 Setting it to 0 means endless lines.
 Default is 75 characters.
\layout Paragraph

Example:
\layout LyX-Code

# This sets the line length to 80 characters
\newline 
#
\newline 

\backslash 
ascii_linelen 80
\layout Section

Using LyX with BibTeX Databases
\layout Section

Multipart Documents
\layout Section

Algorithms
\layout Section

Itemize Bullet Selection
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:bullet}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

by
\noun on 
 Allan Rae
\layout Subsection

Introduction
\layout Standard

LyX provides 216 bullet shapes that can be accessed from a simple popup.
 Using this popup you can easily specify what bullet shape to use at each
 level of an itemized list.
 These settings are document-wide so you won't be able to specify different
 sets of bullets for different paragraphs
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Well, actually you can but you'll have to do it by hand.
\end_float 
.
\layout Subsection

How it looks
\layout Standard

Open the popup by selecting the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
 menu item and then select the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
B
\bar default 
ullet
\protected_separator 
Shapes
\family default 
 button or from the keyboard using 
\family sans 
M-l i
\family default 
 or the minibuffer with 
\family typewriter 
buffer-itemize-bullets-select
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

The popup provides you with a table of bullet shapes.
 A column of buttons on the left of the table provides access to the six
 different panels of bullet shapes.
 The row of buttons across the top is used to select which bullet depth
 you are changing.
 A text entry under the table shows the currently selected bullet shape's
 LaTeX equivalent and this can be editted if desired.
 If you do modify the text you will also need to specify any needed packages
 in the LaTeX preamble.
\layout Standard

The six panels are divided up by the packages they require.
 The following table shows the mappings from button name to LaTeX packages.
\layout Standard
\added_space_top 0.3cm \added_space_bottom 0.3cm \align center \LyXTable
multicol4
7 2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
8 1 0 
8 1 1 
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0
0 8 1 0 0 0 0

Button
\newline 
Packages Required
\newline 

\family sans 
Standard
\family default 

\newline 
base LaTeX
\newline 

\family sans 
Maths
\family default 

\newline 

\family typewriter 
amssymb.sty
\family default 

\newline 

\family sans 
Ding1
\family default 

\newline 

\family typewriter 
pifont.sty
\family default 

\newline 

\family sans 
Ding2
\family default 

\newline 

\family typewriter 
pifont.sty
\family default 

\newline 

\family sans 
Ding3
\family default 

\newline 

\family typewriter 
pifont.sty
\family default 

\newline 

\family sans 
Ding4
\family default 

\newline 

\family typewriter 
pifont.sty
\layout Standard

LyX doesn't stop you using bullets from packages you don't have.
 If you get errors from LaTeX when you try to view or print the file then
 its likely you are missing a package.
 LyX doesn't restrict your use since you may be editing locally and exporting
 elsewhere.
\layout Subsection

How to use it
\layout Standard

Select which bullet depth you want to change then select the bullet shape
 and size.

\family sans 
 
\family default 
Changes will not be visible in LyX, but are visible when viewing the document
 using xdvi or ghostview.
\layout Standard

You can reset a bullet shape to the default simply by clicking your right
 mouse button on the appropriate bullet depth button.
\layout Standard

If you 
\emph on 
really
\emph default 
 want to have multiple sets of paragraphs with different sets of bullets
 in each then you're going to have to get your hands dirty.
 The itemize bullet selection popup can help though because it provides
 you with the LaTeX code for a wide range of bullet shapes.
 To make your own custom paragraphs you have the following options:
\layout LaTeX


\backslash 
let
\backslash 
savelabelitemi=
\backslash 
labelitemi
\layout LaTeX


\backslash 
renewcommand
\backslash 
labelitemi[0]{
\backslash 
small
\backslash 
(
\backslash 
sharp
\backslash 
)}
\layout Itemize

Use the LaTeX command 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
renewcommand{}{}
\family default 
 to specify a new bullet shape for a given depth.
 You'll also need to save the current bullet shape so you can restore it
 again afterwards.
 In this itemized list the following LaTeX code was used to change the bullet
 used for the first depth.
\newline 

\family typewriter 

\backslash 
let
\backslash 
savelabelitemi=
\backslash 
labelitemi
\family default 
 
\family typewriter 

\newline 

\backslash 
renewcommand
\backslash 
labelitemi[0]{
\backslash 
small
\backslash 
(
\backslash 
sharp
\backslash 
)}
\newline 

\family default 
Note that the itemize depth is specified in Roman numerals as part of the
 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
labelitem
\family default 
 command.
\layout Itemize


\latex latex 
[
\backslash 
(
\backslash 
star
\backslash 
)]
\latex default 
 Specify each individual entry by starting each item with the bullet shape
 enclosed in square brackets and set as TeX.
 For example, this item was started with 
\family typewriter 
[
\backslash 
(
\backslash 
star
\backslash 
)]
\family default 
.
\layout Itemize

Wait for LyX 0.14.
 The next stable release of LyX should have inbuilt support for specifying
 different bullet shapes for each itemized list.
\layout LaTeX


\backslash 
renewcommand
\backslash 
labelitemi[0]{
\backslash 
savelabelitemi}
\layout Standard

You'll also need to revert the labelitem back to its previous setting for
 the global bullet shape settings to remain in effect.
 The way used here was:
\newline 

\family typewriter 

\backslash 
renewcommand
\backslash 
labelitemi[0]{
\backslash 
savelabelitemi}
\layout Chapter

Special Document Classes
\layout Section

AMS Math
\layout Standard

by 
\noun on 
David Johnson
\layout Standard

The AMS math layouts are set up to conform to suggested styles for mathematical
 papers to be submitted to American Mathematical Society publications.
 The layouts are not tailored to a specific journal, but easily can be.
 You should refer to the AMS documentation for specific instructions for
 each journal (usually it will entail only changing a single line in the
 TeX output).
 That documentation is available on the Web at 
\family typewriter 
http://www.ams.org
\family default 
 or by ftp at 
\family typewriter 
ftp://ftp.ams.org./pub/tex/amslatex/
\family default 
 These layouts are appropriate, and useful, for any mathematical writing.
 There are currently 4 distinct AMS-math layouts, 
\layout Enumerate

amsart - The standard AMS-article format.
 All results and similar statements are numbered as 
\begin_inset Formula \( (n.m) \)
\end_inset 

, where the first number refers to the section, and the second refers to
 the total number of results (Theorems, Corollaries, Propositions, Definitions
 and Remarks, etc.) in that section.
 There are also many (but not all) environments available unnumbered, which
 is occasionally needed.
 Unnumbered environments indicated by an asterisk at the end.
\layout Enumerate

amsart-seq - Here, numbering for each type of statement is in its own sequence,
 with no reference to the section number.
 There are also many (but not all) environments available unnumbered, which
 is occasionally needed.
 Unnumbered environments indicated by an asterisk at the end.
\layout Enumerate

amsbook - the standard AMS book (really, monograph) format.
 Numbering is similar to the amsart layout, except that all numbering is
 by 
\begin_inset Formula \( (n,m,p) \)
\end_inset 

, where the first number refers to the chapter, the second to the section,
 and the third is the number of the results (Theorems, Corollaries, Propositions
, Definitions and Remarks, etc.) in that section.
 There are also many (but not all) environments available unnumbered, which
 is occasionally needed.
 Unnumbered environments indicated by an asterisk at the end.
\layout Standard

Any ams-* LyX file can be converted to either of the numbering schemes by
 simply changing the document class in the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout-
\bar under 
D
\bar default 
ocument
\family default 
 popup.
 
\layout Subsection

What these layouts provide
\layout Standard

There is a long list of included environments provided by these layouts.
 Most mathematical papers or books will set as special statements most of
 these environments, in AMS-LaTeX there is an opportunity to define an unlimited
 variety of such declarations.
 However, the AMS recommends the environments that are available in LyX.
 The list of environments (not counting the standard environments such as
 
\family sans 
sections, bibliography, title, author, date
\family default 
), is:
\layout Description

Theorem This is typically used for the statements of major results.
 The word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
Theorem
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 appears in bold type, along with an automatically-determined number (an
 unnumbered version, 
\family sans 
Theorem*
\family default 
, is also available).
 The text is italicized.
\layout Description

Corollary This is used for statements which follow fairly directly from
 previous statements.
 Again, these can be major results.
 Unnumbered version 
\family sans 
Corollary*
\family default 
 is available.
\layout Description

Lemma These are smaller results needed to prove other statements.
\layout Description

Proposition These are less major results which (hopefully) add to the general
 theory being discussed.
\layout Description

Conjecture These are statements provided without justification, which the
 author does not know how to prove, but which seem to be true (to the author,
 at least).
\layout Description

Criterion A required condition.
\layout Description

Algorithm A general procedure to be used.
\layout Description

Axiom This is a property or statement taken as true within the system being
 discussed.
\layout Description

Definition Guess what this is for.
 The font, both on-screen and in the output, is different for this environment
 than for the previous ones.
 The heading (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

definition
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) is still set in boldface, along with the number, if any, but the rest
 is set upright.
\layout Description

Example Typeset similarly to Definition.
\layout Description

Condition
\layout Description

Problem
\layout Description

Exercise
\layout Description

Remark This environment is also a new type of theorem.
 This is set with the word Remark in italics, and the rest upright.
\layout Description

Note Set similarly to the Remark environment.
\layout Description

Notation
\layout Description

Claim
\layout Description

Summary
\layout Description

Acknowledgement
\layout Description

Case Generally, these are used to break up long arguments, using specific
 instances of some condition.
 The numbering scheme for cases is on its own, not together with other numbered
 statements.
 
\layout Description

Conclusion
\layout Description

Fact 
\layout Description

Proof The word 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\shape italic 
Proof
\shape default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is set in italics, but the rest is set upright.
 At the end of this environment (other environments can be nested within
 this one, of course) a QED symbol (usually a square, but it can vary with
 different styles) is placed.
\layout Description

Address This should be the author's permanent address.
\layout Description

Current
\protected_separator 
Address This should be the author's temporary address at the time of submission,
 if different from the Address.
\layout Description

Email Author's e-mail address
\layout Description

URL Author's Web address, if desired.
\layout Description

Keywords Key words or phrases used to identify specific topics discussed
 in the paper.
\layout Description

Subjectclass These refer to the AMS Subject Classifications, published and
 described in 
\emph on 
Mathematical Reviews
\emph default 
.
 These are also available online at the AMS cites listed above.
\layout Description

Thanks
\layout Description

Dedicatory
\layout Description

Translator
\layout Standard

In addition, these environments automatically provide the AMS-LaTeX and
 AMS fonts packages.
 They need to be available on your system in order to use these environments.
\layout Section

Dinbrief
\layout Standard


\emph on 
to be completed -jw.
\layout Section

Iletter
\layout Standard


\emph on 
to be completed -jw.
\layout Section

Paper
\layout Standard


\emph on 
to be completed -jw.
\layout Section

A&A Paper
\layout Standard

by 
\noun on 
Peter Sütterlin
\layout Subsection

Introduction
\layout Standard

This section describes how LyX can be used to write articles for submission
 to the scientific journal 
\emph on 
Astronomy and Astrophysics
\emph default 
 and the accompanying 
\emph on 
Supplement Series 
\emph default 
using
\emph on 
 
\emph default 
the documentclass 
\family typewriter 
aa.cls
\family default 
 from the Springer macro package.
 This package can be downloaded from Springer's ftp site
\layout Standard
\added_space_top medskip \added_space_bottom medskip \align center 

\family typewriter 
ftp://ftp.springer.de/pub/tex/latex/aa
\layout Standard

A manual comes together with that package, and this text is not meant to
 replace the original manual but merely a short guide how to realize the
 correct form of your paper.
\layout Subsection

Getting started
\layout Standard

You start a new document by selecting 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile->
\bar under 
N
\bar default 
ew
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile->New
\protected_separator 
from
\protected_separator 

\bar under 
t
\bar default 
emplate.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

It is highly recomended to use template files.
 Either create one yourself, or ask the local system administrator to suply
 a site-wide version.
 An example template comes with the standard LyX distribution.
\end_float 

\family sans 
 
\family default 
If you are not using a template, keep an eye to the following settings:
\layout Itemize

Select 
\family sans 
paper (A&A)
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
lass
\family default 
 entry in the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup (OK, that one was obvious).
\layout Itemize

Don't change the option 
\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
agestyle
\family default 
: Leave it set to 
\family sans 
default
\family default 
.
 The whole layout is done by the macros, you shouldn't change anything.
\layout Itemize

You may want to use the font 
\family sans 
Times
\family default 
 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
onts
\family default 
 option, as suggested by Springer to get a similar-to-print appearance of
 the text.
\layout Subsection

The header block
\layout Standard

First thing to enter is the header information.
 It consists of eight entries, of which some are optional.
 They are
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Thesaurus
\family default 
: [required]See the Springer manual for a description.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Title
\family default 
: [required] 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Subtitle
\family default 
: [optional] 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Author
\family default 
: [required]
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Address
\family default 
: [required]
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Offprints
\family default 
: [optional] if more than one author: whom to contact for offprint requests.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Email
\family default 
: [optional] email address for contacts.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Date
\family default 
: [required].
 Suggested format is 
\family typewriter 
Received: <date> / Accepted <date> 
\layout Standard

There is no need to issue the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
maketitle
\family default 
 command, this is done automatically by LyX when the header is finished.
 Allthough the order of the single header entries doesn't matter it is advised
 to keep the above sequence, just to get the best optics and meets the layout
 of the real document.
\layout Standard

If you want to place footnotes in the header block, e.g.
 to state your present address, just use the standard footnote via 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert->
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ootnote.
 
\family default 
LyX will automagically use the term 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
thanks{}
\family default 
 in that case.
\layout Standard

In addition to these topics, Springer uses two additional LaTeX commands
 that have no counterpart in LyX:
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
and
\family default 
 to separate different names for more than one author and institute, respectivel
y.
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
inst{<nr>}
\family default 
to mark corresponding author/institute pairs.
 The institutes are numbered sequentially as they appear in the 
\family sans 
Address
\family default 
 field, so you have to put a marker to each author.
\layout Standard

In both cases, the appropriate command has to be entered in LyX an marked
 as LaTeX code.
 See the examples.
 
\layout Subsection

The abstract
\layout Standard

The abstract should immediately follow the header block.
 The only special thing about the abstract environment is that it should
 contain an entry with the keywords.
 This is not yet implemented for LyX, therefore you have to enter the LaTeX
 command 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
keywords{}
\family default 
 by hand and mark it as LaTeX code.
 Refer to the example paper.
\layout Subsection

Supported environments
\layout Standard

The A&A paper layout supports the following environments for structuring
 your text:
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Standard
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Section
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Subsection
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Subsubsection
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Itemize
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Enumerate
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Description
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Caption
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Abstract
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Acknowledgment
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Bibliography
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
LaTeX
\layout Subsection

Commands not supported by LyX
\layout Standard

Some commands are not yet supported by the 
\family sans 
paper (A&A)
\family default 
 layout for LyX.
 Some have allready been mentioned.
 For the sake of completeness, they are listed all together here:
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
and
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
appendix
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
authorrunning
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
inst{}
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
keywords{}
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
object{}
\layout Itemize


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
titlerunning{}
\layout Standard

If you want to use any of these commands, you have to enter them yourself.
 
\series bold 
Do not forget to mark them as LaTeX code!
\layout Subsection

Figure and Table Floats
\layout Standard

LyX provides support for the necessary float environments 
\family sans 
figure, figure*, table 
\family default 
and 
\family sans 
table*
\family default 
, therefore we won't tell much about it here.
 Refer to the 
\family sans 
User's
\protected_separator 
Guide
\family default 
.
 Just remember that tables should be left-aligned.
 For that, select the table and change the alignment in 
\family sans 
Layout->Paragraph.
\layout Standard

There is
\family sans 
 
\family default 
only one special thing: the figures with caption besides the figure.
 To create such a figure, you have to do the following:
\layout Enumerate

Create a wide figure float: 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert->Fl
\bar under 
o
\bar default 
ats->
\bar under 
W
\bar default 
ide
\protected_separator 
Figure
\protected_separator 
Float
\family default 
.

\family sans 
 
\layout Enumerate

Enter your caption Text.
\layout Enumerate

Press 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 to move the cursor above the caption.
\layout Enumerate

Insert your (eps) figure 
\layout Enumerate

Position the cursor behind the figure and insert a horizontal fill: 
\family sans 
\bar under 
I
\bar default 
nsert->
\bar under 
S
\bar default 
pecial
\protected_separator 
Characters->
\bar under 
H
\bar default 
Fill
\family default 
.
\layout Enumerate

Switch to LaTeX mode: 
\family sans 
M-c
\protected_separator 
t
\family default 
.
\layout Enumerate

Enter 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
parbox[b]{55mm}{
\family default 
.
 
\series bold 
Do not close the brace!
\layout Enumerate

Position the cursor behind the caption text, switch to LaTeX mode and insert
 the closing brace: 
\family sans 
M-c
\protected_separator 
t 
\family typewriter 
}
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

Also, refer to the figures in the example paper.
\layout Subsection

Referee layout
\layout Standard

For submission, the paper has to be formated in a special double-spacing
 layout.
 For this purpose, you have to give the option 
\family typewriter 
referee
\family default 
 to the documentclass.
 This must be done using the 
\family sans 
E
\bar under 
x
\bar default 
tra
\protected_separator 
Options
\family default 
 field in the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 Just enter the string 
\family typewriter 
referee
\family default 
 there.
\layout Subsection

The example paper
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
Examples
\family default 
 directory contains an example paper written with LyX.
 It is the example paper from the original Springer macro package, translated
 to LyX.
 Use it for inspiration, and compare the original LaTeX code with LyX way
 of writing.
\layout Section

Slides [aka S
\noun on 
li
\noun default 
TeX] 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:slitex}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

by 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
 
\layout Subsection

Introduction
\layout Standard

This section describes how to use LyX to make slides for overhead projectors.
 There are two document classes that can do this: the default slides class
 and the FoilTeX slides class.
 This section documents the former.
\layout Standard

I'm going to say this again, nice and clear, so that there's no misunderstanding
:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom bigskip \align center 

\size large 
This section documents the class 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
slides (default)
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 
\emph on 
only.
\layout Standard

If you're looking for the documentation for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
slides (FoilTeX)
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, check out section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:foiltex}

\end_inset 

.
 The 
\family sans 
foils 
\family default 
class [
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
slides (FoilTeX)
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

] is actually somewhat better than the default 
\family sans 
slides
\family default 
 class, which this section documents.
\layout Standard

This class is the LaTeX2e improvement of the old S
\noun on 
li
\noun default 
TeX package.
 Every LaTeX2e distribution includes this class [which I'll just refer to
 as 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
slides
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 from now on], so you're bound to have it.
 As I noted earlier, there are other classes, such as 
\family sans 
foils
\family default 
, which also produce slides for overhead projectors and do a better job
 at it.
 However, there are some things which 
\family sans 
slides
\family default 
 can do which the others can't, such as generate overlays.
 Read on to learn more!
\layout Subsection

Getting Started
\layout Standard

Obviously, to use this document class, you need to select 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
slides (default)
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
lass
\family default 
 entry in the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 There are some other special things you should know about this class:
\layout Itemize

Don't change the options 
\family sans 
Sides and Columns
\family default 
 on the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 They're not supported by the 
\family sans 
slides
\family default 
 class, anyways.
\layout Itemize

The 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup option 
\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
agestyle
\family default 
 behaves a bit differently for this class.
 The possible choices and what they do are as follows:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description


\family sans 
plain
\family default 
 The final output contains page numbers in the lower right corner.
\layout Description


\family sans 
headings
\family default 
 Like 
\family sans 
plain
\family default 
, but also prints out any time markers you've put in.
 This is the default.
\layout Description


\family sans 
empty
\family default 
 The final output contains no page numbers, time markers, or alignment markers.
\end_deeper 
\layout Itemize

The 
\family sans 
slides
\family default 
 class has an extra option: 
\family typewriter 
clock
\family default 
.
 To use it, put 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
clock
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in the 
\family sans 
E
\bar under 
x
\bar default 
tra
\protected_separator 
Options
\family default 
 box on the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

Using this options allows you to add time markers to 
\family sans 
Note
\family default 
s.
 See section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:slidetime}

\end_inset 

 for more details.
\end_deeper 
\layout Standard

You can also use the template file 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
slides.lyx
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to automatically set up a document to use the 
\family sans 
slides 
\family default 
class [using 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile->New
\protected_separator 
from
\protected_separator 

\bar under 
t
\bar default 
emplate
\family default 
 to open your new document].
 The template file also contains some examples of the special paragraph
 environments used by this class.
 We'll describe those next.
\layout Subsection

Paragraph Environments
\layout Subsubsection

Supported Environments
\layout Standard

The first thing you'll notice when you start up a new 
\family sans 
slides 
\family default 
document is the font size and type: it's the equivalent of the size 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
Largest
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in the 
\family sans 
Sans
\protected_separator 
Serif
\family default 
 font.
 This is also what's used in the output.
 The next thing that becomes obvious is the changes to the paragraph environment
 pull-down box [at the far-left end of the toolbar].
 Most of the paragraph environments you're used to seeing are missing.
 There are also four new ones.
 That's because the 
\family sans 
slides
\family default 
 class itself only supports certain paragraph environments:
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Standard
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Itemize
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Enumerate
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Description
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
List
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
LaTeX
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Quotation
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Quote
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Verse
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Caption
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
LyX-Code
\layout Standard

All of the other standard environments, including the section-heading environmen
ts, aren't used in the 
\family sans 
slides
\family default 
 class.
\layout Standard

On the other hand, you'll notice the following new environments:
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
End_All_Slides
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Slide
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Overlay
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Note
\layout Standard

These four are kind of quirky, due to a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

feature
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in LyX.
 You see, LyX removes any paragraph environment that doesn't have anything
 in it.
 Now, that's fine and dandy, but it means that you can't begin a paragraph
 environment with another paragraph environment.
 The sequence:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
begin{quote}
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\protected_separator 

\backslash 
begin{itemize}
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 
.....stuff......
\layout LyX-Code


\protected_separator 
 
\protected_separator 

\backslash 
end{itemize}
\layout LyX-Code

...more stuff....
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
end{quote}
\layout Standard

\SpecialChar \ldots{}
is perfectly legal LaTeX.
 You can't do it in LyX.
 To deal with this, I've customized things a bit.
 I've created a bunch of custom LaTeX commands that automagically turn on
 and off the appropriate environment commands.
 The four new environments are calling these commands.
\layout Subsubsection

Using the 
\family sans 
Slide
\family default 
 Environment
\layout Standard

As we just mentioned, LyX forbids empty environments and environments that
 begin with another environment.
 When you choose the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
Slide
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 environment, you'll get a line, in red, that reads 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

NewSlide:
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 This marks the beginning of a new slide [duh].
 Any text or paragraph environments that follow this one go on the new slide.
\layout Standard

After you first select the 
\family sans 
Slide
\family default 
 environment, you need to type in 
\emph on 
something
\emph default 
, since LyX forbids empty environments.
 It doesn't matter one bit what you put here; LyX ignores it anyways.
 So, for simplicity and consistency, why not put in a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 character, which is the LaTeX comment character.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

You could also put in some sort of quickie-description of the slide, but
 as I said, it doesn't really matter what goes here.
\end_float 
 Now hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
.
 You can now begin entering the contents of the slide.
\layout Standard

Slides are probably the only time you'll need to forcibly end pages in LyX.
 In fact, you'll want to, once you finish entering the contents of one slide.
 It's easy enough to do this; just hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
, choose the 
\family sans 
Slide
\family default 
 environment again, and put in a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 character followed by another 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
.
 That's it.
 You've just started another slide.
\layout Standard

Note that if you've entered more text than can physically fit on a slide,
 the extra overflows onto a new slide.
 I don't recommend doing this, however, since the overflow slide won't have
 any page number on it.
\layout Standard

When you're all done entering your slides, hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 and then select the 
\family sans 
End_All_Slides
\family default 
 paragraph environment.
 Put in the now-ubiquitous 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 character, and you're done.
 This should be the very last line in your file.
 Let me emphasize this point:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom bigskip \align center 

\size large 
You MUST MUST 
\series bold 
\emph on 
MUST
\series default 
\emph default 
 end the file with the 
\family sans 
End_All_Slides
\family default 
 environment!
\layout Standard

If you don't, you'll get all sorts of errors when you go to generate output.
\layout Subsection


\family sans 
Overlay
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Note
\family default 
 Environments
\layout Standard

They work the same way as the 
\family sans 
Slide 
\family default 
environment; you need to enter some dummy-character before you can hit 
\family sans 
Return
\family default 
 and begin entering the contents.
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Author's Note: I intend to add more someday, but right now, I just do not
 have the time.
 --- jw
\layout Subsection

Special LaTeX Commands for 
\family sans 
slides
\layout Subsubsection

Invisible Text
\layout Subsubsection

Time Markers 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:slidetime}

\end_inset 


\layout Section

Foils [aka 
\noun on 
FoilTeX
\noun default 
]
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:foiltex}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

by 
\noun on 
Allan Rae
\layout Subsection

Introduction
\layout Standard

This section describes how to use LyX to make slides for overhead projectors.
 There are two document classes that can do this: the default slides class
 and the FoilTeX slides class.
 This section documents the latter.
\layout Standard

I'm going to say this again, nice and clear, so that there's no misunderstanding
:
\layout Standard
\added_space_top bigskip \added_space_bottom bigskip \align center 

\size large 
This section documents the class 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
slides (FoilTeX)
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 
\emph on 
only.
\layout Standard

If you're looking for the documentation for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
slides (default)
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, check out section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:slitex}

\end_inset 

.
 If your machine doesn't have the 
\family sans 
foils 
\family default 
class [
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
slides (FoilTeX)
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

] installed, you'll probably have to use the default 
\family sans 
slides
\family default 
 class, which isn't quite as good as 
\family sans 
foils.
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
foils
\family default 
 class is designed for use with version 2.1 of the 
\family sans 
foils.cls
\family default 
 LaTeX class file which is now an integral part of LaTeX2e.
\layout Subsection

Getting Started
\layout Standard

Obviously, to use this document class, you need to select 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
slides (FoilTeX)
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
C
\bar default 
lass
\family default 
 entry in the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 There are some settings in the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup that you should know about that are specific to this class:
\layout Itemize

Don't change the options 
\family sans 
Sides
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Columns
\family default 
 on the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
 They're ignored by the 
\family sans 
foils
\family default 
 class.
\layout Itemize

The default font size is 20pt with the other options being 17pt, 25pt and
 30pt.
\layout Itemize

The default font is 
\family sans 
sans
\family default 
 
\family sans 
serif
\family default 
 but all math equations are still typeset in the usual roman font.
\layout Itemize

FoilTeX supports A4 and Letter paper sizes as well as a special size for
 working with 35mm slides.
 It doesn't support A5, B5, legal or executive paper sizes.
\layout Itemize

Don't bother changing the 
\family sans 
Float Placement
\family default 
 settings because they are ignored anyway.
 All floats appear where they are defined in the text.
\layout Itemize

The 
\family sans 
\bar under 
P
\bar default 
agestyle
\family default 
 setting behaves a bit differently for this class.
 FoilTeX provides extensive footer and header capabilities including a user-defi
ned logo.
 See section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:foilfoot}

\end_inset 

 for more details.
 The title page is treated differently to all other pages in the document
 and is 
\emph on 
always
\emph default 
 unnumbered and 
\emph on 
always
\emph default 
 has the logo centred at the bottom of the page (if one is defined).
 The possible page style choices and what they do are as follows:
\begin_deeper 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
\series bold 
empty
\family default 
\series default 
 The final output contains no page numbers, or other headers or footers
 (except footnotes of course).
 
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\family sans 
\series bold 
plain
\family default 
\series default 
 The final output contains page numbers centred at the bottom of the page.
 No other headings or footers (other than footnotes).
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\series bold 
foilheadings
\series default 
 Page numbers in lower right corner.
 Additional headers and footers are also shown.
 This is also the default.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMM


\series bold 
fancy
\series default 
 Gives you access to the 
\family sans 
fancyheadings
\family default 
 package although its use with FoilTeX is discouraged by the writer of the
 FoilTeX package because of some potential page layout clashes.
\end_deeper 
\layout Subsubsection

Extra Options
\layout Standard

The following options may be used in the 
\family sans 
Extra
\protected_separator 
Options
\family default 
 box of the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx


\series bold 
35mmSlide
\series default 
 This sets up the page layout for 7.33in.
 by 11in.
 paper, which is about the same aspect ratio as a 35mm slide, making it
 a bit easier to work with this medium.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx


\series bold 
headrule
\series default 
 Places a rule across the page below the header on every page except the
 title page.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx


\series bold 
footrule
\series default 
 Places a rule across the page above the footer on every page except the
 title page.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx


\series bold 
dvips
\series default 
 This is automatically set each time you create a new 
\family sans 
foils
\family default 
 document.
 This option tells FoilTeX to use the dvips driver to rotate those pages
 that are set as landscape foils.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx


\series bold 
landscape
\series default 
 Simply changes the page dimensions to those of a landscape page but doesn't
 do any rotation.
 Thus if you use this option you need to use an external program to rotate
 each page or feed your paper through your printer as landscape.
 Note that this option effectively reverses the roles of the 
\family sans 
Foilhead
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Rotatefoilhead
\family default 
 environments (don't worry these are described in the next section).
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx


\series bold 
leqno
\series default 
 Equation numbers on the left.
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMx


\series bold 
fleqn
\series default 
 Flush-left equations.
\layout Subsection

Supported Environments
\layout Standard

Most of the environments commonly supported in other classes are also supported
 by the 
\family sans 
foils
\family default 
 class.
 There are several additional environments provided by FoilTeX as well as
 a couple added by LyX.
 The following environments are shared with other classes:
\layout LaTeX


\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Standard
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Itemize
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Enumerate
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Description
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
List
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
LaTeX
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
LyX-Code
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Verse
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Quote
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Quotation
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Title
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Author
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Date
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Abstract
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Bibliography
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Address
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
RightAddress
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Caption
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Comment
\layout LaTeX


\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Standard

That is, all the major environments apart from the sectioning environments.
 Since foils are essentially self-contained sections, with a title and body,
 FoilTeX provides specific commands for starting new foils and these are:
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Foilhead
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Rotatefoilhead
\layout Standard

LyX also provides slightly modified versions of these two environments called:
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
ShortFoilhead
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
ShortRotatefoilhead
\layout Standard

and the differences will be explained in the next section.
\layout Standard

Since foils are often used in presenting ideas or new theorems and such
 FoilTeX also provides a comprehensive box of goodies for presenting them:
\layout LaTeX


\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Theorem
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Lemma
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Corollary
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Proposition
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Definition
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Proof
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Theorem*
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Lemma*
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Corollary*
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Proposition*
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Definition*
\layout LaTeX


\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Standard

The starred versions are unnumbered while the unstarred versions are numbered.
 There are also two list environments added by LyX and these are:
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
TickList
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
CrossList
\layout Standard

There are also a few commands provided by FoilTeX that aren't directly supported
 by LyX but I'll tell you what they do and how to use them in section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:unsuppfoils}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Subsection

Building a Set of Foils
\layout Standard

This section will give a simple introduction to using the different environments
 to build a set of foils.
 If you want to see an example set of foils take a look at the 
\family typewriter 
Foils.lyx
\family default 
 file accessible from the 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile
\begin_inset Formula \( \rightarrow  \)
\end_inset 


\bar under 
O
\bar default 
pen\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\family default 
 popup under the 
\family sans 
Examples
\family default 
 button.
 
\layout Subsubsection

Give It a Title Page
\layout Standard

Unlike other classes that provide 
\family sans 
Title
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Author
\family default 
, 
\family sans 
Date
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
 environments, 
\family sans 
foils
\family default 
 creates the title on a page of its own.
 If you leave out the 
\family sans 
Date
\family default 
 environment LaTeX will substitute the current date (everytime you regenerate
 the output).
\layout Subsubsection

Start a New Foil
\layout Standard

As I mentioned earlier, there are four ways of starting a new foil.
 For portrait foils you should use 
\family sans 
Foilhead
\family default 
 or 
\family sans 
ShortFoilhead.

\family default 
 The difference between these two environments is the amount of space between
 the title of the foil (the foilhead) and the body of the foil.
\layout Standard

Landscape foils are generated using the 
\family sans 
Rotatefoilhead
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
ShortRotatefoilhead
\family default 
 environments.
 Again the only difference is the spacing between foilhead and body.
 Both of the short versions have 0.5 inches less separation between the foilhead
 and the body.
 
\layout Standard

One problem with the support for landscape foils is the requirement that
 you have to use the 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 driver to generate the PostScript output otherwise the foils won't be rotated.
 It is possible to get landscape foils even if you haven't got the 
\family typewriter 
dvips
\family default 
 driver provided you can feed your foils sideways through your printer ;-)
\layout Subsubsection

Theorems, Lemmas, Proofs and more
\layout Standard

Due to a small bug in LyX you can't have two of the same type of these environme
nts directly following each other.
 They must be separated by something.
 If you try, it will look okay in the LyX window but the LaTeX output will
 have merged the two environments together.
 So, how do you get around this problem? The simplest option is to insert
 some text between the two environments or add a 
\family sans 
LaTeX
\family default 
 environment between the two with just a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 in it.
 This will trick LyX into producing the correct LaTeX output.
 An example is provided in the example file included with the LyX distribution.
\layout Subsubsection

Lists
\layout Standard

You get all the commonly supported list styles found in other classes as
 well as two new ones.
 I'll only describe the new ones here.
 If you want to find out more about the other list environments check out
 the 
\emph on 
User's Guide.

\emph default 
 If you intend to use itemized lists you might also want to read about the
 
\family sans 
Itemize
\protected_separator 
Bullet
\protected_separator 
Selection
\family default 
 popup described above in section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:bullet}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

The two new list styles, 
\family sans 
TickList 
\family default 
and 
\family sans 
CrossList
\family default 
, are designed to make it easier for you to create lists of do's and don'ts
 or right and wrong by providing dedicated environments that use a tick
 or a cross as the label of the list.
 These lists are in fact dedicated variants of the 
\family sans 
Itemize
\family default 
 environment.
 They do however require that you have the 
\family typewriter 
psnfss
\family default 
 packages installed.
\layout Subsubsection

Figures and Tables
\layout Standard

FoilTeX redefines the floating tables and figures so that they appear exactly
 where they are in the text rather than pushing them to the top of the page
 or to some user specified location.
 In fact if you change the float placement settings they are simply ignored.
\layout Subsection

Unsupported FoilTeX Goodies
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:unsuppfoils}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

All the commands mentioned below need to be set in a 
\family sans 
LaTeX
\family default 
 environment or as 
\family sans 
TeX
\family default 
 within another environment.
\layout Subsubsection

Lengths
\layout Standard

All lengths are adjusted using the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
setlength{
\family default 
\emph on 
lengthname
\family typewriter 
\emph default 
}{
\family default 
\emph on 
newlength
\family typewriter 
\emph default 
}
\family default 
 command.
 Where 
\emph on 
lengthname
\emph default 
 should be replaced by the name given to the length you want to change and
 
\emph on 
newlength
\emph default 
 is the length value.
 All lengths should be specified in units of length such as inches (
\family typewriter 
in
\family default 
), millimeters (
\family typewriter 
mm
\family default 
) or points (
\family typewriter 
pt
\family default 
) or relative to some document or font-based length such as 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
textwidth
\family default 
.
 
\layout Standard

It's possible to change the spacing between a foilhead and the body of the
 foil by adjusting the length specified by 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
foilheadskip
\family default 
.
 For example, to make 
\emph on 
all
\emph default 
 foilheads 0.5 inches closer to their bodies put the following in the preamble:
 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
setlength{
\backslash 
foilheadskip}{-0.5in}
\layout Standard

The spacings around floats can be adjusted by setting these lengths:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
abovefloatskip 
\family default 
Separation between the text and the top of the float
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
abovecaptionskip 
\family default 
Separation between the float and the caption
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
belowcaptionskip 
\family default 
Separation between the caption and the following text
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
captionwidth
\family default 
 You can make the captions narrower than the surrounding text by adjusting
 this length.
 Best done relative to 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
textwidth
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

There are also several title page related lengths that you may find useful
 if you have a long title or several authors:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
abovetitleskip
\family default 
 Separation from headers to 
\family sans 
Title
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
titleauthorskip
\family default 
 between 
\family sans 
Title
\family default 
 and 
\family sans 
Author
\family default 
 environments
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
authorauthorskip
\family default 
 between multiple 
\family sans 
Author
\family default 
 lines
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
authordateskip
\family default 
 between the 
\family sans 
Author
\family default 
 and the 
\family sans 
Date
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
dateabstractskip
\family default 
 between the 
\family sans 
Date
\family default 
 and the 
\family sans 
Abstract
\layout Standard

The last length related command affects all the list environments.
 If you place
\family typewriter 
 
\backslash 
zerolistvertdimens
\family default 
 
\emph on 
inside
\emph default 
 a list environment then all the vertical spacing between the list items
 is removed.
 Note that this is a command not a length so it doesn't require 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
setlength
\family default 
 like the stuff mentioned above.
\layout Subsubsection

Headers and Footers
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:foilfoot}

\end_inset 


\layout Standard

FoilTeX provides some powerful header and footer capabilities that are best
 set in the preamble although they may be set at any point in a document.
 If you want to change these settings in your document the best place to
 do so is at the very top of a foil ie.
 straight after the foilhead.
\layout Standard


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
MyLogo{}
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
Restriction{}
\family default 
 are two commands used to control the left-footer.
 The first is meant to allow you to include a graphic logo on your foils
 and defaults to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

-Typeset by FoilTeX-
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
 While the second is meant to provide a classification for the audience
 eg.
 Confidential.
 It is empty by default.
\layout Standard

The 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
LogoOn
\family default 
 and 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
LogoOff
\family default 
 commands control whether the logo in the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
MyLogo
\family default 
 definition appear on a given page.
 If you put 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
LogoOff
\family default 
 in the preamble then none of the foils will have the logo on them.
 If you don't want the logo on a particular page place the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
LogoOff
\family default 
 directly after the foilhead of that page and the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
LogoOn
\family default 
 directly after the next foilhead.
\layout Standard

The remaining corners are controlled by:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
rightfooter{}
\family default 
 which defaults to page numbers
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
rightheader{}
\family default 
 the top right corner
\layout List
\labelwidthstring MMMMMMMMM


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
leftheader{}
\family default 
 the top left corner
\layout Standard

If you decide to use the 
\family sans 
fancy
\family default 
 page style setting in the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup you should probably add 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
let
\backslash 
headwidth
\backslash 
textwidth
\family default 
 to your preamble so headers and footers on landscape pages are correctly
 placed when rotated.
 This is due to some clashes between the page layouts provided by the 
\family sans 
fancyheadings
\family default 
 package and the 
\family sans 
foils
\family default 
 class.
\layout Chapter

LyX Features Requiring Additional Software
\layout Section

Using LyX with SGML-Tools (aka LinuxDoc)
\layout Standard

by 
\noun on 
Paul Evans
\layout Subsection

Overview
\layout Standard

LinuxDoc is a document class available in LyX.
 You can use it to produce documents in the so-called Standardized General
 Mark-up Language (SGML) in the particular format used by the Linux Documentatio
n Project.
 That is obviously helpful if you are contributing to that project.
 You can use the SGML format with the 
\family typewriter 
sgml-tools
\family default 
 package of scripts and programs (to produce other formats, including Latex,
 HTML, plain text, man pages and\SpecialChar \ldots{}
).
 You may therefore prefer to use this document class if you want to write
 something that can be easily translated into other formats.
\layout Standard

You will find that LinuxDoc has fewer layout options than the other textclasses
 in LyX.
 This is mainly so that the translations into other formats have a chance
 of making some sense.
 In this section we describe:
\layout Itemize

how to setup and use a document in LinuxDoc
\layout Itemize

how to use the tags in LinuxDoc to layout your document
\layout Itemize

how to use the SGML packages to produce the various formats
\layout Itemize

how to sort out some problems.
\layout Subsection

Preparing and using a LinuxDoc document
\layout Subsubsection

Getting started
\layout Standard

You start by selecting the LinuxDoc class using the 
\family sans 
Document
\protected_separator 
Layout
\family default 
 popup.

\family sans 
 
\family default 
Then you will find that there are fewer paragraph environments than for
 most other classes.
 You can see them on the pull down box on the left of the tool bar.
 How to use them is described in section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:sgmlparas}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

You 
\emph on 
must
\emph default 
 enter a title for the document, followed by an author, marking each with
 the appropriate paragraph environment.
 If you don't do this, you will get errors when you try to print the file.
 You can then enter the date and an abstract.
 The document proper must start with a Section paragraph environment rather
 than any standard layout.
\layout Standard

After that you can prepare a document as usual using the available range
 of paragraph environments.
 See section
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:sgmlparas}

\end_inset 

 for the full list and their uses.
\layout Subsubsection

Output from LinuxDoc
\layout Standard

You can print and save these documents in the normal way.
 To use the other features of the SGML package you need to save your document
 as LinuxDoc; this is a version in which the document is translated into
 the basic sgml tags.
 Use
\family sans 
 File->Export->as
\protected_separator 
LinuxDoc.

\family default 
 You will get a file with the same name and a 
\family typewriter 
.sgml
\family default 
 extension rather than a 
\family typewriter 
.lyx
\family default 
 extension.
 See
\protected_separator 

\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:sgmloperate}

\end_inset 

 on how you than make use of this file.
\layout Subsection

Using the paragraph environments in LinuxDoc
\layout Subsubsection

The Structure of a LinuxDoc Document
\layout Standard

There is a formal structure for LinuxDoc which limits how you can place
 tags.
 There are two parts to all documents: 
\layout Description

Header: this is everything up to the first time you insert a Section layout
 marker.
 It can include title, author, date, abstract and ToC.
 You must include the first two.
\layout Description

Body: from the beginning of the first section onwards.
 All other tags are allowed.
 
\layout Subsubsection

The LinuxDoc Paragraph Environments
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:sgmlparas}

\end_inset 

Here is a list of all the tags you will find listed on the layout bar in
 the order they come there, with some comments where the purpose or use
 is not obvious:
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Standard:
\family roman 
 works as described in [cross reference]
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Title
\family default 
: This will appear at the top left of the document when printed, above a
 heavy horizontal rule, although you will not see this on the LyX screen.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Section, Subsection, Subsubsection, Paragraph and Subparagraph:
\family default 
 all do what you would expect and in the usual order.
 Whether they are numbered or not is controlled by the 
\family sans 
Section
\protected_separator 
number
\protected_separator 
depth
\family default 
 setting.
 You cannot get the equivalent number free versions in any other way; there
 is no 
\family sans 
Section*
\family default 
 or similar
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Enumerate:
\family default 
 As usual this produces a numbered and indented list as described in the
 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Itemize: 
\family roman 
Again much the same as in the other classes: see the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Description
\family default 
: As explained in the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
.
 Remember that if you want the bold element at the start of a description
 to be more than one word then you need to put protected spaces between
 the words.
 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Verbatim: 
\family default 
As usual.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Code: similar to the Lyx-Code
\family roman 
 environment
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Author
\family default 
: Anything you mark with this will appear on the left of the heading of
 the document, under the heavy rule.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Date:
\family default 
 Anything you mark with this will appear on the right of the heading under
 the rule.
 You do not have to make this a date.
 Any text can be entered, e.
\protected_separator 
g.
 a version number.
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Abstract
\family default 
: You can use this to produce a free standing paragraph after the author
 and date, and before the first section.
 You are only allowed one such paragraph.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Author's note.
 
\emph default 
This needs checking ---
\emph on 
pe.
\end_float 
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
Displaymath
\family default 
:
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Author's note: 
\emph default 
I have not yet checked this ---
\emph on 
pe.
\end_float 
\layout Subsubsection

Other document features
\layout Standard

You can also use the 
\family sans 
Layout 
\family default 
menu to set fonts or to emphasis words.
 You can also use the table of contents as usual; see the corresponding
 section of the 
\emph on 
User's Guide
\emph default 
.
 Although you will find some some other features on the menus e.
\protected_separator 
g.
 inserting footnotes.
 There is some doubt about whether these will work correctly.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard


\emph on 
Author's note: 
\emph default 
Again still checking to see whether this is my system
\emph on 
 ---pe.
\end_float 
\layout Subsubsection

Cross references and HTML 
\layout Standard

On the
\family sans 
 Insert
\family default 
 menu you will find two new options relating to the inclusion of URL addresses.
 If you use either option you will find some highlighted TeX code inserted
 into your document in three separate blocks with spaces available between.
 The blocks will be:
\layout Quote


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
htmlurl{
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
url{
\family roman 

\hfill 
space
\family default 
 
\family typewriter 

\hfill 
}{
\family roman 

\hfill 
space
\hfill 

\family typewriter 
}
\layout Standard

You insert a full HTML tag between the first and second blocks.
 This can be 
\family typewriter 
http://any.address
\family default 
 or other valid tags such as 
\family typewriter 
mailto:me@my.address.
\family default 
Then y
\family roman 
ou 
\family default 
insert some description between the second and third blocks.
 The differences are:
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
URL:
\family roman 
 both the HTML tag and the description will appear in the document
\layout Itemize


\family sans 
HTML
\protected_separator 
URL: 
\family roman 
only the description appears in the printed version
\layout Subsection

Using the LinuxDoc Sgml scripts
\layout Standard


\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:sgmloperate}

\end_inset 

You can use LinuxDoc as a textclass without any additional scripts or programs,
 but there is not much point in doing this.
 All you will get is a document that looks like a 
\emph on 
Linux Documentation Project Howto
\family sans 
\emph default 
.
 
\family default 
To do the document translation you need to get and install the 
\family typewriter 
sgml-tools-1.0.x.tar.gz 
\family default 
(with 
\begin_inset Formula \( x\geq 3 \)
\end_inset 

) package from 
\family roman 
the SGML-Tools WWW Page
\family default 
 at
\layout LyX-Code

http://pobox.com/~cg/sgmltools 
\layout Standard

Alternatively, you can go to the 
\family typewriter 
sunsite
\family default 
 archive at
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Note that, at the time of this writing (01/1998), version 1.0.3 of sgml-tools
 has not yet been made available at 
\family typewriter 
sunsite
\family default 
.
\end_float 
\layout LyX-Code

ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/text/sgml-tools-1.0.x.tar.gz
\layout Standard


\family roman 
The
\family default 
 file 
\family typewriter 
sgml-tools-1.0.x.tar.gz
\family default 
 contains everything that you need to write SGML documents and convert them
 to groff, LaTeX, HTML, GNU info, LyX, and RTF\SpecialChar \@.

\layout Standard

This package was renamed from 
\family typewriter 
linuxdoc-sgml-1.5.tar.gz
\family default 
 in January 1997.
\layout Standard

Follow the instructions in that package on how to install it and how to
 use it.
 All this has to be done outside of LyX, before you can use the 
\family sans 
File->Export->as
\protected_separator 
LinuxDoc 
\family roman 
option.
\layout Subsection

Troubleshooting LinuxDoc
\layout Standard

When you print or preview a LinuxDoc document some checking is done of the
 tags before LaTeX is run.
 Some errors are trapped here, especially those concerning the structure
 of the document.
 LyX may produce an error message, but not leave an error box in the document
 for you to open.
 You may have to look at the files directly to discover what is wrong.
 Most problems seem to come from the use of options that are not fully available
 in the text class.
\layout Section

Fax Support
\layout Standard

by 
\noun on 
Jürgen Vigna
\layout Subsection

Sending Faxes from within LyX
\layout Standard

First of all we have to mention that you only are able to fax LyX documents
 if you have working fax software installed on your system (e.
\protected_separator 
g.
 HylaFax, efax, mgetty+sendfax, \SpecialChar \ldots{}
).
 LyX works only as a graphical frontend for these programs!
\layout Standard

According to what fax software you are using, you have to set some commands
 in the lyxrc file to tell LyX how it should be addressed.
 This commands are:
\layout Description


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
fax_command:
\family default 
 This defines the command LyX has to execute in order to send a faxsimile.
 The command should be able to process Postscript files, as it is this LyX
 produces.
 The command string can contain some special tokens: 
\begin_deeper 
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
$$Host:
\family default 
 the string is substituted by the contents of the environment variable FAX_SERVE
R
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
$$Comment:
\family default 
 the string is substituted by the contents of the comment box
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
$$Enterprise:
\family default 
 the string is substituted by the contents of the enterprise field
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
$$Name:
\family default 
 the string is substituted by the contents of the dest.
 name field
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
$$Phone:
\family default 
 the string is substituted by the contents of the fax.
 no.
 field
\layout Description


\family typewriter 
$$FName:
\family default 
 the string is substituted with the filename which should be sent
\end_deeper 
\layout Paragraph

Examples:
\layout Standard

Assume you write a file named 
\emph on 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
\emph default 
newfile.lyx
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 and would like to fax this file directly from within LyX.
 You have the HylaFax-Software installed and your FAX_SERVER environment
 variable is set to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
faxhost.mydomain
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

, and you inserted these values in the 
\family sans 
fax
\family default 
 popup:
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Fax.
\protected_separator 
no:
\family default 
 +39-2-444666
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Dest.
\protected_separator 
Name:
\family default 
 Someone
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Enterprise:
\family default 
 Startrek
\layout List
\labelwidthstring 00.00.0000


\family sans 
Comment:
\family default 
 This comment string
\layout Standard

With this given, this setting
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
fax_command 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

sendfax -n -h '$$Host' -c '$$Comment' -x '$$Enterprise' -d '$$Name'@'$$Phone'
 '$$FName'
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Standard

would execute this command:
\layout LyX-Code

sendfax -n -h faxhost.mydomain -c 'This comment string' -x 'Startrek' -d
 'Someone'@'+39-2-444666' <tempfile-path>/newfile.ps
\layout Description


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
phone_book:
\family default 
 This is the filename of the phonebook you can create with the 
\family sans 
fax
\family default 
 form.
 It defaults to 
\family typewriter 
$HOME/.lyx/phonebook.
\layout Paragraph

Examples:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
phone_book myphonebook
\layout Standard

writes and reads the phonebook from the file 
\family typewriter 
$HOME/.lyx/myphonebook
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
phone_book /var/lib/phonebook
\layout Standard

writes and reads the phonebook from the file 
\family typewriter 
/var/lib/phonebook
\layout Description


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
fax_program:
\family default 
 With this program you can force LyX to call an external program to send
 your facsimiles (e.
\protected_separator 
g.
 tkhylafax), instead of the builtin 
\family sans 
fax
\family default 
 form.
 Only 
\family typewriter 
$$FName
\family default 
 is allowed as special token.
\layout Paragraph

Examples:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
fax_program 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

tkhylafax '$$Fname' 
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Standard


\series medium 
Assume the same as above, then this command is executed:
\layout LyX-Code

tkhylafax <tempfile-path>/newfile.ps
\layout Section

Check TeX
\layout Standard

by 
\noun on 
Asger Alstrup
\layout Subsection

Introduction
\layout Standard

Under the 
\family sans 
Edit
\family default 
 menu, you'll find a 
\family sans 
C
\bar under 
h
\bar default 
eck
\protected_separator 
TeX
\family default 
 command.
 This feature requires you to have the 
\family typewriter 
chktex
\family default 
 program installed, and is greyed out if you don't have it.
 You can get it from your nearest CTAN mirror, or over the Web from 
\family typewriter 
http://www.ifi.uio.no/~jensthi/chktex/
\family default 
.
\layout Standard

The 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 package is a program that was written by 
\noun on 
Jens T.
 Berger Thielemann
\noun default 
 in frustration because some constructs in LaTeX are sometimes non-intuitive,
 and easy to forget.
 The program runs over your LaTeX file and checks the integrity of the file,
 and flags some common errors.
 In other technical words, it is 
\family typewriter 
Lint
\family default 
 for LaTeX.
\layout Standard

Well, what is a syntax checker doing in LyX which is supposed to produce
 correct LaTeX anyways? The answer is simple: Just as 
\family typewriter 
Lint
\family default 
 not only checks the 
\emph on 
syntax
\emph default 
 of C programs, but also does 
\emph on 
semantic
\emph default 
 checks for type-errors, 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 catches some common 
\emph on 
typographic
\emph default 
 errors, in addition to the syntactical ones.
 Specifically, 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 is capable of detecting several common errors, such as
\layout Itemize

Ellipsis detection:
\newline 
Use \SpecialChar \ldots{}
 instead of ...
\layout Itemize

No space in front of/after parenthesis:
\newline 
( wrong spacing )
\layout Itemize

Enforcement of normal space after common abbreviations:
\newline 
e.
 g.
 is too wide spacing.
\layout Itemize

Enforcement of end-of-sentence space when the last sentence ends with a
 capital letter:
\newline 
This is a TEST.
 And this is wrong spacing.
\layout Itemize

Space in front of labels and similar commands:
\newline 
The label should stick right up to the text to avoid falling to a wrong
 page.
 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \label{sec:chktex}

\end_inset 

 
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

This footnote is in danger of falling off to a wrong page
\end_float 
 The label is separated too much.
\layout Itemize

Space in front of references, instead of hard spaces:
\newline 
In you are in bad luck, the text will break right between the referenced
 text and reference number, and that's a pity.
 See section 
\begin_inset LatexCommand \ref{sec:chktex}

\end_inset 

.
\layout Itemize

Use of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

x
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 instead of 
\begin_inset Formula \( \times  \)
\end_inset 

 between numbers:
\newline 
2x2 looks cheap compared to 
\begin_inset Formula \( 2\times 2 \)
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

and more\SpecialChar \ldots{}
 It is an invaluable tool when you are 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

finishing up
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 your document before printing, and you should run it right after the obligatory
 spellchecking, before you go into type-setting finetuning.
\layout Subsection

How to use it
\layout Standard

If you have the program installed, usage is as simple as choosing 
\family sans 
Edit->Check
\protected_separator 
TeX
\family default 
.
 This will make LyX generate a LaTeX file of your document, start 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 to check it, and then make LyX insert 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

error boxes
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 with the warnings from 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
, if there were any.
 The warnings will be placed close to the point of the mishabit, and you
 can quickly find them by using the 
\family sans 
Edit->Go
\protected_separator 
to
\protected_separator 
Error
\family default 
 menu-item, or the shortcut key 
\family sans 
C-g
\family default 
 from the default 
\family typewriter 
cua
\family default 
 bind file.
 Open the error boxes by clicking on them with the mouse, or use the shortcut
 key 
\family sans 
C-i
\family default 
 from 
\family typewriter 
cua
\family default 
 bindings, or the corresponding 
\family sans 
C-o
\family default 
 for the alternate 
\family typewriter 
emacs
\family default 
 bind file.
 Read the warning and correct the mistake, if it is a mistake.
 If you have trouble understanding what the warning is about, you can safely
 ignore it.
 Remember that there is a hidden layer between the document on screen and
 the technical details in invoking 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
, and this gap can make some warnings seem arcane or just right down plain
 silly.
\layout Standard

This document is an excellent testing bed for the feature, and it should
 provide quite a few warnings for you to fiddle with.
 Since computers are only so smart, expect most of the warnings to be false
 alarms, though.
\layout Subsection

How to fine tune it
\layout Standard

Sometimes, you'll find that 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 makes more noise than suits your mood.
 Then you can choose not to use it, wait until your mood changes, or try
 to customize 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 to get better along with you.
 Another choice in the most desperate situations is to use 
\family sans 
Edit->Floats
\protected_separator 
&
\protected_separator 
Insets->Remove
\protected_separator 
all
\protected_separator 
error
\protected_separator 
boxes
\family default 
, which will get rid of all warnings instantly.
\layout Standard

Although 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 
\emph on 
is
\emph default 
 very configurable and extensible, you shouldn't expect to solve all problems
 with 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 in LyX this way.
 Since LyX has to generate a somewhat special LaTeX file to be able to match
 the line numbers from the 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 output
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

You can inspect the specific output from 
\family sans 
chktex
\family default 
 by using 
\family sans 
Edit->View
\protected_separator 
LaTeX
\protected_separator 
Log
\family default 
 right after a 
\family sans 
chktex
\family default 
 run.
\end_float 
 to the internal document structure, some of the warnings will not seen
 to appear correctly.
 There are two things you can do about this:
\layout Itemize

Finetune the 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 invocation command line in your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file, or the global 
\family sans 
ChkTeX
\family default 
 installation configuration file (usually with the file 
\family typewriter 
/usr/local/share/chktexrc
\family default 
).
 See below to learn what warnings can be enabled and disabled on the command
 line.
 
\layout Itemize

Export your document as a raw LaTeX file using 
\family sans 
File->Export->as LaTeX
\family default 
 and run 
\family typewriter 
chktex
\family default 
 manually on that.
 Invoked in this way, it can be a hassle to find the corresponding place
 in the document inside LyX, but with a little patience, you should be able
 to do it.
\layout Standard

Here follows the warning messages that can be enabled and disabled using
 the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
chktex_command
\family default 
 setting in your 
\family typewriter 
lyxrc
\family default 
 file.
 Use 
\family typewriter 
-n#
\family default 
 to disable a warning, and 
\family typewriter 
-w#
\family default 
 to enable a warning.
 The emphasized entries are disabled by default, because the default is
 "
\family typewriter 
chktex -n1 -n3 -n6 -n9 -n22 -n25 -n30 -n38
\family default 
".
\layout Standard

Notice that you should only use the options that enable and disable warnings,
 because LyX relies on some of the other command line parameters to be set
 in a specific way to have a chance to communicate with 
\family typewriter 
chktex
\family default 
.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
\emph on 
Command terminated with space.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Non-breaking space (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
~
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) should have been used.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
\emph on 
You should enclose the previous parenthesis with 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
{}
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Italic correction (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
/
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) found in non-italic buffer.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Italic correction (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
/
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) found more than once.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
\emph on 
No italic correction (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
/
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) found.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Accent command 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
cmd
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 needs use of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
cmd
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Wrong length of dash may have been used.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
\emph on 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%s
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 expected, found 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%s
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Solo 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%s
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 found.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
You should use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%s
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 to achieve an ellipsis.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Interword spacing (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
 
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

) should perhaps be used.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Intersentence spacing (
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 

\backslash 
@
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

) should perhaps be used.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Could not find argument for command.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
No match found for 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%s
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Mathmode still on at end of LaTeX file.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Number of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
char
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 doesn't match the number of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
char
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
You should use either 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\family default 
 as an alternative to 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
"
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
You should use "
\family typewriter 
'
\family default 
" (ASCII 39) instead of "
\family typewriter 
´
\family default 
" (ASCII 180).
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
User-specified pattern found.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
This command might not be intended.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
\emph on 
Comment displayed.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Either 
\family typewriter 
''
\backslash 
,'
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 
'
\backslash 
,''
\family default 
 will look better.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Delete this space to maintain correct pagereferences.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
\emph on 
You might wish to put this between a pair of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
{}
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
You ought to remove spaces in front of punctuation.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Could not execute LaTeX command.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Don't use 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
/
\family default 
 in front of small punctuation.
\layout Enumerate


\family typewriter 
\size small 
$
\backslash 
times$
\family default 
 may look prettier here.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
\emph on 
Multiple spaces detected in output.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
This text may be ignored.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Use 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family default 
 to begin quotation, not 
\family typewriter 
'
\family default 
.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Use 
\family typewriter 
'
\family default 
 to end quotation, not 
\family typewriter 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family default 
.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Don't mix quotes.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
You should perhaps use 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
cmd
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 instead.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
You should put a space in front of/after parenthesis.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
You should avoid spaces in front of/after parenthesis.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
\emph on 
You should not use punctuation in front of/after quotes.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
Double space found.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
You should put punctuation outside inner/inside display math mode.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
You ought to not use primitive TeX in LaTeX code.
\layout Enumerate


\size small 
You should remove spaces in front of 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%s
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Enumerate


\size small 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%s
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 is normally not followed by 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family typewriter 
%c
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

.
\layout Standard

In later versions of LyX, we hope to provide a more complete interface to
 this tool (and it's smaller cousin 
\family typewriter 
lacheck
\family default 
) to exploit the full power of it.
 But it's not exactly useless as it is now: go try it on one of your existing
 documents of a certain length and be surprised.
\layout Section

Version Control in LyX
\layout Standard

by
\noun on 
 Lars Gullik Bjřnnes
\layout Subsection

Introduction
\layout Standard

A friend of mine wanted to try LyX for a group project.
 When he didn't find support for version control or file locking, he dropped
 it.
 This angered me a bit, so I thought that I should at least make support
 for RCS (with the possibility of CVS and/or SCCS as a future improvement.)
 This has now been done.
 LyX now supports some of the most basic RCS commands.
 If you need to something a bit more sophisticated you will have to do that
 manually in an xterm.
\layout Standard

Before you begin to use the version control features in LyX, you should
 read 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

rcsintro
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 (a man file, read it with 
\family typewriter 
man rcsintro
\family default 
.) This file describes all the basic features of RCS.
 You should especially notice the comment about a RCS directory, and the
 notion of a master RCS file (the file ending in ,v.)
\layout Standard

The implementation in LyX assumes a recent version of the GNU RCS package---no
 guarantees are made for older versions.
\layout Subsection

RCS commands in LyX
\layout Standard

The following sections describe the RCS commands supported by LyX.
 You can find them in the 
\family sans 
Edit->Version
\protected_separator 
Control
\family default 
 submenu.
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Register
\layout Standard

If your document is not under revision control, this is the only item shown
 in the menu.
 And if it is under revision control, the 
\family sans 
Register
\family default 
 item is grayed out.
 
\layout Standard

This command registers your document with RCS.
 You are asked interactively to supply an initial description of the document.
 The document is now set in Read-Only mode and you have to 
\family sans 
Check
\protected_separator 
Out
\protected_separator 
For
\protected_separator 
Edit
\family default 
, before making any changes to it.
 A document under revision control has a 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

[RCS:<version> <locker>]
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 item tagged to the filename in the minibuffer.
\layout Standard

RCS command that is run: 
\family typewriter 
ci -q -u -i -t-"<initial description>" <file-name>
\layout Standard

Read 
\family typewriter 
man ci
\family default 
 to understand the switches.
 
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Check In Changes
\layout Standard

When you are finished editing a file, you check in your changes.
 When you do this, you are asked for a description of the changes.
 This is stored in the history log.
 The version number is bumped, your changes are applied to the master RCS
 file, the document is unlocked and set to Read-Only mode.
 
\layout Standard

RCS command: 
\family typewriter 
ci -q -u -m"<description>" <file-name>
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Check Out For Edit
\layout Standard

By doing this you lock the document so that only you can edit it.
 This will also make the document Read-Write only for you.
 You will usually continue editing for a while and when you are finished
 you check in your changes.
 The status line is changed to reflect that you have locked the file.
 
\layout Standard

RCS command: 
\family typewriter 
co -q -l <file-name>
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Revert To Last Version
\layout Standard

This will discard all changes made to the document since the last check
 in.
 You get a warning before changes are discarded.
\layout Standard

RCS command: 
\family typewriter 
co -f -u<version> <file-name>
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Undo Last Checkin
\layout Standard

This makes as if the last check in never happend.
 No changes are made to the document loaded into LyX, but the last version
 is removed from the master RCS file.
 
\layout Standard

RCS command: 
\family typewriter 
rcs -o<version> <file-name>
\layout Subsubsection


\family sans 
Show History
\layout Standard

This show the complete history of the RCS document.
 The output of 
\family typewriter 
rlog <file-name>
\family default 
 is shown in a browser.
 See 
\family typewriter 
man rlog
\family default 
 for more info.
\layout Chapter

Tools of the LaTeX Masters
\layout Section

Indenting the First Line of 
\emph on 
All
\emph default 
 Paragraphs
\layout Standard

by 
\noun on 
John Weiss
\noun default 
 
\layout Subsection

Introduction and Usage
\layout Standard

Typographically speaking, you indent the first line of 
\emph on 
consecutive
\emph default 
 paragraphs as a means of separating them from one another.
 However, most of us here in America learned in our 
\begin_inset Formula \( 8^{\mathrm{th}} \)
\end_inset 

-grade typing class to indent the first line of 
\emph on 
every
\emph default 
 paragraph, whether there was another paragraph before it or not.
\layout Standard

Now, LyX and LaTeX follows the typographic convention, much to the consternation
 of many users.
 There exists, however, a LaTeX package that changes the default behavior.
 To use it, select 
\family sans 
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
ayout->
\bar under 
L
\bar default 
aTeX
\protected_separator 
Preamble
\family default 
 to open the 
\family sans 
LaTeX
\protected_separator 
Preamble
\family default 
 popup.
 Add the line:
\layout LyX-Code


\backslash 
usepackage{indentfirst}
\layout Standard

\SpecialChar \ldots{}
to the LaTeX preamble.
 That's it.
 Now every paragraph gets its first line indented.
 Granted, you won't see this in LyX.
 It only appears once you view your output.
\layout Subsection

Do I have 
\family typewriter 
indentfirst.sty
\family default 
 on my machine?
\layout Standard

That's a very good question.
 Most newer LaTeX2e distributions should have it.
 If you want to make sure, however, you have two choices:
\layout Enumerate

Hunt down the TeX directory on your machine and see if 
\family typewriter 
tex/latex/tools/indentfirst.sty
\family default 
 is there.
\layout Enumerate

Do the following:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Open up a new file.
\layout Enumerate

Type:
\begin_deeper 
\layout Standard

This is a test.
\layout Standard

No, I'm not kidding.
 We want a simple file with little in it for this test.
\end_deeper 
\layout Enumerate

Add 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
usepackage{indentfirst}
\family default 
 to the preamble as described above.
\layout Enumerate

Use 
\family sans 
\bar under 
F
\bar default 
ile->
\bar under 
U
\bar default 
pdate
\protected_separator 
dvi
\family default 
 to run LaTeX on the file.
\layout Standard

If you get any errors when you LaTeX the file, you don't have 
\family typewriter 
indentfirst
\family default 
 on your machine.
\end_deeper 
\layout Section

Tricks for Footnotes and Marginpars
\layout Standard

suggested by 
\noun on 
Robin Socha
\layout Subsection

Footnotes 
\layout Standard

LyX cannot yet take care of setting the footnote numbering back to 1 after
 each section in the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 


\family sans 
article
\family default 

\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\family roman 
 document class or changing the counter style.
 You'll need to insert LaTeX commands like the following to achieve that:
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
setcounter{footnote}{0}
\latex no_latex 
 Using 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
setcounter{footnote}{0}
\family roman 
 will set the counter back to 1
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

The counter has been set back to 1.
\end_float 
.
\layout Standard

The following command will change the numbering to small letters.
 Take a look at the next footnote in your xdvi or ghostview 
\latex latex 

\backslash 
renewcommand{
\backslash 
thefootnote}{
\backslash 
alph{footnote}}
\latex default 
:
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

This is an example for a footnote with alphabetic numbering.
\newline 
Use
\family typewriter 
 
\backslash 
renewcommand{
\backslash 
thefootnote {
\backslash 
alph{footnote}} 
\family roman 
to get this.
\end_float 
\layout Standard

The next command sets the counter style back to default, i.e.
 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
arabic
\family default 
\latex latex 

\backslash 
renewcommand {
\backslash 
thefootnote} {
\backslash 
arabic{footnote}}
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

Use
\family typewriter 
 
\backslash 
renewcommand{
\backslash 
thefootnote}{
\backslash 
arabic{footnote}}
\family roman 
 to set the counter--style back to LyX's default, i.e.
 
\backslash 
arabic.
\end_float 
.
\layout Standard

You can use 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
arabic
\family default 
, 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
roman
\family default 
, 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
Roman
\family default 
, 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
alph
\family default 
 or 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
Alph
\family default 
 and others as counter styles.
 Just replace the LaTeX command in the above example and rerun TeX to see
 what those styles can do.
 
\layout Subsection

Margin Notes
\layout Standard

Here are two examples of neat things you can do to margin notes using LaTeX
 commands.
\layout Standard

The following command will make a vertical line appear alongside your text-
\latex no_latex 
--great for 
\latex default 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

thumbing
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

: 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
marginpar{
\backslash 
rule[-10mm]{30mm}{5mm}}
\family roman 
.
\family default 
\latex latex 

\backslash 
marginpar{
\backslash 
rule[-10mm]{30mm}{5mm}}
\layout Standard

Check your dvi- or ghostview--output to see what the following command does.
 
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
reversemarginpar
\latex default 
 Right, it lets you insert a margin note on the 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

wrong
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 side of a two sided document.
\begin_float margin 
\layout Standard


\backslash 
reverse
\latex latex 

\backslash 
-
\latex default 
marginpar
\latex latex 
 
\end_float 
\layout Section

Multiple Columns
\layout Standard

by 
\noun on 
Lars Gullik Bjřnnes
\layout Subsection

Purpose
\layout Standard

The aim for this chapter is to show how the LaTeX package 
\family typewriter 
multicol
\family default 
 can be used in a LyX document.
 As LyX doesn't support the 
\family typewriter 
multicol
\family default 
 package natively yet, we have to use some small hacks.
 By reading this section it should be obvious how to do this.
\layout Subsection

Examples
\layout Subsubsection

Two columns
\layout Standard

If you want to have two columns in your text, you have use LaTeX mode to
 insert 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}
\family default 
 at the point where you want the two column layout to start, and then 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
end{multicols}
\family default 
 where you want it to end.
 Like this:
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}
\layout Standard
\noindent 

\series bold 
\size small 
The Adventure of the Empty House
\series default 

\newline 
by 
\noun on 
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
\layout Standard


\size small 
It was in the spring of the year 1894 that all London was interested, and
 the fashionable world dismayed, by the murder of the Honourable Ronald
 Adair under most unusual and inexplicable circumstances.
 The public has already learned those particulars of the crime which came
 out in the police investigation, but a good deal was suppressed upon that
 occasion, since the case for the prosecution was so overwhelmingly strong
 that it was not necessary to bring forward all the facts.
 Only now, at the end of nearly ten years, am I allowed to supply those
 missing links which make up the whole of that remarkable chain.
 The crime was of interest in itself, but that interest was as nothing to
 me compared to the inconceivable sequel, which afforded me the greatest
 shock and surprise of any event in my adventurous life.
 Even now, after this long interval, I find myself thrilling as I think
 of it, and feeling once more that sudden flood of joy, amazement, and increduli
ty which utterly submerged my mind.
 Let me say to that public, which has shown some interest in those glimpses
 which I have occasionally given them of the thoughts and actions of a very
 remarkable man, that they are not to blame me if I have not shared my knowledge
 with them, for I should have considered it my first duty to do so, had
 I not been barred by a positive prohibition from his own lips, which was
 only withdrawn upon the third of last month.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Subsubsection

Multiple columns
\layout Standard

The same pattern is used when you want more than two columns:
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
begin{multicols}{3}
\layout Standard


\size footnotesize 
It can be imagined that my close intimacy with Sherlock Holmes had interested
 me deeply in crime, and that after his disappearance I never failed to
 read with care the various problems which came before the public.
 And I even attempted, more than once, for my own private satisfaction,
 to employ his methods in their solution, though with indifferent success.
 There was none, however, which appealed to me like this tragedy of Ronald
 Adair.
 As I read the evidence at the inquest, which led up to a verdict of willful
 murder against some person or persons unknown, I realized more clearly
 than I had ever done the loss which the community had sustained by the
 death of Sherlock Holmes.
 There were points about this strange business which would, I was sure,
 have specially appealed to him, and the efforts of the police would have
 been supplemented, or more probably anticipated, by the trained observation
 and the alert mind of the first criminal agent in Europe.
 All day, as I drove upon my round, I turned over the case in my mind and
 found no explanation which appeared to me to be adequate.
 At the risk of telling a twice-told tale, I will recapitulate the facts
 as they were known to the public at the conclusion of the inquest.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Standard

You can have have more than 3 columns if you want to, but that might not
 be very pleasant for the eye.
\layout Subsubsection

Columns inside columns
\layout Standard

You can even have columns inside columns:
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}
\layout Standard


\size footnotesize 
The Honourable Ronald Adair was the second son of the Earl of Maynooth,
 at that time governor of one of the Australian colonies.
 Adair's mother had returned from Australia to undergo the operation for
 cataract, and she, her son Ronald, and her daughter Hilda were living together
 at 427 Park Lane.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}
\layout Standard


\size footnotesize 
The youth moved in the best society--had, so far as was known, no enemies
 and no particular vices.
 He had been engaged to Miss Edith Woodley, of Carstairs, but the engagement
 had been broken off by mutual consent some months before, and there was
 no sign that it had left any very profound feeling behind it.
 For the rest {sic} the man's life moved in a narrow and conventional circle,
 for his habits were quiet and his nature unemotional.
 Yet it was upon this easy-going young aristocrat that death came, in most
 strange and unexpected form, between the hours of ten and eleven-twenty
 on the night of March 30, 1894.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Standard


\size footnotesize 
Ronald Adair was fond of cards--playing continually, but never for such
 stakes as would hurt him.
 He was a member of the Baldwin, the Cavendish, and the Bagatelle card clubs.
 It was shown that, after dinner on the day of his death, he had played
 a rubber of whist at the latter club.
 He had also played there in the afternoon.

\size default 
 
\size footnotesize 
The evidence of those who had played with him-- Mr.
 Murray, Sir John Hardy, and Colonel Moran--showed that the game was whist,
 and that there was a fairly equal fall of the cards.
 Adair might have lost five pounds, but not more.
 His fortune was a considerable one, and such a loss could not in any way
 affect him.
 He had played nearly every day at one club or other, but he was a cautious
 player, and usually rose a winner.
 It came out in evidence that, in partnership with Colonel Moran, he had
 actually won as much as four hundred and twenty pounds in a sitting, some
 weeks before, from Godfrey Milner and Lord Balmoral.
 So much for his recent history as it came out at the inquest.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Subsection

Advanced Examples
\layout Standard

As you probably know 
\family typewriter 
multicol
\family default 
 has several customizing variables.
 The following examples shows how these can be used from LyX.
\layout Subsubsection

Preface and Skip
\layout Standard

If there is less than 5cm left on the page, a pagebreak will be inserted
 before this bit, which has a preface text above the two columns: 
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}[And the story continues and continues and continues
 and continues\SpecialChar \ldots{}
][5cm]
\layout Standard


\size small 
On the evening of the crime, he returned from the club exactly at ten.
 His mother and sister were out spending the evening with a relation.
 The servant deposed that she heard him enter the front room on the second
 floor, generally used as his sitting-room.
 She had lit a fire there, and as it smoked she had opened the window.
 No sound was heard from the room until eleven-twenty, the hour of the return
 of Lady Maynooth and her daughter.
 Desiring to say good-night, she attempted to enter her son's room.
 The door was locked on the inside, and no answer could be got to their
 cries and knocking.
 Help was obtained, and the door forced.
 The unfortunate young man was found lying near the table.
 His head had been horribly mutilated by an expanding revolver bullet, but
 no weapon of any sort was to be found in the room.
 On the table lay two banknotes for ten pounds each and seventeen pounds
 ten in silver and gold, the money arranged in little piles of varying amount.
 There were some figures also upon a sheet of paper, with the names of some
 club friends opposite to them, from which it was conjectured that before
 his death he was endeavouring to make out his losses or winnings at cards.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Subsubsection

Preface and sections
\layout Standard

What if you want the preface to be a sectioning command? That can be done,
 but only through LaTeX commands inside the parameters for the 
\family typewriter 
multicols
\family default 
 command.
 Because of this, the section command can not be provided by LyX:
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}[
\backslash 
subsubsection{This is the sectioning command as a preface}][5cm]
\layout Standard


\size small 
A minute examination of the circumstances served only to make the case more
 complex.
 In the first place, no reason could be given why the young man should have
 fastened the door upon the inside.
 There was the possibility that the murderer had done this, and had afterwards
 escaped by the window.
 The drop was at least twenty feet, however, and a bed of crocuses in full
 bloom lay beneath.
 Neither the flowers nor the earth showed any sign of having been disturbed,
 nor were there any marks upon the narrow strip of grass which separated
 the house from the road.
 Apparently, therefore, it was the young man himself who had fastened the
 door.
 But how did he come by his death? No one could have climbed up to the window
 without leaving traces.
 Suppose a man had fired through the window, he would indeed be a remarkable
 shot who could with a revolver inflict so deadly a wound.
 Again, Park Lane is a frequented thoroughfare; there is a cab stand within
 a hundred yards of the house.
 No one had heard a shot.
 And yet there was the dead man and there the revolver bullet, which had
 mushroomed out, as soft-nosed bullets will, and so inflicted a wound which
 must have caused instantaneous death.
 Such were the circumstances of the Park Lane Mystery, which were further
 complicated by entire absence of motive, since, as I have said, young Adair
 was not known to have any enemy, and no attempt had been made to remove
 the money or valuables in the room.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Subsubsection

Free Space
\layout Standard

The 
\family typewriter 
multicol
\family default 
 package demands that a certain amount of space is available before and
 after a multicolumn section.
 In addition 
\family typewriter 
multicol
\family default 
 inserts a given space in front of and after the multicol section.
 The commands to change the default settings for this must be given just
 before the 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
begin{multicols}
\family default 
.
 This example puts a space of 3 cm in front of and after the multicolumn
 text:
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
setlength{
\backslash 
multicolsep}{3cm}
\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}
\layout Standard


\size small 
All day I turned these facts over in my mind, endeavouring to hit upon some
 theory which could reconcile them all, and to find that line of least resistanc
e which my poor friend had declared to be the starting-point of every investigat
ion.
 I confess that I made little progress.
 In the evening I strolled across the Park, and found myself about six o'clock
 at the Oxford Street end of Park Lane.
 A group of loafers upon the pavements, all staring up at a particular window,
 directed me to the house which I had come to see.
 A tall, thin man with coloured glasses, whom I strongly suspected of being
 a plain-clothes detective, was pointing out some theory of his own, while
 the others crowded round to listen to what he said.
 I got as near him as I could, but his observations seemed to me to be absurd,
 so I withdrew again in some disgust.
 As I did so I struck against an elderly, deformed man, who had been behind
 me, and I knocked down several books which he was carrying.
 I remember that as I picked them up, I observed the title of one of them,
 THE ORIGIN OF TREE WORSHIP, and it struck me that the fellow must be some
 poor bibliophile, who, either as a trade or as a hobby, was a collector
 of obscure volumes.
 I endeavoured to apologize for the accident, but it was evident that these
 books which I had so unfortunately maltreated were very precious objects
 in the eyes of their owner.
 With a snarl of contempt he turned upon his heel, and I saw his curved
 back and white side-whiskers disappear among the throng.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Paragraph

Note:
\layout Standard

The values you set with 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
setlength
\family default 
 must be reset to default after use, or you will get the modified value
 in the rest of your document.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
setlength{
\backslash 
multicolsep}{13pt}
\layout Subsubsection

Column Width and Separation
\layout Standard

The width of the columns inside the 
\family sans 
multicols
\family default 
 environment is automatically calculated, but you can modify the space between
 two columns explicitly.
 The space between the following two columns is 3 cm wide:
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
setlength{
\backslash 
columnsep}{3cm}
\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}
\layout Standard


\size small 
My observations of No.
 427 Park Lane did little to clear up the problem in which I was interested.
 The house was separated from the street by a low wall and railing, the
 whole not more than five feet high.
 It was perfectly easy, therefore, for anyone to get into the garden, but
 the window was entirely inaccessible, since there was no waterpipe or anything
 which could help the most active man to climb it.
 More puzzled than ever, I retraced my steps to Kensington.
 I had not been in my study five minutes when the maid entered to say that
 a person desired to see me.
 To my astonishment it was none other than my strange old book collector,
 his sharp, wizened face peering out from a frame of white hair, and his
 precious volumes, a dozen of them at least, wedged under his right arm.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Standard

Once again, we have to reset the value after use to avoid using it in the
 rest of the document.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
setlength{
\backslash 
columnsep}{10pt}
\layout Subsubsection

Vertical Lines
\layout Standard

Between every two columns, a rule of width 
\family typewriter 

\backslash 
columnseprule
\family default 
 is placed.
 If this rule is set to 0 pt, the rule is suppressed.
 In the following example, the line separating the two columns is 2 pt wide.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
setlength{
\backslash 
columnseprule}{2pt}
\backslash 
begin{multicols}{2}
\layout Standard


\size small 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

You're surprised to see me, sir,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 said he, in a strange, croaking voice.
\layout Standard


\size small 
I acknowledged that I was.
\layout Standard


\size small 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Well, I've a conscience, sir, and when I chanced to see you go into this
 house, as I came hobbling after you, I thought to myself, I'll just step
 in and see that kind gentleman, and tell him that if I was a bit gruff
 in my manner there was not any harm meant, and that I am much obliged to
 him for picking up my books.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Standard


\size small 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

You make too much of a trifle,
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 

 said I.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

May I ask how you knew who I was?
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Standard


\size small 

\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset 

Well, sir, if it isn't too great a liberty, I am a neighbour of yours, for
 you'll find my little bookshop at the corner of Church Street, and very
 happy to see you, I am sure.
 Maybe you collect yourself, sir.
 Here's 
\noun on 
British
\protected_separator 
Birds
\noun default 
, and 
\noun on 
Catullus
\noun default 
, and 
\noun on 
The Holy War
\noun default 
--a bargain, every one of them.
 With five volumes you could just fill that gap on that second shelf.
 It looks untidy, does it not, sir?
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset 


\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
end{multicols}
\layout Standard

As usual, we reset the value after use.
\layout Standard


\latex latex 

\backslash 
setlength{
\backslash 
columnseprule}{0pt}
\layout Standard

You'll have to go to the library to read the rest of the story.
\begin_float footnote 
\layout Standard

\SpecialChar \ldots{}
or cheat like we did and find it at the Gutenberg project somewhere on the
 Web.
\end_float 
 Believe it or not, but it's actually a bit of a cliff-hanger at this point
 in the story\SpecialChar \ldots{}

\the_end
