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Trail: Internationalization
Lesson: Formatting

## Handling Plurals

> The words in a message may vary if both plural and singular word forms are possible. With the `ChoiceFormat` class, you can map a number to a word or a phrase, allowing you to construct grammatically correct messages.

> In English the plural and singular forms of a word are usually different. This can present a problem when you are constructing messages that refer to quantities. For example, if your message reports the number of files on a disk, the following variations are possible:

> >     There are no files on XDisk.
> >     There is one file on XDisk.
> >     There are 2 files on XDisk.

> The fastest way to solve this problem is to create a `MessageFormat` pattern like this:

> >     There are {0,number} file(s) on {1}.

> Unfortunately the preceding pattern results in incorrect grammar:

> >     There are 1 file(s) on XDisk.

> You can do better than that, provided that you use the `ChoiceFormat` class. In this section you'll learn how to deal with plurals in a message by stepping through a sample program called `ChoiceFormatDemo`. This program also uses the `MessageFormat` class, which is discussed in the previous section, Dealing with Compound Messages.

### 1. Define the Message Pattern

> First, identify the variables in the message:

> Next, replace the variables in the message with arguments, creating a pattern that can be applied to a `MessageFormat` object:

> >     There {0} on {1}.

> The argument for the disk name, which is represented by`{1}`, is easy enough to deal with. You just treat it like any other `String` variable in a `MessageFormat` pattern. This argument matches the element at index 1 in the array of argument values. (See step 7.)

> Dealing with argument`{0}` is more complex, for a couple of reasons:

> - The phrase that this argument replaces varies with the number of files. To construct this phrase at run time, you need to map the number of files to a particular `String`. For example, the number 1 will map to the `String` containing the phrase `is one file`. The `ChoiceFormat` class allows you to perform the necessary mapping.
> - If the disk contains multiple files, the phrase includes an integer. The `MessageFormat` class lets you insert a number into a phrase.

### 2. Create a ResourceBundle

> Because the message text must be translated, isolate it in a `ResourceBundle`:

> >     ResourceBundle bundle =
> >        ResourceBundle.getBundle("ChoiceBundle", currentLocale);

> The sample program backs the `ResourceBundle` with properties files. The `ChoiceBundle_en_US.properties` file contains the following lines:

> >     pattern = There {0} on {1}.
> >     noFiles = are no files
> >     oneFile = is one file
> >     multipleFiles = are {2} files

> The contents of this properties file show how the message will be constructed and formatted. The first line contains the pattern for `MessageFormat` . (See step 1.) The other lines contain phrases that will replace argument `{0}` in the pattern. The phrase for the `multipleFiles` key contains the argument `{2}`, which will be replaced by a number.

> Here is the French version of the properties file, `ChoiceBundle_fr_FR.properties`:

> >     pattern = Il {0} sur {1}.
> >     noFiles = n'y a pas de fichiers
> >     oneFile = y a un fichier
> >     multipleFiles = y a {2} fichiers

### 3. Create a Message Formatter

> In this step you instantiate `MessageFormat` and set its `Locale`:

> >     MessageFormat messageForm = new MessageFormat("");
> >     messageForm.setLocale(currentLocale);

### 4. Create a Choice Formatter

> The `ChoiceFormat` object allows you to choose, based on a `double` number, a particular `String`. The range of `double` numbers, and the `String` objects to which they map, are specified in arrays:

> >     double[] fileLimits = {0,1,2};
> >     String [] fileStrings = {
> >         bundle.getString("noFiles"),
> >         bundle.getString("oneFile"),
> >         bundle.getString("multipleFiles")
> >     };

> `ChoiceFormat` maps each element in the `double` array to the element in the `String` array that has the same index. In the sample code the 0 maps to the `String` returned by calling `bundle.getString("noFiles")`. By coincidence the index is the same as the value in the `fileLimits` array. If the code had set `fileLimits[0]` to seven, `ChoiceFormat` would map the number 7 to `fileStrings[0]`.

> You specify the `double` and `String` arrays when instantiating `ChoiceFormat`:

> >     ChoiceFormat choiceForm = new ChoiceFormat(fileLimits,
> >                                                fileStrings);

### 5. Apply the Pattern

> Remember the pattern you constructed in step 1? It's time to retrieve the pattern from the `ResourceBundle` and apply it to the `MessageFormat` object:

> >     String pattern = bundle.getString("pattern");
> >     messageForm.applyPattern(pattern);

### 6. Assign the Formats

> In this step you assign to the `MessageFormat` object the `ChoiceFormat` object created in step 4:

> >     Format[] formats = {choiceForm, null,
> >                         NumberFormat.getInstance()};
> >     messageForm.setFormats(formats);

> The `setFormats` method assigns `Format` objects to the arguments in the message pattern. You must invoke the `applyPattern` method before you call the `setFormats` method. The following table shows how the elements of the `Format` array correspond to the arguments in the message pattern:

> ### The `Format` Array of the `ChoiceFormatDemo` Program

> Array Element | Pattern Argument
> --- | ---
> `choiceForm` | `{0}`
> `null` | `{1}`
> `NumberFormat.getInstance()` | `{2}`

### 7. Set the Arguments and Format the Message

> At run time the program assigns the variables to the array of arguments it passes to the `MessageFormat` object. The elements in the array correspond to the arguments in the pattern. For example, `messageArgument[1]` maps to pattern argument `{1}`, which is a `String` containing the name of the disk. In the previous step the program assigned a `ChoiceFormat` object to argument `{0}` of the pattern. Therefore the number assigned to `messageArgument[0]` determines which `String` the `ChoiceFormat` object selects. If `messageArgument[0]` is greater than or equal to 2, the `String` containing the phrase `are {2} files` replaces argument `{0}` in the pattern. The number assigned to `messageArgument[2]` will be substituted in place of pattern argument `{2}`. Here's the code that tries this out:

> >     Object[] messageArguments = {null, "XDisk", null};
> >     for (int numFiles = 0; numFiles < 4; numFiles++) {
> >         messageArguments[0] = new Integer(numFiles);
> >         messageArguments[2] = new Integer(numFiles);
> >         String result = messageForm.format(messageArguments);
> >         System.out.println(result);
> >     }

### 8. Run the Demo Program

> Compare the messages displayed by the program with the phrases in the `ResourceBundle` of step 2. Notice that the `ChoiceFormat` object selects the correct phrase, which the `MessageFormat` object uses to construct the proper message. The output of the `ChoiceFormatDemo` program is as follows:

> >     currentLocale = en_US
> >     There are no files on XDisk.
> >     There is one file on XDisk.
> >     There are 2 files on XDisk.
> >     There are 3 files on XDisk.

> >     currentLocale = fr_FR
> >     Il n'y a pas des fichiers sur XDisk.
> >     Il y a un fichier sur XDisk.
> >     Il y a 2 fichiers sur XDisk.
> >     Il y a 3 fichiers sur XDisk.

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