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Trail: JDK(TM) 1.1 -- And Beyond!
Lesson: Migrating to 1.1

## Alternatives to Deprecated Methods in java.lang, java.net, and java.util

### The `java.lang.String` Class

> The following constructors and methods in `java.lang.String` were deprecated in favor of their replacements which better support internationalization. These constructors and methods did not properly convert bytes into characters. The new constructors and methods use a named character-encoding or the default character-encoding to do the conversion.

> Deprecated Methods | Alternatives
> --- | ---
> `String(byte[], int)` | `String(byte[]) or String(byte[], String)`
> `String(byte[], int, int, int)` | `String(byte[], int, int) or String(byte[], int, int, String)`
> `getBytes(int, int, byte[], int)` | `byte[] getBytes(String)` or `byte[] getBytes()`

> Characters and Strings covers the `String` class thorougly.

### The `java.lang.System` Class

> The `getenv` method has been out of use for several releases of the JDK. The 1.1 release formalizes this change by deprecating the method. Programmers should use `Properties` to store information between invocations of a program.

> Deprecated Methods | Alternatives
> --- | ---
> String `getenv(String)` | `String getProperty(String)`

> Using Properties to Manage Program Attributes talks about how to use the `Properties` class and our online trail Isolating Locale-Specific Data shows you how to use `Properties` to help internationalize your Java programs.

### The `java.lang.Runtime` Class

> The following methods in the `java.lang.Runtime` class have been deprecated because the JDK 1.1 introduced new internationalization features that replaced them. The new internationalization API includes I/O classes that translate a byte stream into a character stream based on a character-encoding.

> Deprecated Methods | Alternatives
> --- | ---
> `InputStream getLocalizedInputStream(InputStream)` | `InputStreamReader` or `BufferedReader` classes
> `OutputStream getLocalizedOutputStream(OutputStream)` | `OutputStreamWriter` or `BufferedWriter` or `PrintWriter` classes

> You can learn more about the `Runtime` class in: The Runtime Object.

### The `java.lang.Character` Class

> The following methods in the `java.lang.Character` class were deprecated in favor of their alternativies which better support internationalization.

> Deprecated Methods | Alternatives
> --- | ---
> `boolean isJavaLetter(char)` | `boolean isJavaIdentifierStart(char)`
> `boolean isJavaLetterOrDigit(char)` | `boolean isJavaIdentifierPart(char)`
> `boolean isSpace(char)` | `boolean isWhitespace(char)`

> The tutorial does not cover this class.

### The `java.lang.ClassLoader` Class

> The following method in `java.lang.ClassLoader` has been deprecated in favor of the version that takes a `String` as a first argument because the latter is more secure.

> Deprecated Methods | Alternatives
> --- | ---
> `Class defineClass(byte[], int, int)` | `Class defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)`

> The tutorial does not cover this class.

### The `java.net.Socket` Class

> Two constructors in the `java.net.Socket` class were deprecated. These constructors allowed programmers to create a `DatagramSocket`. Now programmers should explicitly construct a `DatagramSocket` if they want one.

> Deprecated Methods | Alternatives
> --- | ---
> `Socket(InetAddress, int, boolean)` | One of `DatagramSocket`'s three constructors
> `Socket(String, int, boolean)` | One of `DatagramSocket`'s three constructors

> You can learn about `Socket` and `DatagramSocket` in All About Sockets and All About Datagrams, respectively.

### The `java.util.Date` Class

> Many of the methods in `java.util.Date` have been deprecated in favor of other APIs that better support internationalization. The following table provides a list of these methods and their alternatives.

> Deprecated Methods | Alternatives
> --- | ---
> `Date(int, int, int)`, `Date(int, int, int, int)`, `Date(int, int, int, int, int, int)`, and `Date(String)` | Create a `java.util.GregorianCalendar` object and use its `getTime` method to convert it to a `Date`.
> `int getYear()`, `int getMonth()`, `int getDate()`, `int getHours()`, `int getMinutes()`, `int getSeconds()`, `int getDay()`, `int getTimezoneOffset()`, `setYear(int)`, `setMonth(int)`, `setDate(int)`, `setHours(int)`, `setMinutes(int)`, `setSeconds(int)`, and `UTC(int, int, int, int, int, int)` | Create a `java.util.GregorianCalendar` object and use its setters and getters instead.
> `parse(String)`, `String toLocaleString()`, and `String toGMTString()` | Use `java.text.DateFormat` and its subclasses to parse and format dates.

> Instinctively, when programmers want to create the current date, they immediately look at the `Date` class. While intuitive, this is usually the wrong choice. For storing date and time information, most programmers should use the `Calendar` class, and to format dates and times they should use the `java.text.DateFormat` class. This is all described with task-oriented documentation and examples in Internationalization.

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