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Trail: Essential Java Classes
Lesson: Accessing System Resources

## The Standard I/O Streams

> The concept of standard input and output streams is a C library concept that has been assimilated into the Java environment. There are three standard streams, all of which are managed by the `java.lang.System` class:
> Standard input--referenced by `System.in`
>   Used for program input, typically reads input entered by the user.
> Standard output--referenced by `System.out`
>   Used for program output, typically displays information to the user.
> Standard error--referenced by `System.err`
>   Used to display error messages to the user.

### Standard Input Stream

> The `System` class provides a stream for reading text--the standard input stream.

> [PENDING: put in an example and more description or a pointer or something]

### Standard Output and Error Streams

> Probably the most often used items from the `System` class are the the standard output and standard error streams, which you use to display text to the user. The standard output stream is typically used for command output, to display the results of a command to the user. The standard error stream is typically used to display any errors that occur when a program is running.

> ### The print, println, and write Methods

> > Both standard output and standard error derive from the `PrintStream` class. Thus, you use one of `PrintStream`'s three methods to print text to the stream: `print`, `println`, and `write`.

> > The `print` and `println` methods are essentially the same; they both write their String argument to the stream. The one difference between the two methods is that `println` appends a newline character to the end of its output while `print` does not. In other words, this

> > >     System.out.print("Duke is not a penguin!\n");

> > is equivalent to this

> > >     System.out.println("Duke is not a penguin!");

> > Notice the extra `\n` in the first method call; it's the two-character code for a newline character. `println` automatically appends a newline character to its output.

> > The `write` method is less frequently used than either of the `print` methods, and is used to write bytes to the stream. Use `write` to write non-ASCII data.

> ### Arguments to print and println

> > The `print` and `println` methods both take a single argument. The argument may be one of any of the following data types: `Object`, `String`, `char[]`, `int`, `long`, `float`, `double`, and `boolean`. In addition, there's an extra version of `println` that takes no arguments and just prints a newline to the stream.

> ### Printing Objects of Different Data Types

> > The following program uses `println` to output data of various types to the standard output stream.

> > >     public class DataTypePrintTest {
> > >         public static void main(String[] args) {

> > >             Thread objectData = new Thread();
> > >             String stringData = "Java Mania";
> > >             char[] charArrayData = { 'a', 'b', 'c' };
> > >             int integerData = 4;
> > >             long longData = Long.MIN_VALUE;
> > >             float floatData = Float.MAX_VALUE;
> > >             double doubleData = Math.PI;
> > >             boolean booleanData = true;

> > >             System.out.println(objectData);
> > >             System.out.println(stringData);
> > >             System.out.println(charArrayData);
> > >             System.out.println(integerData);
> > >             System.out.println(longData);
> > >             System.out.println(floatData);
> > >             System.out.println(doubleData);
> > >             System.out.println(booleanData);
> > >         }
> > >     }

> > The program listed above produces this output:

> > >     Thread[Thread-4,5,main]
> > >     Java Mania
> > >     abc
> > >     4
> > >     -9223372036854775808
> > >     3.40282e+38
> > >     3.14159
> > >     true

> > Notice that you can print an object--the first `println` method call prints a Thread object and the second prints a String object. When you use `print` or `println` to print an object, the data printed depends on the type of the object. In the example, printing a String object yields the contents of the String. However, printing a Thread yields a string of this format:

> > >     ThreadClass[name,priority,group]

> For a thorough discussion of I/O streams in Java, refer to I/O: Reading and Writing (but no 'rithmetic).

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