m.ll2u(1)	       Grass User's Manual		m.ll2u(1)



NNAAMMEE
       mm..llll22uu	-  Converts  geographic  coordinates to Universal
       Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates.
       (GRASS Data Import/Processing Program)

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
       mm..llll22uu
       mm..llll22uu hheellpp
       mm..llll22uu  [--rrwwoozz]	sspphheerrooiidd==_n_a_m_e  [zzoonnee==_v_a_l_u_e]  [iinnppuutt==_n_a_m_e]
       [oouuttppuutt==_n_a_m_e]

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
       _m_._l_l_2_u  converts  geographic  coordinates (i.e., latitudes
       and longitudes) to  Universal  Transverse  Mercator  (UTM)
       eastings and northings.

OOPPTTIIOONNSS
       The  user  must	specify the spheroid on which to base the
       UTM conversion.	The user may optionally specify  the  UTM
       zone;  however,	the  program  can determine this from the
       geographic coordinates submitted.


       The list of spheroids available is somewhat  dynamic.   At
       the  time  of  this release, available spheroids included:
       airy, australian, bessel, clark66,  everest,  grs80,  hay-
       ford,  international,  krasovsky,  wgs66, wgs72, and wgs84
       (see table below).


       This command can be run either non-interactively or inter-
       actively.   The user can run the program non-interactively
       by entering desired flag settings and parameter values  on
       the  command  line  using  the  following  format:  mm..llll22uu
       [--rrwwoozz]	sspphheerrooiidd==_n_a_m_e  [zzoonnee==_v_a_l_u_e]  [iinnppuutt==_n_a_m_e]   [oouutt--
       ppuutt==_n_a_m_e]

       Alternately, the user can simply type: mm..llll22uu

       on  the	command  line.	 In  this  case, the user will be
       prompted for parameter values and  flag	settings  through
       the  standard  interface described in the manual entry for
       _p_a_r_s_e_r.


       Input can be entered from the keyboard or  from	an  input
       file.   In  either  case, input should be entered with one
       longitude and latitude pair per line,  in  either  of  the
       below   forms:  degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W}  degrees:min-
       utes:seconds{N|S}

       degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}

       degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}

       degrees:minutes:seconds{E|W} degrees:minutes:seconds{N|S}



       end

       degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}

       degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}

       degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}

       degrees.decimal{E|W} degrees.decimal{N|S}



       end

       If the user sets the --rr flag, _m_._l_l_2_u will expect the order
       of the coordinates to be reversed, and stated as latitude,
       longitude pairs, rather than as longitude, latitude pairs.


       Similarly,  the user can elect to send output to an output
       file or (by default) to standard output (the user's termi-
       nal screen).  If the user sets the --ww flag, output will be
       printed in a format suitable for input  to  programs  like
       _d_._p_o_i_n_t_s.   Example  input and output are shown below (see
       EXAMPLE).


       Program flag settings and parameters  have  the	following
       meanings.

   FFllaaggss::
       --rr     The  order of coordinates is reversed in the input,
	      and entered as:  _l_a_t _l_o_n

       --ww     Do not flag invalid lon,lat input lines as  errors.

       --oo     Flag other invalid input lines as errors.

       --zz     Suppress	printing  of  the UTM zone in the output.
	      (Note.  This will produce output in a format  suit-
	      able for direct input to programs like _d_._p_o_i_n_t_s.)


   PPaarraammeetteerrss::
       sspphheerrooiidd==_n_a_m_e
	      Reference spheroid (ellipsoid).

	      Options:	 airy, australian, bessel, clark66, ever-
	      est,  grs80,  hayford,  international,   krasovsky,
	      wgs66, wgs72, wgs84

       zzoonnee==_v_a_l_u_e
	      UTM  zone  number (results will be forced into this
	      UTM zone).

	      Options:	1-60

       iinnppuutt==_n_a_m_e
	      Name of an existing input  file  containing  longi-
	      tude,  latitude coordinates to be converted.  Input
	      lines  may  either  be  input  in   the	form   of
	      degrees:minutes:seconds, or as decimal degrees.  If
	      input as decimal degrees, _m_._l_l_2_u	recognizes  nega-
	      tive numbers.

       oouuttppuutt==_n_a_m_e
	      Name  to	be assigned to the output file containing
	      UTM coordinates and zone designations.


   AAVVAAIILLAABBLLEE SSPPHHEERROOIIDDSS
       (_T_h_e _o_n_-_l_i_n_e _l_i_s_t_i_n_g _i_n_c_l_u_d_e_s _o_n_l_y _t_h_e _s_p_h_e_r_o_i_d _n_a_m_e_s)

       Spheroid:    |Semi-major axis|  Eccentricity	 |   Com-
       monly
		    |  Equatorial     |  sqrd (e),	  |  used
       for:
		    | Radius (a):   | Flattening (f) or|
		    |		    | Polar Radius (b):|
       _____________|_______________|__________________|______________
       airy	    | a=6377563.396 | e=.006670540     |
       australian    |	a=6378160      |  f=1/298.25	   | Aus-
       tralia
       bessel	    | a=6377397.155 | e=.006674372     | Japan
       clark66	    | a=6378206.4   | b=6356583.8      | N. Amer-
       ica
       everest	     |	a=6377276.345 | e=.0066378466	 | India,
       Burma
       grs80	    | a=6378137     | f=1/298.257      |
       hayford	    | a=6378388     | f=1/297	       |
       international| a=6378388     | f=1/297	       | Europe
       krasovsky    | a=6378245     | f=1/298.3        |
       wgs66	    | a=6378145     | f=1/298.25	|  world-
       wide cov
       wgs72	     |	a=6378135     | f=1/298.26	 | world-
       wide cov
       wgs84	    | a=6378137     |  f=1/298.257223563|  world-
       wide cov


EEXXAAMMPPLLEE
       Assume	the   user   has   input   the	 command:  mm..llll22uu
       sspphheerrooiidd==_w_g_s_7_2  iinnppuutt==_l_l_._i_n_f_i_l_e	oouuttppuutt==_u_t_m_._o_u_t_f_i_l_e

       where the input file _l_l_._i_n_f_i_l_e contains the following lon-
       gitude, latitude values:

	    155:30:00W 19:35:00N<
	    165:30:00W 19:35:00N<
	    145:30:00W 20:00:00N<
	    135:30:00W 21:00:00N<

       Output  would then be sent to the output file _u_t_m_._o_u_t_f_i_l_e,
       containing the below Easting and Northing coordinate  val-
       ues and UTM zone designations:

	    237740.85270818 2167292.1076231  5
	    447560.64349407 2165450.19058336 3
	    656921.61734802 2212183.40032627 6
	    448035.11644906 2322228.3038167  8
	    end


NNOOTTEESS
       Spheroids, the solids associated with an ellipse, are also
       known as ellipsoids.  They are used as the  best  possible
       model  to  simulate  the shape of the earth with its flat-
       tened poles and bulging equator.  They are the  mathemati-
       cal means for establishing control points to use as a ref-
       erence when determining exact locations on the  earth.	A
       cohesive set of these control points is called a ddaattuumm.


       The spheroids listed above have been used as the basis for
       a number of different datums.  The North American Datum of
       1927  (NAD  27)	was  based  on the Clark 1866 ("clark66")
       spheroid.  This was a recent current  standard  datum  for
       North  America.	 Be aware, however, that a new datum, NAD
       83, has been developed using the Geodetic Reference System
       1980  spheroid;	this  is  now  available in _m_._l_l_2_u as the
       "grs80"	spheroid.   The  "wgs66",  "wgs72",  and  "wgs84"
       spheroids are for worldwide use.  The "wgs72" spheroid has
       been used fairly widely by the Department of Defense (DOD)
       and is the basis for the World Geodetic System 1972 datum.
       This datum has also been recently replaced;  the  new  DOD
       datum is WGS 84 (wgs84).  Both datums are available within
       _m_._l_l_2_u.


       To use spheroids other than those listed  here,	the  user
       can  add  lines to the ellipsoid parameter definition file
       in $GISBASE/etc/ellipse.table.


       Read the marginalia of your source map to determine  which
       spheroid  was  used  to	produce  the map on which you are
       working.


       This program recognizes negative  numbers  if  coordinates
       are  input  in  decimal degrees rather than in the form of
       degrees:minutes:seconds.


       This program has received only limited testing.	It should
       be used with some caution.

FFIILLEESS
       See   ellipsoid	 parameter   definition   file	in  $GIS-
       BASE/etc/ellipse.table.

SSEEEE AALLSSOO
       For australian, clark66,  grs80,  hayford,  international,
       krasovsky, and wgs72 ellipsoid parameters, see:
       John P. Snyder, _M_a_p _P_r_o_j_e_c_t_i_o_n_s _- _A  _W_o_r_k_i_n_g  _M_a_n_u_a_l, U.S.
       Government Printing Office,  Washington	DC,  1989.   U.S.
       Geological  Survey Professional Paper 1395;  from Table 1,
       p.12.


       For bessel, airy, everest, and wgs66  ellipsoid	parameter
       values, see:
       Thomas  O.  Seppelin,  _T_h_e   _D_e_p_a_r_t_m_e_n_t	 _o_f _D_e_f_e_n_s_e _W_o_r_l_d
       _G_e_o_d_e_t_i_c _S_y_s_t_e_m _1_9_7_2, presented at the International  Sym-
       posium  on  Problems  Related to the Redefinition of North
       American Geodetic Networks,  Fredericton,  New  Brunswick,
       Canada in May, 1974;  see Table 9, p.35.


       For wgs84 parameter values, see:
       U.S. Naval Oceanographic Labs.


       Also read GRASS User's Reference Manual entries for:
       _d_._l_a_b_e_l

       _d_._p_o_i_n_t_s

       _d_._s_i_t_e_s

       _d_._w_h_e_r_e

       _m_._d_a_t_u_m_._s_h_i_f_t

       _m_._g_c_2_l_l

       _m_._l_l_2_g_c

       _m_._u_2_l_l

       _p_a_r_s_e_r

AAUUTTHHOORR
       Michael	 Shapiro,   U.S.Army   Construction   Engineering
       Research Laboratory

       _L_a_s_t _c_h_a_n_g_e_d_: _$_D_a_t_e_: _2_0_0_2_/_0_1_/_2_5 _0_5_:_4_5_:_3_3 _$



GRASS 5.0						m.ll2u(1)
